id sid tid token lemma pos 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 1 Computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 3 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 6 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 7 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 9 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 11 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 12 RNA RNA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 13 sequencing sequence VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 14 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 15 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 16 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 17 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 18 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 19 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 20 Computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 22 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 23 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 25 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 26 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 28 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 30 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 31 RNA RNA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 32 sequencing sequence VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 33 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 34 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 35 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 36 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 37 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 38 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 39 Duluxan Duluxan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 40 Sritharan∗1,2 Sritharan∗1,2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 42 Shu Shu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 43 Wang∗1,3 Wang∗1,3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 45 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 46 Sahand Sahand NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 47 Hormoz†2,4,5 Hormoz†2,4,5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 48 1Harvard 1Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 49 Graduate Graduate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 50 Program Program NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 51 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 52 Biophysics Biophysics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 53 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 54 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 55 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 56 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 57 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 58 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 59 MA MA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 60 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 61 USA USA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 62 2Department 2department CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 63 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 64 Data Data NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 65 Sciences Sciences NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 66 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 67 Dana Dana NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 68 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 69 Farber Farber NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 70 Cancer Cancer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 71 Institute Institute NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 73 Boston Boston NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 75 MA MA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 76 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 77 USA USA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 78 3Laboratory 3laboratory CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 79 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 80 Systems Systems NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 81 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 82 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 83 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 84 Medical Medical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 85 School School NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 86 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 87 Boston Boston NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 88 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 89 MA MA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 90 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 91 USA USA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 92 4Department 4department CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 93 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 94 Systems Systems NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 95 Biology Biology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 96 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 97 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 98 Medical Medical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 99 School School NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 100 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 101 Boston Boston NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 102 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 103 MA MA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 104 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 105 USA USA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 106 5Broad 5Broad NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 107 Institute Institute NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 108 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 109 MIT MIT NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 110 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 111 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 112 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 113 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 114 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 115 MA MA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 116 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 117 USA USA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 118 Abstract Abstract NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 119 Most Most NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 120 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 121 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 122 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 123 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 124 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 125 thought think VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 126 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 127 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 128 inherently inherently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 129 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 130 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 131 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 132 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 133 that that RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 134 is is RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 135 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 136 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 137 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 138 constrained constrain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 139 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 140 lie lie VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 141 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 142 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 143 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 144 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 145 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 146 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 147 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 148 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 149 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 150 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 151 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 152 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 153 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 154 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1 155 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 2 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 3 study study VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 5 viability viability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 7 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 8 approaches approach NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 10 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 11 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 12 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 13 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 15 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 16 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 18 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 19 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 21 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 22 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 2 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 2 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 3 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 4 relates relate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 5 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 8 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 10 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 11 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 12 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 14 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 16 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 17 expansion expansion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 20 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 21 agnostic agnostic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 23 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 25 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 27 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 30 high- high- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 31 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 32 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 3 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 2 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 3 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 4 relates relate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 6 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 7 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 10 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 11 ’s ’s , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 12 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 15 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 16 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 18 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 19 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 20 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 21 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 23 Gauss Gauss NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 24 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 25 Codazzi Codazzi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 26 equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 4 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 1 Keeping keep VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 2 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 3 mind mind NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 4 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 5 constraints constraint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 7 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 9 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 10 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 12 like like IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 13 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 14 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 15 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 17 measurement measurement NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 18 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 20 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 21 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 22 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 23 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 24 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 26 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 27 feasible feasible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 29 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 30 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 32 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 33 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 34 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 35 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 36 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 38 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 40 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 41 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 42 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 43 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 5 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 2 test test VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 4 applicability applicability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 7 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 8 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 10 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 12 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 13 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 15 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 16 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 21 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 23 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 24 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 26 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 27 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 30 recapitulated recapitulate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 31 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 32 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 33 classification classification NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 34 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 35 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 36 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 37 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 6 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 4 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 6 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 8 study study VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 9 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 11 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 12 transcriptomic transcriptomic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 13 sequencing sequencing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 15 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 17 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 19 blood blood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 21 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 24 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 25 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 27 revealing reveal VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 30 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 31 time time NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 33 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 34 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 36 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 37 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 7 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 1 ∗Equal ∗Equal : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 2 contribution contribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 3 †To †To NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 4 whom whom WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 5 correspondence correspondence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 6 should should MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 7 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 8 addressed address VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 10 Sahand Sahand NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 11 Hormoz@hms.harvard.edu Hormoz@hms.harvard.edu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 13 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 14 .CC .CC NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 16 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 18 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 20 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 21 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 22 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 23 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 24 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 27 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 28 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 29 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 30 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 32 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 33 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 37 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 38 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 39 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 41 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 42 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 43 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 44 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 45 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 46 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 48 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 50 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 51 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 52 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 8 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 24 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 25 Introduction Introduction NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 26 High high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 28 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 29 biological biological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 30 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 31 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 32 become become VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 33 prevalent prevalent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 35 recent recent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 36 decades decade NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 37 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 39 new new JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 40 technologies technology NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 41 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 42 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 43 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 44 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 45 throughput throughput NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 46 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 47 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 48 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 50 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 51 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 52 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 53 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 55 mass mass NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 56 cytometry cytometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 57 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 58 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 59 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 60 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 61 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 62 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 63 multiplex multiplex NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 64 imaging image VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 65 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 66 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 67 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 68 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 69 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 9 70 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 1 Interpre- interpre- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 2 tation tation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 4 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 6 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 7 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 9 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 10 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 11 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 12 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 13 challenging challenge VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 14 however however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 16 prompting prompt VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 18 development development NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 20 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 22 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 23 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 24 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 25 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 27 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 28 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 29 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 30 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 31 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 32 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 33 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 34 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 35 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 10 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 2 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 4 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 5 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 6 IsoMAP IsoMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 7 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 8 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 9 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 11 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 13 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 15 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 18 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 19 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 20 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 21 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 23 appeal appeal VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 24 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 26 ansatz ansatz NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 27 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 28 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 31 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 33 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 34 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 35 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 36 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 37 constrained constrain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 38 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 39 lie lie VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 40 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 41 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 42 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 43 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 44 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 45 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 11 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 3 determining determine VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 5 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 8 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 10 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 11 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 13 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 14 visualizations visualization NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 15 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 16 difficult difficult JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 18 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 19 many many JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 20 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 21 properties property NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 22 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 23 lost lose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 24 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 25 projecting project VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 26 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 27 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 28 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 29 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 30 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 12 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 2 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 5 cartographic cartographic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 6 projections projection NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 7 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 9 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 10 atlas atlas NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 12 flatten flatten VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 13 Earth Earth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 14 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 15 curved curved JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 16 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 17 tear tear NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 18 apart apart RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 19 continuous continuous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 20 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 21 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 22 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 23 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 24 uniformly uniformly JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 25 stretch stretch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 26 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 13 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 1 Fortunately fortunately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 3 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 4 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 5 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 7 provide provide VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 9 wealth wealth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 11 concepts concept NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 12 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 13 characterize characterize VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 15 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 16 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 17 shape shape NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 18 directly directly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 19 without without IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 20 confounding confound VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 21 projections projection NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 14 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 2 particular particular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 4 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 5 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 6 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 8 13 13 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 9 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 10 categorizes categorize VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 12 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 13 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 16 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 18 holes hole NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 19 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 20 contains contain VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 24 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 26 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 27 hole hole NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 29 whereas whereas IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 30 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 31 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 34 hole hole NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 35 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 36 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 37 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 38 sphere sphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 39 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 40 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 41 survive survive VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 42 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 43 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 44 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 45 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 46 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 47 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 15 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 1 Similarly similarly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 3 metrics metric NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 4 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 5 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 6 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 8 geodesics geodesic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 9 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 10 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 11 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 12 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 13 shortest short JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 15 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 16 paths path NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 17 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 18 pairs pair NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 20 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 21 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 23 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 24 without without IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 25 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 26 distortion distortion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 27 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 29 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 31 whereas whereas IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 33 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 35 most most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 36 atlases atlas NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 37 exaggerate exaggerate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 38 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 39 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 41 poles pole NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 16 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 1 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 2 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 3 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 4 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 7 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 8 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 9 property property NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 10 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 11 quantifies quantify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 13 extent extent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 14 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 16 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 17 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 18 deviates deviate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 19 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 21 tangent tangent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 22 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 23 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 24 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 25 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 26 p. p. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 27 Projecting project VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 29 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 30 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 32 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 34 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 35 destroys destroy NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 36 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 37 property property NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 38 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 39 definition definition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 17 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 1 Recent recent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 2 methods method NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 3 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 4 emerged emerge VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 6 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 7 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 8 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 9 16 16 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 11 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 12 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 14 metrics metric NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 15 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 16 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 17 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 19 geodesics geodesic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 20 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 21 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 22 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 23 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 24 noisy noisy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 26 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 27 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 29 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 30 accompanying accompany VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 31 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 32 guarantees guarantee NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 33 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 34 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 36 19 19 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 38 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 39 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 18 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 2 methods method NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 3 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 4 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 5 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 7 analyze analyze VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 8 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 9 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 10 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 12 22 22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 13 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 15 biological biological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 16 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 18 23 23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 20 24 24 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 21 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 19 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 3 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 5 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 6 received receive VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 7 less less JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 8 attention attention NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 9 although although IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 10 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 11 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 12 fundamental fundamental JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 14 quantifying quantify VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 15 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 20 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 1 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 2 arises arise VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 3 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 4 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 5 sources source NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 21 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 3 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 4 hand hand NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 7 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 8 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 9 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 10 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 11 curved curve VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 13 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 15 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 16 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 17 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 22 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 2 sphere sphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 3 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 4 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 5 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 6 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 7 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 8 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 9 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 10 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 11 flattened flatten VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 12 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 13 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 14 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 15 geodesics geodesic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 16 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 17 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 18 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 19 correspond correspond NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 20 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 21 straight straight JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 22 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 23 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 25 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 26 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 29 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 30 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 23 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 3 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 4 hand hand NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 7 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 10 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 12 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 13 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 14 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 15 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 16 give give VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 17 rise rise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 19 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 20 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 23 property property NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 24 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 27 inherent inherent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 28 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 30 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 31 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 24 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 2 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 5 scroll scroll NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 6 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 7 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 8 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 9 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 10 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 11 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 12 formed form VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 14 rolling roll VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 16 piece piece NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 18 parchment parchment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 20 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 22 parchment parchment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 23 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 25 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 26 inherently inherently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 27 curved curve VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 29 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 30 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 31 1B 1b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 25 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 3 important important JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 5 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 7 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 8 types type NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 10 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 11 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 12 inversely inversely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 15 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 16 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 17 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 19 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 21 associated associate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 22 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 24 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 26 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 5 reason reason NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 8 marble marble NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 10 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 11 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 13 cm cm NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 15 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 16 visibly visibly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 17 round round JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 19 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 21 Earth Earth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 23 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 24 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 25 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 27 000 000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 28 km km NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 30 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 31 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 32 mistaken mistake VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 33 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 34 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 36 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 37 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 27 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 2 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 3 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 5 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 6 inherent inherent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 7 property property NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 10 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 12 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 13 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 14 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 16 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 18 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 20 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 21 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 22 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 23 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 24 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 27 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 28 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 29 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 30 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 32 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 33 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 37 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 38 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 39 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 41 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 42 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 43 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 44 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 45 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 46 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 48 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 50 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 51 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 52 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 28 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 27 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 28 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 30 Riemannian Riemannian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 32 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 33 Extrinsic Extrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 34 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 35 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 36 Differen Differen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 37 � � , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 38 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 39 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 40 Extrinsic Extrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 41 Differen Differen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 42 � � NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 43 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 44 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 45 z z NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 46 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 47 ± ± CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 48 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 49 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 50 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 51 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 52 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 53 y2 y2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 54 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 55 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 56 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 57 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 58 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 59 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 60 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 61 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 62 property property NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 63 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 64 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 65 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 66 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 67 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 68 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 69 depends depend VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 70 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 71 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 72 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 29 73 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 5 Left left NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 7 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 8 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 9 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 11 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 12 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 13 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 15 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 16 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 17 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 18 sphere sphere VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 20 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 22 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 25 3-dimensional 3-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 26 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 27 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 28 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 30 colored color VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 31 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 34 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 35 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 36 coordinate coordinate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 30 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 1 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 2 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 3 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 4 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 5 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 7 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 8 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 10 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 11 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 12 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 13 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 14 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 15 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 16 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 17 preserves preserve VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 18 geodesic geodesic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 20 shortest shortest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 22 path path NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 24 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 31 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 4 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 5 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 8 stereographic stereographic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 9 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 10 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 12 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 13 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 16 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 18 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 24 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 25 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 27 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 28 introduces introduce NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 29 distortions distortion NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 30 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 32 geodesic geodesic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 33 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 34 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 35 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 36 pair pair NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 37 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 38 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 41 lower low JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 42 hemisphere hemisphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 43 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 45 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 46 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 47 uniformly uniformly JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 49 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 50 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 51 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 52 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 53 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 54 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 55 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 56 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 32 57 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 5 Left left NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 7 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 8 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 9 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 11 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 12 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 13 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 15 scroll scroll NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 18 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 19 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 21 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 22 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 23 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 25 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 33 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 2 scroll scroll NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 3 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 4 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 5 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 6 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 7 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 8 curls curl VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 9 away away RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 10 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 12 tangent tangent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 13 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 14 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 15 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 16 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 34 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 4 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 6 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 7 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 8 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 9 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 10 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 13 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 14 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 15 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 17 projected project VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 18 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 19 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 20 Euclidean Euclidean NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 21 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 24 way way NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 25 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 26 preserves preserve VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 27 geodesic geodesic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 28 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 30 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 31 unfurling unfurl VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 35 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 4 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 5 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 7 treats treat VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 8 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 9 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 10 self self NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 12 contained contain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 13 objects object NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 14 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 15 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 17 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 18 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 19 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 20 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 21 coor- coor- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 22 dinates dinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 25 do do VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 27 depend depend VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 28 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 29 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 30 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 31 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 32 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 33 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 36 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 1 One one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 2 possible possible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 3 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 5 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 6 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 8 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 9 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 10 polar polar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 11 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 13 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 14 θ1 θ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 16 θ2 θ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 17 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 19 azimuthal azimuthal NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 21 elevation elevation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 22 angles angle NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 23 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 37 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 1 While while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 3 representation representation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 4 superficially superficially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 5 resem- resem- FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 6 bles ble VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 8 unfurled unfurled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 9 scroll scroll NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 12 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 15 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 17 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 18 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 19 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 20 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 21 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 22 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 38 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 1 Any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 2 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 3 segment segment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 4 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 5 θ2 θ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 6 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 7 ±π2 ±π2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 8 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 9 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 10 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 12 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 39 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 2 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 4 Extrinsic Extrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 5 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 7 defines define VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 8 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 11 coordinate coordinate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 12 system system NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 15 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 16 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 18 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 19 requires require VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 21 privileged privileged JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 22 vantage vantage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 23 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 24 off off IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 26 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 27 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 40 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 1 Both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 2 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 4 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 5 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 7 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 9 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 11 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 12 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 15 whereas whereas IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 16 only only JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 17 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 18 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 19 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 20 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 21 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 22 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 23 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 24 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 25 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 26 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 28 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 29 indicated indicate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 30 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 32 black black JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 33 arrows arrow NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 41 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 1 3 3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 42 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 24 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 25 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 27 incidental incidental JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 28 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 29 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 30 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 32 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 33 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 34 restrict restrict VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 35 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 36 attention attention NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 37 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 39 former former JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 43 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 2 precise precise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 3 description description NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 5 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 8 provided provide VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 9 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 11 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 12 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 13 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 15 Rlkij(p rlkij(p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 44 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 3 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 4 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 5 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 6 v v NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 7 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 9 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 10 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 11 quantifies quantify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 12 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 13 much much JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 15 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 16 initially initially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 17 pointing point VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 19 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 20 vk vk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 22 displaced displace VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 24 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 25 vl vl NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 26 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 27 parallel parallel JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 28 transport transport NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 29 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 30 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 31 infinitesimal infinitesimal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 32 parallelogram parallelogram NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 33 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 35 directions direction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 36 vi vi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 38 vj vj NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 45 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 2 simplest simple JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 3 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 5 descriptor descriptor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 7 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 8 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 10 S(p s(p JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 13 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 14 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 15 formed form VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 17 contracting contract VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 18 Rlkij(p rlkij(p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 20 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 22 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 23 quantity quantity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 25 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 26 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 27 name name NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 28 suggests suggest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 46 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 2 S(p S(p VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 5 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 7 less less JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 9 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 10 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 13 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 16 angles angle NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 19 triangle triangle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 20 formed form VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 21 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 22 connecting connect VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 23 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 24 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 25 near near IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 26 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 27 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 28 geodesics geodesic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 30 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 32 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 34 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 35 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 47 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 1 Likewise likewise RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 3 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 4 S(p s(p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 7 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 9 less less JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 11 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 12 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 15 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 16 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 17 centred centre VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 18 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 19 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 20 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 22 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 24 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 26 volume volume NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 27 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 29 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 32 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 33 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 35 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 36 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 48 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 2 furnish furnish VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 3 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 4 examples example NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 7 main main JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 8 text text NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 10 provide provide VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 11 stronger strong JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 12 intuition intuition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 14 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 15 quantity quantity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 49 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 2 theory theory NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 4 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 5 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 6 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 7 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 8 equivalently equivalently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 9 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 10 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 11 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 13 either either DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 14 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 17 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 18 branches branch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 20 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 21 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 50 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 1 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 2 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 3 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 4 makes make VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 5 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 6 recourse recourse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 7 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 8 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 9 external external JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 10 vantage vantage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 11 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 12 off off IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 14 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 16 just just RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 19 polygonal polygonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 20 characters character NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 22 Edwin Edwin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 23 Abbot Abbot NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 24 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 25 classic classic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 26 Flatland Flatland NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 27 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 28 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 29 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 30 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 31 confined confine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 33 traversing traverse VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 35 R2 R2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 38 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 40 notion notion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 41 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 42 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 43 unfathomable unfathomable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 51 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 3 branch branch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 6 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 8 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 9 represented represent VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 11 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 12 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 14 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 15 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 16 agnostic agnostic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 18 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 19 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 20 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 21 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 22 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 52 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 2 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 3 sphere sphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 4 represented represent VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 6 polar polar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 7 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 9 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 11 nearest nearest NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 12 neighbor neighbor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 14 kNN kNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 16 graph graph NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 17 representations representation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 20 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 23 instance instance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 25 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 27 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 28 spirit spirit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 31 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 32 1C 1c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 53 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 1 Conversely conversely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 4 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 5 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 11 treated treat VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 12 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 14 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 15 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 17 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 18 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 19 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 21 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 22 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 23 represented represent VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 25 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 26 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 29 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 30 1D 1D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 54 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 2 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 4 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 5 organ organ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 7 parameterized parameterize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 9 way way NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 12 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 16 surgical surgical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 17 robot robot NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 18 suturing suture VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 19 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 20 incision incision NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 55 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 3 work work NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 6 explore explore VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 7 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 8 approaches approach NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 10 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 11 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 12 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 13 based base VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 14 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 15 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 16 twin twin JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 17 views view NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 19 keeping keep VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 21 mind mind NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 22 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 23 limitations limitation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 25 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 26 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 27 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 28 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 30 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 31 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 32 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 33 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 34 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 35 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 36 relatively relatively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 37 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 38 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 39 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 40 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 41 measurements measurement NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 56 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 2 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 3 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 4 uses use VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 6 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 8 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 9 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 11 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 13 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 15 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 17 previous previous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 18 applications application NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 20 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 21 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 23 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 24 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 25 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 26 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 28 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 30 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 32 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 34 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 35 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 39 theoretically theoretically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 40 appealing appealing JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 41 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 42 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 43 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 44 quantity quantity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 45 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 46 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 47 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 48 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 49 invariant invariant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 57 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 4 find find VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 6 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 7 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 8 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 9 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 10 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 11 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 12 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 13 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 15 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 16 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 18 simplest simple JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 20 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 22 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 23 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 24 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 26 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 27 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 28 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 30 despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 32 history history NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 34 ubiquity ubiquity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 37 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 38 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 39 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 40 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 41 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 42 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 43 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 44 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 58 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 4 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 5 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 6 uses use VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 8 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 9 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 10 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 13 Gauss Gauss NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 15 Codazzi Codazzi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 16 equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 18 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 19 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 21 identities identity NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 22 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 23 rely rely VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 25 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 26 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 28 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 29 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 59 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 2 find find VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 5 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 6 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 8 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 9 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 10 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 11 robust robust JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 13 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 14 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 15 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 17 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 19 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 20 permits permit VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 21 computation computation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 24 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 25 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 26 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 27 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 29 though though IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 30 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 31 focus focus VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 32 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 34 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 35 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 36 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 37 simplicity simplicity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 60 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 1 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 2 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 3 insights insight NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 6 developed develop VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 8 software software NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 9 package package NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 11 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 14 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 17 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 18 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 20 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 21 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 22 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 23 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 26 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 29 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 30 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 31 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 32 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 33 investigate investigate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 35 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 37 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 39 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 40 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 61 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 1 4 4 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 62 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 24 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 25 Results Results NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 26 2.1 2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 27 Estimators Estimators NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 30 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 31 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 32 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 33 Operator Operator NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 34 Yield Yield NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 35 Inaccurate Inaccurate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 36 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 37 Cur- Cur- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 38 vatures vature VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 39 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 40 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 41 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 42 treats treat VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 43 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 44 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 45 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 46 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 47 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 49 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 51 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 52 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 53 self self NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 54 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 55 contained contain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 56 object object NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 57 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 58 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 59 agnostic agnostic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 60 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 61 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 62 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 63 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 64 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 65 represented represent VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 66 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 67 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 68 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 69 due due JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 70 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 71 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 72 particular particular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 73 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 74 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 75 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 76 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 77 1C 1c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 78 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 63 79 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 1 Conceptually conceptually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 5 accomplished accomplish VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 6 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 7 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 8 considering consider VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 9 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 10 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 12 collection collection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 14 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 16 overlapping overlap VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 17 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 64 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 2 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 4 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 5 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 7 encoded encode VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 8 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 9 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 10 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 11 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 13 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 15 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 16 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 18 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 20 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 21 captures capture VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 22 diffusion diffusion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 23 dynamics dynamic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 24 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 25 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 65 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 2 most most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 3 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 4 applications application NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 7 do do VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 8 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 9 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 10 direct direct JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 11 access access NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 13 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 14 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 15 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 18 finite finite JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 19 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 21 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 24 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 25 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 26 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 27 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 28 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 29 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 30 cases case NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 32 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 34 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 35 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 36 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 37 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 66 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 2 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 4 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 6 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 7 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 8 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 10 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 12 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 14 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 16 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 17 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 21 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 22 rates rate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 24 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 25 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 26 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 27 characterized characterize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 29 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 30 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 67 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 2 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 3 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 4 averaged average VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 5 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 6 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 8 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 10 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 12 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 13 connection connection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 15 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 16 via via IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 18 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 20 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 21 expan- expan- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 22 sion sion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 23 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 24 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 26 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 27 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 29 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 30 relates relate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 32 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 34 λk λk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 37 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 38 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 40 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 41 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 42 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 43 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 44 Z(t Z(t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 46 ≡ ≡ ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 47 ∞∑ ∞∑ NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 48 k=1 k=1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 49 e−λkt e−λkt NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 50 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 52 4πt)− 4πt)− CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 53 d d SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 54 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 55 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 56 n∑ n∑ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 57 i=0 i=0 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 58 cit cit RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 59 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 60 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 61 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 62 o(t o(t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 63 n+1 n+1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 64 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 65 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 66 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 67 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 68 λk λk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 69 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 70 λk+1 λk+1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 71 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 72 1 1 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 73 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 74 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 75 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 76 few few JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 77 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 78 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 79 ci ci NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 80 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 81 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 82 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 83 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 84 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 85 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 86 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 87 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 88 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 89 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 90 ∫ ∫ : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 91 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 92 dM dM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 93 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 94 c1 c1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 95 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 96 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 97 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 98 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 99 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 100 ∫ ∫ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 101 ∂M ∂M . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 102 d(∂M d(∂M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 103 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 104 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 105 c2 c2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 106 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 107 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 108 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 109 ∫ ∫ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 110 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 111 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 112 dM dM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 113 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 114 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 115 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 116 ∫ ∫ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 117 ∂M ∂M . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 118 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 119 d(∂M d(∂M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 120 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 121 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 122 2 2 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 123 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 124 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 125 ∂M ∂M . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 126 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 127 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 128 boundary boundary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 129 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 130 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 131 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 132 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 133 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 134 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 135 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 136 mean mean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 137 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 138 on on RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 68 139 ∂M. ∂M. . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 1 Recall recall VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 3 S s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 6 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 8 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 9 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 10 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 69 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 1 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 2 inspection inspection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 4 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 7 volume volume NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 9 c1 c1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 11 proportional proportional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 14 area area NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 17 c2 c2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 18 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 19 directly directly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 20 related relate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 23 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 24 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 25 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 70 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 2 reasoned reason VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 4 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 6 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 7 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 8 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 9 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 10 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 11 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 12 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 13 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 16 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 17 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 18 constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 20 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 21 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 22 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 23 relations relation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 25 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 26 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 28 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 30 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 31 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 32 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 34 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 35 complex complex JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 36 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 37 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 38 intractable intractable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 71 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 2 investigate investigate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 6 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 8 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 9 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 10 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 11 sphere sphere VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 13 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 16 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 18 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 20 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 22 S(p s(p XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 24 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 25 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 26 ∀p ∀p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 27 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 28 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 31 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 32 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 33 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 35 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 36 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 38 mirror mirror VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 40 typical typical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 41 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 43 current current JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 44 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 45 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 47 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 48 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 49 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 50 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 51 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 52 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 53 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 54 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 72 55 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 2 common common JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 3 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 5 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 6 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 7 yield yield VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 8 as as RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 9 many many JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 10 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 11 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 12 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 14 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 17 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 18 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 19 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 20 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 21 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 22 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 24 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 26 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 28 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 29 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 30 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 31 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 32 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 35 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 36 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 37 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 38 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 39 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 40 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 41 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 43 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 44 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 45 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 46 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 47 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 49 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 50 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 51 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 52 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 53 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 54 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 55 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 56 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 57 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 58 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 59 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 60 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 73 61 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 25 infinite infinite JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 26 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 28 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 29 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 30 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 31 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 32 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 74 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 4 introduced introduce VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 6 truncated truncate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 7 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 9 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 10 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 12 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 15 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 16 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 17 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 18 substituted substitute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 19 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 20 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 21 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 22 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 24 divided divide VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 25 through through IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 26 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 28 prefactor prefactor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 31 RHS RHS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 32 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 33 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 34 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 36 isolate isolate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 38 ci ci NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 40 following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 42 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 43 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 44 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 45 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 46 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 47 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 48 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 50 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 52 4π 4π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 54 d/2xd d/2xd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 55 m∑ m∑ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 56 k=1 k=1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 57 e−λkx e−λkx NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 58 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 59 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 60 3 3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 61 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 62 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 63 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 64 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 65 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 66 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 67 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 68 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 69 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 70 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 71 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 72 truncated truncate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 73 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 75 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 76 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 77 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 78 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 79 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 80 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 81 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 82 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 83 polynomial polynomial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 84 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 85 p2(x p2(x JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 86 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 87 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 88 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 89 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 90 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 91 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 92 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 93 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 94 zm(x zm(x . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 95 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 96 ≈ ≈ IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 97 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 98 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 99 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 100 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 101 p2(x p2(x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 102 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 103 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 104 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 105 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 106 c1x c1x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 107 + + CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 108 c2x c2x CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 109 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 110 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 111 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 112 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 113 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 114 estimated estimate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 115 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 116 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 117 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 118 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 119 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 120 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 121 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 122 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 123 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 124 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 125 4.2.5 4.2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 126 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 127 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 128 substituted substitute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 129 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 130 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 131 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 132 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 133 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 134 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 135 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 136 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 137 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 138 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 139 numerically numerically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 140 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 141 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 142 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 143 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 144 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 145 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 146 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 147 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 148 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 149 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 150 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 151 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 152 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 153 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 154 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 155 4.2.1 4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 156 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 75 157 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 2 obtained obtain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 4 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 5 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 6 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 7 inspecting inspect VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 9 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 10 c2 c2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 11 coefficient coefficient NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 14 compared compare VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 16 result result NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 19 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 20 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 22 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 76 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 7 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 8 always always RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 9 over over RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 11 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 13 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 14 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 15 3 3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 17 regardless regardless RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 19 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 22 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 24 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 25 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 28 truncated truncate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 29 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 31 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 32 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 33 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 34 4.2.3 4.2.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 37 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 39 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 40 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 41 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 42 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 43 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 45 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 46 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 47 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 48 4.2.5 4.2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 77 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 2 identified identify VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 4 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 5 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 8 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 9 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 11 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 12 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 14 source source NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 16 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 18 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 19 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 20 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 21 4.2.4 4.2.4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 24 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 25 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 26 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 27 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 28 N n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 29 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 30 107 107 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 31 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 32 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 33 required require VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 34 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 35 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 37 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 38 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 39 ±0.5 ±0.5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 41 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 42 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 43 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 44 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 45 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 47 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 48 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 49 S1H s1h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 78 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 3 despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 5 prevalence prevalence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 8 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 10 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 11 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 13 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 15 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 17 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 18 exam- exam- FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 19 ple ple NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 20 shows show VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 21 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 22 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 23 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 24 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 25 relying rely VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 26 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 28 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 30 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 31 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 33 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 34 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 35 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 79 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 1 Even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 2 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 3 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 5 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 6 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 7 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 8 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 10 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 13 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 14 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 15 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 17 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 18 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 20 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 21 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 23 ±0.5 ±0.5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 25 several several JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 26 orders order NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 28 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 29 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 30 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 31 what what WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 33 typically typically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 34 feasible feasible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 35 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 36 current current JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 37 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 38 experiments experiment NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 80 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 1 Noise Noise NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 2 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 3 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 4 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 5 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 6 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 7 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 8 confound confound VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 10 issue issue NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 11 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 81 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 1 Most Most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 2 impor- impor- RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 3 tantly tantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 6 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 7 eventually eventually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 8 like like VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 10 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 11 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 12 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 14 S(p S(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 16 ∀p ∀p NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 17 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 18 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 20 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 21 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 22 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 23 failed fail VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 24 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 25 correctly correctly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 26 recover recover VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 27 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 28 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 29 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 30 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 32 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 33 one one PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 34 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 35 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 36 expected expect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 38 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 39 feasible feasible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 82 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 2 find find VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 3 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 4 alternative alternative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 5 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 8 next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 9 considered consider VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 10 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 11 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 12 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 13 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 14 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 83 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 1 2.2 2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 2 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 3 Can Can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 4 Be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 5 Computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 6 Accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 7 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 9 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 10 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 11 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 12 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 13 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 14 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 15 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 18 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 19 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 20 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 23 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 26 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 27 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 29 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 30 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 31 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 32 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 34 usually usually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 35 Rn Rn VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 38 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 39 1D 1d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 84 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 3 shape shape NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 6 sphere sphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 8 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 9 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 11 visually visually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 12 unambiguous unambiguous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 13 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 14 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 16 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 18 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 20 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 21 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 22 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 23 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 24 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 27 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 28 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 29 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 30 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 32 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 33 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 37 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 38 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 39 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 41 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 42 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 43 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 44 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 45 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 46 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 48 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 50 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 51 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 52 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 85 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 24 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 26 eye eye NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 28 thanks thank NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 29 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 30 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 31 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 32 view view NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 33 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 34 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 35 vantage vantage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 36 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 37 off off IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 39 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 42 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 43 reasoned reason VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 44 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 45 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 46 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 47 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 48 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 49 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 50 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 51 fruitful fruitful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 86 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 2 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 4 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 5 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 7 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 9 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 11 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 12 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 13 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 14 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 15 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 16 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 17 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 18 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 20 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 23 d- d- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 24 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 25 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 26 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 28 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 30 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 34 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 35 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 36 n n IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 37 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 38 d)-dimensional d)-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 39 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 40 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 42 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 44 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 47 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 48 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 49 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 50 Fig- Fig- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 51 ure ure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 87 52 2A. 2a. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 1 Given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 2 orthonormal orthonormal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 3 bases basis NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 5 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 7 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 10 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 12 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 15 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 18 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 20 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 21 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 22 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 23 expressed express VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 24 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 25 Y y NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 26 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 27 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 28 t1 t1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 30 ... ... . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 32 td td NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 34 n1 n1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 36 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 38 nn−d nn−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 39 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 40 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 41 ti ti PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 42 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 43 Y Y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 44 ’s 's NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 45 coordinate coordinate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 46 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 47 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 48 i i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 49 th th XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 50 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 51 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 52 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 53 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 54 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 55 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 56 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 57 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 58 nk nk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 59 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 60 Y Y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 61 ’s 's NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 62 coordinate coordinate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 63 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 64 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 65 kth kth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 66 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 67 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 68 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 69 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 70 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 71 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 72 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 88 73 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 2 nks nks NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 3 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 4 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 6 locally locally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 7 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 8 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 9 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 12 tis tis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 89 13 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 1 nk nk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 2 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 3 fk(t1 fk(t1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 5 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 7 td td NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 9 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 10 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 12 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 90 13 2B. 2b. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 2 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 3 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 5 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 7 related relate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 10 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 11 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 14 Taylor Taylor NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 15 expansion expansion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 17 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 18 fk fk UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 19 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 20 respect respect NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 23 tis tis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 91 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 4 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 5 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 6 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 8 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 10 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 11 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 12 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 14 gives give VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 16 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 18 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 19 coefficient coefficient NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 20 relating relate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 21 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 22 fk fk UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 25 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 26 term term NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 27 titj titj NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 29 32 32 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 30 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 31 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 32 hkij(p hkij(p ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 34 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 35 ∂2fk ∂2fk . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 36 ∂ti∂tj ∂ti∂tj NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 37 ∣∣∣∣ ∣∣∣∣ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 38 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 40 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 42 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 43 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 44 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 45 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 46 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 47 related relate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 48 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 50 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 51 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 52 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 53 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 54 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 55 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 56 Gauss Gauss NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 57 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 58 Codazzi Codazzi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 59 equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 60 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 61 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 62 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 63 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 64 Rijkl Rijkl NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 65 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 66 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 67 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 68 α α IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 69 jkh jkh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 70 β β NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 71 il il NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 72 −h −h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 73 β β NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 74 jih jih NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 75 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 76 kl)gαβ kl)gαβ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 77 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 78 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 79 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 80 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 81 gαβ gαβ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 82 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 83 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 84 metric metric NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 85 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 86 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 87 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 88 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 89 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 90 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 91 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 92 take take VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 93 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 94 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 95 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 96 usual usual JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 97 Euclidean Euclidean NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 98 metric metric NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 99 δα δα XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 100 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 101 β β NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 102 going go VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 103 forward forward RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 92 104 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 2 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 3 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 4 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 6 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 8 contracting contract VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 10 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 12 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 13 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 14 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 15 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 16 ∑ ∑ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 17 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 19 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 20 Rijij Rijij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 22 7 7 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 24 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 25 suggests suggest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 27 conceptually conceptually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 28 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 29 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 30 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 31 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 33 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 34 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 36 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 37 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 38 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 39 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 40 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 41 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 42 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 43 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 45 i i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 46 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 47 estimate estimate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 48 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 50 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 52 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 53 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 54 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 55 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 56 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 57 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 58 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 59 ii ii NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 60 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 61 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 62 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 63 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 64 ij(p ij(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 65 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 66 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 67 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 68 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 69 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 70 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 71 iii iii NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 72 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 73 compute compute NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 74 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 75 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 76 Equations Equations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 77 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 78 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 79 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 93 80 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 2 developed develop VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 4 computational computational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 5 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 6 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 7 provides provide VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 8 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 9 implementation implementation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 11 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 12 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 94 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 1 Briefly briefly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 3 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 5 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 7 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 8 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 9 X x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 10 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 11 ∈ ∈ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 12 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 14 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 15 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 16 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 19 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 20 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 21 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 22 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 23 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 25 selected select VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 26 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 27 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 29 n n JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 30 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 31 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 32 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 33 centred centre VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 34 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 35 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 37 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 38 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 39 encompassing encompass VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 40 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 42 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 44 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 45 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 46 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 47 4.3.2 4.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 95 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 2 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 3 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 4 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 6 Principal Principal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 7 Component Component NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 8 Analysis Analysis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 10 PCA PCA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 12 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 13 33 33 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 14 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 15 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 16 performed perform VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 17 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 19 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 21 points point VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 23 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 24 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 28 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 29 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 31 last last JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 32 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 34 Principal Principal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 35 Components component NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 37 PCs pc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 39 accounting account VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 42 most most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 44 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 46 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 47 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 48 taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 49 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 50 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 51 orthonormal orthonormal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 52 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 53 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 54 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 55 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 56 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 58 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 59 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 60 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 61 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 62 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 63 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 96 64 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 2 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 3 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 5 nk nk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 9 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 11 points point VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 13 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 14 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 15 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 16 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 17 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 18 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 21 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 22 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 24 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 27 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 28 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 30 ti ti NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 32 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 33 obtain obtain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 34 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 35 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 36 ij(p ij(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 38 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 39 associated associated JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 40 uncertainties uncertainty NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 41 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 42 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 43 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 44 2B 2B NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 45 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 46 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 47 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 48 4.3.1 4.3.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 97 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 1 7 7 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 98 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 24 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 25 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 27 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 30 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 31 important important JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 32 one one NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 33 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 34 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 35 sets set VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 37 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 38 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 39 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 40 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 41 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 42 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 43 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 44 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 45 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 46 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 47 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 48 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 49 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 50 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 51 4.3.5 4.3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 99 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 2 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 3 allows allow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 4 interrogation interrogation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 7 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 8 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 9 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 10 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 12 interest interest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 14 allowing allow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 16 user user NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 17 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 18 manually manually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 19 set set VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 20 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 24 feature feature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 25 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 26 use use VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 28 inspect inspect VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 29 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 30 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 31 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 32 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 33 later later RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 36 paper paper NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 100 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 3 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 5 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 6 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 10 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 11 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 12 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 13 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 14 trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 16 unknown unknown JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 18 priori priori FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 20 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 21 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 22 provide provide VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 24 ability ability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 25 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 26 set set VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 27 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 29 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 30 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 31 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 32 rather rather RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 33 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 34 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 35 principles principle NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 101 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 4 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 5 algorithmically algorithmically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 6 chooses choose VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 7 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 8 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 9 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 10 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 11 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 12 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 14 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 16 hkij(p hkij(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 18 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 19 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 20 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 21 less less JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 22 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 24 user user NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 26 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 27 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 28 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 30 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 32 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 33 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 34 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 35 4.3.2 4.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 102 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 3 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 4 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 6 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 7 reduces reduce VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 9 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 11 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 14 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 15 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 16 requires require VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 18 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 19 r(p r(p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 21 ∀p ∀p . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 22 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 23 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 24 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 25 strategy strategy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 27 setting set VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 28 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 29 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 30 allows allow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 31 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 32 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 33 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 34 dynamically dynamically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 35 vary vary VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 36 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 38 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 39 based base VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 40 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 42 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 43 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 44 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 46 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 48 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 49 means mean VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 50 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 51 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 52 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 53 gracefully gracefully RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 54 handle handle VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 55 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 56 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 57 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 58 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 59 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 60 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 61 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 103 62 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 2 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 4 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 5 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 6 depend depend VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 7 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 9 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 10 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 11 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 13 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 17 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 19 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 20 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 21 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 22 4.3.5 4.3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 26 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 27 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 29 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 30 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 34 course course NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 37 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 38 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 41 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 43 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 104 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 2 uncertainties uncertainty NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 5 turn turn NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 6 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 8 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 10 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 11 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 13 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 15 accompanying accompany VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 18 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 19 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 20 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 21 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 22 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 24 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 25 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 26 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 27 propagation propagation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 28 formulas formula NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 31 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 32 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 33 4.3.4 4.3.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 105 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 2 specify specify VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 3 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 4 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 6 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 7 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 9 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 10 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 12 choosing choose VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 13 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 14 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 16 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 18 latter latter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 19 depends depend VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 20 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 21 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 22 linearly linearly JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 23 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 25 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 27 hkij(p hkij(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 30 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 31 makes make VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 32 determining determine VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 33 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 35 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 36 difficult difficult JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 106 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 2 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 3 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 4 computes compute VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 6 goodness goodness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 10 fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 12 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 14 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 16 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 17 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 18 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 19 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 20 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 21 comparing compare VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 22 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 23 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 24 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 25 against against IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 27 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 28 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 29 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 30 quantify quantify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 31 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 32 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 34 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 35 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 36 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 37 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 38 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 39 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 40 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 41 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 42 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 43 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 44 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 45 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 46 4.3.3 4.3.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 47 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 107 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 2 tested test VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 4 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 6 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 7 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 8 significance significance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 9 level level NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 10 α α NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 12 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 14 declaring declare VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 15 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 18 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 19 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 21 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 22 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 23 significantly significantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 24 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 25 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 26 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 108 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 2 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 4 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 5 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 6 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 7 disregarded disregard VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 8 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 10 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 11 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 13 manually manually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 14 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 15 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 17 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 18 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 20 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 21 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 23 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 25 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 26 fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 27 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 28 appropriate appropriate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 109 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 3 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 4 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 6 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 7 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 10 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 11 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 13 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 14 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 16 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 17 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 18 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 19 indicates indicate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 20 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 22 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 23 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 24 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 26 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 27 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 28 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 29 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 30 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 31 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 32 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 33 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 34 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 110 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 2 adopted adopt VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 4 heuristic heuristic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 5 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 6 choosing choose VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 7 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 10 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 11 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 13 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 14 paper paper NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 16 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 17 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 18 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 19 4.4.3 4.4.3 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 21 4.5.7 4.5.7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 23 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 111 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 2 software software NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 4 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 5 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 6 https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/ManifoldCurvature https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/manifoldcurvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 112 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 2 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 3 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 5 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 7 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 9 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 13 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 15 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 16 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 17 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 18 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 19 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 20 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 22 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 24 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 25 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 26 failed fail VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 29 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 30 2C 2c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 31 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 32 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 33 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 34 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 113 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 2 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 3 yielded yield VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 4 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 5 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 6 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 7 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 8 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 9 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 11 mean mean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 12 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 13 −0.17 −0.17 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 15 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 17 averaging average VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 19 difference difference NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 20 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 22 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 24 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 25 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 26 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 27 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 30 ground ground NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 31 truth truth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 32 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 35 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 36 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 37 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 39 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 40 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 41 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 42 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 43 contained contain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 44 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 46 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 47 102 102 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 48 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 114 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 3 already already RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 4 superior superior JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 7 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 8 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 10 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 11 failed fail VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 12 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 13 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 14 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 15 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 17 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 19 ±1 ±1 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 20 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 22 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 23 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 24 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 115 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 2 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 3 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 4 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 5 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 8 mean mean NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 9 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 10 indicates indicate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 11 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 13 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 14 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 15 biased bias VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 116 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 2 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 4 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 5 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 6 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 7 biased biased JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 8 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 9 they -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 10 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 11 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 13 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 15 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 17 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 18 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 19 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 20 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 21 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 25 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 27 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 28 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 29 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 30 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 34 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 35 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 36 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 38 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 39 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 40 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 41 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 42 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 43 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 44 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 45 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 47 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 48 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 49 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 117 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 22 https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/ManifoldCurvature https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/manifoldcurvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 23 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 24 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 25 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 26 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 27 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 29 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 30 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 31 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 32 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 33 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 35 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 36 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 37 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 39 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 40 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 41 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 43 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 44 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 45 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 46 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 47 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 48 Gauss Gauss NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 49 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 50 Codazzi Codazzi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 51 equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 118 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 4 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 5 hypothetical hypothetical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 6 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 8 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 10 grey grey NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 13 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 14 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 15 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 16 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 18 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 19 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 20 colored colored JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 21 dots dot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 119 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 2 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 3 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 4 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 5 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 6 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 7 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 9 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 11 red red NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 13 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 14 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 15 decomposed decompose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 16 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 18 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 19 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 20 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 22 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 26 cyan cyan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 27 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 31 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 32 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 33 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 35 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 39 cyan cyan NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 40 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 120 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 1 Points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 2 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 4 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 5 around around RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 6 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 8 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 10 green green NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 12 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 13 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 14 expressed express VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 16 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 18 orthonormal orthonormal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 19 bases basis NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 20 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 21 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 23 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 26 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 28 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 31 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 33 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 35 below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 121 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 5 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 10 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 12 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 14 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 15 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 16 green green JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 17 dots dot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 20 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 23 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 24 represented represent VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 25 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 27 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 28 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 30 t1 t1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 32 t2 t2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 35 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 37 n1 n1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 39 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 41 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 42 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 43 orthonormal orthonormal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 44 bases basis NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 45 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 46 TM TM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 47 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 48 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 50 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 51 NM NM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 52 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 53 p p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 54 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 55 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 122 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 1 Coloring color VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 2 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 3 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 4 magnitude magnitude VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 7 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 8 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 123 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 2 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 3 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 5 n1 n1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 7 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 9 locally locally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 10 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 11 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 13 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 14 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 17 translucent translucent NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 18 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 22 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 23 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 25 t1 t1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 27 t2 t2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 30 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 31 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 33 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 34 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 35 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 37 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 38 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 39 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 124 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 7 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 9 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 10 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 12 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 13 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 14 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 15 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 16 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 17 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 18 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 20 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 21 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 22 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 23 sphere sphere VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 25 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 125 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 2 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 3 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 5 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 6 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 7 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 8 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 9 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 11 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 126 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 127 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 127 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 127 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 127 4 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 127 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 2 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 7 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 9 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 12 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 14 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 15 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 16 against against IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 17 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 18 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 19 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 20 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 22 σS σs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 128 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 1 Points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 2 enclosed enclose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 3 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 5 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 6 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 7 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 9 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 10 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 11 confidence confidence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 12 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 14 CI CI NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 17 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 19 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 20 ± ± NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 21 2σS 2σs CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 23 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 25 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 26 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 28 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 129 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 2 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 7 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 11 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 13 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 14 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 15 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 16 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 17 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 19 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 21 sheet sheet NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 22 hyperboloid hyperboloid NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 24 H22 H22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 26 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 27 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 28 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 30 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 31 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 130 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 1 Due due IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 2 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 4 radial radial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 5 symmetry symmetry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 8 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 12 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 13 varies vary VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 14 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 15 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 17 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 19 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 131 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 132 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 132 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 132 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 132 4 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 132 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 2 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 7 black black JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 9 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 12 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 14 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 16 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 17 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 18 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 19 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 21 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 23 grey grey NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 25 plotted plot VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 26 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 27 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 28 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 31 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 33 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 34 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 36 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 133 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 2 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 3 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 5 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 6 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 8 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 9 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 10 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 134 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 2 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 7 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 11 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 13 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 14 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 15 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 16 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 17 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 19 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 20 ring ring NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 21 torus torus NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 23 T2 T2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 135 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 1 T2 t2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 3 constructed construct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 4 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 5 revolving revolve VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 7 circle circle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 8 parameterized parameterize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 9 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 10 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 12 oriented orient VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 13 perpendicular perpendicular IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 16 xy xy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 18 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 20 through through IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 21 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 22 angle angle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 23 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 24 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 26 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 28 axis axis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 136 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 2 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 3 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 4 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 5 depends depend VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 8 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 10 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 137 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 138 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 138 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 138 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 138 4 4.4.1.3 4.4.1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 138 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 2 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 9 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 11 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 12 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 13 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 14 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 16 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 17 plotted plot VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 20 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 23 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 24 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 27 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 139 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 1 Colors color NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 2 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 5 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 140 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 2 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 4 Distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 6 computed computed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 7 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 8 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 10 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 12 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 13 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 14 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 15 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 16 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 18 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 20 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 21 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 22 hypersphere hypersphere RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 24 Sd Sd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 26 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 27 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 29 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 31 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 33 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 35 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 141 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 2 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 3 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 5 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 6 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 8 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 10 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 11 constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 142 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 2 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 3 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 4 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 5 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 6 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 7 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 8 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 9 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 143 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 144 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 144 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 144 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 144 4 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 144 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 1 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 145 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 24 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 25 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 26 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 27 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 146 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 1 Even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 2 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 5 components component NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 8 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 10 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 12 Rijkl Rijkl NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 14 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 15 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 17 biased biased JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 18 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 19 they -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 21 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 22 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 23 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 24 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 26 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 147 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 4 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 5 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 7 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 8 bias bias NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 11 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 12 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 13 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 14 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 16 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 19 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 20 nature nature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 23 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 26 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 27 results result VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 30 systematic systematic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 31 under- under- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 32 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 34 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 35 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 38 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 39 2C 2c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 40 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 41 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 42 Sections Sections NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 43 4.3.4 4.3.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 148 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 2 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 3 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 4 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 5 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 6 confidence confidence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 7 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 9 CI CI NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 13 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 14 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 15 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 16 ± ± NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 17 2σS 2σs CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 20 despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 22 mean mean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 23 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 25 73 73 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 26 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 28 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 29 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 30 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 32 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 33 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 34 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 35 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 37 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 38 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 39 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 40 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 41 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 42 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 43 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 44 2D 2d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 149 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 2 next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 3 tested test VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 5 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 8 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 11 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 16 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 17 sampling sample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 18 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 19 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 20 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 21 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 22 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 24 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 26 sheet sheet NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 27 hyperboloid hyperboloid NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 29 H22 H22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 31 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 32 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 33 2E 2e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 34 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 35 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 36 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 37 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 150 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 3 71 71 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 4 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 6 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 7 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 9 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 10 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 11 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 12 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 14 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 15 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 16 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 18 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 19 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 20 2F 2f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 151 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 4 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 6 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 7 ring ring NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 8 torus torus NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 10 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 11 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 13 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 14 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 15 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 16 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 18 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 19 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 20 4.4.1.3 4.4.1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 152 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 3 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 4 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 5 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 7 positive positive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 9 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 12 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 14 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 16 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 17 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 18 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 20 useful useful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 21 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 22 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 23 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 24 understanding understand VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 25 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 26 complex complex JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 27 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 28 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 30 gaining gain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 31 intuition intuition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 33 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 34 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 35 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 36 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 153 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 2 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 3 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 5 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 8 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 10 positive positive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 12 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 14 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 16 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 18 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 20 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 21 2H 2h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 23 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 24 dome dome NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 26 shaped shaped JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 28 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 29 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 30 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 31 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 32 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 34 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 36 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 37 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 39 3π 3π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 40 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 41 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 42 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 43 2H 2h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 45 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 46 planar planar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 48 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 49 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 50 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 51 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 52 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 53 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 54 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 55 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 56 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 57 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 58 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 59 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 60 2H 2h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 61 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 62 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 63 saddle saddle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 64 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 65 shaped shaped JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 154 66 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 2 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 4 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 6 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 7 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 8 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 9 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 10 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 11 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 13 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 14 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 16 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 18 88 88 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 19 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 21 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 22 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 24 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 25 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 26 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 27 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 29 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 30 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 31 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 33 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 34 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 35 2H 2h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 155 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 2 test test VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 4 applicability applicability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 6 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 7 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 9 higher higher RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 11 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 12 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 14 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 15 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 16 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 17 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 18 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 19 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 20 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 22 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 23 hyperspheres hypersphere NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 25 Sd Sd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 28 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 29 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 30 90 90 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 31 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 33 84 84 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 34 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 35 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 36 78 78 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 37 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 39 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 40 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 41 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 42 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 43 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 44 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 45 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 47 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 48 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 49 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 50 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 51 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 52 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 53 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 55 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 56 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 57 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 58 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 59 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 60 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 61 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 62 2I 2i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 63 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 64 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 65 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 66 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 67 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 156 68 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 2 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 4 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 6 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 10 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 11 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 12 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 13 grows grow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 14 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 15 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 16 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 157 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 2 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 3 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 6 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 7 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 9 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 11 hence hence RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 12 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 13 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 14 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 15 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 17 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 19 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 20 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 21 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 22 no no RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 23 longer long RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 24 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 26 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 27 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 28 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 29 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 30 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 31 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 32 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 33 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 34 measure measure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 158 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 1 More more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 2 generally generally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 4 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 6 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 7 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 8 require require VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 10 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 11 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 13 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 14 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 15 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 17 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 18 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 159 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 2 additionally additionally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 3 characterized characterize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 4 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 6 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 7 performed perform VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 8 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 9 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 10 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 11 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 12 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 13 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 14 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 16 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 17 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 18 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 19 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 20 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 21 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 22 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 24 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 25 convoluted convolute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 26 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 27 observational observational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 28 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 31 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 32 S2B s2b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 33 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 34 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 35 Sec- Sec- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 36 tion tion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 37 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 40 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 42 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 43 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 44 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 45 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 46 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 47 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 48 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 50 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 51 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 52 S2C s2c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 53 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 54 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 55 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 56 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 58 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 59 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 60 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 62 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 63 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 64 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 65 differed differ VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 66 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 67 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 68 ground ground NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 69 truth truth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 70 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 71 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 72 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 73 S2D s2d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 74 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 75 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 76 Sec- Sec- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 77 tion tion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 78 4.4.2.4 4.4.2.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 79 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 160 80 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 5 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 7 robust robust JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 9 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 10 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 11 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 12 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 14 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 15 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 16 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 18 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 19 observational observational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 20 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 23 provides provide VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 24 signatures signature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 25 indicating indicate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 26 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 28 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 29 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 30 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 31 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 32 mis- mis- RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 33 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 161 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 3 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 5 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 6 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 8 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 11 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 12 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 14 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 15 longer long RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 16 trivially trivially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 17 related related JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 20 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 22 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 23 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 25 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 26 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 27 existing exist VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 28 literature literature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 29 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 30 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 32 35 35 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 34 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 36 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 37 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 39 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 40 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 41 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 42 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 43 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 44 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 45 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 46 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 47 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 162 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 4 note note VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 6 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 8 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 9 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 10 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 11 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 13 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 14 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 15 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 16 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 17 .CC .cc CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 19 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 21 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 23 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 24 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 25 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 26 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 27 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 30 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 31 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 32 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 33 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 35 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 36 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 40 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 41 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 42 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 44 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 45 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 46 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 47 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 48 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 49 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 50 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 51 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 52 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 53 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 54 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 55 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 163 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 24 intermediate intermediate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 25 step step NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 27 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 28 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 30 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 31 intricate intricate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 32 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 33 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 36 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 37 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 38 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 39 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 40 analyzed analyze VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 41 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 42 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 43 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 45 though though IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 46 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 47 defer defer VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 48 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 49 investigation investigation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 50 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 51 future future JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 52 studies study NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 164 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 1 Taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 2 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 4 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 5 examples example NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 6 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 8 utility utility NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 11 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 13 recovering recover VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 14 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 15 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 16 specified specified JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 17 uncertainties uncertainty NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 18 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 19 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 20 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 21 positive positive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 22 and/or and/or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 23 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 24 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 25 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 165 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 4 tested test VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 6 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 7 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 8 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 10 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 11 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 166 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 1 2.3 2.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 2 Curvature curvature DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 4 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 5 Patch Patch NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 6 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 8 Consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 11 Noisy Noisy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 12 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 13 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 14 Pixel Pixel NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 15 intensity intensity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 16 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 18 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 20 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 21 scenes scene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 22 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 23 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 24 independently independently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 25 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 26 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 27 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 167 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 1 Understand- Understand- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 2 ing e VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 4 statistics statistic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 6 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 7 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 9 important important JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 11 designing design VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 12 compression compression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 13 algorithms algorithm NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 15 38 38 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 18 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 19 addressing address VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 20 challenges challenge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 23 field field NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 25 computer computer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 26 vision vision NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 27 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 28 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 29 segmentation segmentation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 30 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 31 39 39 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 32 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 168 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 169 1 Lee Lee NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 169 2 et et NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 169 3 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 169 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 1 discovered discover VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 3 3x3-pixel 3x3-pixel CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 4 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 5 extracted extract VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 6 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 7 greyscale greyscale JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 8 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 10 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 11 scenes scene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 13 whose whose WP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 14 pixels pixel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 15 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 16 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 18 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 170 20 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 1 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 2 differ- differ- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 3 ences ence NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 4 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 6 intensity intensity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 7 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 9 adjacent adjacent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 10 pixels pixel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 13 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 14 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 15 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 18 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 19 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 20 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 21 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 23 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 25 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 26 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 27 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 28 concentrated concentrated JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 29 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 31 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 33 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 34 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 36 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 37 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 171 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 3 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 4 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 6 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 7 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 10 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 11 scene scene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 12 usually usually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 13 correspond correspond VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 16 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 18 objects object NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 21 scene scene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 172 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 1 High high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 2 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 3 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 4 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 5 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 6 consequently consequently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 7 tend tend VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 9 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 10 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 12 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 14 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 15 simply simply RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 16 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 17 speckle speckle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 173 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 2 work work NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 3 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 4 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 5 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 6 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 7 revealed reveal VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 8 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 9 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 10 appropriate appropriate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 11 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 13 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 14 takes take VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 15 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 16 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 17 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 18 R9 r9 VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 20 S7 S7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 21 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 22 R8 R8 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 24 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 25 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 27 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 28 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 29 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 30 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 31 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 33 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 34 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 35 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 36 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 37 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 38 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 41 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 42 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 43 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 44 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 45 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 46 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 47 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 48 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 49 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 50 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 51 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 52 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 53 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 54 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 55 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 56 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 57 called call VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 58 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 59 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 60 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 61 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 62 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 63 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 174 64 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 2 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 3 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 5 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 9 canonical canonical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 10 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 11 typically typically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 12 introduced introduce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 15 context context NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 17 orientability orientability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 19 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 20 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 22 often often RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 23 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 25 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 27 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 28 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 30 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 31 3A 3a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 33 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 34 highlight highlight VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 35 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 36 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 37 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 38 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 39 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 40 orientable orientable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 175 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 1 From from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 3 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 4 perspective perspective NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 6 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 10 parameterized parameterize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 11 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 12 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 14 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 15 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 16 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 17 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 19 2π 2π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 20 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 22 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 24 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 25 3B 3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 27 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 28 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 29 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 30 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 31 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 32 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 33 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 34 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 36 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 38 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 39 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 40 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 42 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 43 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 44 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 45 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 46 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 48 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 49 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 50 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 51 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 52 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 53 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 54 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 55 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 176 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 2 make make VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 4 closed close VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 5 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 8 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 10 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 12 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 13 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 14 glued glue VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 15 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 16 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 19 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 21 blue blue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 23 arrows arrow NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 25 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 177 26 3B. 3b. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 1 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 3 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 4 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 6 periodic periodic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 8 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 10 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 12 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 13 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 15 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 16 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 18 bottom bottom JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 19 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 20 edge edge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 22 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 24 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 28 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 29 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 31 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 32 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 33 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 34 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 35 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 37 top top JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 38 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 39 edge edge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 41 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 42 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 43 2π 2π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 178 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 1 Similarly similarly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 4 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 5 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 7 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 8 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 10 left left JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 11 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 12 edge edge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 14 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 16 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 18 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 20 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 23 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 24 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 25 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 26 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 27 −φ −φ ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 28 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 30 right right JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 31 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 32 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 34 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 36 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 179 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 2 short short JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 4 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 6 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 7 obey obey VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 9 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 10 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 12 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 14 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 16 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 18 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 19 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 20 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 22 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 23 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 24 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 180 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 1 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 2 captures capture VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 4 dominant dominant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 5 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 7 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 9 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 10 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 11 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 12 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 13 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 14 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 16 treated treat VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 19 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 20 controlling control VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 21 rotation rotation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 23 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 24 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 26 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 27 controlling control VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 29 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 30 contribution contribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 32 linear linear NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 33 vs. vs. IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 34 quadratic quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 35 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 38 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 39 3B 3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 181 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 1 An an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 2 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 4 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 5 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 6 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 7 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 8 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 9 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 10 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 12 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 14 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 15 proposed propose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 17 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 18 et et FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 19 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 182 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 1 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 2 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 3 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 4 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 6 model model VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 7 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 10 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 11 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 12 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 14 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 15 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 16 4.5.3 4.5.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 183 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 2 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 3 takes take VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 4 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 5 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 7 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 9 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 11 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 12 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 13 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 15 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 17 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 19 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 20 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 21 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 22 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 23 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 26 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 27 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 28 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 29 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 30 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 31 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 32 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 36 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 37 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 38 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 40 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 41 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 42 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 43 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 44 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 45 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 46 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 47 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 49 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 50 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 51 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 184 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 25 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 27 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 28 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 29 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 30 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 31 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 185 32 3B. 3b. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 2 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 4 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 6 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 8 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 9 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 10 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 11 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 13 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 15 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 17 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 19 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 21 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 23 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 24 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 25 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 26 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 28 3π 3π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 29 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 31 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 33 0,π 0,π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 35 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 36 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 37 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 38 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 39 linear linear NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 41 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 43 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 186 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 2 θ θ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 3 increases increase VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 5 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 8 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 9 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 10 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 11 rotated rotate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 12 clockwise clockwise RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 187 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 2 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 3 increases increase NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 5 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 6 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 7 oscillate oscillate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 8 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 9 having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 10 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 12 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 13 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 188 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 1 Importantly importantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 4 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 5 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 6 constructed construct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 9 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 10 obey obey NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 13 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 14 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 16 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 18 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 20 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 22 θ+π θ+π UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 24 2π−φ 2π−φ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 26 topologically topologically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 27 required require VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 30 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 31 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 189 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 190 1 Whereas whereas IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 190 2 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 190 3 et et FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 190 4 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 190 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 1 studied study VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 3 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 4 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 6 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 7 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 8 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 9 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 10 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 12 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 13 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 14 study study VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 16 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 17 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 18 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 191 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 1 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 4 analytically analytically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 5 calculated calculate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 7 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 8 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 10 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 11 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 13 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 16 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 18 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 20 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 21 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 23 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 24 3C 3c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 26 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 27 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 28 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 29 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 192 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 4 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 6 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 8 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 12 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 14 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 15 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 17 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 18 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 19 4.2×105 4.2×105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 20 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 22 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 23 3x3-pixel 3x3-pixel CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 25 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 26 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 27 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 28 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 30 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 31 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 32 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 33 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 34 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 36 propose propose VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 37 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 39 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 40 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 41 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 42 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 193 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 2 picked pick VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 3 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 4 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 7 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 9 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 10 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 12 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 13 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 14 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 17 fixed fix VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 18 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 19 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 20 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 21 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 22 subsequent subsequent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 23 simulations simulation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 25 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 26 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 27 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 28 4.5.7 4.5.7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 194 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 2 visualize visualize VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 4 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 7 associated associate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 8 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 9 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 10 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 12 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 13 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 14 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 15 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 16 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 18 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 19 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 20 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 21 4.5.4 4.5.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 25 plotted plot VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 27 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 28 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 29 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 31 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 33 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 35 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 38 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 39 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 195 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 1 Most Most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 2 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 3 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 4 map map VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 6 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 7 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 8 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 9 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 11 3π 3π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 12 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 13 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 14 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 16 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 18 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 19 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 20 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 21 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 22 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 25 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 26 orientation orientation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 29 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 30 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 31 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 32 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 33 vertically vertically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 34 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 35 horizontally horizontally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 36 oriented orient VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 37 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 39 dominant dominant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 40 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 41 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 43 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 44 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 45 previously previously RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 46 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 47 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 48 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 50 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 51 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 196 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 2 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 3 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 4 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 7 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 9 did do VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 10 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 11 match match VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 13 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 15 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 17 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 19 cf cf NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 197 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 1 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 2 3C 3c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 4 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 198 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 2 identify identify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 4 cause cause NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 6 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 7 discrepancy discrepancy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 9 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 10 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 11 validated validate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 13 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 14 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 15 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 17 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 18 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 20 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 22 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 23 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 24 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 25 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 26 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 28 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 30 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 31 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 32 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 33 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 34 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 36 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 37 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 39 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 40 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 41 3E 3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 43 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 44 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 45 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 46 close close JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 47 agreement agreement NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 48 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 50 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 51 calculation calculation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 52 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 53 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 54 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 55 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 56 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 57 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 58 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 59 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 60 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 61 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 62 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 63 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 64 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 65 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 66 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 67 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 199 68 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 3 observing observe VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 6 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 7 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 8 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 10 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 15 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 16 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 17 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 18 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 19 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 20 those those DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 21 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 23 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 25 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 26 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 29 associated associated JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 31 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 33 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 35 cf cf NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 200 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 1 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 2 S3A s3a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 4 S3B s3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 8 recomputed recompute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 11 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 13 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 15 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 17 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 19 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 20 now now RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 21 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 23 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 24 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 25 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 26 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 29 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 30 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 201 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 2 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 3 agreed agree VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 4 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 6 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 7 calculation calculation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 10 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 11 did do VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 12 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 13 match match VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 15 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 16 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 17 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 18 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 20 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 21 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 23 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 24 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 25 S3C S3C NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 202 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 1 Having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 2 ruled rule VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 3 out out RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 4 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 5 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 6 possibilities possibility NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 9 hypothesized hypothesize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 10 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 12 discrepancy discrepancy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 13 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 14 caused cause VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 16 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 19 positions position NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 22 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 23 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 24 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 25 respect respect NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 26 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 29 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 31 points point VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 32 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 34 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 35 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 36 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 38 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 39 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 40 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 41 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 42 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 43 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 44 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 45 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 46 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 47 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 48 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 49 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 50 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 51 idealization idealization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 203 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 4 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 5 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 6 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 7 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 9 increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 10 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 12 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 15 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 18 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 20 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 21 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 22 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 23 indeed indeed RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 24 resulted result VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 26 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 27 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 28 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 29 resemble resemble VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 31 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 33 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 34 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 35 3F 3f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 36 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 37 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 38 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 39 4.5.6 4.5.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 204 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 2 best good JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 3 agreement agreement NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 4 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 10 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 11 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 14 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 16 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 18 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 19 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 20 achieved achieve VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 21 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 23 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 25 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 26 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 27 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 28 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 30 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 31 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 32 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 33 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 34 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 35 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 36 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 37 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 38 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 39 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 41 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 42 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 43 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 44 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 45 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 46 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 47 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 49 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 50 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 51 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 52 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 53 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 55 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 56 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 57 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 58 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 59 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 60 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 61 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 62 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 63 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 64 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 65 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 66 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 205 67 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 27 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 29 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 30 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 31 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 32 I -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 33 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 34 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 35 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 36 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 37 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 38 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 39 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 41 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 42 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 43 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 44 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 45 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 46 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 47 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 48 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 49 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 50 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 51 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 52 added add VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 53 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 54 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 55 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 206 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 5 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 6 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 8 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 12 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 13 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 14 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 15 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 17 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 207 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 4 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 6 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 7 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 8 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 9 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 10 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 11 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 12 et et FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 13 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 208 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 1 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 2 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 3 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 4 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 5 relating relate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 6 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 7 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 8 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 10 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 11 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 12 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 13 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 15 2π 2π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 18 3x3-pixel 3x3-pixel CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 19 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 21 greyscale greyscale JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 22 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 24 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 25 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 26 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 28 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 29 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 30 4.5.3 4.5.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 209 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 1 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 2 controls control VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 4 rotation rotation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 6 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 9 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 10 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 12 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 13 determines determine VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 15 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 16 contribution contribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 18 linear linear NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 19 vs. vs. IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 20 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 21 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 210 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 1 Importantly importantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 3 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 4 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 7 figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 9 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 10 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 11 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 12 boundary boundary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 13 conditions condition NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 14 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 15 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 17 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 20 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 21 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 23 depicted depict VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 24 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 26 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 27 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 28 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 29 arrows arrow NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 211 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 2 particular particular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 5 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 6 produces produce VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 7 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 9 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 10 obey obey VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 12 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 13 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 15 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 17 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 19 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 21 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 22 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 23 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 25 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 26 −φ −φ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 212 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 1 Adapted adapt VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 2 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 3 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 4 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 6 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 7 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 8 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 213 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 5 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 7 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 9 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 10 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 11 derived derive VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 12 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 13 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 15 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 16 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 17 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 214 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 2 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 8 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 9 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 10 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 11 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 12 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 13 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 15 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 16 3x3-pixel 3x3-pixel CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 17 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 18 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 19 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 21 greyscale greyscale JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 22 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 25 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 26 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 27 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 29 41 41 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 30 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 31 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 32 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 33 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 34 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 35 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 36 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 37 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 39 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 43 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 44 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 45 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 47 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 48 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 49 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 50 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 51 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 52 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 53 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 54 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 55 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 56 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 57 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 58 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 59 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 60 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 61 4.5.4 4.5.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 62 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 215 63 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 2 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 9 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 11 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 12 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 13 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 14 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 15 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 16 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 17 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 18 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 19 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 20 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 21 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 23 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 24 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 216 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 3 close close JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 4 correspondence correspondence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 5 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 6 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 7 3C 3c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 9 indicating indicate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 10 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 12 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 13 correctly correctly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 14 recapitulates recapitulate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 16 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 217 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 2 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 7 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 10 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 11 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 12 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 13 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 14 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 15 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 17 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 20 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 22 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 23 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 25 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 27 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 28 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 29 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 30 4.5.6 4.5.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 218 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 1 Left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 2 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 3 right right JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 4 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 6 increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 7 levels level NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 9 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 11 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 13 0.007 0.007 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 15 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 17 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 219 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 2 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 5 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 7 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 8 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 10 R8 R8 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 11 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 12 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 13 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 14 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 16 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 17 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 18 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 19 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 20 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 22 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 24 blue blue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 220 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 2 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 4 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 6 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 7 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 8 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 9 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 10 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 12 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 13 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 14 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 15 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 16 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 17 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 18 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 19 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 221 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 2 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 4 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 7 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 8 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 10 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 12 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 13 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 15 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 17 2π 2π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 18 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 20 R9 r9 VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 21 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 22 minimizes minimize VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 24 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 26 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 27 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 28 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 30 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 31 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 34 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 35 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 36 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 38 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 40 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 41 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 42 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 43 4.5.5 4.5.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 222 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 1 Each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 4 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 5 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 6 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 7 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 8 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 9 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 10 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 11 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 12 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 15 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 16 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 17 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 18 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 20 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 21 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 22 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 23 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 25 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 29 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 30 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 31 4.5.4 4.5.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 223 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 1 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 2 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 3 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 4 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 5 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 6 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 8 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 9 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 10 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 11 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 12 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 13 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 14 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 15 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 16 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 17 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 224 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 2 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 5 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 8 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 11 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 12 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 14 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 15 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 17 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 19 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 22 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 25 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 26 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 27 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 28 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 29 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 31 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 33 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 225 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 2 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 9 densely densely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 10 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 11 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 12 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 15 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 16 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 18 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 19 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 20 1.3×108 1.3×108 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 21 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 23 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 24 3x3-pixel 3x3-pixel CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 25 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 26 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 29 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 30 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 31 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 32 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 34 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 35 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 36 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 37 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 40 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 41 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 42 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 43 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 45 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 226 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 1 13 13 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 227 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 24 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 26 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 228 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 1 Notably notably RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 5 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 8 median median JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 9 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 10 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 13 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 15 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 17 points point VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 19 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 20 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 21 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 22 0.132 0.132 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 26 comparable comparable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 27 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 28 0.148 0.148 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 31 median median JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 32 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 33 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 34 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 36 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 37 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 38 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 39 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 41 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 42 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 43 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 44 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 229 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 4 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 5 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 6 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 8 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 9 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 10 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 11 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 13 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 15 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 16 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 17 S3A s3a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 19 matched match VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 20 those those DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 21 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 25 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 27 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 28 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 29 S3B s3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 230 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 2 find find VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 3 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 4 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 7 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 8 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 9 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 10 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 11 better well RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 12 explain explain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 15 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 18 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 19 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 20 without without IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 21 needing need VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 22 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 23 add add VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 24 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 26 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 27 incorporated incorporate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 28 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 30 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 31 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 33 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 35 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 36 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 37 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 38 4.5.3 4.5.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 231 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 2 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 5 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 7 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 8 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 9 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 10 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 11 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 12 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 16 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 19 new new JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 20 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 22 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 23 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 24 refer refer VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 25 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 26 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 27 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 29 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 30 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 31 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 32 4.5.5 4.5.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 232 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 2 median median JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 3 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 4 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 7 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 10 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 11 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 12 0.115 0.115 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 13 versus versus IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 14 0.148 0.148 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 15 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 16 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 233 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 2 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 3 done do VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 5 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 8 associated associate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 9 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 10 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 11 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 13 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 14 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 15 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 17 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 19 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 20 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 21 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 24 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 25 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 26 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 28 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 30 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 31 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 32 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 33 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 35 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 37 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 39 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 40 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 41 3H 3h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 234 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 1 Despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 3 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 6 median median JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 7 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 8 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 10 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 11 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 14 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 20 k1 k1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 21 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 22 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 23 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 24 similar similar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 25 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 26 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 29 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 30 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 32 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 33 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 34 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 35 3I 3i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 36 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 37 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 38 new new JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 40 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 42 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 43 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 44 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 45 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 46 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 47 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 48 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 50 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 51 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 52 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 53 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 54 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 55 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 56 range range NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 57 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 58 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 59 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 60 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 61 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 62 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 63 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 64 much much RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 65 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 66 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 67 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 68 either either CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 69 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 70 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 71 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 72 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 73 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 75 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 76 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 77 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 78 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 79 fluctuates fluctuate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 80 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 81 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 82 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 83 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 235 84 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 4 reasoned reason VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 6 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 7 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 9 fine fine JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 11 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 14 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 17 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 18 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 19 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 21 masked mask VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 22 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 24 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 25 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 26 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 27 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 29 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 30 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 31 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 34 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 35 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 38 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 39 S3B s3b RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 41 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 42 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 43 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 45 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 46 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 47 S3D s3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 236 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 2 decrease decrease VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 4 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 5 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 6 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 9 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 13 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 15 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 16 augmented augment VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 18 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 19 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 20 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 21 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 23 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 24 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 26 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 27 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 28 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 29 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 30 108 108 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 31 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 32 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 34 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 35 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 36 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 38 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 39 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 40 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 41 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 42 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 237 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 2 resulted result VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 4 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 5 sizes size VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 6 comparable comparable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 7 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 8 those those DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 9 determined determined JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 11 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 13 cf cf NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 238 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 1 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 2 S3D s3d VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 4 S3E S3E NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 7 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 8 failed fail VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 10 recapitulate recapitulate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 12 fine fine JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 14 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 15 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 16 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 17 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 18 observed observe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 20 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 22 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 23 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 24 3J 3j NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 239 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 3 sanity sanity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 4 check check NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 7 confirmed confirm VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 8 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 14 augmented augment VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 15 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 16 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 17 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 18 matched match VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 19 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 22 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 23 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 24 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 25 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 27 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 28 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 29 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 31 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 32 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 33 sizes size VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 34 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 36 latter latter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 38 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 39 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 40 S3F S3F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 240 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 3 including include VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 4 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 6 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 7 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 10 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 11 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 12 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 13 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 16 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 17 better better RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 18 agree agree VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 19 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 21 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 241 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 1 Taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 2 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 5 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 7 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 8 suggests suggest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 9 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 11 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 12 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 13 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 14 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 16 best well RBS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 17 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 19 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 20 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 23 simplest simple JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 24 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 26 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 242 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 1 Having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 2 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 4 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 6 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 8 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 11 valued value VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 12 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 13 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 14 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 15 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 17 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 19 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 20 analyti- analyti- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 21 cal cal NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 22 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 24 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 25 next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 26 turned turn VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 27 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 28 attention attention NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 29 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 30 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 31 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 33 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 34 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 35 generally generally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 36 regarded regard VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 37 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 38 low- low- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 39 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 40 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 41 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 42 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 43 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 44 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 45 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 46 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 243 47 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 1 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 244 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 24 2.4 2.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 25 scRNAseq scRNAseq NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 26 Datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 27 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 28 Non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 29 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 30 Trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 31 Intrinsic intrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 32 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 33 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 34 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 35 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 37 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 38 datapoint datapoint JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 39 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 40 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 41 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 42 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 44 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 45 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 46 coordinate coordinate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 47 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 49 abundance abundance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 50 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 51 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 52 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 53 gene gene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 245 54 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 2 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 3 consider consider VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 5 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 6 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 7 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 8 basic basic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 9 preprocessing preprocessing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 11 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 12 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 13 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 14 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 15 PCA PCA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 17 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 18 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 19 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 20 4.6.1 4.6.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 246 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 2 many many JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 3 common common JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 4 analyses analysis NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 7 field field NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 8 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 9 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 10 clustering clustering NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 12 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 15 inference inference NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 17 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 18 differentiation differentiation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 19 trajectories trajectory NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 21 performed perform VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 23 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 24 reduced reduce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 25 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 27 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 28 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 29 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 30 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 31 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 32 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 33 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 34 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 35 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 36 as as RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 37 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 247 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 2 set set VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 4 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 5 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 7 n n NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 10 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 12 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 14 PCs pc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 15 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 17 explain explain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 18 80 80 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 19 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 22 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 248 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 2 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 3 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 5 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 8 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 9 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 11 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 12 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 14 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 16 needs need VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 17 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 18 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 19 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 20 heuristically heuristically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 249 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 3 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 4 heuristic heuristic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 7 specified specify VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 8 d d XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 9 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 11 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 13 PCs pc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 14 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 15 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 16 explain explain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 17 80 80 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 18 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 21 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 24 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 25 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 250 26 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 1 64 64 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 2 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 5 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 6 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 9 show show VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 10 later later RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 11 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 12 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 13 computations computation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 14 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 15 relatively relatively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 16 insensitive insensitive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 19 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 21 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 251 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 252 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 252 2 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 252 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 252 4 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 252 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 2 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 3 consists consist VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 5 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 6 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 7 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 8 peripheral peripheral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 9 blood blood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 10 mononuclear mononuclear NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 11 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 13 PBMCs PBMCs NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 15 collected collect VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 16 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 18 healthy healthy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 19 human human JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 20 donor donor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 21 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 22 42 42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 23 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 253 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 2 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 5 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 6 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 7 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 9 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 10 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 11 1.2×105 1.2×105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 12 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 13 pooled pool VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 14 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 15 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 16 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 17 mice mouse NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 18 sacked sack VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 19 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 20 6-hour 6-hour CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 21 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 22 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 23 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 24 day day NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 25 6.5 6.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 26 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 27 8.5 8.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 29 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 30 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 254 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 2 final final JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 3 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 6 benchmark benchmark NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 9 field field NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 10 consisting consist VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 12 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 13 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 14 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 15 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 16 106 106 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 17 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 18 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 19 pooled pool VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 20 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 21 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 22 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 23 mice mouse NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 24 sacked sack VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 25 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 26 embryonic embryonic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 27 day day NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 28 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 29 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 30 44 44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 31 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 255 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 1 Refer refer VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 2 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 3 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 4 S4A s4a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 6 S5A s5a JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 8 S6A s6a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 10 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 11 type type NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 12 annotations annotation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 15 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 16 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 256 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 2 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 3 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 5 characteristic characteristic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 8 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 9 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 11 current current JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 12 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 13 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 257 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 2 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 3 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 4 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 5 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 6 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 7 most most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 8 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 9 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 12 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 13 included include VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 14 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 15 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 16 verify verify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 17 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 18 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 19 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 20 seen see VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 23 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 24 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 25 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 26 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 27 reproduced reproduce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 29 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 30 densely densely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 31 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 32 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 258 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 3 PBMC PBMC NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 5 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 7 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 8 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 11 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 13 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 15 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 16 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 17 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 18 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 19 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 20 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 22 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 24 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 26 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 28 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 30 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 32 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 34 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 35 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 37 aforementioned aforementioned JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 38 heuristic heuristic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 40 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 41 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 42 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 43 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 259 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 2 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 4 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 7 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 8 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 9 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 10 happened happen VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 12 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 13 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 14 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 15 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 17 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 18 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 19 Sections Sections NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 20 4.3.5 4.3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 260 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 2 before before RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 5 picked pick VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 6 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 8 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 9 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 10 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 13 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 15 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 16 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 18 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 20 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 21 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 22 S4B S4B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 24 S5B S5B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 26 S6B S6B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 27 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 28 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 29 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 30 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 261 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 2 visualized visualize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 4 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 6 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 7 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 8 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 9 plots plot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 10 employed employ VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 13 field field NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 15 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 17 t- t- XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 18 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 19 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 20 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 22 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 23 4A 4a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 25 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 27 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 30 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 31 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 32 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 33 trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 34 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 35 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 36 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 37 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 38 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 39 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 262 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 3 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 4 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 5 correlations correlation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 6 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 10 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 11 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 12 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 13 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 16 kNN knn NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 17 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 18 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 19 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 20 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 22 ρPearson ρPearson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 24 0.58 0.58 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 26 0.18 0.18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 28 0.38 0.38 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 29 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 31 PBMC PBMC NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 33 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 35 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 36 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 37 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 38 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 39 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 40 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 41 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 43 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 44 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 45 10−6 10−6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 46 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 47 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 48 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 49 S4C s4c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 51 S5C s5c JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 52 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 53 S6C S6C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 54 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 55 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 56 indicating indicate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 57 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 58 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 59 algorithm algorithm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 60 yields yield VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 61 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 62 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 63 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 64 vary vary VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 65 continuously continuously RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 66 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 67 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 68 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 69 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 263 70 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 1 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 2 plotting plot VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 3 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 4 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 5 against against IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 6 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 7 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 8 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 10 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 12 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 13 verified verify VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 14 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 15 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 17 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 18 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 19 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 20 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 21 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 22 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 23 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 24 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 26 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 27 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 28 4B 4b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 30 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 32 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 264 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 3 consistency consistency NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 4 check check NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 7 confirmed confirm VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 8 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 10 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 12 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 14 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 16 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 17 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 20 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 21 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 22 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 24 respective respective JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 25 kNNs knns NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 27 i i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 29 decayed decay VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 30 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 31 increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 32 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 34 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 35 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 36 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 40 ii ii NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 42 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 43 significantly significantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 44 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 45 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 46 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 47 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 48 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 49 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 50 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 51 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 52 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 53 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 54 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 55 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 56 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 57 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 58 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 59 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 60 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 61 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 62 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 63 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 64 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 65 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 66 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 67 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 68 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 69 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 70 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 71 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 73 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 74 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 75 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 76 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 77 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 78 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 79 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 80 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 81 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 82 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 83 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 84 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 265 85 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 24 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 25 expected expect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 26 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 27 chance chance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 29 67 67 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 30 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 32 72 72 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 33 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 35 61 61 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 36 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 39 PBMC PBMC NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 41 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 42 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 43 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 44 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 45 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 46 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 47 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 48 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 49 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 51 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 52 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 53 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 54 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 55 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 56 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 57 S4D s4d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 58 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 59 S5D S5D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 60 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 61 S6D s6d JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 62 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 63 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 64 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 65 4.6.3.1 4.6.3.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 66 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 266 67 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 2 rule rule VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 3 out out RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 5 possibility possibility NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 7 localization localization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 9 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 10 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 11 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 15 certain certain JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 16 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 19 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 20 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 21 t- t- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 22 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 23 plots plot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 25 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 26 artifact artifact NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 27 caused cause VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 28 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 29 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 30 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 33 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 34 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 35 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 36 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 37 localized localize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 39 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 40 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 41 several several JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 42 factors factor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 267 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 1 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 4 plotted plot VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 6 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 7 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 9 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 10 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 11 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 12 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 13 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 14 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 15 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 16 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 18 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 19 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 21 noted note VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 22 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 23 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 24 GOFs gof NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 25 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 27 localized localize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 28 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 30 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 31 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 33 let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 34 alone alone RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 35 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 36 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 37 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 38 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 39 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 40 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 41 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 42 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 44 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 45 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 46 S4B S4B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 48 S5B S5B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 49 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 50 S6B S6B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 268 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 4 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 6 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 8 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 9 due due JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 11 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 12 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 269 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 4 plotted plot VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 6 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 7 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 9 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 12 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 14 fitting fitting NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 16 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 19 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 20 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 22 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 23 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 24 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 25 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 26 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 27 seemed seem VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 29 correspond correspond VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 30 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 31 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 32 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 34 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 35 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 36 S4E s4e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 38 S5E s5e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 39 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 40 S6E S6E NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 270 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 2 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 4 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 6 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 7 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 8 necessarily necessarily RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 9 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 11 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 12 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 14 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 15 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 18 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 19 hence hence RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 20 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 21 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 23 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 24 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 25 S4F s4f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 27 S5F S5F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 29 S6F S6F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 271 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 2 rule rule VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 3 out out RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 5 possibility possibility NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 8 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 9 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 10 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 12 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 13 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 14 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 15 artifact artifact NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 17 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 18 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 19 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 21 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 22 recomputed recompute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 24 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 25 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 26 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 27 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 28 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 29 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 30 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 32 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 33 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 34 4C 4c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 36 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 38 I -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 41 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 42 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 44 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 46 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 48 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 49 75%-ile 75%-ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 50 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 51 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 52 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 54 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 55 arose arise VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 56 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 57 setting set VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 58 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 59 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 60 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 61 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 62 S4E s4e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 63 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 64 S5E s5e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 65 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 66 S6E S6E NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 67 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 272 68 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 2 general general JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 6 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 7 decreased decrease VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 9 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 10 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 11 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 12 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 13 increased increase VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 273 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 3 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 4 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 5 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 6 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 7 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 8 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 9 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 10 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 12 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 14 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 15 falls fall VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 16 outside outside RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 19 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 20 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 21 CI CI NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 23 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 24 variable variable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 25 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 26 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 27 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 28 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 29 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 30 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 31 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 32 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 33 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 34 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 35 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 36 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 37 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 38 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 39 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 274 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 1 Additionally additionally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 3 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 4 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 5 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 6 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 7 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 10 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 11 emerged emerge VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 12 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 13 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 14 parts part NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 17 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 18 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 19 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 20 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 21 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 22 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 23 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 275 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 2 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 4 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 5 curved curved JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 6 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 7 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 8 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 9 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 10 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 11 do do VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 12 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 13 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 15 sufficient sufficient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 16 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 18 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 20 resolve resolve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 21 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 24 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 25 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 26 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 29 Method Method NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 30 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 31 4.3.5 4.3.5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 276 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 3 analogous analogous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 4 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 6 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 7 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 8 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 10 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 12 could could MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 13 resolve resolve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 17 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 18 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 19 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 21 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 22 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 23 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 24 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 26 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 27 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 28 augmented augment VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 29 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 30 enough enough JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 31 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 32 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 33 attain attain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 34 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 35 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 36 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 38 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 39 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 40 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 277 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 2 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 3 checked check VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 4 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 5 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 8 changed change VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 10 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 13 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 14 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 15 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 16 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 278 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 1 Importantly importantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 4 did do VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 5 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 6 observe observe VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 8 artifactual artifactual JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 9 appearance appearance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 11 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 12 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 13 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 14 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 15 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 17 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 19 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 20 either either DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 21 variable variable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 22 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 23 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 24 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 25 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 27 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 29 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 30 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 32 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 34 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 35 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 36 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 38 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 39 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 40 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 41 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 42 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 43 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 44 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 279 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 1 Taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 2 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 4 although although IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 5 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 6 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 7 allows allow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 8 us -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 10 resolve resolve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 11 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 12 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 13 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 14 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 15 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 17 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 19 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 20 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 22 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 23 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 24 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 25 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 26 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 27 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 28 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 29 artifact artifact NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 32 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 33 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 34 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 35 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 36 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 37 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 38 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 39 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 40 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 280 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 2 ensure ensure VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 5 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 8 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 9 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 10 sensitively sensitively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 11 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 12 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 14 heuristically heuristically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 15 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 16 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 17 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 19 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 21 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 22 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 23 recomputed recompute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 24 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 25 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 26 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 27 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 28 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 29 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 31 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 32 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 33 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 35 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 36 similar similar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 37 qualitative qualitative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 38 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 40 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 41 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 42 S4 S4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 43 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 45 S5 s5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 46 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 47 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 48 S6 S6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 49 G G NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 281 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 4 verified verify VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 9 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 10 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 11 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 12 correlated correlate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 15 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 17 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 19 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 20 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 22 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 23 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 24 S4H s4h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 26 S5H s5h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 28 S6H s6h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 282 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 1 16 16 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 283 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 27 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 29 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 30 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 31 IG IG NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 32 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 33 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 34 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 35 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 36 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 37 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 38 localized localize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 39 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 40 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 41 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 42 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 43 zero zero JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 44 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 45 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 284 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 2 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 6 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 10 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 11 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 13 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 14 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 15 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 16 peripheral peripheral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 17 blood blood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 18 mononuclear mononuclear NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 19 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 21 PBMCs PBMCs NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 23 collected collect VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 24 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 26 healthy healthy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 27 human human JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 28 donor donor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 285 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 2 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 4 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 7 manifold manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 9 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 11 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 12 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 13 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 14 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 16 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 18 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 19 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 21 variable variable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 22 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 23 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 24 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 25 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 26 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 27 setting set VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 28 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 31 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 32 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 33 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 286 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 2 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 3 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 4 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 5 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 6 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 7 overlaid overlay VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 8 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 9 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 10 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 12 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 13 smoothing smooth VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 15 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 16 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 17 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 18 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 19 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 20 nearest near JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 21 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 24 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 25 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 287 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 4 Scatter scatter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 5 plot plot NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 8 unsmoothed unsmoothed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 11 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 13 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 16 associated associate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 17 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 18 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 20 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 23 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 24 datapoint datapoint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 27 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 28 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 288 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 1 Points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 2 enclosed enclose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 3 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 5 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 6 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 7 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 9 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 10 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 11 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 13 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 14 ± ± NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 15 2σS 2σs CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 17 including include VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 18 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 289 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 7 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 12 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 13 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 14 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 16 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 17 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 18 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 20 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 23 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 24 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 290 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 2 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 4 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 5 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 6 set set VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 10 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 12 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 15 75-%ile 75-%ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 16 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 18 left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 20 right right NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 24 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 25 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 26 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 29 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 32 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 33 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 34 S4E s4e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 291 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 1 Points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 2 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 3 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 5 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 7 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 8 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 9 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 10 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 11 include include VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 12 enough enough JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 13 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 15 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 16 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 18 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 292 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 2 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 4 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 6 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 9 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 11 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 15 mouse mouse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 16 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 17 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 18 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 19 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 20 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 21 1.2 1.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 22 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 23 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 25 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 27 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 29 n n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 31 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 293 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 2 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 3 - - : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 4 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 6 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 9 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 11 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 15 mouse mouse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 16 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 17 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 18 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 19 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 20 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 21 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 22 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 23 106 106 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 25 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 27 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 29 n n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 31 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 33 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 34 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 35 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 37 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 38 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 294 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 1 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 295 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 24 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 25 confirm confirm VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 27 robustness robustness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 29 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 30 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 31 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 32 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 34 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 35 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 36 discarded discard VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 37 f% f% NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 39 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 40 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 42 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 43 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 44 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 45 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 46 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 47 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 49 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 50 recomputed recompute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 51 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 52 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 53 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 54 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 55 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 56 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 57 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 58 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 59 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 60 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 61 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 62 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 63 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 64 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 65 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 66 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 67 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 68 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 296 69 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 5 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 6 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 7 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 9 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 12 82 82 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 13 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 16 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 17 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 18 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 19 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 20 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 21 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 23 78 78 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 24 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 27 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 28 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 29 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 30 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 31 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 32 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 35 76 76 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 36 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 39 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 40 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 41 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 42 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 43 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 44 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 45 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 46 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 47 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 48 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 50 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 51 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 52 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 53 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 54 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 55 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 56 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 57 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 58 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 59 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 60 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 62 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 63 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 64 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 65 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 66 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 67 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 68 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 69 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 70 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 71 S4I s4i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 73 S5I S5I NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 74 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 75 S6I S6I NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 76 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 77 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 78 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 79 4.6.3.2 4.6.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 80 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 297 81 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 2 suggests suggest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 4 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 6 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 7 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 8 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 9 highly highly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 10 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 14 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 15 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 16 recomputed recompute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 17 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 19 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 20 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 21 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 23 they -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 24 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 25 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 26 reliably reliably RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 27 contained contain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 28 within within IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 30 currently currently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 31 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 32 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 33 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 34 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 298 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 1 Unlike unlike IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 3 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 4 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 5 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 8 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 9 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 10 could could MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 11 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 12 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 13 downsampled downsample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 15 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 17 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 18 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 19 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 20 having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 21 at at RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 22 least least RBS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 23 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 24 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 26 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 27 report report VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 28 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 29 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 30 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 31 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 33 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 34 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 35 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 36 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 38 despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 39 having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 41 most most JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 42 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 299 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 2 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 3 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 4 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 6 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 7 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 8 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 10 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 11 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 12 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 13 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 15 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 16 heuristic heuristic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 18 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 19 requires require VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 21 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 22 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 24 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 26 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 29 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 30 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 33 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 34 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 35 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 300 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 3 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 4 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 7 additionally additionally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 8 downsampled downsample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 10 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 12 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 13 count count NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 14 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 16 discarding discard VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 17 f% f% NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 19 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 20 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 21 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 23 preprocessing preprocesse VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 25 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 26 way way NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 301 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 2 recomputed recompute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 3 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 4 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 6 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 7 downsam- downsam- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 8 pled plead VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 9 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 13 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 15 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 17 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 19 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 20 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 23 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 24 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 302 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 2 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 5 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 7 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 8 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 9 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 10 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 12 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 13 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 14 75 75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 17 70 70 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 18 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 20 65 65 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 21 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 25 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 26 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 27 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 29 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 30 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 31 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 32 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 34 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 35 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 36 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 37 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 39 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 40 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 41 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 43 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 44 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 45 S4J s4j NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 46 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 47 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 48 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 49 4.6.3.3 4.6.3.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 303 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 4 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 6 cur- cur- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 7 vature vature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 9 robust robust JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 11 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 13 capture capture NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 14 efficiency efficiency NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 16 sequencing sequence VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 17 depth depth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 304 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 1 Taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 2 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 5 computational computational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 6 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 7 reveals reveal VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 8 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 9 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 10 trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 11 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 12 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 14 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 15 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 305 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 1 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 2 Discussion Discussion NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 3 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 5 study study NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 8 explored explore VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 9 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 10 approaches approach NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 12 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 14 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 16 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 17 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 18 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 19 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 20 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 21 twin twin JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 22 branches branch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 24 differential differential NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 25 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 306 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 1 Despite despite IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 3 prevalence prevalence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 6 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 8 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 9 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 11 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 12 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 13 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 15 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 17 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 19 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 21 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 23 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 24 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 26 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 27 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 28 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 29 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 30 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 31 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 32 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 33 relying relying NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 34 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 35 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 36 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 37 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 38 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 39 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 40 determined determined JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 41 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 42 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 43 infeasible infeasible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 44 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 45 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 46 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 47 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 48 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 49 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 50 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 51 typical typical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 52 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 53 current current JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 54 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 55 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 307 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 1 Although although IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 2 methods method NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 3 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 4 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 5 MAGIC magic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 6 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 7 45 45 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 8 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 10 diffusion diffusion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 11 pseudotime pseudotime NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 12 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 13 46 46 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 14 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 15 apply apply VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 17 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 19 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 20 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 21 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 22 smooth smooth VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 23 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 24 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 26 infer infer JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 27 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 28 differentiation differentiation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 29 trajectories trajectory NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 30 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 32 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 33 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 34 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 35 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 37 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 39 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 40 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 41 suggest suggest VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 42 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 44 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 45 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 47 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 48 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 50 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 51 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 52 provides provide VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 53 valuable valuable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 54 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 55 necessary necessary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 56 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 57 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 58 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 59 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 60 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 308 61 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 2 observation observation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 4 perhaps perhaps RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 5 implicit implicit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 7 recent recent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 8 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 10 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 12 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 14 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 15 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 18 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 19 use use VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 20 moving move VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 21 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 22 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 24 squares square NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 25 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 26 approximate approximate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 27 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 28 surface surface NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 30 thereby thereby RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 31 incorporating incorporate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 32 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 33 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 35 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 36 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 37 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 38 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 39 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 309 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 1 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 310 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 24 Certainly certainly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 26 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 27 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 28 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 29 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 30 extrinsic extrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 31 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 32 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 33 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 35 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 36 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 37 retained retain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 39 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 40 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 41 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 42 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 43 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 44 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 45 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 46 fitting fitting NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 47 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 48 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 49 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 50 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 51 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 53 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 54 feasible feasible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 55 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 56 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 57 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 58 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 59 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 60 degree degree NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 61 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 62 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 63 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 64 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 65 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 66 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 67 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 311 68 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 2 obtain obtain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 4 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 5 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 7 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 8 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 10 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 11 algorithm algorithm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 12 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 13 computes compute VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 15 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 16 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 17 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 18 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 312 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 2 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 3 applications application NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 5 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 6 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 7 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 9 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 11 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 12 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 13 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 14 quantities quantity NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 16 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 18 Ricci Ricci NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 19 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 21 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 22 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 23 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 24 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 26 interest interest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 313 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 1 More more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 2 generally generally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 5 focused focus VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 7 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 8 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 9 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 10 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 11 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 12 interested interested JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 14 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 15 properties property NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 18 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 19 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 21 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 22 embeddings embedding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 314 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 4 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 5 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 6 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 7 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 9 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 10 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 12 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 14 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 15 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 16 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 18 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 20 obtain obtain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 21 all all PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 23 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 24 about about IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 26 extrinsic extrinsic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 27 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 28 as as RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 29 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 315 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 1 Indeed indeed RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 3 hkij(p hkij(p ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 5 exactly exactly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 6 quantifies quantify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 8 extent extent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 10 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 12 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 13 deviates deviate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 16 kth kth JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 17 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 18 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 19 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 21 ij ij JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 23 tangent tangent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 24 plane plane NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 25 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 26 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 27 p. p. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 28 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 29 key key JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 30 limitation limitation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 32 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 33 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 35 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 37 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 38 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 39 must must MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 40 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 41 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 42 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 44 user user NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 316 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 2 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 3 assumed assume VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 6 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 7 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 10 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 11 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 12 every every DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 13 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 16 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 317 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 1 Extending extend VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 3 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 5 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 7 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 8 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 11 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 12 itself -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 14 potentially potentially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 16 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 17 position position NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 19 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 20 manner manner NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 22 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 23 prove prove VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 24 useful useful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 318 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 2 addition addition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 4 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 6 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 7 inherently inherently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 8 correct correct JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 9 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 10 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 11 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 12 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 13 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 14 should should MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 16 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 17 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 19 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 20 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 319 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 2 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 3 chooses choose VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 5 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 6 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 7 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 8 varies vary VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 10 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 11 part part NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 15 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 17 another another DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 18 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 21 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 23 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 27 tuned tune VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 29 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 31 user user NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 33 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 34 level level NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 36 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 37 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 39 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 40 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 320 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 2 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 3 applications application NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 5 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 6 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 7 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 8 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 9 sensible sensible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 11 fix fix VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 13 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 14 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 15 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 17 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 19 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 321 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 3 demonstration demonstration NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 6 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 9 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 12 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 14 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 15 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 18 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 19 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 20 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 21 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 22 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 23 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 24 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 27 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 28 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 322 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 2 observation observation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 3 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 4 validates validate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 6 claim claim NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 8 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 9 et et FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 10 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 323 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 1 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 2 showed show VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 4 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 5 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 6 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 8 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 11 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 12 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 13 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 14 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 15 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 324 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 1 Unlike unlike IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 3 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 4 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 5 parameterization parameterization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 7 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 9 however however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 11 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 12 definitive definitive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 13 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 14 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 15 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 16 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 17 established establish VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 18 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 19 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 20 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 325 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 1 Recent recent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 2 work work NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 3 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 4 suggested suggest VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 6 use use NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 8 hyperbolic hyperbolic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 9 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 11 model model VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 12 branching branch VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 13 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 14 differentiation differentiation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 15 trajectories trajectory NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 16 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 17 47 47 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 18 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 20 specific specific JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 21 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 22 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 23 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 24 proposed propose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 25 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 26 model model VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 27 reaction reaction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 28 networks network NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 29 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 30 48 48 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 31 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 33 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 34 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 35 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 36 applicable applicable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 37 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 38 scRNAseq scrnaseq VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 39 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 326 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 2 proposed propose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 3 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 4 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 6 validated validate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 7 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 8 improved improve VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 9 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 10 knowledge knowledge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 13 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 14 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 16 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 17 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 327 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 1 Finally finally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 3 incorporating incorporate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 4 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 5 about about IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 7 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 8 provide provide VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 10 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 11 principled principled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 12 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 14 developing develop VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 15 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 16 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 18 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 19 tools tool NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 328 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 1 19 19 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 329 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 24 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 25 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 26 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 27 Differential Differential NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 28 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 30 Theoretical theoretical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 31 Manifolds Manifolds NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 32 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 33 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 34 briefly briefly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 35 discuss discuss VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 36 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 38 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 40 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 41 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 44 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 45 sample sample VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 46 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 48 theoretical theoretical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 49 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 50 given give VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 51 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 52 parameterization parameterization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 330 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 3 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 5 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 6 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 8 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 11 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 12 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 13 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 14 x1 x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 16 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 18 xd xd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 19 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 21 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 22 in in RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 23 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 24 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 25 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 26 f(x1 f(x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 28 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 30 xd xd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 34 metric metric NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 36 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 37 gij gij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 39 ∂fT ∂fT NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 40 ∂xi ∂xi , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 41 ∂f ∂f . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 42 ∂xj ∂xj , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 44 8) 8) CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 45 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 46 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 47 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 48 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 49 M m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 50 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 51 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 52 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 53 derived derive VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 54 analytically analytically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 55 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 56 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 57 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 58 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 59 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 60 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 62 metric metric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 63 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 64 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 65 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 66 gij gij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 67 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 68 Γkij Γkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 69 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 70 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 71 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 72 Γ Γ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 73 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 74 ik ik NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 75 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 76 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 77 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 78 Γ Γ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 79 l l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 80 ijΓ ijΓ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 81 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 82 kl kl NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 83 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 84 Γ Γ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 85 l l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 86 ikΓ ikΓ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 87 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 88 jl jl NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 89 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 90 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 91 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 92 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 93 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 94 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 95 Γijks Γijks NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 96 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 97 Christoffel christoffel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 98 symbols symbol NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 99 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 100 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 101 Γijk Γijk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 102 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 103 gil gil NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 104 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 105 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 106 ∂glj ∂glj $ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 107 ∂xk ∂xk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 108 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 109 ∂glk ∂glk $ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 110 ∂xj ∂xj NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 111 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 112 ∂gjk ∂gjk CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 113 ∂xl ∂xl . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 114 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 115 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 116 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 117 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 118 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 119 Γijk Γijk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 120 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 121 l= l= NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 122 ∂Γijk ∂Γijk . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 123 ∂xl ∂xl NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 331 124 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 2 draw draw VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 3 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 4 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 5 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 6 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 7 ai ai NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 8 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 9 xi xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 10 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 11 bi bi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 12 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 13 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 15 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 16 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 17 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 18 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 19 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 21 Rn Rn NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 23 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 24 use use VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 25 rejection rejection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 26 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 332 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 2 paired pair VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 3 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 4 variables variable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 5 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 6 ∼ ∼ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 7 Uniform(a uniform(a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 9 b b LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 12 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 13 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 14 Uniform(0 Uniform(0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 16 max max NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 17 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 18 det det NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 19 g g NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 22 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 23 retain retain VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 24 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 25 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 27 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 28 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 29 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 30 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 31 det det NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 32 g g NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 33 ∣∣ ∣∣ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 34 x x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 35 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 333 36 y. y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 1 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 2 Details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 4 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 5 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 7 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 8 Estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 9 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 10 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 11 explain explain VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 12 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 13 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 14 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 15 Equations Equations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 16 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 17 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 18 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 19 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 21 simplest simple JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 23 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 24 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 27 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 28 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 29 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 30 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 31 hollow hollow JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 32 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 33 sphere sphere VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 35 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 38 obtain obtain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 39 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 40 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 41 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 43 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 44 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 45 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 334 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 2 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 3 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 6 S(p s(p XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 8 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 9 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 10 ∀p ∀p CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 11 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 12 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 13 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 15 remainder remainder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 17 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 18 section section NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 20 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 21 adopt adopt VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 23 convention convention NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 24 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 25 symbols symbol NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 26 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 27 overbars overbar NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 28 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 29 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 32 corresponding corresponding JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 33 unaccented unaccented JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 34 quantities quantity NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 335 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 1 4.2.1 4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 2 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 4 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 5 Our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 6 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 7 mirrors mirror VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 9 treatment treatment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 11 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 12 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 13 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 16 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 17 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 19 traces trace NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 21 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 22 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 23 various various JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 24 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 25 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 26 x1,x2 x1,x2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 27 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 28 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 29 x1 x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 30 ≥ ≥ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 31 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 33 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 34 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 35 polynomials polynomial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 36 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 38 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 39 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 40 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 41 c1x c1x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 42 + + CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 43 c2x2 c2x2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 44 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 45 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 47 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 48 quantities quantity NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 49 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 50 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 51 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 336 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 4 constrained constrain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 6 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 8 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 11 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 12 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 13 assuming assume VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 14 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 16 i i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 19 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 20 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 21 boundary boundary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 23 less less JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 25 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 26 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 27 c1 c1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 29 c1 c1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 31 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 34 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 35 boundary boundary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 36 term term NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 38 c2 c2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 39 vanishes vanishe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 42 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 43 ii ii LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 46 volume volume NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 47 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 48 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 50 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 51 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 52 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 53 .CC .CC NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 54 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 55 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 56 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 57 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 58 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 59 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 60 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 61 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 62 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 63 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 64 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 65 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 66 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 67 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 68 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 69 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 70 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 71 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 72 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 73 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 74 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 75 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 76 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 77 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 78 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 79 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 80 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 81 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 82 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 83 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 84 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 85 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 86 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 87 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 88 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 89 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 90 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 91 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 337 92 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 24 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 26 c0 c0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 27 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 28 4π 4π NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 33 iii iii NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 36 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 37 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 39 constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 41 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 42 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 43 c2 c2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 44 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 45 2π 2π NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 46 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 47 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 50 yielding yield VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 51 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 53 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 54 4π 4π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 55 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 56 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 57 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 58 Sx2 sx2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 338 59 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 2 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 3 strong strong JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 4 assumptions assumption NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 5 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 6 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 7 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 8 hold hold VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 10 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 11 arbitrary arbitrary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 12 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 14 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 15 already already RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 16 precludes preclude VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 17 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 20 generic generic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 21 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 339 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 4 proceeded proceed VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 6 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 8 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 9 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 10 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 11 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 12 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 13 privileged privileged JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 14 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 19 could could MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 20 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 21 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 22 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 340 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 2 declared declare VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 3 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 4 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 6 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 7 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 8 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 10 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 11 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 12 x1,x2 x1,x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 13 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 14 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 15 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 16 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 17 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 18 within within IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 19 ±0.5 ±0.5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 341 20 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 1 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 2 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 3 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 4 1.5 1.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 6 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 7 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 342 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 1 All all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 2 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 3 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 4 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 5 performed perform VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 7 MATLAB MATLAB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 8 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 10 lsqnonlin lsqnonlin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 11 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 13 ‘ ' `` 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 14 StepTolerance’=1e-3 StepTolerance’=1e-3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 16 ‘ ' '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 17 FunctionTolerance’=1e-6 FunctionTolerance’=1e-6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 343 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 1 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 4 evaluated evaluate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 5 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 7 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 8 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 9 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 11 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 12 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 14 λ(`−1)2 λ(`−1)2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 15 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 16 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 18 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 20 λ`2 λ`2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 21 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 22 ` ` '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 24 ` ` '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 25 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 26 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 29 ` ` '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 30 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 31 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 34 let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 35 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 36 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 38 collection collection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 39 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 40 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 41 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 42 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 43 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 44 fits fit VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 45 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 46 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 47 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 48 yielded yield VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 49 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 50 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 51 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 52 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 53 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 54 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 55 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 56 Equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 57 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 58 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 59 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 60 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 61 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 62 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 63 tolerance tolerance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 64 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 65 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 66 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 67 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 68 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 69 exactly exactly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 344 70 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 4 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 5 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 6 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 7 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 8 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 9 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 10 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 11 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 13 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 14 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 15 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 16 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 17 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 18 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 19 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 22 estimated estimate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 23 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 24 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 26 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 27 walk walk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 28 Graph Graph NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 29 Laplacian Laplacian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 30 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 31 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 32 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 34 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 35 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 36 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 37 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 38 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 39 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 40 4.2.5 4.2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 43 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 44 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 45 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 46 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 48 λk λk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 50 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 51 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 345 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 2 selected select VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 3 N n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 4 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 5 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 6 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 7 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 8 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 11 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 12 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 14 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 15 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 17 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 18 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 20 current current JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 21 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 22 experiments experiment NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 26 sufficient sufficient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 28 identify identify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 29 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 30 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 31 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 32 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 33 eye eye NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 35 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 36 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 37 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 346 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 2 verified verify VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 3 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 4 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 5 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 8 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 9 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 10 evaluating evaluate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 11 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 12 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 13 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 14 λk λk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 16 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 17 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 19 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 20 above above RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 22 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 24 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 25 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 27 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 29 recapitulated recapitulate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 31 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 32 S s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 33 obtained obtain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 34 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 35 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 347 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 2 restricted restrict VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 3 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 4 attention attention NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 6 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 8 calculations calculation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 9 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 10 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 11 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 13 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 14 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 15 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 16 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 17 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 18 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 20 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 21 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 22 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 24 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 25 theoretically theoretically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 26 possible possible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 28 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 29 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 30 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 31 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 33 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 34 accuracy accuracy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 348 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 1 Below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 4 report report VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 5 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 6 findings finding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 8 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 9 m. m. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 10 4.2.2 4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 11 Infinite Infinite NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 12 Series Series NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 13 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 14 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 15 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 16 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 17 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 20 ideal ideal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 21 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 23 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 24 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 26 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 27 infinite infinite JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 28 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 29 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 30 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 31 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 349 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 2 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 3 z∞(x z∞(x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 5 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 6 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 7 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 9 black black JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 10 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 12 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 13 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 16 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 17 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 19 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 20 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 22 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 23 various various JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 24 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 25 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 26 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 27 above above RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 350 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 1 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 2 S1B s1b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 3 shows show VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 5 D∞ D∞ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 7 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 9 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 11 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 12 ≤ ≤ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 13 x1 x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 14 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 15 x2 x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 351 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 352 1 1.15 1.15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 352 2 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 2 x2 x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 3 & & CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 4 1.15 1.15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 6 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 7 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 8 neglecting neglect VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 9 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 11 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 12 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 13 o(x o(x $ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 14 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 17 Equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 18 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 19 dominate dominate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 353 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 2 zm(x zm(x CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 4 converges converge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 5 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 6 ∞ ∞ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 8 x2 x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 354 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 1 1.15 1.15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 2 necessarily necessarily RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 3 holds hold VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 5 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 6 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 8 Dm∀m Dm∀m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 355 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 1 4.2.3 4.2.3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 2 Truncated Truncated NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 3 Series Series NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 4 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 5 next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 6 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 7 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 10 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 11 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 12 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 14 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 16 practice practice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 18 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 19 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 20 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 21 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 22 access access NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 24 as as RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 25 many many JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 26 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 27 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 28 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 30 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 356 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 2 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 3 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 6 Equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 7 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 9 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 10 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 12 solid solid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 13 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 14 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 16 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 17 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 21 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 22 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 23 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 24 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 25 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 29 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 30 S1C S1C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 357 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 1 Intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 2 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 3 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 4 roughly roughly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 5 satisfy satisfy VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 6 0.25 0.25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 358 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 359 1 x1 x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 359 2 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 359 3 x2 x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 359 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 360 1 1.15 1.15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 360 2 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 4 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 6 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 9 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 10 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 12 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 13 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 14 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 16 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 17 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 19 deviated deviate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 20 markedly markedly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 22 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 26 rough rough JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 27 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 29 0.1 0.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 31 0.75 0.75 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 32 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 34 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 35 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 36 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 37 overlap overlap NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 38 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 39 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 361 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 1 Consequently consequently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 3 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 5 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 6 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 8 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 10 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 12 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 13 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 14 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 15 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 16 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 19 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 20 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 21 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 22 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 23 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 24 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 25 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 27 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 29 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 30 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 31 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 33 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 34 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 35 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 36 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 37 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 38 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 39 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 40 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 42 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 43 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 44 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 362 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 24 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 25 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 27 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 28 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 30 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 31 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 34 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 35 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 36 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 37 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 38 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 39 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 40 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 41 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 42 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 43 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 45 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 46 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 47 S1D s1d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 363 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 4 inaccuracy inaccuracy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 5 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 6 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 8 consequence consequence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 10 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 11 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 12 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 13 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 14 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 15 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 364 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 1 While while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 2 picking pick VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 3 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 4 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 5 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 6 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 7 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 9 lower low JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 10 bound bind VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 11 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 12 valid valid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 13 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 15 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 17 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 18 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 20 converges converge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 22 ∞ ∞ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 25 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 27 exactly exactly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 29 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 30 x1 x1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 31 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 32 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 33 obtained obtain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 34 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 35 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 37 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 38 already already RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 39 over over RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 40 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 41 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 42 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 43 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 44 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 45 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 365 46 S1D. S1D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 2 zm2 zm2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 4 x x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 6 > > NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 7 zm1 zm1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 9 x x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 11 ∀x ∀x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 13 m2 m2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 14 > > NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 15 m1 m1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 17 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 19 truncated truncate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 20 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 21 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 23 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 24 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 25 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 26 simply simply RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 27 exaggerate exaggerate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 29 difference difference NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 30 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 31 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 34 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 36 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 37 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 38 x x NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 39 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 40 cause cause VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 41 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 42 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 43 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 44 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 46 latter latter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 48 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 49 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 50 over over RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 51 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 52 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 366 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 1 Following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 3 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 5 thought thought NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 8 reasoned reason VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 9 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 10 picking pick VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 12 fewer few JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 13 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 15 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 16 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 17 ameliorate ameliorate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 19 issue issue NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 367 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 2 selected select VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 3 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 4 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 5 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 7 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 10 round round JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 11 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 12 like like IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 13 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 15 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 16 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 18 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 19 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 22 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 23 multiplicity multiplicity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 24 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 25 included include VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 28 repeated repeat VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 29 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 30 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 31 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 33 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 34 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 36 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 37 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 38 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 39 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 368 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 1 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 2 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 4 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 5 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 7 solid solid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 8 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 9 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 11 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 12 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 15 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 16 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 18 fits fit VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 20 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 22 yield yield VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 23 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 24 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 26 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 28 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 29 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 30 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 31 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 369 32 S1E. S1E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 1 While while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 2 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 5 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 6 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 8 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 9 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 10 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 12 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 13 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 15 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 16 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 17 much much RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 18 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 19 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 20 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 21 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 23 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 24 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 26 did do VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 27 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 28 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 31 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 32 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 34 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 35 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 36 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 37 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 39 z49(x z49(x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 41 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 42 p2(x p2(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 44 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 45 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 46 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 47 sufficiently sufficiently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 48 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 49 once once RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 50 again again RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 52 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 53 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 54 S1F S1F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 55 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 370 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 1 4.2.4 4.2.4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 2 Eigenvalue Eigenvalue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 3 Convergence Convergence NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 4 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 5 refrained refrain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 6 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 7 reducing reduce VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 8 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 9 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 11 improve improve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 12 agreement agreement NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 13 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 14 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 17 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 19 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 20 noting note VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 21 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 23 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 26 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 28 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 29 shrink shrink VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 30 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 31 m. m. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 32 Though though IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 33 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 34 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 35 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 36 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 37 better well JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 38 chance chance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 39 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 40 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 41 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 42 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 43 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 44 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 46 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 47 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 48 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 49 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 50 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 51 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 52 recall recall VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 53 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 54 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 55 practice practice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 56 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 57 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 58 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 59 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 60 Dm Dm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 61 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 62 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 63 us -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 64 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 65 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 66 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 67 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 68 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 69 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 70 unknown unknown JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 371 71 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 4 simply simply RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 5 shift shift VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 7 problem problem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 9 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 11 choosing choose VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 12 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 13 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 14 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 15 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 16 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 17 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 18 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 19 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 23 shrinking shrink VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 24 pool pool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 26 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 27 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 28 could could MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 29 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 30 theoretically theoretically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 31 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 32 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 33 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 34 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 372 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 1 Instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 4 compared compare VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 6 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 7 λks λks NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 9 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 10 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 11 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 13 λk λk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 16 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 19 former former JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 20 con- con- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 21 sistently sistently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 22 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 24 estimate estimate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 26 latter latter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 28 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 29 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 30 S1H s1h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 373 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 4 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 7 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 8 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 9 grows grow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 11 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 13 exceeding exceed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 14 60 60 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 17 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 18 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 19 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 21 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 23 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 374 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 3 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 5 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 6 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 7 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 8 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 9 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 10 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 11 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 12 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 13 enough enough RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 14 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 15 limit limit VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 17 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 18 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 375 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 2 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 4 required required JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 5 tolerance tolerance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 8 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 9 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 12 constructed construct VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 14 truncated truncate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 15 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 16 analo- analo- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 17 gous gous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 19 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 20 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 22 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 23 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 24 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 25 interpolated interpolate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 26 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 28 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 29 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 32 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 33 22 22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 34 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 35 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 36 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 37 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 38 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 39 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 40 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 41 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 42 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 43 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 44 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 45 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 47 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 48 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 49 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 50 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 51 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 52 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 53 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 54 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 55 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 56 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 57 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 58 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 59 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 60 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 61 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 62 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 63 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 64 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 65 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 66 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 67 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 68 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 69 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 70 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 71 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 72 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 376 73 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 24 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 25 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 26 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 27 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 29 10000 10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 31 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 34 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 35 f f XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 36 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 37 z̃m(x z̃m(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 38 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 39 f f LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 41 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 42 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 43 4π 4π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 45 d/2xd d/2xd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 46 m∑ m∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 47 k=1 k=1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 48 e−λ̃k(f)x e−λ̃k(f)x CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 49 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 50 λ̃k(f λ̃k(f NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 52 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 53 λk λk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 54 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 55 f(λk f(λk CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 56 −λk −λk CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 58 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 59 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 60 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 61 f f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 62 signifies signify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 63 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 64 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 65 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 66 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 67 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 68 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 69 interpolated interpolate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 70 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 71 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 72 reduced reduce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 73 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 74 1−f 1−f CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 75 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 76 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 77 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 78 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 79 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 80 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 81 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 82 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 83 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 84 10000 10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 377 85 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 2 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 4 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 5 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 6 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 7 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 8 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 9 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 10 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 11 z̃49(x z̃49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 12 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 13 f f LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 16 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 19 green green JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 20 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 22 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 23 S1A s1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 25 fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 26 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 27 p2(x p2(x ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 29 yields yield NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 30 accurate accurate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 31 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 32 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 33 half half PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 35 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 36 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 37 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 39 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 40 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 41 S1 s1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 42 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 378 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 1 Given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 4 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 5 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 7 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 8 λ37 λ37 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 10 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 12 λ49 λ49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 14 λ37 λ37 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 16 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 18 λ49 λ49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 19 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 20 60 60 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 21 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 22 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 23 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 24 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 25 10000 10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 27 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 28 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 29 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 30 N n PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 31 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 32 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 33 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 34 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 35 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 36 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 37 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 38 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 39 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 40 60 60 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 41 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 42 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 43 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 44 ≈ ≈ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 45 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 46 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 379 47 ? ? . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 2 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 3 rate rate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 6 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 7 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 9 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 11 Theorem theorem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 15 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 380 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 2 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 3 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 4 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 5 ∣∣λk ∣∣λk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 6 −λk∣∣ −λk∣∣ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 7 λk λk FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 8 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 9 O o FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 10 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 12 log log NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 13 N n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 15 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 16 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 17 N n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 18 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 19 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 22 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 24 Assuming assume VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 25 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 27 big big JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 28 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 29 O o NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 30 bound bind VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 31 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 32 sharp sharp JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 33 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 34 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 36 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 38 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 39 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 40 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 42 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 44 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 45 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 381 46 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 1 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 2 prefactor prefactor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 4 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 5 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 6 0.6 0.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 7 10000 10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 8 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 9 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 10 log(10000 log(10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 12 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 14 ≈ ≈ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 15 2.61 2.61 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 18 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 19 extrapolated extrapolate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 20 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 21 at at RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 22 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 23 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 24 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 25 107 107 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 26 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 27 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 28 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 29 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 30 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 32 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 33 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 34 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 35 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 36 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 38 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 39 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 40 S1H s1h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 382 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 1 Equation equation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 2 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 3 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 4 applies apply VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 6 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 7 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 9 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 10 constructed construct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 11 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 12 weighted weight VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 13 kNN kNN NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 15 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 17 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 18 kernels kernel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 19 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 21 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 22 kernels kernel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 24 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 25 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 26 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 27 4.2.5 4.2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 383 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 4 prefactor prefactor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 6 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 7 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 9 actually actually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 10 worse bad JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 12 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 13 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 14 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 15 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 16 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 17 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 18 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 19 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 20 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 21 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 22 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 23 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 24 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 25 10000 10000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 27 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 28 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 29 S1H S1H NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 32 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 33 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 34 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 35 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 36 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 37 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 38 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 39 required require VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 40 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 41 attain attain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 43 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 44 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 45 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 384 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 3 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 5 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 7 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 8 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 9 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 10 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 11 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 12 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 13 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 14 ascertain ascertain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 15 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 17 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 19 suitable suitable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 22 naive naive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 23 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 25 simply simply RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 26 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 27 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 28 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 29 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 31 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 33 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 36 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 37 require require VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 38 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 39 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 40 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 41 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 42 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 43 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 44 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 45 several several JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 46 more more JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 47 orders order NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 48 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 49 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 385 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 1 4.2.5 4.2.5 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 2 Estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 4 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 6 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 7 Operator Operator NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 9 Data Data NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 10 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 11 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 12 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 14 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 15 Xi Xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 16 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 17 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 18 Rn Rn NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 20 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 22 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 24 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 25 estimated estimate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 26 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 27 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 28 normalizing normalize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 30 weight weight NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 31 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 32 W W NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 34 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 35 below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 37 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 39 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 40 walk walk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 41 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 42 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 43 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 45 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 46 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 386 47 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 1 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 2 constructed construct VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 3 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 5 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 6 converges converge VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 7 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 8 ∆M ∆M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 9 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 10 samples sample NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 11 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 12 drawn draw VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 13 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 14 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 16 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 18 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 20 Rn Rn NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 22 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 23 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 24 done do VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 26 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 27 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 387 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 1 ∆M ∆m JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 2 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 3 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 4 � � NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 5 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 6 IN in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 7 −D−1W −D−1W NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 9 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 10 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 11 diag{W1 diag{W1 . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 12 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 14 13 13 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 16 23 23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 17 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 19 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 21 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 23 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 24 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 25 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 26 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 27 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 30 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 31 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 32 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 33 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 35 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 36 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 40 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 41 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 42 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 44 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 45 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 46 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 47 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 48 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 49 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 50 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 51 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 52 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 53 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 54 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 55 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 388 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 24 IN IN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 27 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 28 ×N ×n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 29 identity identity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 30 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 32 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 33 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 34 RN RN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 36 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 37 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 39 ones one NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 42 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 43 width width NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 45 � � NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 47 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 48 set set VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 49 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 50 match match VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 51 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 52 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 53 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 54 Theorem theorem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 55 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 56 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 57 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 58 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 59 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 60 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 61 � � ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 62 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 63 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 64 log log NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 65 N n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 66 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 67 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 68 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 69 N n CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 70 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 71 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 72 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 73 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 74 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 75 Throughout throughout IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 76 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 77 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 78 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 79 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 80 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 81 W W NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 82 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 83 Wg Wg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 84 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 85 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 86 weight weight NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 87 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 88 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 89 entries entry NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 90 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 91 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 92 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 93 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 94 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 95 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 96 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 97 Wg]i wg]i FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 98 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 99 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 100 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 101 exp(−‖Xi exp(−‖Xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 102 −Xj‖22/ −Xj‖22/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 103 � � NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 104 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 105 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 106 δi δi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 107 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 108 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 109 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 110 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 111 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 112 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 113 check check VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 114 whether whether IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 115 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 116 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 117 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 118 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 119 benign benign JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 120 prefactors prefactor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 121 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 122 eigenvalue eigenvalue NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 123 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 124 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 125 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 126 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 127 S1H S1H NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 128 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 129 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 130 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 131 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 132 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 133 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 134 weighted weighted JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 135 kNN kNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 136 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 137 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 138 WkNN WkNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 139 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 140 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 141 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 142 r r JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 143 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 144 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 145 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 146 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 147 Wr Wr NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 148 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 149 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 150 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 151 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 152 � � NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 153 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 154 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 155 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 156 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 157 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 158 WkNN WkNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 159 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 160 i i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 161 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 162 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 163 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 164 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 165 WG]i WG]i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 166 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 167 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 168 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 169 1kNN(j)(i 1knn(j)(i CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 170 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 171 OR or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 172 1kNN(i)(j 1knn(i)(j CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 173 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 174 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 175 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 176 Wr]i Wr]i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 177 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 178 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 179 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 180 1BXi(r)(Xj 1bxi(r)(xj CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 181 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 182 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 183 δi δi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 184 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 185 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 186 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 187 16 16 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 188 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 189 kNN(i kNN(i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 190 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 191 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 192 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 193 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 194 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 195 indices index NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 196 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 197 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 198 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 199 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 200 nearest near JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 201 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 202 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 203 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 204 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 205 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 206 Rn Rn NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 207 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 208 BXi(r bxi(r ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 209 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 210 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 211 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 212 n n JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 213 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 214 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 215 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 216 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 217 radius radius NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 218 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 219 centred centre VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 220 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 221 Xi Xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 222 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 223 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 224 1A(x 1a(x LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 225 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 226 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 227 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 228 indicator indicator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 229 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 230 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 231 x x NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 232 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 389 233 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 1 4.3 4.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 2 Details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 4 Extrinsic Extrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 5 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 7 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 8 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 9 4.3.1 4.3.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 10 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 11 Regression Regression NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 12 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 13 Local Local NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 14 Neighborhoods Neighborhoods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 16 Data Data NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 17 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 18 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 19 describe describe VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 21 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 22 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 23 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 24 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 26 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 29 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 30 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 31 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 33 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 35 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 36 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 37 particular particular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 38 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 39 p. p. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 40 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 41 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 42 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 44 main main JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 45 text text NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 47 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 48 performing perform VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 49 PCA PCA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 50 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 51 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 52 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 53 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 54 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 55 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 56 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 57 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 58 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 59 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 60 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 61 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 62 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 63 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 64 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 65 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 66 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 67 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 68 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 69 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 70 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 71 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 72 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 73 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 74 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 75 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 76 ti ti NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 77 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 78 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 79 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 80 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 81 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 82 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 83 nk nk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 390 84 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 2 defer defer VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 3 discussion discussion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 5 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 7 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 9 selected select VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 11 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 12 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 13 4.3.2 4.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 391 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 2 nks nk NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 4 treated treat VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 5 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 6 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 7 variables variable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 8 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 9 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 10 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 11 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 12 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 13 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 14 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 17 tis tis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 19 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 21 taken take VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 22 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 23 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 24 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 25 variables variable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 392 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 393 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 393 2 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 393 3 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 393 4 below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 393 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 1 Linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 2 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 4 excluded exclude VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 5 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 6 they -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 7 ought ought MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 9 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 10 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 11 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 14 tangent tangent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 15 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 394 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 1 Constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 2 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 4 Ck Ck NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 7 included include VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 9 account account VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 11 affine affine NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 12 shifts shift NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 395 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 2 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 3 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 4 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 5 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 6 ji ji NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 7 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 9 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 10 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 13 practice practice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 14 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 15 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 16 consider consider VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 17 titj titj NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 19 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 20 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 21 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 23 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 24 ≥ ≥ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 25 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 26 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 27 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 28 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 30 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 32 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 33 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 34 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 35 linearly linearly JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 36 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 37 columns column NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 39 though though IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 40 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 41 write write VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 42 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 43 full full JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 44 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 45 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 46 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 47 simplicity simplicity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 396 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 1 24 24 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 397 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 24 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 26 th th NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 27 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 29 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 31   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 32   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 33 n n JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 35 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 37 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 398 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 399 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 400 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 1 n n NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 3 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 5 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 6 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 401 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 402 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 403 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 2 n n NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 4 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 6 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 404 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 405 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 406 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 1 n n LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 3 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 5 n−d n−d . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 6   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 7   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 8 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 9 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 10   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 11   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 13 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 15 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 17 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 18 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 22 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 407 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 408 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 409 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 1 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 3 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 5 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 6 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 8 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 10 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 11 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 13 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 15 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 16 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 18 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 410 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 411 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 412 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 1 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 3 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 5 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 6 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 8 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 10 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 11 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 12 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 413 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 414 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 415 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 416 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 416 2 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 416 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 417 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 418 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 2 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 3 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 5 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 7 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 8 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 10 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 419 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 420 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 421 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 1 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 3 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 5 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 6 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 8 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 10 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 11 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 13 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 15 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 16 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 18 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 422 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 423 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 424 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 1 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 3 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 5 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 6 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 8 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 10 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 11   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 12   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 13 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 15   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 16   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 17 C1 C1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 18 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 19 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 20 1,1 1,1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 425 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 426 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 427 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 1 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 2 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 3 1,d 1,d CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 4 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 5 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 6 2,1 2,1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 428 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 429 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 430 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 1 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 2 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 3 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 5 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 6 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 7 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 431 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 432 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 433 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 434 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 434 2 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 434 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 435 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 436 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 2 Cn−d Cn−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 3 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 4 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 5 1,1 1,1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 437 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 438 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 439 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 1 h h LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 2 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 3 1,d 1,d CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 4 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 5 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 6 2,1 2,1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 440 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 441 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 442 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 1 h h LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 2 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 3 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 5 d d LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 6   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 7   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 8 T t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 9 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 10 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 11   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 12   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 13 ε ε NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 15 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 17 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 443 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 444 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 445 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 1 ε ε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 3 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 5 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 6 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 446 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 447 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 448 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 1 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 2 ε ε LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 4 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 6 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 449 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 450 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 451 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 1 ε ε LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 2 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 3 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 5 n−d n−d . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 6   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 7   NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 8 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 9   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 10   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 11 ε(1 ε(1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 13 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 14 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 15 ε(Np ε(Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 17 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 18   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 19   CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 21 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 23 Regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 24 yields yield VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 26 following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 27 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 28 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 29 squares square NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 30 solution solution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 31 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 32 ĥ ĥ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 33 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 35 tT tT NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 36 t)−1tT t)−1tt NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 37 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 38 Σε σε NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 39 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 41 n n IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 42 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 43 tĥ)T tĥ)t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 45 n n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 46 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 47 tĥ tĥ ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 49 Np Np NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 50 Σh Σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 51 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 52 Σε σε FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 53 ⊗ ⊗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 54 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 55 tT tT NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 56 t)−1 t)−1 FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 57 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 58 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 59 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 60 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 61 ĥ ĥ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 62 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 63 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 64 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 65 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 66 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 67 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 68 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 69 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 70 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 71 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 73 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 74 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 75 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 76 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 77 covariance covariance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 78 structure structure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 79 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 80 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 81 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 82 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 83 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 84 ε(i ε(i XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 85 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 86 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 87 N(0 N(0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 88 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 89 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 90 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 91 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 92 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 93 Σh Σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 94 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 95 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 96 covariance covariance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 97 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 98 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 452 99 ĥ. ĥ. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 1 ⊗ ⊗ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 2 denotes denote VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 4 Kronecker Kronecker NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 5 product product NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 453 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 2 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 4 mvregress mvregress JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 5 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 7 MATLAB MATLAB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 9 perform perform VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 10 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 11 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 13 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 14 code code NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 454 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 2 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 4 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 5 exactly exactly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 6 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 7 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 8 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 11 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 12 measures measure VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 14 contribution contribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 16 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 18 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 19 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 455 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 3 limit limit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 5 infinite infinite JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 6 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 8 infinitesimally infinitesimally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 9 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 10 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 12 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 13 → → SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 14 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 456 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 2 observational observational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 3 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 5 present present JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 7 discussed discuss VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 9 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 10 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 11 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 14 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 15 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 16 depends depend VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 17 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 19 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 22 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 24 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 26 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 27 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 457 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 1 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 458 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 24 4.3.2 4.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 25 Selecting select VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 26 Local Local NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 27 Neighborhoods Neighborhoods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 29 Regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 30 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 31 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 32 describe describe VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 34 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 35 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 36 selecting select VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 37 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 38 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 39 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 40 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 41 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 42 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 43 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 44 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 46 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 47 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 48 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 459 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 2 adopt adopt VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 4 simplest simple JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 5 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 7 selecting select VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 9 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 11 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 13 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 15 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 16 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 17 centred centre VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 18 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 19 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 21 Bp(r Bp(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 460 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 1 If if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 2 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 5 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 6 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 9 set set VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 10 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 11 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 13 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 14 rather rather RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 15 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 16 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 17 principles principle NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 19 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 21 geom- geom- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 22 etry etry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 25 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 26 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 27 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 28 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 29 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 30 trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 32 unknown unknown JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 34 priori priori FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 461 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 4 set set VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 5 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 7 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 8 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 10 elements element NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 13 covariance covariance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 14 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 16 Σh Σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 18 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 19 upper upper RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 21 bounded bound VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 22 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 23 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 24 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 25 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 28 square square NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 31 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 32 target target NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 33 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 462 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 2 largest large JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 3 elements element NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 5 Σh Σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 8 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 9 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 10 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 12 main main JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 13 diagonal diagonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 15 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 18 squares square NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 21 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 22 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 24 σhk σhk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 25 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 29 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 30 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 463 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 1 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 2 inspection inspection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 4 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 5 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 6 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 7 σ2 σ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 8 hk hk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 9 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 10 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 11 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 12 diag diag JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 13 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 15 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 17 t′t)−1 t′t)−1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 18 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 20 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 23 19 19 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 25 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 26 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 27 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 28 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 31 diagonal diagonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 32 entry entry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 34 Σε Σε NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 35 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 36 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 38 k k XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 39 th th XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 40 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 41 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 42 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 43 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 44 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 45 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 46 t′t)−1 t′t)−1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 47 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 48 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 49 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 51 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 52 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 53 diagonal diagonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 54 entry entry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 55 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 56 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 57 t′t)−1 t′t)−1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 58 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 59 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 60 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 61 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 62 entry entry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 63 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 64 t′t t′t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 65 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 66 ∼ ∼ FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 67 ∑ ∑ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 68 l(t l(t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 69 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 70 l l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 71 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 72 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 73 t t VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 74 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 75 l l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 76 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 77 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 78 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 79 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 464 80 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 1 Increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 2 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 4 monotonically monotonically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 5 increases increase VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 6 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 7 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 11 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 13 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 15 Bp(r Bp(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 20 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 21 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 23 elements element NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 25 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 27 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 29 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 30 reduce reduce VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 31 σhk σhk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 32 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 465 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 2 avoid avoid VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 3 sweeping sweep VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 4 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 7 find find VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 9 minimum minimum JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 10 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 11 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 12 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 13 max max NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 14 σhk σhk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 15 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 16 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 17 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 19 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 20 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 21 computationally computationally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 22 expensive expensive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 24 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 25 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 26 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 27 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 28 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 29 model model VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 31 dependence dependence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 32 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 33 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 35 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 36 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 37 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 38 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 40 ∼ ∼ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 41 rd rd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 42 ′ ′ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 44 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 46 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 47 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 48 σ2 σ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 49 hk hk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 50 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 51 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 52 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 53 rd rd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 54 ′+4 ′+4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 55 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 56 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 58 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 59 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 60 d′ d′ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 61 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 62 Np(r Np(r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 63 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 64 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 65 counted count VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 66 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 67 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 68 log log NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 69 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 70 spaced space VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 71 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 73 ri ri NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 75 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 76 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 77 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 78 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 79 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 80 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 81 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 82 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 83 log log NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 84 ri ri NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 85 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 86 log log NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 87 Np(ri Np(ri NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 88 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 89 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 90 pairs pair NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 91 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 92 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 93 ∈{2 ∈{2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 94 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 95 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 96 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 97 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 98 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 466 99 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 1 r1 r1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 3 set set VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 7 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 9 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 13 d(d+1 d(d+1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 15 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 16 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 17 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 19 -closest -closest CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 20 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 22 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 25 minimum minimum JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 26 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 28 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 29 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 30 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 31 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 467 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 1 r10 r10 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 3 set set VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 7 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 9 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 12 furthest furth JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 13 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 14 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 15 p. p. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 16 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 17 solve solve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 18 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 19 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 21 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 22 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 23 guess guess VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 24 rg rg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 26 r1 r1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 28 perform perform VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 29 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 30 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 32 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 34 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 35 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 36 Bp(rg Bp(rg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 39 assign assign NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 40 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 41 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 42 g g NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 43 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 44 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 46 largest large JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 47 diagonal diagonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 48 entry entry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 49 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 50 Σh Σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 468 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 1 If if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 2 ∣∣∣σgσh ∣∣∣σgσh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 3 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 4 1∣∣∣ 1∣∣∣ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 6 within within IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 8 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 9 tolerance tolerance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 12 set set VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 13 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 15 rg rg FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 17 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 18 else else RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 19 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 20 update update VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 21 rg rg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 22 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 23 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 25 iterate iterate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 26 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 27 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 469 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 1 rg rg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 2 ← ← NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 3 rg rg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 5 σg σg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 6 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 8 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 9 d′+4 d′+4 . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 10 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 11 22 22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 13 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 14 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 15 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 17 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 18 speed speed VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 19 up up RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 20 computation computation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 21 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 22 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 23 selecting select VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 24 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 26 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 27 manner manner NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 30 subset subset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 32 Ncalib Ncalib NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 33 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 34 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 35 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 36 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 37 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 38 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 39 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 40 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 41 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 42 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 43 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 44 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 45 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 46 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 47 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 48 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 49 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 50 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 51 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 52 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 53 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 54 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 55 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 56 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 57 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 58 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 59 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 60 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 61 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 62 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 63 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 64 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 65 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 66 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 67 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 68 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 69 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 70 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 71 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 72 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 73 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 74 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 470 75 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 24 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 25 selected select VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 26 calibration calibration NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 27 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 471 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 1 All all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 2 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 5 Voronoi Voronoi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 6 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 8 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 9 calibration calibration NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 10 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 11 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 12 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 13 assigned assign VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 15 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 16 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 19 calibration calibration NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 20 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 472 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 1 Unless unless IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 2 otherwise otherwise RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 3 specified specified JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 4 Ncalib Ncalib NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 6 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 7 4.3.3 4.3.3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 8 Goodness Goodness NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 12 Fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 13 Test Test NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 15 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 16 Regression Regression NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 17 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 19 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 20 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 22 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 24 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 27 fundamental fundamental JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 28 trade trade NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 30 off off NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 31 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 32 reducing reduce VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 33 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 36 hkijs hkijs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 39 validity validity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 40 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 41 approximating approximate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 42 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 43 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 44 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 45 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 46 fits fit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 473 47 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 2 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 3 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 5 more more JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 6 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 7 must must MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 9 included include VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 12 fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 14 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 16 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 17 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 18 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 19 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 20 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 21 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 23 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 24 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 25 only only JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 26 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 27 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 474 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 1 Conversely conversely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 3 d(d+1 d(d+1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 4 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 5 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 6 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 7 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 8 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 9 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 10 sufficient sufficient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 12 perform perform VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 14 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 16 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 17 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 18 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 19 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 20 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 21 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 24 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 26 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 475 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 2 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 3 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 6 choose choose VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 8 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 9 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 11 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 13 target target NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 14 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 16 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 17 include include VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 19 companion companion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 20 goodness goodness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 24 fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 26 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 28 statistic statistic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 29 measuring measuring NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 30 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 31 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 33 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 35 fit fit JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 36 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 37 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 38 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 476 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 1 Namely namely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 4 use use VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 5 Mardia Mardia NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 6 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 7 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 8 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 10 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 11 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 12 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 14 ε(i ε(i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 17 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 18 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 21 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 22 yields yield VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 24 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 26 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 29 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 30 hypothesis hypothesis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 31 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 33 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 34 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 35 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 36 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 37 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 38 51 51 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 39 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 477 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 3 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 5 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 7 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 10 quadratic quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 11 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 12 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 14 unlikely unlikely JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 15 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 17 valid valid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 478 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 3 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 7 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 9 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 10 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 11 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 12 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 13 suspect suspect JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 14 regardless regardless RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 17 tightness tightness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 20 errorbars errorbar NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 24 user user NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 25 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 26 want want VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 28 consider consider VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 29 increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 30 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 31 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 32 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 34 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 35 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 479 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 4 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 5 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 6 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 7 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 10 concern concern NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 11 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 13 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 14 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 16 interest interest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 17 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 18 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 19 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 21 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 24 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 25 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 26 give give VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 27 rise rise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 28 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 30 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 31 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 32 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 33 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 35 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 36 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 37 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 38 4.3.5 4.3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 480 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 3 Mardia Mardia NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 4 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 5 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 6 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 7 relatively relatively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 8 weak weak JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 9 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 10 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 11 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 12 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 13 false false JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 14 negatives negative NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 16 heteroskedastic heteroskedastic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 17 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 481 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 2 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 3 measure measure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 5 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 6 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 7 provided provide VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 8 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 10 computationally computationally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 11 cheap cheap JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 12 consistency consistency NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 13 check check NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 482 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 1 Ideally ideally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 4 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 6 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 9 sufficiently sufficiently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 10 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 13 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 15 permit permit VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 16 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 17 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 20 ii ii NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 22 produce produce VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 23 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 24 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 26 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 27 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 28 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 29 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 30 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 32 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 33 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 35 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 36 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 39 spatially spatially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 40 uncorrelated uncorrelated JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 483 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 1 4.3.4 4.3.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 2 Standard Standard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 3 Error Error NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 4 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 5 Bias Bias NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 7 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 8 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 9 Estimate Estimate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 10 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 12 discuss discuss VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 13 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 14 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 15 compute compute VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 17 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 18 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 20 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 24 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 26 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 28 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 29 sources source NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 31 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 32 bias bias NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 484 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 3 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 5 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 7 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 8 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 11 bilinear bilinear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 12 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 15 tensor tensor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 16 contraction contraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 18 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 19 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 20 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 22 straightforward straightforward JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 23 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 25 σS σS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 26 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 27 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 28 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 29 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 30 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 31 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 32 propagation propagation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 33 formulas formula NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 34 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 35 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 38 uncertainties uncertainty NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 39 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 40 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 485 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 4 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 5 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 7 report report VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 8 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 10 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 12 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 13 approximation approximation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 16 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 17 moment moment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 20 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 22 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 23 variables variable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 24 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 25 σS σs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 27 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 28 JT jt NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 29 ΣhJ σhj NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 31 23 23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 32 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 33 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 34 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 36 ∂S ∂S . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 37 ∂hk ∂hk NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 38 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 39 ∣∣∣ ∣∣∣ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 40 ĥ ĥ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 486 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 1 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 487 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 24 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 26 important important JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 28 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 29 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 30 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 31 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 33 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 35 biased biased JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 37 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 38 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 39 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 488 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 1 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 4 hkijs hkijs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 5 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 6 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 7 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 8 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 9 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 11 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 13 ε(i ε(i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 16 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 17 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 19 themselves -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 21 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 22 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 489 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 1 Second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 3 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 4 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 6 hkijs hkijs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 8 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 9 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 11 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 12 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 14 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 15 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 16 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 18 due due IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 20 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 21 bilinear bilinear NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 22 dependence dependence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 23 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 24 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 490 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 3 estimates estimate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 5 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 6 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 7 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 8 biased bias VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 11 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 13 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 15 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 16 position- position- XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 17 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 18 way way NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 491 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 2 instance instance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 5 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 7 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 9 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 10 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 12 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 14 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 16 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 17 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 18 8(h111h122− 8(h111h122− NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 19 h112h h112h ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 21 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 24 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 25 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 26 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 27 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 29 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 30 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 31 22 22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 33 1/2 1/2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 35 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 36 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 37 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 39 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 40 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 41 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 42 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 43 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 492 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 1 Numerically numerically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 2 however however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 5 symmetric symmetric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 6 off off IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 8 diagonal diagonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 9 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 10 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 11 never never RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 12 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 13 exactly exactly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 14 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 15 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 16 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 17 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 18 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 19 systematically systematically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 20 under under RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 22 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 493 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 3 apparent apparent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 6 left left JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 7 tail tail NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 10 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 11 histogram histogram NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 13 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 494 14 2I. 2i. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 2 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 3 experience experience NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 5 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 6 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 7 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 9 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 10 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 11 tends tend VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 12 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 13 remove remove VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 15 skew skew JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 17 presumably presumably RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 18 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 19 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 21 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 22 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 23 closely closely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 24 match match VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 26 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 27 assumptions assumption NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 29 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 30 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 31 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 32 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 33 S2B S2B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 35 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 37 left left JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 38 tail tail NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 39 disappears disappear VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 41 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 42 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 43 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 495 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 1 Furthermore furthermore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 5 examples example NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 8 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 9 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 10 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 12 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 13 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 14 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 15 biased biased JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 16 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 18 ambient ambient NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 19 and/or and/or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 20 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 21 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 22 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 23 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 496 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 2 speculate speculate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 6 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 8 increased increase VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 9 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 11 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 14 alternating alternate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 15 signs sign NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 18 Equations Equations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 19 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 21 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 22 leads lead NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 24 cancellation cancellation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 26 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 28 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 30 likely likely JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 31 why why WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 33 accuracy accuracy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 34 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 35 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 36 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 37 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 38 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 39 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 41 S3 S3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 43 S5 s5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 44 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 45 S7 s7 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 46 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 47 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 49 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 50 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 51 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 52 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 53 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 54 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 55 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 56 skewed skewed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 57 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 58 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 59 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 60 2I 2i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 61 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 497 62 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 1 4.3.5 4.3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 2 Note note NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 3 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 4 Length Length NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 5 Scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 6 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 7 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 8 make make VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 9 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 10 remarks remark NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 11 regarding regard VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 12 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 13 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 14 relevant relevant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 15 both both CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 17 considering consider VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 18 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 19 theoretically theoretically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 22 applying apply VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 23 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 24 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 498 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 1 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 3 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 7 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 8 units unit NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 10 inverse inverse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 11 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 12 squared square VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 499 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 3 scaling scale VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 4 all all PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 6 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 9 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 10 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 12 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 15 factor factor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 16 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 18 changes change VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 20 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 21 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 22 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 23 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 24 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 25 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 26 L−2 L−2 , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 500 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 1 Thus thus RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 3 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 5 always always RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 6 important important JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 7 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 8 contextualize contextualize VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 13 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 16 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 17 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 18 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 19 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 20 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 22 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 501 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 2 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 6 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 8 Sd Sd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 10 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 11 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 13 Sd(p Sd(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 15 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 16 d(d−1 d(d−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 18 R2 R2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 19 ∀p ∀p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 20 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 21 M m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 23 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 24 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 26 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 502 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 3 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 6 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 7 models model NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 8 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 10 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 11 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 14 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 15 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 16 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 17 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 18 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 19 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 22 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 23 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 24 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 25 4.4.1 4.4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 503 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 3 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 4 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 5 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 8 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 10 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 11 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 12 places place VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 13 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 14 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 15 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 16 S7 S7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 18 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 19 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 20 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 21 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 24 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 25 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 27 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 28 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 30 again again RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 31 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 33 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 504 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 2 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 3 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 7 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 8 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 9 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 11 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 12 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 13 preprocessing preprocesse VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 15 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 16 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 17 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 18 4.6.1 4.6.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 21 without without IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 22 imposing impose VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 23 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 24 additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 25 scaling scale VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 26 correction correction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 28 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 30 standardized standardized JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 31 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 32 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 33 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 505 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 2 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 3 custom custom NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 4 analyses analysis NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 5 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 6 use use VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 7 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 8 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 9 boilerplate boilerplate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 10 preprocessing preprocessing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 11 steps step NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 13 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 18 context context NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 21 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 22 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 23 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 26 preprocessed preprocesse VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 27 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 28 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 29 sensible sensible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 506 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 2 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 4 scRNAseq scrnaseq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 5 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 8 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 9 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 10 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 11 happened happen VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 12 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 13 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 14 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 15 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 16 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 18 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 19 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 20 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 21 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 507 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 1 Second second RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 3 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 4 hkij hkij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 7 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 9 ful ful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 10 quantity quantity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 12 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 13 scales scale VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 14 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 15 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 16 −1 −1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 20 keep keep VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 22 ratio ratio NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 24 σS σs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 25 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 26 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 27 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 28 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 29 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 30 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 31 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 32 scaled scale VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 33 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 34 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 36 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 37 needs need VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 38 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 39 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 40 scaled scale VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 41 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 42 L L NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 43 −1 −1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 508 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 1 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 3 - - : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 509 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 24 Lastly Lastly NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 26 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 27 note note VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 28 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 29 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 30 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 32 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 33 sets set VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 34 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 35 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 36 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 37 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 38 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 39 statistically statistically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 40 rather rather RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 41 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 42 geometrically geometrically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 43 informed informed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 44 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 45 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 46 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 47 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 48 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 49 upper upper JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 50 bound bind VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 51 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 52 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 53 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 54 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 55 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 56 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 57 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 510 58 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 2 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 3 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 4 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 5 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 6 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 7 understood understand VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 9 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 12 bias bias NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 14 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 15 trade trade NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 17 off off NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 511 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 1 Large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 2 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 3 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 4 reduce reduce VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 5 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 6 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 7 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 8 introduce introduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 10 bias bias NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 11 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 13 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 14 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 15 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 16 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 17 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 18 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 19 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 21 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 512 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 2 manifests manifest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 3 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 4 poor poor JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 5 GOFs gof NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 7 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 9 corrected correct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 10 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 11 finer finer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 12 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 513 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 4 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 5 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 6 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 7 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 8 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 9 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 10 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 12 such such JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 13 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 15 golf golf NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 16 ball ball NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 18 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 19 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 20 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 21 treated treat VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 22 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 23 dimples dimple NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 24 superimposed superimpose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 25 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 26 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 29 neigh- neigh- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 30 borhoods borhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 31 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 32 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 33 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 34 heuristic heuristic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 35 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 36 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 37 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 38 much much RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 39 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 40 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 42 feature feature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 43 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 44 interest interest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 46 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 47 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 48 fine fine JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 49 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 50 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 51 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 52 fluctuations fluctuation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 53 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 54 detected detect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 55 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 56 dimples dimple NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 58 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 59 coarser coarser NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 60 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 61 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 62 neglected neglect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 63 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 64 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 65 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 514 66 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 1 Regardless regardless RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 4 de- de- RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 5 fault fault VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 7 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 8 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 9 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 10 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 12 general general JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 15 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 16 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 18 relevant relevant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 19 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 20 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 22 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 23 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 24 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 25 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 26 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 27 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 28 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 30 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 31 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 32 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 34 priori priori FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 515 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 4 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 5 provide provide VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 7 ability ability NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 9 manually manually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 10 set set VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 11 position position NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 13 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 14 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 18 software software NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 20 facilitate facilitate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 21 ad ad FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 22 hoc hoc FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 23 computation computation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 25 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 26 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 27 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 28 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 29 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 31 interest interest NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 516 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 1 4.4 4.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 2 Details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 4 Toy Toy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 5 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 6 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 7 Computations Computations NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 8 4.4.1 4.4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 9 Analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 10 Forms form NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 11 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 12 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 13 provide provide VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 14 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 15 forms form NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 18 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 19 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 20 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 22 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 23 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 25 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 517 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 1 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 2 Hypersphere Hypersphere NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 3 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 4 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 6 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 7 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 8 hypersphere hypersphere RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 10 Sd Sd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 12 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 13 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 14 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 15 θ1 θ1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 16 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 18 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 20 2π 2π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 21 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 23 θ2 θ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 25 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 27 θd θd VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 28 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 29 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 30 −π −π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 31 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 33 π π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 35 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 37 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 38 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 40 Rd+1 Rd+1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 41 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 42 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 43 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 44 xi xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 45 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 46   -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 47   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 48 ∏d ∏d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 49 j=1 j=1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 50 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 51 θj θj NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 53 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 54 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 55 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 56 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 57 θi−1 θi−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 58 ∏d ∏d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 59 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 60 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 61 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 62 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 63 θj θj NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 64 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 65 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 66 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 67 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 68 ≤ ≤ VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 69 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 70 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 71 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 72 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 73 24 24 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 74 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 75 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 76 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 77 relations relation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 78 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 79 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 80 Sections Sections NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 81 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 82 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 83 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 84 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 85 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 86 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 87 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 88 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 89 Sd(p Sd(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 90 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 91 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 92 d(d d(d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 93 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 94 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 95 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 96 ∀p ∀p . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 97 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 98 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 99 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 100 draw draw VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 101 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 102 samples sample NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 103 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 104 Sd Sd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 105 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 106 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 107 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 108 applying apply VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 109 rejection rejection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 110 sampling sample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 111 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 112 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 113 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 114 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 115 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 116 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 117 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 118 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 119 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 120 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 121 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 122 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 123 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 124 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 125 straightforward straightforward JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 126 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 127 let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 128 xi xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 129 ∼N(0 ∼N(0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 130 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 131 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 132 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 133 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 134 scale scale VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 135 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 136 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 137 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 138 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 139 x1 x1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 140 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 141 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 142 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 143 xd+1 xd+1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 144 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 145 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 146 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 147 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 148 norm norm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 518 149 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 1 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 519 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 24 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 25 One one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 26 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 27 Sheet sheet NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 28 Hyperboloid Hyperboloid NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 29 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 30 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 31 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 32 sheet sheet NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 33 hyperboloid hyperboloid NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 35 H22 H22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 37 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 38 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 39 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 40 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 41 ∈ ∈ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 42 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 43 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 45 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 46 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 48 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 49 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 50 R R NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 51 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 52 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 53 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 54 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 55 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 56 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 57 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 58 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 59 x x LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 60 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 61 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 62 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 63 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 64 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 65 u2 u2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 66 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 67 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 68 y y NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 69 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 70 b b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 71 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 72 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 73 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 74 u2 u2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 75 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 76 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 77 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 78 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 79 cu cu XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 80 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 81 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 82 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 83 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 84 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 85 2E 2e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 86 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 87 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 88 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 89 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 90 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 91 a a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 92 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 93 b b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 94 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 95 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 96 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 97 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 98 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 99 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 520 100 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 1 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 3 relations relation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 5 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 6 Sections Sections NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 7 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 13 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 14 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 15 S(z S(z NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 17 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 18 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 19 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 21 5z2 5z2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 22 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 23 1)2 1)2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 521 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 2 avoid avoid VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 3 edge edge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 4 effects effect NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 7 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 9 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 12 constrained constrain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 13 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 14 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 15 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 16 −2 −2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 18 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 19 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 21 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 22 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 23 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 24 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 25 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 27 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 28 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 29 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 30 until until IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 32 subset subset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 34 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 36 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 37 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 38 u u PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 39 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 40 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 41 −1 −1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 43 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 44 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 522 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 1 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 2 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 3 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 4 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 5 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 6 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 8 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 9 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 10 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 11 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 12 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 523 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 1 4.4.1.3 4.4.1.3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 2 Ring Ring NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 3 Torus Torus NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 5 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 6 ring ring NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 7 torus torus NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 9 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 10 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 12 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 13 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 14 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 15 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 17 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 18 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 19 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 20 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 22 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 23 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 25 ambi- ambi- NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 26 ent ent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 27 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 29 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 30 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 32 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 33 x x LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 34 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 35 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 36 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 37 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 38 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 39 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 40 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 42 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 43 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 44 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 45 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 47 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 48 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 49 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 50 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 51 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 53 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 54 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 55 z z NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 56 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 57 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 58 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 59 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 60 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 61 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 62 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 63 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 64 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 65 2G 2g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 66 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 67 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 68 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 69 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 70 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 71 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 72 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 73 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 74 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 75 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 76 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 77 0.5 0.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 524 78 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 1 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 3 relations relation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 5 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 6 Sections Sections NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 7 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 10 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 11 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 13 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 14 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 15 S(θ s(θ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 17 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 18 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 19 cos(θ cos(θ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 21 5+cos(θ 5+cos(θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 525 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 1 4.4.1.4 4.4.1.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 2 Hypercube Hypercube NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 3 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 4 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 6 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 7 cube cube NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 9 side side NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 10 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 11 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 13 Dmr Dmr NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 15 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 16 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 17 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 18 z1 z1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 20 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 22 zm zm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 23 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 24 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 25 −r/2,r/2 −r/2,r/2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 26 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 29 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 30 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 32 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 34 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 35 ≥ ≥ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 36 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 37 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 38 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 39 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 40 xi xi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 41 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 42   -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 43   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 44 zi zi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 46 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 47 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 48 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 49 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 50 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 51 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 53 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 54 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 55 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 56 ≤ ≤ VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 57 n n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 58 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 59 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 60 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 61 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 62 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 63 relations relation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 64 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 65 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 66 Sections Sections NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 67 4.1 4.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 68 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 69 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 70 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 71 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 72 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 73 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 74 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 75 S(p s(p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 76 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 77 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 78 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 79 ∀p ∀p NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 80 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 81 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 82 4.4.2 4.4.2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 83 Practical Practical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 84 Issues Issues NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 85 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 86 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 87 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 88 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 89 Real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 90 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 91 World world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 92 Datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 93 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 94 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 95 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 96 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 97 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 98 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 99 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 100 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 101 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 102 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 103 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 104 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 105 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 106 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 107 potential potential JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 108 confounders confounder NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 109 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 110 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 111 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 112 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 526 113 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 4 report report VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 5 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 6 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 7 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 8 fares fare VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 9 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 10 four four CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 11 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 12 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 14 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 15 confounders confounder NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 16 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 17 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 19 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 20 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 21 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 22 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 23 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 24 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 25 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 27 observational observational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 28 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 30 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 31 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 32 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 33 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 35 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 36 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 37 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 38 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 39 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 40 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 41 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 42 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 43 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 44 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 45 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 46 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 47 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 48 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 49 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 50 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 52 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 53 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 54 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 55 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 56 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 57 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 58 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 59 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 60 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 62 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 63 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 64 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 65 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 66 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 67 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 68 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 69 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 70 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 71 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 72 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 73 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 74 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 75 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 76 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 77 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 527 78 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 25 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 26 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 27 d. d. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 28 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 29 Non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 30 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 31 Uniform uniform NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 32 Sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 33 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 34 expect expect VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 35 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 36 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 38 handle handle VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 39 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 40 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 41 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 42 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 43 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 44 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 45 man- man- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 46 ifold ifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 47 gracefully gracefully RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 48 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 49 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 50 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 51 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 53 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 54 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 55 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 56 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 57 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 58 densely densely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 59 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 60 sparsely sparsely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 61 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 62 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 63 portions portion NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 64 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 65 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 66 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 67 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 68 encapsulate encapsulate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 69 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 70 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 71 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 72 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 73 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 74 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 75 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 76 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 528 77 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 2 computationally computationally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 3 verify verify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 5 robustness robustness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 7 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 8 tool tool NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 10 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 11 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 12 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 13 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 15 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 16 constructed construct VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 18 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 19 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 20 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 21 roughly roughly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 22 match match VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 25 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 27 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 29 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 31 parameters parameter NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 34 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 35 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 36 explored explore VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 37 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 39 paper paper NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 41 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 42 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 43 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 44 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 45 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 46 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 47 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 48 seemed seem VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 49 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 50 appear appear VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 51 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 52 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 53 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 54 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 55 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 56 higher high JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 57 densities density NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 529 58 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 4 wanted want VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 6 verify verify VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 7 that that DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 8 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 9 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 10 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 12 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 13 do do VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 14 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 15 appear appear VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 16 artifactually artifactually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 17 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 18 specific specific JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 19 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 20 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 21 due due JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 23 sharp sharp JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 24 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 27 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 28 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 30 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 31 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 32 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 34 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 35 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 530 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 1 To to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 3 end end NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 6 formed form VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 8 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 11 sparse sparse JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 12 periphery periphery NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 14 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 15 core core NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 17 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 18 sampling sample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 19 N1 N1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 20 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 21 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 22 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 23 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 24 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 25 D310 D310 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 26 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 27 establish establish VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 29 background background NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 30 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 31 equal equal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 33 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 34 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 35 per per IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 36 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 37 volume volume NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 39 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 40 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 41 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 42 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 43 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 44 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 45 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 46 D31 D31 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 47 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 48 create create VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 49 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 50 core core NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 51 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 52 roughly roughly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 53 equal equal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 54 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 55 103 103 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 56 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 57 per per IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 58 unit unit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 59 volume volume NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 60 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 61 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 62 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 63 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 64 4.4.1.4 4.4.1.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 65 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 531 66 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 2 embedded embed VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 3 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 4 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 6 R11 R11 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 8 adding add VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 9 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 10 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 11 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 13 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 15 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 18 eight eight CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 19 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 20 directions direction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 23 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 24 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 532 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 2 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 3 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 4 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 6 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 7 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 10 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 11 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 13 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 14 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 15 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 16 4.4.3 4.4.3 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 19 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 20 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 21 significant significant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 22 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 23 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 25 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 26 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 28 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 30 either either CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 32 sparse sparse JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 33 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 34 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 35 regions region NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 37 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 38 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 39 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 533 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 2 next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 3 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 4 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 6 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 7 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 8 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 9 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 10 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 11 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 14 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 16 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 19 95%-ile 95%-ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 20 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 21 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 22 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 23 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 25 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 26 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 28 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 29 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 30 0.54 0.54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 32 0.90 0.90 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 34 1.22 1.22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 35 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 38 again again RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 39 saw see VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 40 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 41 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 42 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 43 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 44 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 45 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 46 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 47 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 48 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 49 either either CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 50 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 51 sparse sparse JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 52 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 53 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 54 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 55 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 56 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 57 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 58 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 59 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 534 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 2 repeated repeat VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 4 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 6 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 7 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 8 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 9 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 11 again again RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 12 saw see VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 13 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 14 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 15 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 16 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 18 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 20 regardless regardless RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 22 whether whether IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 23 variable variable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 24 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 25 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 26 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 27 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 28 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 29 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 31 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 33 0.37 0.37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 35 0.63 0.63 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 37 1.42 1.42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 38 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 39 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 41 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 42 percentiles percentile NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 44 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 45 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 47 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 48 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 49 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 535 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 1 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 2 Observational Observational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 3 Noise Noise NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 4 Every every DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 5 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 6 coordinate coordinate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 7 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 9 considered consider VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 11 measured measure VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 12 observable observable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 14 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 15 own own JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 16 observational observational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 17 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 536 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 1 Assuming assume VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 2 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 3 observable observable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 5 distorted distort VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 6 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 7 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 9 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 10 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 11 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 13 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 14 σ2 σ2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 16 sometimes sometimes RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 17 referred refer VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 18 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 19 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 20 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 21 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 22 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 23 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 24 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 27 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 28 X x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 29 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 30 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 31 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 32 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 33 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 34 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 35 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 36 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 37 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 38 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 39 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 40 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 41 X X NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 42 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 43 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 44 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 45 N(0,σI n(0,σi NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 46 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 48 x x LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 49 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 50 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 52 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 54 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 55 study study VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 56 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 57 sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 58 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 59 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 60 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 61 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 62 noise noise VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 63 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 64 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 65 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 66 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 67 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 68 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 69 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 70 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 71 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 72 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 73 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 74 R3 R3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 75 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 76 added add VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 77 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 78 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 79 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 80 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 81 ranging range VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 82 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 83 several several JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 84 orders order NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 85 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 86 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 87 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 88 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 89 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 90 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 91 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 92 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 93 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 94 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 95 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 96 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 97 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 98 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 99 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 100 4.4.3 4.4.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 101 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 537 102 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 2 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 3 σ σ NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 6 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 9 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 10 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 11 centred centre VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 12 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 13 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 15 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 17 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 19 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 20 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 21 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 22 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 23 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 26 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 27 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 28 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 29 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 30 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 31 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 32 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 36 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 37 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 38 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 40 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 41 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 42 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 43 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 44 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 45 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 46 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 47 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 49 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 50 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 51 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 538 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 26 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 27 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 28 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 29 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 31 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 32 once once RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 33 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 34 became become VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 35 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 37 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 38 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 39 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 40 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 41 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 42 ’s ’s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 43 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 47 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 48 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 49 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 50 approached approach VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 51 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 52 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 53 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 54 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 55 S2B S2B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 56 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 539 57 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 1 Noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 2 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 4 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 5 context context NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 6 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 7 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 8 change change VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 10 expectation expectation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 11 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 13 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 14 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 15 parameter parameter NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 540 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 2 apparent apparent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 3 flattening flattening NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 4 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 6 observed observe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 7 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 8 indicates indicate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 9 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 10 X X NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 12 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 13 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 14 convoluting convolute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 15 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 18 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 20 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 21 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 22 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 23 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 24 trivially trivially RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 25 related related JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 26 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 27 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 28 Certainly Certainly NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 29 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 30 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 31 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 32 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 34 X X NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 35 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 36 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 37 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 38 preserve preserve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 40 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 41 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 42 M M NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 43 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 44 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 541 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 1 From from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 3 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 4 perspective perspective NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 6 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 7 suffices suffice VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 9 say say VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 10 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 11 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 12 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 13 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 14 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 16 handled handle VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 17 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 18 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 19 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 20 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 22 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 23 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 24 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 25 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 26 obfuscates obfuscate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 28 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 29 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 542 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 2 observations observation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 4 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 5 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 6 literature literature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 7 defining define VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 10 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 11 reach reach VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 12 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 13 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 15 35 35 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 19 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 20 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 21 beyond beyond IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 22 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 23 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 24 samples sample NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 25 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 27 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 28 uniquely uniquely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 29 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 30 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 32 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 33 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 35 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 37 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 38 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 543 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 2 σ σ PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 3 exceeds exceed VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 5 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 6 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 7 reach reach VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 10 relationship relationship NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 11 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 13 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 14 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 16 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 17 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 20 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 21 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 22 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 23 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 24 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 25 trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 26 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 28 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 29 relatively relatively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 30 forgiving forgiving JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 31 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 32 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 33 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 34 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 35 orthogonal orthogonal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 36 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 544 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 2 ridge ridge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 3 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 4 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 5 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 7 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 8 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 10 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 11 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 12 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 13 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 14 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 15 been be VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 16 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 18 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 19 alternative alternative NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 20 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 22 unwieldy unwieldy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 23 task task NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 25 deconvoluting deconvolute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 26 noisy noisy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 27 samples sample NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 29 recover recover VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 31 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 33 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 34 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 545 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 2 definition definition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 3 avoids avoid VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 5 notion notion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 8 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 10 free free JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 11 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 12 altogether altogether RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 14 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 15 defines define VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 16 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 18 ridges ridge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 20 contours contour NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 21 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 22 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 24 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 25 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 27 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 28 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 29 maximized maximize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 546 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 1 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 2 Large Large NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 3 Ambient Ambient NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 4 Dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 5 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 6 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 8 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 9 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 10 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 11 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 12 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 13 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 14 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 15 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 17 tens ten NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 19 thousands thousand NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 21 observables observable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 547 23 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 548 1 n n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 548 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 548 3 very very RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 548 4 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 548 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 4 underlying underlying JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 5 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 6 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 8 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 10 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 11 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 12 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 549 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 2 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 3 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 4 occurs occur VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 6 n n DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 7 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 9 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 11 low low JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 13 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 14 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 15 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 16 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 17 discernable discernable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 550 18 ? ? . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 2 explore explore VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 6 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 7 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 8 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 9 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 10 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 11 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 13 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 14 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 15 R3 R3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 17 embedded embed VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 18 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 19 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 21 Rn Rn NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 23 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 24 range range NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 26 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 27 up up IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 29 100 100 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 32 added add VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 33 convolutional convolutional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 34 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 36 magnitude magnitude NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 37 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 39 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 41 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 43 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 44 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 45 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 47 n n JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 48 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 49 dimensional dimensional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 50 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 51 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 551 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 2 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 3 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 5 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 6 combinations combination NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 8 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 10 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 11 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 13 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 14 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 16 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 17 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 18 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 19 4.4.3 4.4.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 552 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 1 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 2 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 3 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 4 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 5 increased increase VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 8 algorithmically algorithmically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 9 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 10 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 11 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 13 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 16 expanded expand VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 17 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 18 include include VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 19 enough enough JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 20 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 21 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 22 maintain maintain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 24 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 25 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 553 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 2 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 4 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 5 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 6 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 8 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 10 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 11 S2C s2c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 14 centred centre VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 15 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 17 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 18 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 20 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 22 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 23 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 24 80 80 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 26 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 27 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 28 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 554 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 4 observed observe VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 5 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 6 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 7 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 8 far far RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 9 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 10 sensitive sensitive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 12 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 14 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 15 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 16 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 18 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 555 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 2 example example NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 4 exploding explode VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 5 n n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 6 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 7 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 8 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 9 100 100 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 10 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 11 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 13 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 15 tripling triple VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 16 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 17 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 18 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 20 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 21 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 22 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 24 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 25 required require VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 27 comparable comparable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 28 increase increase NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 30 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 31 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 32 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 33 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 34 S2C s2c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 556 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 1 Therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 3 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 4 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 6 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 8 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 9 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 10 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 12 as as RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 13 long long RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 14 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 16 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 17 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 18 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 19 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 20 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 23 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 24 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 25 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 26 n n CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 27 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 28 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 30 confounder confounder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 557 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 1 Practically practically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 2 however however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 5 shorten shorten VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 6 computational computational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 7 overhead overhead NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 9 avoid avoid VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 11 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 13 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 17 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 18 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 20 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 22 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 23 helpful helpful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 24 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 25 reduce reduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 27 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 28 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 29 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 30 projecting project VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 31 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 32 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 33 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 34 affine affine NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 35 subspace subspace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 36 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 38 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 558 40 e.g. e.g. RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 559 1 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 559 2 PCA PCA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 559 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 559 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 1 Such such PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 2 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 3 transformation transformation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 4 does do VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 5 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 6 change change VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 8 intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 560 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 1 32 32 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 561 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 24 4.4.2.4 4.4.2.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 25 Choice Choice NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 27 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 28 Dimension Dimension NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 29 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 30 last last JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 31 practical practical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 32 consideration consideration NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 33 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 34 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 35 selection selection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 38 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 39 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 41 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 43 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 44 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 45 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 46 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 47 far far RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 48 assumed assume VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 49 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 50 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 51 known know VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 562 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 1 There there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 3 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 4 consensus consensus NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 7 definition definition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 9 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 12 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 14 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 15 various various JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 16 disciplines discipline NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 17 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 18 devised devise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 19 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 20 heuristics heuristic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 21 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 22 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 23 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 25 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 26 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 28 driven drive VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 29 fashion fashion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 30 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 31 52 52 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 32 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 563 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 1 From from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 3 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 4 perspective perspective NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 6 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 7 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 8 > > NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 9 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 10 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 13 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 15 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 16 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 17 problem problem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 564 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 2 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 4 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 5 merely merely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 6 determines determine VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 7 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 8 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 9 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 10 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 11 partitioned partition VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 12 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 13 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 15 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 18 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 20 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 22 variables variable NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 565 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 1 However however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 4 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 5 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 7 noticed notice VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 8 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 9 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 10 choices choice NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 12 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 13 result result NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 15 exces- exces- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 16 sively sively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 17 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 18 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 20 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 22 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 23 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 566 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 2 explored explore VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 4 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 6 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 7 toy toy NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 8 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 10 discovered discover VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 12 signature signature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 13 indicating indicate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 14 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 16 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 17 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 18 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 19 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 20 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 21 incorrect incorrect JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 567 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 2 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 3 considered consider VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 4 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 5 S3 S3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 6 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 7 R5 R5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 8 convoluted convolute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 9 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 10 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 11 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 12 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 14 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 16 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 18 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 19 ×S2 ×S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 20 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 21 R6 R6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 23 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 25 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 28 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 29 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 30 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 33 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 35 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 37 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 39 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 40 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 568 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 2 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 3 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 4 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 6 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 9 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 10 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 12 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 14 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 16 holding hold VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 17 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 18 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 19 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 20 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 21 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 23 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 24 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 25 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 26 4.4.3 4.4.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 569 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 2 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 3 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 6 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 7 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 8 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 10 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 12 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 13 much much RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 14 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 16 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 17 > > NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 18 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 20 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 21 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 22 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 24 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 26 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 27 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 28 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 31 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 32 S2D s2d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 570 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 3 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 5 S3 S3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 8 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 9 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 10 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 13 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 14 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 15 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 17 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 18 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 19 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 21 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 22 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 23 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 25 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 29 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 571 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 2 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 3 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 4 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 5 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 7 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 8 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 9 target target NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 10 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 12 manually manually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 13 decreasing decrease VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 14 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 16 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 17 counter counter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 18 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 19 productive productive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 21 simply simply RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 22 increases increase VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 24 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 25 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 26 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 27 above above IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 28 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 572 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 2 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 3 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 4 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 5 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 6 emerged emerge VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 8 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 9 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 10 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 11 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 13 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 14 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 15 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 16 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 18 understood understand VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 20 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 23 mis mis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 24 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 25 assignment assignment NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 27 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 28 vectors vector NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 29 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 31 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 32 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 34 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 35 vice vice RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 36 versa versa RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 573 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 1 According accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 2 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 3 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 4 19 19 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 6 σhk σhk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 7 ij ij VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 8 increases increase NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 10 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 11 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 14 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 15 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 18 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 19 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 22 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 23 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 24 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 25 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 28 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 29 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 31 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 32 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 34 t′t)−1 t′t)−1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 35 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 37 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 574 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 2 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 3 choose choose VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 4 d d LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 5 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 6 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 9 mis mis VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 11 attribute attribute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 13 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 14 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 15 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 16 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 17 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 18 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 19 diag diag VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 20 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 22 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 23 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 24 variable variable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 26 whereas whereas IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 27 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 28 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 30 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 31 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 32 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 33 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 34 � � NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 36 diag diag VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 37 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 39 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 40 must must MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 41 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 42 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 43 increased increase VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 44 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 45 compensate compensate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 46 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 47 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 48 lack lack NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 49 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 50 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 51 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 52 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 53 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 54 mis mis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 55 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 56 classified classify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 57 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 58 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 575 59 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 2 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 3 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 4 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 7 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 8 spuriously spuriously RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 9 assigned assign VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 11 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 12 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 14 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 15 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 19 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 20 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 576 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 3 spurious spurious JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 4 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 5 coordinate coordinate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 6 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 7 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 9 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 11 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 12 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 14 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 16 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 17 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 18 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 19 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 20 it -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 22 linearly linearly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 23 independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 26 perceived perceive VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 27 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 28 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 30 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 31 diag diag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 32 Σε]k σε]k CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 34 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 35 exaggerated exaggerate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 36 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 37 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 38 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 39 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 40 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 41 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 42 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 43 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 44 attain attain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 45 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 577 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 2 suggests suggest VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 4 crude crude JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 6 operational operational JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 7 definition definition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 9 what what WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 10 constitutes constitute VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 11 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 12 incorrect incorrect JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 13 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 15 d. d. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 16 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 17 σhk σhk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 18 ij ij NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 19 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 20 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 21 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 22 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 24 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 25 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 26 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 27 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 29 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 30 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 31 either either CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 32 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 33 little little JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 34 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 35 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 37 ith ith NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 39 jth jth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 40 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 41 directions direction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 43 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 44 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 45 much much JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 46 variation variation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 47 along along IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 49 kth kth JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 50 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 51 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 578 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 3 former former JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 4 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 7 ith ith NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 8 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 9 jth jth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 10 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 11 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 12 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 13 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 14 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 15 appropriately appropriately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 16 classified classify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 18 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 19 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 20 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 22 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 24 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 25 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 27 should should MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 28 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 29 decreased decrease VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 32 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 33 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 35 latter latter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 36 case case NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 39 kth kth JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 40 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 41 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 42 might may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 43 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 44 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 45 appropriately appropriately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 46 classified classify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 47 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 48 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 49 tangent tangent NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 50 direction direction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 52 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 53 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 54 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 55 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 56 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 57 should should MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 58 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 59 increased increase VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 60 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 579 61 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 3 criterion criterion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 5 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 6 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 8 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 10 33 33 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 11 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 13 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 15 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 17 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 18 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 19 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 20 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 21 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 25 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 26 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 27 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 28 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 29 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 30 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 34 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 35 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 36 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 38 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 39 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 40 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 41 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 42 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 43 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 44 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 45 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 47 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 48 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 49 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 580 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 24 there there EX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 25 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 26 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 27 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 28 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 29 acceptable acceptable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 30 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 32 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 33 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 34 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 35 parts part NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 38 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 581 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 3 criterion criterion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 5 generalized generalize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 6 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 8 entire entire JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 9 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 12 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 13 yielding yield VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 15 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 16 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 18 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 19 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 21 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 22 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 24 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 25 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 27 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 29 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 30 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 31 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 32 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 33 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 34 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 35 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 36 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 38 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 39 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 40 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 41 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 42 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 43 necessarily necessarily RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 44 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 45 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 46 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 47 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 48 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 49 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 50 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 51 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 52 n−d n−d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 53 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 54 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 55 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 56 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 57 modelled model VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 58 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 59 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 60 multivariate multivariate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 61 Gaussian Gaussian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 62 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 63 so so RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 64 too too RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 65 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 66 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 67 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 68 n−d−1 n−d−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 69 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 70 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 71 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 72 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 73 necessarily necessarily RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 74 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 75 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 76 n n IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 77 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 78 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 79 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 80 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 81 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 82 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 83 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 84 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 85 S2D s2d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 86 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 582 87 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 2 observations observation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 4 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 5 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 6 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 8 literature literature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 10 multiple multiple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 11 possible possible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 12 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 13 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 15 like like IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 17 helix helix JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 18 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 20 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 21 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 22 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 26 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 27 could could MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 28 generally generally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 29 arise arise VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 30 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 31 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 32 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 33 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 34 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 35 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 36 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 37 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 38 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 39 sampling sampling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 583 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 1 4.4.3 4.4.3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 2 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 4 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 5 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 6 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 7 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 8 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 10 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 11 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 13 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 14 chose choose VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 15 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 16 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 19 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 21 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 22 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 23 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 24 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 26 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 27 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 28 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 29 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 30 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 31 most most RBS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 32 closely closely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 33 matched match VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 35 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 36 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 37 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 38 normally normally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 39 distributed distribute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 40 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 41 consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 42 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 43 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 44 sizes size VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 45 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 46 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 47 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 48 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 49 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 50 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 52 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 53 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 54 4.3.3 4.3.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 55 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 584 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 1 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 2 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 4 0.017 0.017 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 6 0.020 0.020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 8 0.028 0.028 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 10 0.055 0.055 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 12 0.022 0.022 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 14 0.030 0.030 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 18 S2,S3,S5,S7,H22,T s2,s3,s5,s7,h22,t PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 19 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 21 resulted result VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 24 7.4 7.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 26 3.5 3.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 28 1.4 1.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 30 2.8 2.8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 32 7.4 7.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 34 4.0)% 4.0)% NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 36 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 37 having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 38 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 39 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 40 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 41 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 42 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 43 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 44 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 45 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 585 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 1 Theoretically theoretically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 3 max max NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 4 |hkij| |hkij| NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 7 0.5 0.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 9 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 11 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 15 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 16 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 18 H22,T h22,t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 19 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 21 so so CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 22 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 23 choices choice NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 24 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 25 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 26 result result NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 28 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 29 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 30 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 32 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 33 cases case NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 586 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 2 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 3 S2A s2a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 6 set set VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 7 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 8 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 10 0.02 0.02 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 12 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 15 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 18 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 19 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 21 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 23 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 24 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 25 resulted result VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 28 1.6 1.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 30 2.5)% 2.5)% CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 32 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 33 having have VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 34 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 35 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 37 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 38 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 39 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 40 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 41 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 587 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 2 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 3 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 4 panels panel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 6 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 7 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 9 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 10 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 11 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 12 interested interested JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 14 ascertaining ascertain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 16 sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 18 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 19 confounders confounder NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 21 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 23 minimizing minimize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 24 uncertainty uncertainty NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 25 per per FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 26 se se FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 28 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 29 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 31 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 32 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 33 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 34 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 36 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 588 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 2 choice choice NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 3 resulted result VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 5 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 6 small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 7 enough enough RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 9 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 10 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 12 approximated approximate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 14 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 15 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 17 manifesting manifest VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 20 roughly roughly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 21 uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 22 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 24 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 25 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 26 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 27 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 29 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 30 cases case NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 589 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 1 4.5 4.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 2 Details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 4 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 5 Patch Patch NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 6 Dataset Dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 8 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 9 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 10 Manifolds Manifolds NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 11 4.5.1 4.5.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 12 Notation Notation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 14 Preliminaries Preliminaries NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 15 First first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 16 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 17 introduce introduce VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 18 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 19 notation notation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 20 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 21 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 22 describe describe VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 25 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 26 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 590 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 2 refer refer VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 3 readers reader NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 4 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 5 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 6 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 8 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 9 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 12 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 13 detailed detailed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 14 exposition exposition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 591 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 1 Let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 2 P p PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 3 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 5 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 7 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 8 bivariate bivariate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 9 polynomials polynomial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 10 p p XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 11 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 12 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 13 × × NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 14 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 15 → → SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 16 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 17 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 18 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 19 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 20 P p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 22 h h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 23 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 24 P p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 25 → → SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 26 R9 r9 VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 28 vectorization vectorization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 29 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 30 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 32 h(p h(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 34 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 36 p(−1 p(−1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 38 1),p(−1 1),p(−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 40 0),p(−1,−1),p(0 0),p(−1,−1),p(0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 42 1),p(0 1),p(0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 44 0),p(0,−1 0),p(0,−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 47 p(1 p(1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 49 1),p(1 1),p(1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 51 0),p(1,−1)]T 0),p(1,−1)]t CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 53 u u NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 54 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 55 Rm Rm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 56 →Sm−1 →Sm−1 VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 57 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 58 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 59 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 60 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 61 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 62 u(v u(v NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 63 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 64 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 65 v‖v‖2 v‖v‖2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 66 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 67 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 68 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 69 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 70 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 71 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 72 → → SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 73 R8 R8 VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 74 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 75 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 76 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 77 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 78 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 79 c(y c(y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 80 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 81 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 82 ΛATy ΛATy NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 83 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 84 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 85 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 86 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 87 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 88 e1 e1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 592 89 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 593 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 594 1 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 1 e8 e8 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 2 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 4 Λ λ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 6 diag diag VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 7 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 8 1‖e1‖22 1‖e1‖22 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 10 ... ... NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 13 ‖e8‖22 ‖e8‖22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 14 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 17 { { -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 18 ei ei NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 19 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 20 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 21 .CC .CC NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 23 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 24 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 25 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 26 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 27 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 28 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 29 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 30 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 31 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 32 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 34 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 35 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 36 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 37 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 38 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 39 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 40 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 42 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 44 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 45 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 46 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 48 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 49 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 50 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 51 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 52 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 53 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 54 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 55 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 56 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 57 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 58 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 59 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 595 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 24 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 25 vectorized vectorize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 26 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 27 vectors vector NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 30 2-dimensional 2-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 31 discrete discrete JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 32 cosine cosine NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 33 transform transform NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 35 DCT dct NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 37 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 38 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 39 3x3 3x3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 40 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 41 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 42 e1 e1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 43 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 44 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 45 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 47 0,−1 0,−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 49 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 51 0,−1 0,−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 53 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 55 0,−1]T/ 0,−1]T/ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 56 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 57 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 58 e2 e2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 59 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 60 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 61 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 62 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 63 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 64 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 65 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 66 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 67 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 68 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 69 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 70 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 71 0,−1,−1,−1]T/ 0,−1,−1,−1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 72 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 73 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 74 e3 e3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 75 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 76 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 77 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 78 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 79 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 80 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 81 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 82 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 83 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 84 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 85 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 86 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 87 1]T/ 1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 88 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 89 54 54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 90 e4 e4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 91 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 92 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 93 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 94 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 95 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 96 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 97 1,−2,−2,−2 1,−2,−2,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 98 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 99 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 100 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 101 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 102 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 103 1]T/ 1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 104 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 105 54 54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 106 e5 e5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 107 = = NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 108 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 109 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 110 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 111 0,−1 0,−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 112 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 113 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 114 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 115 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 116 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 117 0,−1 0,−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 118 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 119 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 120 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 121 1]T/ 1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 122 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 123 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 124 e6 e6 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 125 = = : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 126 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 127 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 128 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 129 0,−1,−2 0,−1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 130 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 131 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 132 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 133 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 134 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 135 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 136 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 137 0,−1]T/ 0,−1]T/ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 138 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 139 48 48 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 140 e7 e7 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 141 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 142 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 143 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 144 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 145 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 146 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 147 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 148 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 149 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 150 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 151 0,−1 0,−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 152 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 153 2,−1]T/ 2,−1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 154 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 155 48 48 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 156 e8 e8 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 157 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 158 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 159 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 160 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 161 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 162 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 163 4,−2 4,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 164 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 165 1,−2 1,−2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 166 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 167 1]T/ 1]t/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 168 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 169 216 216 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 170 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 171 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 172 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 173 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 174 inspection inspection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 175 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 176 e1 e1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 177 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 178 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 179 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 180 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 181 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 182 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 183 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 184 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 185 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 186 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 187 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 188 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 189 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 190 e2 e2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 191 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 192 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 193 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 194 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 195 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 196 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 197 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 198 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 199 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 200 e3 e3 FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 201 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 202 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 203 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 204 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 205 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 206 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 207 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 208 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 209 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 210 e4 e4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 211 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 212 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 213 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 214 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 215 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 216 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 217 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 218 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 219 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 220 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 221 e5 e5 VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 222 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 223 diagonally diagonally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 224 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 225 oriented orient VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 226 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 227 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 228 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 229 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 596 230 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 1 All all PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 3 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 4 produced produce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 5 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 7 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 8 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 10 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 11 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 12 below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 14 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 16 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 17 3B 3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 18 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 19 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 20 written write VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 23 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 24 combination combination NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 26 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 27 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 28 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 29 vectors vector NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 597 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 3 note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 6 components component NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 8 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 9 ei ei NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 10 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 12 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 14 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 15 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 17 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 18 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 20 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 22 additionally additionally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 23 serves serve VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 24 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 25 remove remove VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 27 mean mean NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 598 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 1 Finally finally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 3 observe observe VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 4 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 6 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 7 norm norm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 8 formed form VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 9 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 10 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 12 AΛ2AT AΛ2AT NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 14 referred refer VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 15 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 16 hereafter hereafter RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 17 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 19 D d JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 21 norm norm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 22 following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 23 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 24 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 25 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 27 measures measure VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 29 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 30 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 32 3x3 3x3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 33 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 34 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 35 ‖v‖D ‖v‖D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 36 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 37 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 38 vTDv vTDv NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 39 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 40 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 41 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 42 √∑ √∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 43 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 44 ∑ ∑ . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 45 j∼i j∼i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 46 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 47 vi vi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 48 −vj)2 −vj)2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 50 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 52 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 53 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 54 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 55 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 56 refers refer VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 57 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 58 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 59 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 60 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 61 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 62 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 63 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 64 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 65 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 66 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 67 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 68 pixel pixel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 69 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 70 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 71 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 72 preimage preimage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 73 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 74 v v NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 75 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 76 h. h. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 77 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 78 ei ei NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 79 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 80 normalized normalized JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 81 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 82 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 83 ‖ei‖D ‖ei‖d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 84 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 85 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 599 86 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 1 4.5.2 4.5.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 2 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 3 Dataset Dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 4 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 5 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 7 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 8 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 9 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 10 IML IML NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 11 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 12 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 13 41 41 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 14 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 15 consisting consist VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 17 4167 4167 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 18 greyscale greyscale JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 19 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 21 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 22 1532x1020 1532x1020 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 23 pixels pixel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 24 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 25 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 26 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 27 et et FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 28 al al NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 600 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 1 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 2 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 3 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 4 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 5 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 6 followed follow VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 8 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 9 preprocessing preprocessing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 10 steps step NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 11 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 12 there there RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 601 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 2 short short JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 5 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 7 log1p log1p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 8 transformation transformation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 10 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 11 pixel pixel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 12 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 14 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 15 sampled sample VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 16 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 17 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 18 103 103 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 20 possibly possibly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 21 overlapping overlap VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 23 3x3 3x3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 24 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 25 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 26 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 27 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 602 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 2 indexed index VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 4 pixels pixel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 6 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 7 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 8 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 9 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 10 Cartesian cartesian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 11 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 14 middle middle JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 15 pixel pixel NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 16 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 18 origin origin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 20 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 21 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 22 log log NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 24 transformed transform VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 25 pixel pixel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 26 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 27 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 28 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 29 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 30 p(x p(x NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 32 y),x y),x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 33 ∈{−1 ∈{−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 35 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 37 1},y 1},y CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 38 ∈{−1 ∈{−1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 40 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 42 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 43 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 603 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 2 35 35 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 3 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 5 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 7 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 9 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 10 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 11 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 12 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 13 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 16 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 17 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 18 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 19 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 20 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 21 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 22 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 26 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 27 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 28 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 30 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 31 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 32 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 33 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 34 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 35 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 36 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 37 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 39 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 40 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 41 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 604 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 24 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 25 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 26 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 27 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 28 vectorize vectorize VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 29 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 30 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 31 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 34 retained retain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 36 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 37 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 38 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 39 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 40 comprising comprise VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 42 top top JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 43 quintile quintile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 44 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 45 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 46 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 47 norms norm NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 48 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 49 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 50 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 51 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 52 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 53 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 54 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 55 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 56 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 57 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 58 106 106 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 59 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 605 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 4 normalized normalize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 5 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 6 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 8 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 9 vectorized vectorize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 10 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 11 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 13 composition composition NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 14 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 15 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 16 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 18 resulting result VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 21 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 23 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 25 S7 S7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 26 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 27 R8 r8 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 606 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 2 determined determine VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 4 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 6 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 7 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 9 R8 R8 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 10 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 12 kNN kNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 13 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 14 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 15 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 16 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 17 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 18 100 100 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 21 retained retain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 23 densest dense JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 24 decile decile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 26 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 27 yielded yield VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 28 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 29 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 30 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 31 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 32 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 33 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 607 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 2 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 3 subset subset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 5 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 7 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 8 normalized normalized JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 9 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 10 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 11 found find VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 12 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 13 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 15 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 18 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 19 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 20 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 21 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 23 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 24 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 26 K2 K2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 27 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 28 S7 S7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 31 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 32 studied study VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 33 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 34 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 35 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 37 I -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 608 39 S3B. s3b. VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 2 generate generate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 4 augmented augment VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 5 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 6 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 7 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 8 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 10 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 11 3J 3J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 13 S3E s3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 15 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 17 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 18 first first RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 19 considered consider VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 20 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 21 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 22 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 23 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 24 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 25 109 109 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 26 vectorized vectorize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 27 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 28 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 29 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 30 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 33 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 34 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 35 IML IML NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 36 dataset dataset VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 37 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 39 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 40 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 41 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 42 above above IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 44 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 45 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 47 4167 4167 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 48 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 49 yields yield NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 50 1530 1530 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 51 × × NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 52 1018 1018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 53 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 55 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 56 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 57 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 58 top top JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 59 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 60 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 61 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 62 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 63 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 64 norm norm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 65 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 66 retained retain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 67 per per IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 68 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 69 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 609 70 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 2 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 3 normalized normalize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 4 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 5 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 6 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 7 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 8 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 9 before before IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 10 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 11 place place VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 12 them -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 13 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 14 S7 S7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 15 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 16 R8 r8 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 610 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 2 again again RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 3 wanted want VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 4 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 5 retain retain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 7 densest dense JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 8 decile decile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 12 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 13 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 14 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 15 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 17 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 20 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 21 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 611 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 1 Mirroring mirror VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 3 approach approach NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 4 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 5 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 6 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 7 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 8 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 10 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 11 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 14 kNN kNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 15 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 17 scaled scale VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 18 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 19 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 20 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 22 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 24 102 102 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 25 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 26 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 27 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 28 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 29 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 30 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 31 106 106 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 32 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 33 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 34 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 35 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 36 102 102 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 37 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 38 1.3×10 1.3×10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 39 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 40 4.2×106 4.2×106 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 41 ≈ ≈ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 42 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 43 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 44 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 45 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 46 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 47 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 48 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 49 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 50 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 51 109 109 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 612 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 1 Computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 2 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 3 ≈ ≈ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 4 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 5 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 6 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 7 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 9 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 10 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 11 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 12 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 13 × × NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 14 109 109 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 15 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 16 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 17 prohibitive prohibitive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 18 however however RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 613 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 2 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 4 reasonable reasonable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 5 smaller small JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 6 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 8 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 10 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 11 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 12 selected select VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 13 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 14 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 15 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 16 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 17 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 19 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 21 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 22 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 23 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 24 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 25 109 109 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 26 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 27 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 28 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 29 compare compare VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 30 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 32 found find VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 33 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 34 90 90 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 35 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 36 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 37 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 38 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 40 densest dense JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 41 decile decile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 42 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 43 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 44 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 45 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 46 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 47 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 48 × × NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 49 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 50 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 51 appeared appear VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 52 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 53 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 54 densest dense JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 55 decile decile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 56 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 57 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 58 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 59 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 60 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 61 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 62 102 102 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 614 63 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 2 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 3 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 5 latter latter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 6 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 8 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 9 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 11 retained retain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 13 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 14 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 15 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 16 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 17 108 108 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 18 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 19 comprising comprise VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 21 densest dense JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 22 decile decile NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 615 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 1 4.5.3 4.5.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 2 Parametric Parametric NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 3 Family Family NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 5 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 6 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 7 Embeddings Embeddings NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 8 Let Let VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 9 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 11 φ φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 12 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 13 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 14 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 16 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 17 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 616 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 1 Bivariate bivariate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 2 polynomials polynomial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 3 parameterized parameterize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 4 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 5 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 6 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 8 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 11 kθ kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 13 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 14 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 15 Kθ Kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 17 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 18 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 19 P p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 21 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 22 satisfy satisfy VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 23 kθ kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 25 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 27 kθ+π,2π−φ kθ+π,2π−φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 28 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 30 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 31 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 33 K K NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 35 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 38 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 40 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 42 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 44 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 45 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 46 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 48 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 49 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 50 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 52 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 53 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 54 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 55 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 56 edges edge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 57 being be VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 58 glued glue VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 59 together together RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 60 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 62 manner manner NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 63 definitional definitional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 64 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 65 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 66 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 67 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 68 ’s ’s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 69 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 70 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 71 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 72 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 73 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 74 3B 3b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 75 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 617 76 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 2 candidate candidate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 3 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 4 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 5 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 6 supplied supply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 8 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 9 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 10 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 12 model model VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 13 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 14 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 15 data data NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 16 satisfies satisfie NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 18 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 19 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 20 ∀x ∀x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 22 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 23 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 24 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 25 ≡ ≡ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 26 k0θ k0θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 28 φ(x φ(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 30 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 33 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 34 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 36 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 37 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 38 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 39 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 40 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 41 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 42 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 43 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 44 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 45 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 46 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 47 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 48 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 49 x x SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 50 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 51 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 52 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 53 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 54 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 55 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 56 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 57 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 58 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 59 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 60 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 61 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 62 any any DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 63 kθ kθ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 64 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 65 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 66 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 67 Kθ Kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 68 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 69 φ φ DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 70 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 71 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 72 decomposed decompose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 73 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 74 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 75 kθ kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 76 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 77 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 78 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 79 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 80 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 81 κθ κθ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 82 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 83 κφ κφ XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 84 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 85 κθ κθ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 86 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 87 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 88 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 89 32 32 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 90 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 91 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 92 .CC .CC NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 93 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 94 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 95 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 96 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 97 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 98 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 99 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 100 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 101 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 102 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 103 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 104 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 105 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 106 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 107 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 108 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 109 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 110 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 111 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 112 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 113 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 114 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 115 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 116 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 117 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 118 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 119 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 120 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 121 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 122 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 123 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 124 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 125 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 126 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 127 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 128 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 129 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 130 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 618 131 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 24 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 25 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 26 = = -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 27 κθ+π κθ+π UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 29 κφ κφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 31 κ2π−φ κ2π−φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 33 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 35 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 36 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 37 κθ+π,2π−φ κθ+π,2π−φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 619 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 2 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 4 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 5 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 6 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 7 understood understand VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 8 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 9 constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 11 θ θ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 13 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 15 φ φ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 17 dependent dependent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 18 phases phase NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 19 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 620 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 2 sought seek VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 3 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 4 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 7 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 8 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 10 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 12 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 14 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 15 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 16 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 17 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 18 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 19 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 20 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 21 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 22 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 23 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 24 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 26 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 27 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 28 minimized minimize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 621 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 2 accomplish accomplish VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 6 constructed construct VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 8 parametric parametric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 9 family family NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 11 models model NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 12 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 13 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 16 four four CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 17 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 19 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 20 32 32 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 622 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 2 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 5 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 7 most most RBS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 8 conveniently conveniently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 9 expressed express VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 10 directly directly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 13 DCT dct NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 14 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 623 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 2 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 3 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 4 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 7 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 9 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 10 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 11 8∑ 8∑ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 12 i=1 i=1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 13 µiei µiei NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 15 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 16 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 17 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 20 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 22 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 23 8∑ 8∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 24 i=1 i=1 NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 25   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 26   NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 27 Nθ∑ Nθ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 28 j=2 j=2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 29 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 30 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 31 βi βi RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 33 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 34 cos(jθ cos(jθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 36 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 37 γi γi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 39 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 40 sin(jθ sin(jθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 42   NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 43   CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 44 ei ei NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 45 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 46 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 47 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 48 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 50 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 51 κφ κφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 52 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 53 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 54 8∑ 8∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 55 i=1 i=1 NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 56   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 57 Nφ∑ Nφ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 58 j=1 j=1 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 59 ζi ζi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 60 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 61 j j NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 62 cos(jφ cos(jφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 63 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 64   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 65 ei ei CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 66 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 67 33 33 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 68 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 69 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 70 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 71 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 72 Boolean boolean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 73 variable variable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 75 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 76 Nθ nθ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 77 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 78 Nφ Nφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 79 control control VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 80 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 81 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 82 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 83 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 84 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 85 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 86 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 87 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 88 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 89 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 90 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 91 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 92 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 93 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 94 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 95 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 96 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 97 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 98 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 99 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 100 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 101 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 102 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 103 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 104 κφ κφ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 105 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 106 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 624 107 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 2 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 5 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 6 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 7 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 10 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 12 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 13 includes include VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 14 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 15 coefficients coefficient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 17 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 18 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 19 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 21 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 22 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 24 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 26 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 28 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 29 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 30 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 33 satisfied satisfied JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 625 34 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 2 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 5 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 6 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 7 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 10 κφ κφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 12 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 13 includes include VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 14 cosine cosine NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 15 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 16 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 19 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 20 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 22 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 24 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 26 2π 2π NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 27 −φ −φ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 29 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 30 satisfied satisfied JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 626 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 2 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 4 φ φ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 7 refrained refrain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 9 writing write VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 11 Fourier Fourier NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 12 series series NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 14 like like JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 15 expansion expansion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 16 because because IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 17 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 18 wanted want VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 19 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 20 preserve preserve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 22 interpretation interpretation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 24 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 25 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 26 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 27 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 28 parameters parameter NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 29 controlling control VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 31 orientation orientation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 33 gradient gradient NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 34 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 36 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 37 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 627 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 1 Instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 4 devised devise VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 6 following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 7 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 9 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 10 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 11 motivate motivate VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 12 further further RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 13 below below RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 14 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 15 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 17 φ(x φ(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 19 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 21 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 22 Mφ∑ Mφ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 23 l=1 l=1 JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 24 cosl(φ cosl(φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 26   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 27   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 28 s+t≤Mθ∑ s+t≤Mθ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 29 0≤s 0≤s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 31 t≤Mθ t≤mθ DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 32 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 33 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 34 s+t s+t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 35 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 36 ηl ηl RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 38 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 40 t(x t(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 41 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 42 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 44 s(y s(y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 45 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 46 θ)t θ)t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 47   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 48   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 49 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 50 Mφ∑ Mφ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 51 l=1 l=1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 52 l l NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 53 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 54 sinl(φ sinl(φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 55 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 56   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 57   ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 58 s+t≤Mθ∑ s+t≤Mθ∑ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 59 0≤s 0≤s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 60 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 61 t≤Mθ t≤mθ DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 62 s+t s+t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 63 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 64 ϑl ϑl NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 65 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 66 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 67 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 68 t(x t(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 69 cos cos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 70 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 71 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 72 s(y s(y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 73 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 74 θ)t θ)t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 75   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 76   CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 77 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 78 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 79 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 80 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 81 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 82 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 83 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 84 c c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 85 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 86 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 87 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 88 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 89 κθ κθ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 90 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 91 φ φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 92 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 93 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 94 unwieldy unwieldy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 95 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 96 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 97 note note VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 98 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 99 following follow VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 100 identities identity NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 101 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 102 monomials monomial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 103 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 104 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 105 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 106 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 107 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 108 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 109 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 110 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 111 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 112 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 113 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 114 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 115 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 116 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 117 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 118 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 119 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 120 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 121 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 122 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 123 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 124 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 125 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 126 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 127 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 128 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 129 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 130 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 131 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 132 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 133 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 134 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 135 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 136 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 137 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 138 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 139 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 140 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 141 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 142 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 143 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 144 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 145 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 628 146 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 24 q(x q(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 26 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 29 xsyt xsyt NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 31 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 32 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 33 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 34 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 35 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 36 term term NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 37 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 38 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 39 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 40 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 42 φ φ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 629 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 2 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 3 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 4 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 7 q q NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 9 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 10   NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 11   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 12 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 13 6e1 6e1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 15 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 16 s s FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 17 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 18 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 20 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 21 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 22 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 23 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 24 6e2 6e2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 26 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 27 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 29 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 31 s s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 32 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 33 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 34 6e3 6e3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 36 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 37 s s FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 39 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 41 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 42 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 43 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 44 6e4 6e4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 46 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 47 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 48 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 49 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 50 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 51 s s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 52 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 53 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 54 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 55 8e5 8e5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 56 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 57 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 58 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 59 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 60 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 61 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 62 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 63 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 64 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 65 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 66 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 67 e1 e1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 68 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 69 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 70 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 71 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 72 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 73 e6 e6 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 75 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 76 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 77 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 78 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 79 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 80 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 81 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 82 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 83 −2 −2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 84 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 85 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 86 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 87 e2 e2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 88 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 89 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 90 √ √ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 91 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 92 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 93 e7 e7 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 94 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 95 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 96 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 97 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 98 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 99 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 100 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 101 s s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 102 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 103 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 104 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 105 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 106 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 107 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 108 e3 e3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 109 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 110 e4 e4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 111 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 112 e8 e8 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 113 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 114 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 115 if if IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 116 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 117 > > VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 118 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 119 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 120 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 121 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 122 > > XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 123 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 124 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 125 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 126 35 35 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 127 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 128 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 129 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 130 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 131 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 132 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 133 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 134 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 135 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 136 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 137 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 138 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 139 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 140 combination combination NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 141 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 142 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 143 vectors vector NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 144 encoding encode VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 145 purely purely RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 146 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 147 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 148 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 149 e3 e3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 150 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 151 e4 e4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 152 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 153 e5 e5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 154 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 155 e8 e8 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 156 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 157 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 158 weighted weight VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 159 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 160 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 161 trigonometric trigonometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 162 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 163 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 164 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 630 165 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 2 prefactors prefactor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 3 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 5 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 6 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 8 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 9 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 10 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 11 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 13 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 631 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 2 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 3 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 4 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 6 prefactor prefactor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 7 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 8 jointly jointly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 9 satisfy satisfy VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 11 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 12 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 14 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 16 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 18 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 20 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 21 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 22 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 24 2π−φ 2π−φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 26 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 27 independently independently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 28 satisfying satisfy VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 30 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 32 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 34 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 35 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 36 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 40 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 42 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 44 2π−φ 2π−φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 45 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 632 46 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 4 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 5 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 6 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 8 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 9 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 11 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 12 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 13 combination combination NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 15 basis basis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 16 vectors vector NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 17 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 18 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 19 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 21 e1 e1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 23 e2 e2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 25 e6 e6 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 27 e7 e7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 30 weighted weight VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 31 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 32 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 33 trigonometric trigonometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 34 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 36 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 633 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 2 prefactors prefactor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 3 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 4 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 5 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 6 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 8 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 9 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 10 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 11 odd odd JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 13 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 634 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 2 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 3 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 4 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 5 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 6 prefactor prefactor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 7 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 8 jointly jointly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 9 satisfy satisfy VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 11 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 12 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 14 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 16 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 18 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 20 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 21 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 22 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 24 2π 2π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 25 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 26 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 29 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 30 independently independently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 31 satisfying satisfy VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 33 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 35 ∼ ∼ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 36 −(θ −(θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 37 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 38 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 41 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 42 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 44 ∼ ∼ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 45 −(2π −(2π ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 46 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 47 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 635 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 3 trigonometric trigonometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 4 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 6 θ θ NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 7 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 8 coupled couple VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 10 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 11 x x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 13 y y NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 16 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 17 controls control VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 19 rotation rotation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 21 stripes stripe NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 25 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 27 just just RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 28 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 30 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 636 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 1 Similarly similarly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 3 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 5 prefactors prefactor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 8 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 9 sums sum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 10 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 11 functions function NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 13 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 15 φ φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 16 controls control VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 18 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 19 contribution contribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 21 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 22 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 24 e3 e3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 26 e4 e4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 28 e5 e5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 30 e8 e8 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 31 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 33 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 34 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 35 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 38 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 39 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 41 e1 e1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 43 e2 e2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 45 e6 e6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 46 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 47 e7 e7 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 48 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 50 second second JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 51 inner inner JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 52 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 637 54 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 1 Lastly lastly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 4 boundary boundary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 5 conditions condition NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 7 θ θ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 9 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 11 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 12 parameterization parameterization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 14 κθ κθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 16 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 18 yield yield NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 19 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 20 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 21 vertical vertical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 23 horizontal horizontal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 25 stripes stripe VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 26 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 27 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 28 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 29 0 0 NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 30 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 31 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 33 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 38 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 39 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 40 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 42 gradients gradient NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 43 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 44 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 45 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 46 π π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 47 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 49 3π 3π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 50 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 52 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 53 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 54 0,π 0,π CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 55 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 56 just just RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 57 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 58 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 59 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 638 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 2 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 3 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 4 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 5 belonging belong VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 7 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 8 parametric parametric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 9 family family NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 11 kαθ kαθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 13 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 14 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 15 Kθ Kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 17 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 19 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 20 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 21 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 22 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 24 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 26 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 27 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 28 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 29 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 30 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 31 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 33 Nθ nθ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 35 Nφ Nφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 37 Mθ Mθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 39 Mφ Mφ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 40 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 41 defining define VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 42 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 43 functional functional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 44 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 46 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 47 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 48 corresponding corresponding JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 49 coefficient coefficient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 50 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 51 α α NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 52 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 53 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 54 µi µi UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 55 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 56 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 57 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 58 βi βi XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 59 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 60 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 61 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 62 γi γi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 63 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 64 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 65 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 66 ζi ζi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 67 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 68 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 69 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 70 ηi ηi VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 71 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 72 ... ... : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 73 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 74 ϑi ϑi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 75 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 639 76 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 3 parametric parametric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 4 family family NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 6 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 7 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 8 embeddings embedding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 10 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 11 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 12 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 14 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 15 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 16 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 17 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 19 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 21 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 23 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 25 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 26 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 27 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 28 α α XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 29 = = NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 30 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 31 η1,2,0,η1,1,1,η1,0,2,ϑ1,0,1,ϑ1,1,0 η1,2,0,η1,1,1,η1,0,2,ϑ1,0,1,ϑ1,1,0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 32 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 33 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 34 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 35 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 37 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 39 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 41 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 43 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 44 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 640 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 2 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 3 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 4 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 5 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 6 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 8 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 10 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 11 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 12 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 14 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 15 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 16 only only RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 17 meaningfully meaningfully RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 18 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 19 up up RP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 20 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 22 multiplicative multiplicative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 23 constant constant NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 641 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 1 38 38 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 642 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 24 4.5.4 4.5.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 25 Associating Associating NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 26 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 27 Patches Patches NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 28 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 29 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 30 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 31 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 32 Embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 33 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 34 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 35 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 36 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 37 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 38 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 40 kαθ kαθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 42 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 43 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 44 Kθ Kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 45 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 46 φ φ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 48 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 49 associated associate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 50 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 51 datapoint datapoint JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 52 vi vi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 53 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 54 already already RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 55 vectorized vectorize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 56 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 57 normalized normalize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 58 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 59 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 60 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 61 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 62 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 63 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 64 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 65 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 66 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 67 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 68 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 69 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 70 kαθ kαθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 71 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 72 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 73 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 74 minimizing minimize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 75 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 76 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 77 distance distance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 78 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 79 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 80 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 81 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 82 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 83 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 84 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 85 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 86 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 87 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 88 argminθ argminθ NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 89 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 90 φ‖(u φ‖(u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 91 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 92 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 93 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 94 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 95 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 96 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 97 kαθ kαθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 98 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 99 φ φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 100 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 101 −vi‖22 −vi‖22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 102 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 103 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 104 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 105 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 106 solved solve VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 107 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 108 minimization minimization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 109 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 110 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 111 lsqnonlin lsqnonlin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 112 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 113 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 114 ‘ ' `` 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 115 StepTolerance’=1e-3 StepTolerance’=1e-3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 116 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 117 ‘ ' '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 118 FunctionTolerance’=1e-6 FunctionTolerance’=1e-6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 119 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 120 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 121 MATLAB MATLAB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 122 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 123 supplying supply VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 124 initial initial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 125 conditions condition NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 126 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 127 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 128 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 129 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 130 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 131 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 132 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 133 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 134 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 135 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 136 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 137 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 138 arctan arctan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 139 e1 e1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 140 Tvi Tvi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 141 −e2Tvi −e2Tvi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 142 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 143 vi∈(u vi∈(u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 144 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 145 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 146 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 147 h)(k0 h)(k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 148 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 149 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 150 arctan arctan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 151 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 152 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 153 sin sin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 154 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 155 sin sin VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 156 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 157 cos cos IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 158 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 159 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 160 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 161 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 162 arctan arctan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 163 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 164 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 165 e1Tvi)2 e1tvi)2 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 166 + + NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 167 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 168 e2Tvi)2 e2tvi)2 FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 169 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 170 e3Tvi e3tvi NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 171 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 172 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 173 e4Tvi e4Tvi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 174   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 175 vi∈(u vi∈(u NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 176 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 177 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 178 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 179 h)(k0)= h)(k0)= NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 180 arctan arctan NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 181 √ √ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 182 sin2 sin2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 183 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 184 cos2 cos2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 185 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 186   CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 187   NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 188 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 189 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 190 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 191 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 192 constrained constrain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 193 solutions solution NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 194 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 195 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 196 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 197 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 198 0,π 0,π NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 199 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 200 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 201 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 202 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 203 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 204 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 205 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 206 2π 2π LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 207 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 208 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 209 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 210 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 211 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 212 θ θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 213 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 214 φ φ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 215 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 216 similarity similarity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 217 relation relation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 643 218 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 1 4.5.5 4.5.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 2 Optimal Optimal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 3 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 4 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 5 Embedding Embedding NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 6 Let Let NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 7 kα̂θ kα̂θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 9 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 10 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 11 Kθ Kθ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 13 φ φ LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 14 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 16 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 17 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 18 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 19 that that WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 20 minimizes minimize VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 22 sum sum NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 24 Euclidean euclidean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 25 distances distance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 27 R r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 28 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 29 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 30 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 31 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 32 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 33 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 35 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 36 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 37 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 39 embedding embedding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 644 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 2 determine determine VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 3 kα̂θ kα̂θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 5 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 6 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 8 functional functional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 9 form form NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 10 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 12 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 13 initialized initialize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 15 coefficient coefficient NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 16 vector vector NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 17 α̂ α̂ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 18 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 19 have have VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 20 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 21 entries entry NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 22 everywhere everywhere RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 23 except except IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 24 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 26 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 27 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 29 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 645 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 2 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 3 iterated iterate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 4 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 5 optimizing optimize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 8 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 10 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 12 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 14 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 15 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 17 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 18 α̂ α̂ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 19 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 20 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 21 below below IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 22 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 23 least least JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 24 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 25 squares square NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 27 until until IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 28 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 29 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 30 α̂ α̂ ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 31 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 32 argminα argminα NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 33 ∑ ∑ XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 34 i i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 35 ‖(u ‖(u NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 36 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 37 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 38 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 39 h h NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 41 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 42 kα kα FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 43 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 45 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 46 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 47 −vi‖22 −vi‖22 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 48 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 49 38 38 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 50 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 51 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 52 ≡ ≡ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 53 kα̂θ kα̂θ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 55 φ φ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 56 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 57 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 58 optimized optimize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 59 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 60 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 61 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 62 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 63 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 64 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 65 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 66 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 67 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 68 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 69 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 70 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 71 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 72 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 73 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 74 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 75 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 76 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 77 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 78 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 79 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 80 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 81 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 82 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 83 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 84 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 85 3H 3h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 86 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 646 87 S3D. S3D. NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 1 4.5.6 4.5.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 2 Noisy Noisy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 3 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 4 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 5 Embeddings Embeddings NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 6 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 7 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 9 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 10 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 11 4.2×105 4.2×105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 12 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 13 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 14 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 15 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 17 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 18 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 21 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 22 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 24 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 25 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 26 4.5.4 4.5.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 28 yielding yield VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 30 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 32 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 34 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 647 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 1 Isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 2 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 3 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 5 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 6 sσ sσ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 7 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 8 added add VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 9 element element NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 11 wise wise JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 13 R9 R9 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 15 prior prior RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 17 normalization normalization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 19 u u NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 20 ◦ ◦ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 21 c c NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 24 h(k0 h(k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 25 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 27 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 30 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 31 s s NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 32 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 33 mediani{‖h(k0 mediani{‖h(k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 34 θ̂i θ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 36 φ̂i φ̂i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 37 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 38 ‖2 ‖2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 39 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 40 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 41 2.451 2.451 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 648 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 1 Figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 2 3F 3f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 4 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 5 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 6 S3A S3A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 7 correspond correspond NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 8 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 9 noise noise VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 11 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 13 0.007 0.007 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 15 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 17 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 649 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 1 39 39 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 650 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 24 4.5.7 4.5.7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 25 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 26 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 27 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 28 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 29 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 30 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 31 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 32 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 33 computations computation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 34 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 35 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 36 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 37 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 39 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 40 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 41 embeddings embedding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 43 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 44 set set VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 45 d d NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 46 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 47 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 48 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 49 Ncalib Ncalib NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 50 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 51 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 52 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 651 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 1 Unless unless IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 3 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 4 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 5 manually manually RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 6 specified specify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 9 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 10 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 12 0.1 0.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 14 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 15 yielded yield VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 16 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 17 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 18 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 20 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 21 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 23 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 25 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 26 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 28 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 29 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 30 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 31 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 33 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 34 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 35 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 36 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 37 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 39 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 41 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 43 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 44 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 45 4.2×105 4.2×105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 46 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 47 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 48 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 49 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 50 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 51 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 52 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 53 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 54 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 55 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 56 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 57 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 58 3E 3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 59 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 652 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 1 4.6 4.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 2 Details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 4 scRNASeq scRNASeq NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 5 Datasets dataset VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 6 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 7 PBMC pbmc NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 8 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 9 provided provide VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 10 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 11 10x 10x NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 12 Genomics Genomics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 14 comprised comprise VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 16 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 17 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 18 10194 10194 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 19 PBMCs pbmc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 20 collected collect VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 21 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 23 healthy healthy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 24 donor donor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 25 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 26 42 42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 27 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 653 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 2 mouse mouse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 3 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 4 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 5 consists consist VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 7 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 8 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 9 116312 116312 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 10 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 11 collected collect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 12 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 13 nine nine CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 14 6-hour 6-hour CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 15 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 16 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 17 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 18 day day NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 19 6.5 6.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 20 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 21 8.5 8.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 22 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 23 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 24 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 654 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 2 mouse mouse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 3 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 4 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 5 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 7 benchmark benchmark NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 9 10x 10x NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 10 Genomics Genomics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 11 consisting consist VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 13 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 14 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 15 1306127 1306127 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 16 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 17 collected collect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 18 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 20 cortex cortex NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 22 hippocampus hippocampus NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 24 ventricular ventricular NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 25 zone zone NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 27 two two CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 28 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 29 mice mouse NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 30 sacked sack VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 31 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 32 embryonic embryonic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 33 day day NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 34 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 35 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 36 44 44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 37 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 655 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 1 4.6.1 4.6.1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 2 Preprocessing Preprocessing NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 3 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 5 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 6 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 8 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 9 applied apply VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 10 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 11 preprocessing preprocessing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 12 steps step NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 13 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 14 Seurat Seurat NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 15 v3.1.2 v3.1.2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 16 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 17 53 53 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 18 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 19 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 20 default default NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 21 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 22 arguments argument NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 24 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 25 extract extract VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 26 PC pc NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 27 projections projection NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 29 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 30 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 31 ourselves -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 656 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 1 Specifically specifically RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 4 removed remove VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 5 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 6 where where WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 8 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 10 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 11 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 12 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 13 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 14 genes gene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 15 exceeded exceed VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 16 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 17 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 19 or or CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 20 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 21 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 22 fewer few JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 23 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 24 500 500 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 25 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 657 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 2 reduced reduce VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 4 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 6 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 7 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 8 10194 10194 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 10 9385 9385 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 658 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 2 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 3 filtered filtered JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 4 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 7 normalized normalize VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 9 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 10 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 11 NormalizeData(normalization.method=‘LogNormalize normalizedata(normalization.method=‘lognormalize NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 12 ’ ' '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 14 scale.factor=10000 scale.factor=10000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 18 retained retain VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 20 2000 2000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 21 most most RBS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 22 variable variable JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 23 genes gene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 25 FindVariableFeatures(selection.method=‘vst FindVariableFeatures(selection.method=‘vst NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 26 ’ ' '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 28 nfeatures=2000 nfeatures=2000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 33 scaled scale VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 35 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 37 ScaleData ScaleData NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 659 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 1 Next next RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 3 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 4 performed perform VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 5 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 6 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 7 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 8 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 9 PCA PCA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 10 down down RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 12 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 13 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 15 RunPCA(npcs=50 RunPCA(npcs=50 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 19 generated generate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 20 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 21 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 23 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 25 RunUMAP(dims RunUMAP(dims NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 27 1:30 1:30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 660 30 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 3 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 5 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 7 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 9 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 10 did do VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 11 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 12 preprocess preprocess VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 15 ourselves -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 16 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 17 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 18 directly directly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 19 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 21 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 23 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 25 PC pc NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 26 projections projection NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 28 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 30 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 31 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 32 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 34 visualization visualization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 35 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 36 provided provide VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 37 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 39 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 661 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 1 Please please UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 2 refer refer VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 3 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 4 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 5 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 7 44 44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 8 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 10 additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 11 details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 662 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 1 4.6.2 4.6.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 2 Cell Cell NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 3 Type Type NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 4 Annotations Annotations NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 5 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 7 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 8 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 11 AddModuleScore(ctrl=5 AddModuleScore(ctrl=5 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 13 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 14 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 15 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 17 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 19 per per IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 21 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 22 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 23 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 25 marker marker NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 26 genes gene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 27 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 28 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 29 seven seven CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 30 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 31 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 32 types type NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 33 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 34 54 54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 35 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 663 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 2 prepare prepare VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 3 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 4 S4A s4a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 6 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 7 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 8 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 9 assigned assign VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 11 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 12 type type NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 14 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 16 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 17 marker marker NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 18 gene gene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 19 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 20 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 22 highest high JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 664 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 1 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 2 type type NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 3 annotations annotation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 6 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 7 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 9 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 10 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 11 S5A S5A NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 13 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 14 sourced source VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 15 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 16 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 17 1C 1c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 19 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 20 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 21 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 665 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 1 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 2 type type NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 3 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 4 .CC .CC NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 6 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 8 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 10 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 11 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 12 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 13 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 14 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 18 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 19 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 20 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 21 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 22 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 23 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 27 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 28 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 29 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 31 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 32 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 33 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 34 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 35 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 36 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 38 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 40 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 41 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 42 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 666 43 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 24 annotations annotation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 27 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 28 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 30 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 31 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 32 S6A s6a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 33 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 34 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 35 predicted predict VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 36 labels label NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 37 sourced source VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 38 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 39 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 40 55 55 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 41 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 667 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 1 4.6.3 4.6.3 VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 2 Statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 3 Tests Tests NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 4 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 6 describe describe VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 8 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 9 tests test NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 10 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 13 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 14 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 17 scRNAseq scrnaseq JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 18 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 668 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 1 4.6.3.1 4.6.3.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 2 Spatial Spatial NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 3 Precision Precision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 5 Errorbars Errorbars NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 6 Let Let VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 7 m m TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 8 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 10 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 12 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 14 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 16 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 17 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 20 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 21 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 22 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 24 respective respective JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 25 kNNs knns NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 669 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 2 check check VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 3 whether whether IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 4 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 5 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 6 significantly significantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 7 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 8 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 9 chance chance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 12 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 14 permutation permutation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 15 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 670 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 2 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 3 assigned assign VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 5 kNN knn NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 7 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 8 datapoint datapoint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 9 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 10 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 11 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 14 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 15 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 16 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 18 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 20 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 21 m. m. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 22 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 23 repeated repeat VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 25 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 26 T t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 27 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 28 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 29 times time NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 30 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 31 generate generate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 32 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 33 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 34 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 36 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 37 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 38 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 39 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 40 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 41 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 42 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 43 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 671 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 2 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 3 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 5 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 7 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 8 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 11 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 14 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 15 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 18 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 19 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 20 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 21 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 23 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 24 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 26 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 672 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 2 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 3 S4D s4d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 5 S5D S5D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 673 7 S6D. S6D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 1 4.6.3.2 4.6.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 2 Sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 3 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 4 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 5 Downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 6 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 7 check check VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 9 sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 12 computed computed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 14 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 15 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 17 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 18 density density NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 20 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 22 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 23 discarded discard VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 24 f% f% NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 25 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 26 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 27 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 28 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 29 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 31 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 32 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 33 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 34 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 36 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 37 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 39 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 40 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 42 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 43 recomputed recompute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 44 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 45 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 46 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 47 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 48 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 49 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 50 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 51 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 52 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 53 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 54 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 55 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 56 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 57 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 58 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 59 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 60 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 61 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 62 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 63 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 64 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 65 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 66 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 67 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 674 68 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 1 Let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 2 m m PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 3 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 5 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 7 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 8 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 10 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 11 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 12 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 13 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 15 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 16 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 17 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 18 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 675 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 3 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 4 grow grow VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 5 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 6 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 7 increases increase VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 9 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 10 checked check VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 11 whether whether IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 12 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 13 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 14 significantly significantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 15 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 16 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 17 chance chance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 19 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 20 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 21 permutation permutation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 22 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 676 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 2 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 3 paired pair VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 4 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 7 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 8 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 9 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 10 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 11 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 12 downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 15 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 18 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 19 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 20 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 21 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 23 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 24 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 27 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 28 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 31 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 32 m. m. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 33 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 34 repeated repeat VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 36 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 37 T t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 39 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 40 times time NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 41 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 42 generate generate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 43 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 44 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 45 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 46 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 47 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 48 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 49 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 50 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 51 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 677 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 2 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 3 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 5 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 7 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 8 f f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 11 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 14 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 15 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 18 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 19 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 20 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 21 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 23 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 24 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 26 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 678 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 2 Figures Figures NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 3 S4I s4i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 5 S5I S5I NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 679 7 S6I. S6I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 1 4.6.3.3 4.6.3.3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 2 Sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 3 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 4 Transcript Transcript NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 5 Downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 6 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 7 check check VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 9 sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 12 computed computed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 14 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 15 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 17 capture capture NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 18 efficiency efficiency NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 20 sequencing sequence VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 21 depth depth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 22 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 24 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 26 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 27 discarded discard VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 28 f% f% NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 30 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 31 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 32 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 33 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 34 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 35 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 37 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 38 count count NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 39 matrix matrix NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 42 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 43 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 45 then then RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 46 performed perform VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 47 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 48 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 49 preprocessing preprocessing NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 50 steps step NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 51 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 52 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 53 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 54 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 55 4.6.1 4.6.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 680 56 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 2 recomputed recompute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 3 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 4 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 7 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 8 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 9 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 11 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 12 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 14 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 15 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 16 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 17 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 19 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 20 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 22 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 23 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 24 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 25 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 681 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 1 Let let VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 2 m m PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 3 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 5 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 7 datapoints datapoint NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 9 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 10 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 11 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 12 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 16 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 17 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 682 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 2 check check VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 3 whether whether IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 4 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 5 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 6 significantly significantly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 7 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 8 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 9 chance chance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 11 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 12 used use VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 14 permutation permutation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 15 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 683 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 1 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 2 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 3 paired pair VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 4 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 7 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 8 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 9 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 10 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 11 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 12 downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 13 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 15 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 16 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 19 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 20 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 21 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 24 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 25 41 41 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 26 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 28 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 29 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 30 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 31 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 32 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 33 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 34 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 35 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 36 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 37 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 39 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 40 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 41 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 42 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 43 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 44 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 45 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 46 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 47 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 49 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 50 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 51 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 53 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 54 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 55 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 56 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 57 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 58 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 59 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 60 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 61 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 62 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 63 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 64 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 684 65 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 24 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 27 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 28 m. m. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 29 We -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 30 repeated repeat VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 32 procedure procedure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 33 T t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 35 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 36 times time NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 37 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 38 generate generate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 39 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 40 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 41 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 43 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 44 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 46 null null JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 47 model model NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 685 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 2 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 3 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 5 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 7 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 8 f f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 11 fraction fraction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 14 T T NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 15 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 16 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 18 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 19 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 20 greater great JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 21 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 23 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 24 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 25 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 26 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 686 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 687 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 687 2 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 687 3 S4J. s4j. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 1 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 2 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 4 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 5 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 6 Let let VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 8 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 9 explained explain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 10 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 12 ith ith NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 13 PC PC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 14 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 15 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 17 σ2i σ2i NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 18 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 20 cumulative cumulative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 21 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 22 variance variance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 25 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 26 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 27 PCs pc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 28 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 29 cm cm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 31 ∑m ∑m . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 32 i=1 i=1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 33 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 34 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 35 i∑ i∑ UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 36 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 37 σ2 σ2 VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 38 i i PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 688 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 2 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 3 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 5 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 6 selected select VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 8 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 9 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 10 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 11 n n NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 12 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 13 argmaxm{cm|cm argmaxm{cm|cm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 14 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 15 0.8 0.8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 16 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 19 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 20 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 22 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 24 argmaxm{cm|cm argmaxm{cm|cm ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 25 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 26 0.64 0.64 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 27 } } -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 29 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 30 considered consider VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 32 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 33 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 34 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 36 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 37 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 39 3σd 3σd NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 689 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 2 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 4 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 6 L l NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 8 = = NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 10 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 12 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 14 18.3 18.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 18 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 20 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 22 19.1 19.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 24 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 26 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 28 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 30 24.9 24.9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 34 PBMC PBMC NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 36 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 37 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 38 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 39 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 40 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 690 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 3 three three CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 4 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 6 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 7 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 9 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 11 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 12 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 13 d− d− NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 14 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 16 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 18 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 19 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 20 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 691 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 2 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 3 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 4 always always RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 5 possible possible JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 7 select select VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 8 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 10 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 11 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 13 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 14 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 16 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 17 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 19 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 20 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 21 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 22 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 24 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 25 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 26 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 28 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 29 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 30 our -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 31 usual usual JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 32 heuristic heuristic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 692 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 2 consistency consistency NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 4 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 5 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 6 picked pick VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 7 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 8 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 9 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 10 1/3 1/3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 12 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 13 had have VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 14 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 15 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 16 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 17 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 18 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 19 α α NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 20 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 21 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 693 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 2 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 3 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 5 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 6 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 7 1,d 1,d CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 9 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 10 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 11 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 12 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 14 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 15 = = FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 17 0.031 0.031 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 19 0.041 0.041 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 21 0.045 0.045 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 25 0.036 0.036 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 27 0.044 0.044 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 29 0.053 0.053 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 33 0.034 0.034 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 35 0.050 0.050 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 37 0.055 0.055 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 39 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 40 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 41 PBMC PBMC NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 43 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 44 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 45 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 46 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 47 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 694 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 1 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 2 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 3 DS DS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 4 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 5 funded fund VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 7 part part NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 8 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 10 Natural Natural NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 11 Sciences Sciences NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 13 Engineering Engineering NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 14 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 15 Council Council NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 17 Canada Canada NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 19 NSERC NSERC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 20 PGSD2 PGSD2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 22 517131 517131 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 24 2018 2018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 695 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 1 SW SW NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 2 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 3 supported support VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 4 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 5 NCI NCI NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 6 U54-CA225088 U54-CA225088 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 8 NIH NIH NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 9 NIGMS NIGMS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 10 T32 T32 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 11 GM008313 gm008313 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 696 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 1 DS DS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 2 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 3 SH SH NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 4 acknowledge acknowledge XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 5 funding funding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 6 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 7 NIH NIH NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 8 NIGMS NIGMS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 9 R00GM118910 R00GM118910 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 11 U19 U19 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 12 Systems Systems NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 13 Immunology Immunology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 14 Pilot Pilot NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 15 Project Project NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 16 Grant Grant NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 17 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 18 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 19 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 21 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 23 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 24 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 25 William William NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 26 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 27 Milton Milton NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 28 Fund Fund NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 697 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 2 authors author NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 3 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 4 like like VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 6 thank thank VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 7 Peter Peter NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 8 Kharchenko Kharchenko NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 10 Allon Allon NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 11 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 12 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 13 helpful helpful JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 14 discussions discussion NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 698 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 1 Portions portion NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 3 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 4 research research NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 5 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 6 conducted conduct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 7 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 9 O2 O2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 10 High High NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 11 Performance Performance NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 12 Compute Compute NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 13 Cluster Cluster NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 15 supported support VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 18 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 19 Computing Computing NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 20 Group Group NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 22 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 23 Harvard Harvard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 24 Medical Medical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 25 School School NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 699 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 2 http://rc.hms.harvard.edu http://rc.hms.harvard.edu NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 4 more more JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 5 information information NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 700 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 1 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 2 Data Data NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 4 Code Code NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 5 Availability Availability NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 6 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 7 van van NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 8 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 9 IML IML NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 10 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 11 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 12 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 13 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 14 http://bethgelab.org/datasets/vanhateren http://bethgelab.org/datasets/vanhateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 17 loaded load VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 18 according accord VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 19 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 21 instructions instruction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 22 there there RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 701 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 2 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 3 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 4 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 5 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 6 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 7 https://support.10xgenomics https://support.10xgenomic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 702 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 1 com com NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 2 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 3 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 5 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 7 gene gene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 9 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 10 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 11 datasets/4.0.0 datasets/4.0.0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 12 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 13 Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 703 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 2 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 3 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 4 can can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 5 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 6 retrieved retrieve VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 7 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 8 instructions instruction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 9 found find VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 10 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 11 https://github.com/MarioniLab/EmbryoTimecourse2018 https://github.com/MarioniLab/EmbryoTimecourse2018 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 704 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 1 42 42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 705 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 22 http://rc.hms.harvard.edu http://rc.hms.harvard.edu NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 23 http://bethgelab.org/datasets/vanhateren http://bethgelab.org/datasets/vanhateren VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 24 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/parent_ngsc3_di_pbmc CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 25 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 26 https://github.com/MarioniLab/EmbryoTimecourse2018 https://github.com/MarioniLab/EmbryoTimecourse2018 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 27 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 28 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 29 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 30 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 31 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 32 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 33 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 34 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 35 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/ https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 36 datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons datasets/1.3.0/1m_neuron NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 706 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 2 software software NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 3 package package NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 4 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 5 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 6 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 7 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 10 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 11 avail- avail- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 12 able able JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 13 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 14 https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/ManifoldCurvature https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/manifoldcurvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 707 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 1 All all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 2 code code NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 4 instructions instruction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 5 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 6 reproduce reproduce VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 8 numerics numeric NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 9 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 10 figures figure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 12 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 13 study study NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 14 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 15 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 16 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 17 available available JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 18 upon upon IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 19 publication publication NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 708 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 1 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 709 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 22 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1m_neuron NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 23 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1m_neuron NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 24 https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/ManifoldCurvature https://gitlab.com/hormozlab/manifoldcurvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 25 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 26 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 27 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 28 Supplementary Supplementary NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 29 Figures Figures NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 30 44 44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 31 .CC .CC , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 32 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 33 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 34 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 35 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 37 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 38 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 39 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 40 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 41 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 42 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 44 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 45 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 46 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 47 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 48 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 49 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 50 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 52 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 53 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 54 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 55 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 56 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 57 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 58 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 59 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 60 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 61 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 62 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 63 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 64 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 65 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 66 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 67 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 68 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 69 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 710 70 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 27 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 29 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 30 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 31 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 32 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 33 S1 s1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 34 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 35 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 36 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 37 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 39 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 40 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 41 poorly poorly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 42 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 43 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 44 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 45 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 46 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 47 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 48 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 711 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 5 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 7 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 9 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 10 terms term NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 13 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 15 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 16 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 17 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 18 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 19 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 20 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 22 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 24 ∞ ∞ FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 26 black black NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 29 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 31 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 33 solid solid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 34 blue blue NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 37 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 38 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 39 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 40 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 41 solid solid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 42 red red NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 45 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 46 evaluated evaluate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 47 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 48 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 49 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 50 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 51 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 712 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 1 Empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 2 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 3 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 4 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 5 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 6 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 7 sampling sample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 8 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 9 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 10 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 11 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 12 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 13 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 15 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 16 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 17 1A 1a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 18 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 19 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 20 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 21 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 24 estimating estimate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 25 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 26 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 27 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 28 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 29 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 30 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 32 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 33 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 34 Equations Equations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 35 13 13 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 36 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 37 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 713 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 2 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 4 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 5 evaluated evaluate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 6 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 7 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 8 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 9 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 11 zm zm NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 13 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 14 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 16 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 17 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 18 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 20 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 21 blue blue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 24 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 25 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 26 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 28 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 29 red red NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 714 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 2 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 4 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 5 evaluated evaluate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 6 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 7 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 8 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 9 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 10 interpolating interpolate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 11 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 13 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 15 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 16 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 17 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 18 z̃m(x z̃m(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 19 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 20 f f LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 23 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 24 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 26 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 27 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 29 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 30 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 31 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 32 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 33 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 35 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 37 solid solid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 38 green green NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 715 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 1 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 2 signifies signify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 3 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 5 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 6 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 9 interpolated interpolate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 10 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 11 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 12 reduced reduce VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 14 1−f 1−f CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 15 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 16 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 18 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 19 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 716 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 1 f f LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 2 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 3 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 4 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 7 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 8 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 9 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 10 f f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 13 corresponds correspond NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 14 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 16 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 17 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 717 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 2 white white JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 3 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 4 bounded bound VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 5 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 6 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 7 x1,x2 x1,x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 8 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 9 indicates indicate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 11 candidate candidate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 12 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 13 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 14 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 15 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 16 fit fit VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 18 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 20 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 23 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 25 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 26 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 27 extract extract VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 28 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 29 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 30 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 32 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 33 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 35 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 36 Equations Equations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 37 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 38 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 39 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 40 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 41 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 42 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 43 4.2.1 4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 44 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 718 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 3 one one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 4 hand hand NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 6 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 8 knee knee NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 10 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 12 shifts shift VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 15 left left NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 16 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 17 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 18 increases increase NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 719 20 i.e. i.e. FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 1 zm(x zm(x JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 2 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 3 converges converge NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 4 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 5 ∞ ∞ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 8 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 9 m m NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 10 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 12 more more JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 13 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 14 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 16 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 18 well well RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 19 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 20 approximates approximate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 21 z∞(x z∞(x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 24 will will MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 25 therefore therefore RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 26 yield yield VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 27 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 28 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 29 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 30 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 720 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 3 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 4 hand hand NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 6 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 8 becomes become VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 10 worse bad JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 11 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 12 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 13 zm(x zm(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 15 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 16 m m NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 17 increases increase NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 721 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 6 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 8 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 9 z∞(x z∞(x NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 13 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 14 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 15 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 16 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 17 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 18 x1,x2 x1,x2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 19 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 20 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 21 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 24 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 722 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 1 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 2 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 3 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 4 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 6 color color NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 8 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 9 yielding yield VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 10 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 11 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 13 S s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 14 ∈ ∈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 15 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 16 1.5 1.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 18 2.5 2.5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 19 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 723 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 2 colored colored JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 3 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 4 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 724 6 D∞. d∞. ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 7 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 11 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 12 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 14 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 16 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 18 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 725 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 2 colored colored JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 3 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 4 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 6 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 726 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 1 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 2 inspection inspection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 4 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 5 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 727 6 D∞. d∞. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 2 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 6 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 7 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 8 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 9 z1000(x z1000(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 12 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 13 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 14 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 15 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 16 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 18 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 728 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 1 Though though IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 2 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 3 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 4 constructed construct VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 6 only only JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 7 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 8 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 9 yielded yield VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 10 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 11 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 13 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 14 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 15 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 16 analytical analytical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 17 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 18 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 19 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 22 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 23 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 24 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 26 no no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 27 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 29 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 30 yields yield VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 31 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 32 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 33 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 34 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 35 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 36 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 38 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 39 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 40 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 41 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 42 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 43 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 44 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 45 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 47 heat heat NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 48 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 49 trace trace NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 50 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 729 51 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 2 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 7 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 11 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 12 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 14 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 16 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 18 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 19 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 730 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 2 colored colored JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 3 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 4 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 5 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 6 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 731 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 1 By by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 2 inspection inspection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 4 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 5 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 6 D1000 D1000 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 8 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 10 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 13 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 15 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 17 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 18 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 20 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 21 z49(x z49(x NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 25 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 26 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 27 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 28 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 30 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 732 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 1 No no DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 2 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 4 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 5 just just RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 6 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 9 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 733 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 2 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 7 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 10 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 11 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 12 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 13 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 14 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 15 z̃49(x z̃49(x NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 16 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 17 f f NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 18 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 19 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 21 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 23 quadratic quadratic NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 24 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 25 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 26 interval interval NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 27 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 28 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 734 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 1 f f LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 2 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 3 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 4 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 5 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 6 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 7 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 8 half half PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 10 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 12 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 13 yield yield VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 14 an an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 15 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 17 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 18 estimate estimate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 735 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 2 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 5 Left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 7 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 8 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 9 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 12 first first JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 13 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 14 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 15 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 16 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 17 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 18 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 19 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 20 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 22 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 23 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 24 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 25 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 26 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 27 red red NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 736 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 2 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 3 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 4 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 7 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 8 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 9 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 10 Wg Wg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 12 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 13 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 737 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 1 Eigenvalues Eigenvalues NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 2 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 3 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 4 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 5 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 6 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 7 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 8 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 9 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 10 60 60 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 11 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 738 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 2 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 3 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 6 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 8 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 9 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 10 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 11 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 13 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 14 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 16 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 17 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 18 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 19 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 21 weighted weighted JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 22 kNN kNN NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 24 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 26 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 27 kernels kernel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 29 WkNN WkNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 31 Wr Wr NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 32 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 33 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 34 Equation Equation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 35 16 16 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 37 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 38 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 39 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 739 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 1 Positive positive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 2 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 3 indicates indicate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 4 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 6 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 740 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 4 Projected project VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 5 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 6 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 8 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 9 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 10 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 11 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 14 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 15 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 17 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 18 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 19 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 20 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 21 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 22 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 23 sample sample NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 24 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 25 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 26 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 741 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 2 projection projection NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 3 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 4 based base VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 7 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 8 rate rate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 9 given give VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 11 Theorem theorem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 14 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 15 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 16 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 18 assuming assume VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 19 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 20 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 21 big big JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 22 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 23 O o NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 24 bound bind VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 25 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 26 sharp sharp JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 27 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 28 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 29 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 30 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 31 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 32 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 33 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 34 - - SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 35 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 742 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 2 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 3 green green JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 4 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 5 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 8 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 9 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 10 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 11 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 12 needed need VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 13 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 16 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 17 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 18 accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 19 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 20 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 21 half half PDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 23 intervals interval NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 24 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 25 D49 D49 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 743 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 1 This this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 2 corresponds correspond VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 3 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 4 f f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 6 0.23 0.23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 9 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 10 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 11 since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 12 60 60 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 13 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 14 ×f ×f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 16 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 17 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 744 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 3 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 4 estimator estimator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 5 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 6 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 8 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 9 kernel kernel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 11 achieving achieve VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 12 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 13 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 14 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 15 requires require VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 16 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 17 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 18 107 107 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 745 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 1 Since since IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 2 LB LB NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 3 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 4 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 5 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 7 other other JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 8 kernels kernel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 9 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 11 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 12 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 13 rate rate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 14 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 15 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 16 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 17 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 18 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 19 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 20 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 21 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 23 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 24 estimators estimator NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 25 would would MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 26 require require VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 27 even even RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 28 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 29 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 30 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 31 achieve achieve VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 33 desired desire VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 34 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 35 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 36 fractional fractional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 37 error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 746 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 1 45 45 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 747 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 27 D D NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 28 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 29 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 30 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 31 Sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 32 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 33 algorithm algorithm NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 34 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 35 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 36 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 37 world world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 38 confounders confounder NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 748 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 5 Left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 7 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 8 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 10 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 11 sparse sparse JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 12 periphery periphery NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 15 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 16 core core NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 17 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 18 formed form VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 20 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 21 sampling sample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 22 N1 N1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 23 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 24 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 25 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 26 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 27 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 29 3-dimensional 3-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 30 cube cube NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 31 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 32 side side NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 33 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 34 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 35 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 37 D310 D310 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 39 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 40 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 41 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 42 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 43 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 44 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 45 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 46 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 47 3-dimensional 3-dimensional CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 48 cube cube NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 49 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 50 side side NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 51 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 52 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 53 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 55 D31 D31 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 56 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 57 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 58 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 59 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 60 4.4.1.4 4.4.1.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 61 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 749 62 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 2 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 3 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 4 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 6 R11 R11 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 8 padded pad VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 9 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 10 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 11 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 12 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 14 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 15 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 17 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 19 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 20 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 21 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 22 directions direction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 750 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 1 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 2 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 4 S s NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 6 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 8 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 9 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 10 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 12 N1 N1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 13 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 14 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 15 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 16 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 17 setting set VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 18 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 20 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 21 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 22 against against IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 23 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 24 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 25 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 27 σS σs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 31 leftmost leftmost JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 32 panel panel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 751 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 1 Curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 2 computations computation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 3 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 4 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 5 performed perform VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 6 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 7 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 8 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 9 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 10 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 13 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 15 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 17 95%-ile 95%-ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 18 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 19 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 20 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 21 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 23 left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 24 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 25 right right NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 27 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 30 leftmost leftmost JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 31 panel panel NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 33 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 35 0.54 0.54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 37 0.90 0.90 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 38 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 39 1.22 1.22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 40 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 752 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 3 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 5 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 7 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 8 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 9 led lead VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 10 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 11 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 13 insufficient insufficient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 14 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 16 regression regression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 17 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 18 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 19 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 753 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 2 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 3 length length NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 4 scales scale NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 6 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 10 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 11 region region NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 12 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 13 able able JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 14 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 15 report report VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 16 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 17 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 18 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 19 crowded crowd VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 20 into into IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 21 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 22 apex apex NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 25 plots plot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 754 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 2 N1 n1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 4 N2 n2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 6 sparse sparse RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 8 dense dense JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 11 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 12 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 14 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 15 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 16 green green JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 755 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 1 Points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 2 enclosed enclose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 3 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 5 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 6 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 7 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 8 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 9 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 10 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 11 including include VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 13 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 14 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 16 zero zero CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 756 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 2 right right JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 3 four four CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 4 panels panel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 5 show show VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 6 analogous analogous JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 7 results result NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 8 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 9 N2 N2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 10 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 11 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 12 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 757 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 4 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 6 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 8 95%-ile 95%-ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 9 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 10 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 11 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 12 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 13 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 14 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 15 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 16 0.37 0.37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 18 0.63 0.63 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 20 1.42 1.42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 21 respectively respectively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 758 22 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 759 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 759 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 759 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 759 4 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 759 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 4 Distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 8 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 10 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 12 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 13 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 14 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 15 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 16 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 17 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 18 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 19 R3 r3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 20 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 21 convoluted convolute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 22 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 23 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 24 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 25 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 26 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 27 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 28 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 29 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 30 R3 R3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 760 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 1 Noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 2 confounds confound VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 3 accurate accurate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 4 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 5 curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 6 computation computation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 7 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 8 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 10 roughly roughly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 11 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 12 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 15 sphere sphere NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 16 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 17 radius radius NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 761 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 2 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 5 estimated estimate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 8 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 10 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 11 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 13 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 15 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 16 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 17 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 18 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 19 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 20 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 23 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 24 ≥ ≥ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 25 0.1 0.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 26 reflects reflect VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 28 nontrivial nontrivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 29 geometry geometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 32 manifold manifold NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 33 convoluted convolute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 35 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 762 36 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 763 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 763 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 763 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 763 4 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 763 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 4 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 5 Left left NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 6 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 7 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 8 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 9 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 11 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 12 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 13 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 14 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 15 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 17 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 19 Rn Rn NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 764 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 1 Isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 2 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 3 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 5 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 6 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 7 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 8 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 10 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 13 n n JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 14 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 15 dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 765 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 1 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 2 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 3 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 4 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 5 keeping keep VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 6 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 7 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 9 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 10 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 11 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 12 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 14 recapitulated recapitulate VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 16 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 17 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 19 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 21 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 22 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 23 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 24 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 25 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 28 n n NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 29 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 30 80 80 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 32 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 33 ≤ ≤ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 34 0.05 0.05 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 766 35 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 5 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 6 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 8 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 10 necessary necessary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 11 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 12 attain attain VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 13 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 14 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 15 less less RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 16 sensitive sensitive JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 18 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 20 n n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 21 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 22 changes change NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 24 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 767 25 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 768 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 768 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 768 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 768 4 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 768 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 2 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 4 N n NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 5 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 6 104 104 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 8 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 9 uniformly uniformly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 10 sampled sample VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 11 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 13 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 14 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 15 S3 S3 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 16 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 17 R5 r5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 18 convoluted convolute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 19 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 20 isotropic isotropic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 21 Gaussian gaussian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 22 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 25 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 26 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 27 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 28 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 29 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 30 0.01 0.01 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 31 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 32 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 33 right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 34 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 35 S2 s2 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 36 ×S2 ×S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 37 ⊂ ⊂ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 38 R6 R6 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 769 39 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 1 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 2 investigate investigate VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 4 effects effect NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 6 choosing choose VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 8 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 9 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 11 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 13 differently differently RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 14 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 16 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 17 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 19 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 21 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 22 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 23 kept keep VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 24 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 27 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 28 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 29 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 30 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 31 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 32 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 33 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 34 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 35 ∗−1 ∗−1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 36 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 37 cyan cyan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 38 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 39 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 40 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 41 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 42 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 43 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 44 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 45 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 46 magenta magenta NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 47 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 48 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 49 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 50 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 51 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 52 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 53 green green NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 54 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 770 55 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 2 panels panel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 3 show show VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 5 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 8 left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 10 right right JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 12 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 13 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 15 S S NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 18 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 19 errors error NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 21 σS σs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 23 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 24 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 25 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 26 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 27 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 771 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 2 true true JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 3 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 7 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 9 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 10 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 11 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 12 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 14 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 15 constant constant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 16 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 17 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 18 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 19 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 20 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 21 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 23 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 24 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 25 line line NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 772 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 2 average average JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 3 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 4 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 5 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 6 r r NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 7 averaged average VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 8 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 9 all all DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 10 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 11 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 12 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 13 much much RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 14 larger large JJR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 16 both both DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 17 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 18 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 19 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 20 − − NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 21 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 23 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 24 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 25 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 26 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 27 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 28 than than IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 29 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 30 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 31 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 32 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 33 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 34 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 35 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 37 legend legend NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 773 38 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 1 For for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 3 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 4 σh σh NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 6 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 7 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 8 d d NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 9 ∗− ∗− NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 10 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 11 also also RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 12 leads lead VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 14 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 15 more more RBR 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 16 skewed skewed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 17 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 18 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 19 GOF GOF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 20 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 22 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 23 relative relative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 24 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 25 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 26 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 27 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 29 while while IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 31 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 33 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 34 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 35 d∗ d∗ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 36 + + CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 37 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 38 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 39 still still RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 40 flat flat JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 774 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 775 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 775 2 Methods method NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 775 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 775 4 4.4.2.4 4.4.2.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 775 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 1 46 46 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 776 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 24 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 25 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 26 C c NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 27 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 28 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 29 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 30 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 31 S3 s3 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 32 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 33 Additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 34 details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 35 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 36 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 37 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 38 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 39 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 41 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 42 bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 43 embeddings embedding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 44 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 45 related relate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 46 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 47 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 48 3 3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 777 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 2 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 4 To to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 5 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 6 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 7 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 9 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 10 3E 3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 12 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 13 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 14 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 15 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 16 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 17 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 20 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 22 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 23 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 25 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 26 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 27 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 28 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 778 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 1 Here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 2 we -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 3 select select VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 4 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 5 handful handful NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 7 these these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 8 associated associate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 9 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 10 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 11 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 12 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 13 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 15 black black JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 18 visualize visualize VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 19 how how WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 20 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 21 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 23 R8 R8 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 24 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 25 compute compute VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 26 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 27 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 28 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 29 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 30 3E 3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 31 appear appear VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 32 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 33 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 34 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 35 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 36 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 37 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 38 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 40 red red NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 41 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 779 42 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 1 When when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 2 noise noise NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 4 increasing increase VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 5 magnitude magnitude NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 7 σ σ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 9 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 10 added add VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 12 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 13 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 15 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 16 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 17 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 18 k0 k0 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 20 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 21 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 22 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 23 4.5.6 4.5.6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 24 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 27 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 28 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 29 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 30 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 31 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 32 grows grow VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 33 until until IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 34 σh σh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 35 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 36 attained attain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 780 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 7 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 10 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 11 showing show VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 12 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 13 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 15 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 16 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 17 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 18 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 19 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 20 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 21 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 22 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 23 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 25 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 26 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 781 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 3 close close JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 4 correspondence correspondence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 6 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 7 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 9 σ σ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 10 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 11 0.03 0.03 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 14 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 782 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 9 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 11 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 12 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 14 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 16 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 17 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 18 0 0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 19 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 21 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 22 3E 3e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 24 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 25 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 26 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 27 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 28 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 29 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 30 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 31 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 33 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 34 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 35 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 36 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 37 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 38 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 39 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 41 some some DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 42 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 43 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 44 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 45 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 46 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 47 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 48 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 49 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 783 50 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 2 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 7 A a NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 10 showing show VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 11 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 12 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 14 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 17 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 19 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 20 3H 3h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 23 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 25 closest close JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 26 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 27 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 28 k1 k1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 784 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 1 Neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 2 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 3 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 4 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 5 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 6 θ0,φ0 θ0,φ0 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 8 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 9 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 12 θ1,φ1 θ1,φ1 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 14 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 16 ease ease NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 18 comparison comparison NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 785 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 2 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 4 As as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 5 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 6 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 7 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 8 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 9 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 10 showing show VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 11 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 12 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 13 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 14 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 16 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 17 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 19 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 20 3J 3j NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 22 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 23 augmented augment VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 24 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 25 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 26 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 786 27 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 2 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 6 computed compute VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 9 augmented augment VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 10 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 11 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 12 dataset dataset VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 13 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 14 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 15 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 16 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 17 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 18 108 108 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 19 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 20 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 21 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 22 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 23 3J 3j NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 25 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 26 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 27 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 28 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 29 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 30 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 31 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 32 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 34 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 35 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 36 patch patch NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 37 dataset dataset VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 38 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 39 N N NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 40 ≈ ≈ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 41 4.2 4.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 42 × × CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 43 105 105 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 44 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 45 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 46 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 47 3D 3d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 48 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 50 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 51 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 787 52 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 1 Note note VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 3 close close JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 4 correspondence correspondence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 5 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 6 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 788 7 3D. 3d. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 1 47 47 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 789 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 24 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 25 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 26 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 27 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 28 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 29 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 30 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 31 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 32 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 33 B B NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 34 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 35 S4 s4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 36 48 48 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 37 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 38 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 39 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 40 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 41 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 42 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 43 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 44 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 45 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 46 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 47 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 48 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 49 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 50 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 51 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 52 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 53 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 54 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 55 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 56 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 57 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 58 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 59 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 60 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 61 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 62 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 63 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 64 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 65 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 66 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 67 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 68 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 69 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 70 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 71 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 72 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 73 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 74 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 75 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 790 76 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 24 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 25 S4 s4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 26 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 27 Additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 28 details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 29 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 30 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 31 PBMC PBMC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 32 scRNAseq scRNAseq NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 33 dataset dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 35 related related JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 36 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 37 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 38 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 39 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 791 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 2 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 4 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 5 types type NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 6 overlaid overlay VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 7 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 8 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 9 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 11 sorted sort VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 12 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 13 decreasing decrease VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 14 order order NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 16 abundance abundance NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 19 legend legend NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 792 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 1 Cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 2 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 3 annotated annotate VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 4 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 5 described describe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 6 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 7 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 8 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 9 4.6.2 4.6.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 793 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 2 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 4 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 5 goodness goodness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 9 fit fit NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 10 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 12 value value NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 13 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 14 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 15 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 16 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 17 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 19 applying apply VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 20 Mardia Mardia NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 21 ’s ’s POS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 22 test test NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 23 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 25 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 26 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 27 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 28 fitting fit VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 30 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 31 around around IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 32 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 33 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 34 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 35 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 36 quadratic quadratic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 37 function function NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 39 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 40 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 41 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 42 4.3.3 4.3.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 43 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 794 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 1 These these DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 2 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 4 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 5 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 6 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 7 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 8 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 9 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 10 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 11 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 12 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 13 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 15 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 16 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 19 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 20 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 21 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 22 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 23 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 24 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 25 histogram histogram NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 27 right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 795 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 1 Small small JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 2 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 4 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 5 suggest suggest VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 6 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 8 residuals residual NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 9 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 10 non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 11 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 12 normal normal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 13 so so IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 14 that that IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 15 approximating approximate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 16 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 17 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 18 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 19 quadratic quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 20 may may MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 21 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 22 be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 23 valid valid JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 796 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 2 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 4 Pearson Pearson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 5 correlation correlation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 6 between between IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 8 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 9 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 10 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 11 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 12 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 13 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 15 its -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 16 kth kth NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 18 nearest near JJS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 19 neighbor neighbor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 21 kNN kNN NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 23 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 24 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 25 k k NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 27 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 28 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 29 blue blue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 797 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 2 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 3 bar bar NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 4 shows show VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 6 mean mean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 8 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 9 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 12 Pearson Pearson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 13 correlation correlation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 14 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 15 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 16 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 17 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 18 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 19 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 20 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 21 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 22 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 23 * * NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 24 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 25 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 26 10−6 10−6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 27 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 798 28 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 2 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 5 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 9 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 10 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 11 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 12 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 13 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 14 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 15 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 16 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 17 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 18 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 19 respective respective JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 20 kNNs knns NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 22 shown show VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 23 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 24 blue blue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 799 26 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 2 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 3 bar bar NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 4 shows show VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 5 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 6 mean mean JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 8 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 9 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 11 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 12 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 13 when when WRB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 14 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 15 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 16 chosen choose VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 17 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 18 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 19 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 20 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 21 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 22 * * NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 23 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 24 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 25 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 26 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 27 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 28 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 29 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 30 4.6.3.1 4.6.3.1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 31 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 800 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 2 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 5 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 6 size size NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 7 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 8 r r NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 9 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 10 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 12 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 13 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 14 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 15 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 16 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 17 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 19 overlaid overlay VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 20 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 21 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 22 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 24 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 27 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 28 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 29 histogram histogram NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 30 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 31 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 32 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 33 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 34 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 35 right right RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 36 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 801 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 2 dashed dash VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 3 red red JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 4 lines line NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 5 correspond correspond VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 8 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 10 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 13 75%-ile 75%-ile CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 14 values value NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 15 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 16 r(p r(p NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 17 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 18 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 19 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 20 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 21 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 22 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 23 at at IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 24 fixed fix VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 25 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 26 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 27 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 28 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 802 29 4C. 4c. CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 803 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 803 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 803 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 803 4 4.3.2 4.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 803 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 2 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 5 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 9 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 10 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 11 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 12 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 13 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 14 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 15 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 16 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 17 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 18 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 19 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 22 overlaid overlay VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 23 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 24 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 25 co- co- VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 26 ordinates ordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 27 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 28 left leave VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 29 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 31 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 32 corresponding correspond VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 33 histogram histogram NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 34 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 35 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 36 empirical empirical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 37 distribution distribution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 38 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 39 middle middle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 40 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 804 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 5 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 7 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 8 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 9 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 10 computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 11 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 12 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 14 purple purple NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 16 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 17 visualized visualize VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 18 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 19 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 20 coordinates coordinate VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 21 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 22 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 23 handful handful NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 24 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 25 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 26 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 27 black black JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 28 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 805 29 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 2 G G NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 6 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 8 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 9 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 10 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 11 d− d− NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 12 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 13 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 14 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 15 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 17 d d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 18 + + SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 19 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 21 right right RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 806 23 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 1 They -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 2 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 3 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 4 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 6 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 7 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 8 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 9 smoothing smooth VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 10 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 13 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 15 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 17 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 18 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 19 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 21 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 807 22 4A. 4a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 808 1 See see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 808 2 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 808 3 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 808 4 4.6.4 4.6.4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 808 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 2 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 5 total total JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 6 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 8 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 9 observed observe VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 11 each each DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 12 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 13 overlaid overlay VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 14 onto onto IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 15 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 16 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 809 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 2 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 4 Scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 6 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 8 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 9 downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 11 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 13 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 14 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 16 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 17 space space NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 18 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 19 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 20 factor factor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 21 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 22 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 24 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 26 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 27 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 28 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 29 middle middle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 32 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 33 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 34 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 35 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 36 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 38 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 39 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 41 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 42 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 43 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 44 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 45 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 46 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 47 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 810 48 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 1 They -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 2 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 3 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 4 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 6 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 7 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 8 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 9 smoothing smooth VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 10 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 13 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 15 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 16 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 17 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 18 survive survive VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 19 downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 20 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 21 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 22 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 23 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 811 24 4A. 4a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 5 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 10 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 11 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 14 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 16 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 17 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 19 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 20 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 21 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 22 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 24 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 28 likewise likewise RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 29 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 31 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 32 control control NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 33 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 35 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 36 pairing pair VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 37 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 38 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 39 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 41 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 42 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 43 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 44 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 45 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 46 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 47 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 49 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 50 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 52 red red NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 812 54 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 1 Errorbars errorbar NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 2 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 4 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 5 control control NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 8 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 9 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 11 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 12 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 13 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 14 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 15 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 17 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 18 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 19 pairings pairing NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 21 * * NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 22 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 23 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 24 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 25 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 26 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 27 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 28 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 29 4.6.3.2 4.6.3.2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 813 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 2 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 4 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 5 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 6 were be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 7 computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 8 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 9 downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 10 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 11 number number NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 13 transcripts transcript NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 14 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 15 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 16 factor factor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 17 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 18 2 2 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 19 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 20 left left RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 21 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 22 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 23 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 24 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 25 middle middle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 26 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 28 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 29 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 30 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 31 ambient ambient JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 32 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 34 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 35 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 37 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 38 sizes size NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 39 determined determine VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 40 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 41 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 42 original original JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 43 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 814 44 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 1 They -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 2 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 3 plotted plot VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 4 here here RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 6 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 7 coordinates coordinate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 8 after after IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 9 smoothing smooth VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 10 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 12 same same JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 13 set set NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 14 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 15 k k NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 16 = = SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 17 250 250 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 18 neighbors neighbor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 19 used use VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 20 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 21 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 815 22 4A. 4a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 1 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 2 Right right UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 3 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 5 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 7 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 9 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 10 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 11 datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 12 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 14 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 15 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 16 CI ci NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 17 containing contain VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 18 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 19 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 20 reported report VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 21 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 22 curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 23 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 24 blue blue JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 25 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 27 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 28 likewise likewise RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 29 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 30 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 31 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 32 control control NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 33 obtained obtain VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 34 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 35 randomly randomly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 36 pairing pair VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 37 95 95 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 38 % % NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 39 CIs ci NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 40 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 41 originally originally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 42 reported report VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 43 scalar scalar JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 44 curvatures curvature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 45 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 46 points point NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 47 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 48 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 49 downsampled downsampled JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 50 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 51 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 52 red red NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 53 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 816 54 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 1 Errorbars errorbar NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 2 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 4 negative negative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 5 control control NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 6 are be VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 8 standard standard JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 9 deviation deviation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 10 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 11 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 12 percentage percentage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 13 over over IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 14 1000 1000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 15 trials trial NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 16 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 17 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 18 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 19 pairings pairing NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 20 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 21 * * NFP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 22 p p NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 23 < < XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 24 0.001 0.001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 25 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 26 see see VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 27 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 28 Section Section NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 29 4.6.3.3 4.6.3.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 30 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 817 31 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 1 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 818 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 24 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 25 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 26 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 27 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 28 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 29 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 30 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 31 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 32 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 33 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 34 S5 s5 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 35 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 36 Additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 37 details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 40 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 41 scRNAseq scRNAseq NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 42 dataset dataset FW 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 44 related related JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 45 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 46 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 47 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 819 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 1 Panels panel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 2 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 4 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 5 S4 s4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 820 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 1 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 821 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 24 B b NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 25 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 26 D d NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 27 E e NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 28 H h NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 29 G g NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 30 F f NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 31 I i NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 32 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 33 Figure figure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 34 S6 s6 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 35 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 36 Additional additional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 37 details detail NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 38 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 39 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 40 brain brain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 41 scRNAseq scRNAseq VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 42 dataset dataset NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 43 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 44 related related JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 45 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 46 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 47 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 48 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 822 49 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 1 Panels panel NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 2 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 4 Figure Figure NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 5 S4 s4 NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 6 but but CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 7 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 8 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 10 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 11 instead instead RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 12 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 13 UMAP umap JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 14 plots plot NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 823 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 1 51 51 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 824 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 24 References reference NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 25 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 26 1 1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 27 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 28 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 29 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 30 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 32 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 33 Mazutis Mazutis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 35 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 36 Akartuna Akartuna NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 38 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 39 Tallapragada Tallapragada NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 41 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 42 Veres vere NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 44 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 45 Li Li NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 47 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 48 Peshkin Peshkin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 50 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 51 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 52 Weitz Weitz NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 53 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 54 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 55 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 56 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 57 Kirschner Kirschner NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 825 58 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 1 Droplet Droplet NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 2 barcoding barcode VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 4 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 6 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 7 transcriptomics transcriptomic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 8 applied apply VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 9 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 10 embryonic embryonic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 11 stem stem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 12 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 826 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 1 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 3 161(5):1187–1201 161(5):1187–1201 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 5 2015 2015 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 827 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 2 2 2 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 4 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 5 Z. Z. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 6 Macosko Macosko NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 8 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 9 Basu Basu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 11 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 12 Satija Satija NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 14 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 15 Nemesh Nemesh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 17 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 18 Shekhar Shekhar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 20 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 21 Goldman Goldman NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 23 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 24 Tirosh Tirosh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 26 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 27 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 28 Bialas Bialas NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 30 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 31 Kamitaki Kamitaki NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 33 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 34 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 35 Martersteck Martersteck NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 36 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 37 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 38 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 39 Trombetta Trombetta NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 41 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 42 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 43 Weitz Weitz NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 45 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 46 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 47 Sanes Sanes NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 48 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 49 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 50 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 51 Shalek Shalek NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 52 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 53 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 54 Regev Regev NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 55 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 56 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 57 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 58 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 59 McCarroll McCarroll NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 828 60 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 1 Highly highly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 2 parallel parallel JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 3 genome genome NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 4 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 5 wide wide JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 6 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 7 profiling profiling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 8 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 9 individual individual JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 10 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 11 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 12 nanoliter nanoliter JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 13 droplets droplet NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 829 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 1 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 3 161(5):1202–1214 161(5):1202–1214 NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 5 2015 2015 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 830 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 2 3 3 LS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 4 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 5 X. X. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 6 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 7 Zheng Zheng NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 9 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 10 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 11 Terry Terry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 13 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 14 Belgrader Belgrader NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 16 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 17 Ryvkin Ryvkin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 19 Z. Z. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 20 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 21 Bent Bent NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 23 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 24 Wilson Wilson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 25 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 26 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 27 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 28 Ziraldo Ziraldo NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 30 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 31 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 32 Wheeler Wheeler NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 34 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 35 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 36 McDermott McDermott NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 38 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 39 Zhu Zhu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 41 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 42 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 43 Gregory Gregory NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 44 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 45 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 46 Shuga Shuga NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 48 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 49 Montesclaros Montesclaros NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 51 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 52 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 53 Underwood Underwood NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 55 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 56 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 57 Masquelier Masquelier NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 58 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 59 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 60 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 61 Nishimura Nishimura NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 62 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 63 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 64 Schnall Schnall NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 65 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 66 Levin Levin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 67 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 68 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 69 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 70 Wyatt Wyatt NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 71 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 72 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 73 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 74 Hindson Hindson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 75 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 76 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 77 Bharadwaj Bharadwaj NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 78 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 79 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 80 Wong Wong NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 81 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 82 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 83 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 84 Ness Ness NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 85 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 86 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 87 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 88 Beppu Beppu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 89 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 90 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 91 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 92 Deeg Deeg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 93 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 94 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 95 McFarland McFarland NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 96 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 97 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 98 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 99 Loeb Loeb NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 100 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 101 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 102 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 103 Valente Valente NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 104 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 105 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 106 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 107 Ericson Ericson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 108 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 109 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 110 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 111 Stevens Stevens NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 112 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 113 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 114 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 115 Radich Radich NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 116 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 117 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 118 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 119 Mikkelsen Mikkelsen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 120 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 121 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 122 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 123 Hindson Hindson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 124 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 125 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 126 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 127 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 128 Bielas Bielas NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 831 129 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 1 Massively massively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 2 parallel parallel JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 3 digital digital JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 4 transcriptional transcriptional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 5 profiling profiling NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 7 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 8 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 832 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 2 Communications Communications NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 4 8(1):1–12 8(1):1–12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 6 2017 2017 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 833 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 2 4 4 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 4 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 5 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 6 Bandura Bandura NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 8 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 9 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 10 Baranov Baranov NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 12 O. O. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 13 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 14 Ornatsky Ornatsky NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 16 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 17 Antonov Antonov NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 19 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 20 Kinach Kinach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 21 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 22 X. X. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 23 Lou Lou NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 25 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 26 Pavlov Pavlov NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 28 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 29 Voro- Voro- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 30 biev biev NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 31 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 32 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 33 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 34 Dick Dick NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 35 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 36 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 37 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 38 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 39 Tanner Tanner NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 834 40 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 1 Mass mass NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 2 cytometry cytometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 3 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 4 technique technique NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 6 real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 7 time time NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 8 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 9 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 10 multitarget multitarget NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 11 immunoassay immunoassay NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 12 based base VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 13 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 14 inductively inductively RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 15 coupled couple VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 16 plasma plasma NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 17 time time NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 18 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 19 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 20 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 21 flight flight NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 22 mass mass NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 23 spectrometry spectrometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 835 24 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 1 Analytical Analytical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 2 Chem- Chem- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 3 istry istry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 5 81(16):6813–6822 81(16):6813–6822 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 7 2009 2009 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 836 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 2 5 5 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 4 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 5 Giesen Giesen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 7 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 8 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 9 O. O. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 10 Wang Wang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 12 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 13 Schapiro Schapiro NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 15 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 16 Zivanovic Zivanovic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 18 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 19 Jacobs Jacobs NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 21 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 22 Hattendorf Hattendorf NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 24 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 25 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 26 Schüffler Schüffler NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 28 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 29 Grolimund Grolimund NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 31 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 32 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 33 Buhmann Buhmann NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 35 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 36 Brandt Brandt NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 38 Z. Z. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 39 Varga Varga NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 41 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 837 42 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 1 Wild Wild NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 3 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 4 Günther Günther NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 7 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 8 Bodenmiller Bodenmiller NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 838 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 1 Highly highly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 2 multiplexed multiplexed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 3 imaging imaging NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 5 tumor tumor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 6 tissues tissue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 7 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 8 subcellular subcellular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 9 resolution resolution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 10 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 11 mass mass NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 12 cytometry cytometry NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 839 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 2 Methods Methods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 4 11(4):417–422 11(4):417–422 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 6 2014 2014 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 840 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 2 6 6 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 4 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 6 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 7 Lin Lin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 9 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 10 Fallahi Fallahi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 11 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 12 Sichani Sichani NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 14 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 15 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 841 16 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 1 Chen Chen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 4 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 5 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 6 Sorger Sorger NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 842 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 1 Cyclic cyclic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 2 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 3 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 4 CycIF CycIF NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 5 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 7 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 8 highly highly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 9 multiplexed multiplexed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 10 method method NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 11 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 12 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 13 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 14 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 15 imaging imaging NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 843 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 1 Current Current NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 2 Protocols Protocols NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 4 Chemical Chemical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 5 Biology Biology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 7 8(4):251–264 8(4):251–264 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 9 2016 2016 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 844 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 2 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 4 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 6 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 7 Lin Lin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 9 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 10 Izar Izar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 12 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 13 Wang Wang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 15 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 16 Yapp Yapp NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 18 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 19 Mei Mei NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 20 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 21 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 22 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 23 Shah Shah NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 24 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 25 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 26 Santagata Santagata NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 28 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 29 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 30 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 31 Sorger Sorger NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 845 32 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 1 Highly highly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 2 multiplexed multiplexed JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 3 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 4 imaging imaging NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 6 human human JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 7 tissues tissue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 9 tumors tumor NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 10 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 11 t t NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 13 CyCIF CyCIF NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 15 conventional conventional JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 16 optical optical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 17 microscopes microscope NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 846 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 1 eLife elife NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 3 7 7 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 5 2018 2018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 847 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 2 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 4 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 5 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 6 Nguyen Nguyen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 8 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 9 Holmes Holmes NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 848 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 1 Ten ten CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 2 quick quick JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 3 tips tip NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 4 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 5 effective effective JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 6 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 7 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 849 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 1 PLoS PLoS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 2 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 3 Biology Biology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 5 15(6):e1006907 15(6):e1006907 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 7 2019 2019 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 850 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 1 52 52 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 851 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 24 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 25 9 9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 26 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 852 27 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 853 1 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 853 2 Tenenbaum Tenenbaum NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 853 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 2 global global JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 3 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 4 framework framework NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 6 nonlinear nonlinear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 7 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 8 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 854 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 1 Science science NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 3 290(5500):2319–2323 290(5500):2319–2323 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 5 2000 2000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 855 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 2 10 10 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 4 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 5 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 6 der der NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 7 Maaten Maaten NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 9 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 10 Hinton Hinton NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 856 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 1 Visualizing visualize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 2 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 3 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 4 t t NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 6 SNE SNE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 857 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 3 Machine Machine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 4 Learning Learning NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 5 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 7 9(Nov):2579–2605 9(nov):2579–2605 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 9 2008 2008 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 858 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 2 11 11 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 4 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 5 Becht Becht NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 7 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 8 McInnes McInnes NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 10 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 11 Healy Healy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 13 C C NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 14 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 859 15 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 1 Dutertre Dutertre NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 3 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 4 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 5 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 6 Kwok Kwok NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 8 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 9 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 10 Ng Ng NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 12 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 13 Ginhoux Ginhoux NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 16 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 17 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 18 Newell Newell NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 860 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 1 Dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 2 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 4 visualizing visualize VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 5 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 7 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 8 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 9 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 10 UMAP UMAP NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 861 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 2 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 4 37(1):38–44 37(1):38–44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 6 2018 2018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 862 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 2 12 12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 4 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 5 Hatcher Hatcher NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 863 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 864 1 Algebraic Algebraic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 864 2 Topology Topology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 864 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 2 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 3 Press Press NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 5 2001 2001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 865 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 2 13 13 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 4 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 5 Ghrist Ghrist NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 866 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 1 Barcodes barcodes IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 2 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 4 persistent persistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 5 topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 7 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 867 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 1 Bulletin bulletin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 4 American American NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 5 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 6 Society Society NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 8 45(01):61–76 45(01):61–76 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 10 2007 2007 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 868 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 2 14 14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 4 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 5 Perrault Perrault NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 7 Joncas Joncas NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 9 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 869 10 Meilâ. Meilâ. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 1 Non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 2 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 3 linear linear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 4 dimensionality dimensionality NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 5 reduction reduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 6 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 7 Riemannian riemannian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 8 metric metric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 9 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 11 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 12 problem problem NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 13 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 14 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 15 discovery discovery NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 870 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 871 1 arXiv arXiv NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 871 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 871 3 2013 2013 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 871 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 2 15 15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 4 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 5 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 6 Lee Lee NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 872 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 1 Riemannian Riemannian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 2 Manifolds Manifolds NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 3 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 4 An an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 5 Introduction introduction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 6 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 7 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 8 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 9 Graduate Graduate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 10 Texts Texts NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 12 Mathematics Mathematics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 13 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 873 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 874 1 Springer Springer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 874 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 874 3 1997 1997 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 874 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 2 16 16 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 4 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 5 Zomorodian Zomorodian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 7 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 8 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 875 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 876 1 Computing compute VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 876 2 persistent persistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 876 3 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 876 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 1 Discrete Discrete NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 2 & & CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 3 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 4 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 6 33(2):249–274 33(2):249–274 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 8 2004 2004 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 877 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 2 17 17 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 4 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 5 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 878 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 879 1 Topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 879 2 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 879 3 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 879 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 1 Bulletin bulletin NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 4 American American NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 5 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 6 Society Society NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 8 46(2):255–308 46(2):255–308 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 10 2009 2009 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 880 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 2 18 18 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 4 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 5 Bernstein Bernstein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 7 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 8 De De NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 9 Silva Silva NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 11 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 12 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 13 Langford Langford NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 881 16 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 882 1 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 882 2 Tenenbaum Tenenbaum NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 882 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 1 Graph graph NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 2 approximations approximation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 3 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 4 geodesics geodesic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 5 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 6 embedded embed VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 7 manifolds manifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 883 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 1 Technical technical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 2 report report NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 4 Department Department NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 6 Psychology Psychology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 8 Stanford Stanford NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 9 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 11 2000 2000 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 884 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 2 19 19 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 4 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 5 Chazal Chazal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 7 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 8 Glisse Glisse NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 10 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 11 Labruère Labruère NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 14 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 15 Michel Michel NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 885 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 1 Convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 2 rates rate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 4 persistence persistence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 5 diagram diagram NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 6 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 8 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 9 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 10 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 886 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 3 Machine Machine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 4 Learning Learning NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 5 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 7 16(1):3603–3635 16(1):3603–3635 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 9 2015 2015 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 887 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 2 20 20 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 4 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 5 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 6 Genovese Genovese NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 8 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 9 Perone Perone NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 11 Pacifico Pacifico NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 13 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 14 Verdinelli Verdinelli NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 17 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 18 Wasserman Wasserman NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 888 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 889 1 Minimax Minimax NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 889 2 manifold manifold JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 889 3 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 889 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 3 Machine Machine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 4 Learning Learning NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 5 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 7 13(1):1263–1291 13(1):1263–1291 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 9 2012 2012 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 890 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 2 21 21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 4 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 5 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 7 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 8 Ishkhanov Ishkhanov NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 10 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 11 De De NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 12 Silva Silva NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 15 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 16 Zomorodian Zomorodian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 891 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 1 On on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 3 local local JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 4 behavior behavior NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 6 spaces space NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 8 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 9 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 892 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 1 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 2 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 4 Computer Computer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 5 Vision Vision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 7 76(1):1–12 76(1):1–12 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 9 2008 2008 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 893 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 2 22 22 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 4 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 5 Lawson Lawson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 894 7 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 895 1 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 895 2 Sholl Sholl NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 895 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 895 4 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 895 5 Q. Q. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 1 Brown Brown NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 3 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 4 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 5 Fasy Fasy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 8 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 9 Wenk Wenk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 896 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 1 Persistent persistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 2 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 5 quantitative quantitative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 6 evaluation evaluation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 8 architectural architectural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 9 features feature NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 10 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 11 prostate prostate NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 12 cancer cancer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 13 histology histology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 897 14 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 1 Scientific Scientific NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 2 Reports Reports NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 4 9(1):1–15 9(1):1–15 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 6 2019 2019 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 898 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 1 53 53 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 899 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 24 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 25 23 23 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 26 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 27 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 28 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 29 Chan Chan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 31 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 32 Carlsson Carlsson NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 34 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 35 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 36 Rabadan Rabadan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 900 37 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 901 1 Topology topology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 901 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 901 3 viral viral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 901 4 evolution evolution NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 901 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 4 National National NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 5 Academy Academy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 9 110(46):18566–18571 110(46):18566–18571 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 11 2013 2013 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 902 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 2 24 24 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 4 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 5 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 6 Cámara Cámara NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 8 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 9 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 10 Levine Levine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 13 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 14 Rabadán Rabadán NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 903 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 1 Inference inference NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 3 ancestral ancestral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 4 recombination recombination NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 5 graphs graphs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 6 through through IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 7 topological topological JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 8 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 9 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 904 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 1 PLoS PLoS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 2 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 3 Biology Biology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 5 12(8):e1005071 12(8):e1005071 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 7 2016 2016 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 905 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 2 25 25 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 4 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 5 Abbott Abbott NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 906 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 1 Flatland flatland NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 2 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 3 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 4 Romance Romance NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 6 Many many JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 7 Dimensions dimension NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 907 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 1 Princeton Princeton NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 2 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 3 Press Press NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 5 1991 1991 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 908 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 2 26 26 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 4 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 5 Belkin Belkin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 6 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 7 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 8 Niyogi Niyogi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 909 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 1 Laplacian laplacian JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 2 eigenmaps eigenmap NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 4 spectral spectral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 5 techniques technique NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 6 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 7 embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 9 clustering clustering NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 910 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 1 Advances advance NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 2 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 3 Neural Neural NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 4 Information Information NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 5 Processing Processing NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 6 Systems Systems NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 8 14:585–591 14:585–591 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 10 2001 2001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 911 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 2 27 27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 4 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 5 Reuter Reuter NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 7 F F NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 9 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 10 Wolter Wolter NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 13 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 14 Peinecke Peinecke NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 912 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 1 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 2 – – : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 3 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 4 spectra spectra NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 5 as as IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 6 ‘ ' `` 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 7 Shape Shape NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 9 DNA DNA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 10 ’ ' '' 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 11 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 12 surfaces surface NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 14 solids solid NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 913 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 1 Computer computer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 2 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 3 Aided aid VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 4 Design Design NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 6 38(4):342–366 38(4):342–366 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 8 2006 2006 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 914 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 2 28 28 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 4 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 5 Belkin Belkin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 915 7 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 1 Sun Sun NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 4 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 5 Wang Wang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 916 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 1 Constructing construct VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 2 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 3 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 4 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 5 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 6 clouds cloud NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 8 Rd Rd NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 917 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 2 Proceedings Proceedings NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 5 Twentieth Twentieth NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 6 Annual Annual NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 7 ACM ACM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 9 SIAM SIAM NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 10 Symposium Symposium NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 11 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 12 Discrete Discrete NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 13 Algorithms Algorithms NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 15 pages page NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 16 1031–1040 1031–1040 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 18 2009 2009 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 918 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 2 29 29 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 4 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 5 Liang Liang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 7 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 8 Lai Lai NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 10 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 11 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 12 Wong Wong NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 15 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 16 Zhao Zhao NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 919 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 1 Geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 2 understanding understanding NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 4 point point NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 5 clouds cloud NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 6 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 7 Laplace- Laplace- NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 8 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 9 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 920 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 1 In in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 2 IEEE IEEE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 3 Conference Conference NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 4 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 5 Computer Computer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 6 Vision Vision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 8 Pattern Pattern NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 9 Recognition Recognition NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 11 pages page VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 12 214–221 214–221 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 14 2012 2012 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 921 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 2 30 30 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 4 N. N. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 5 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 6 Trillos Trillos NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 8 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 9 Gerlach Gerlach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 11 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 12 Hein Hein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 14 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 15 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 16 Slepčev Slepčev NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 922 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 1 Error error NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 2 estimates estimate NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 4 spectral spectral JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 5 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 7 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 8 graph graph NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 9 Laplacian Laplacian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 10 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 11 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 12 geometric geometric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 13 graphs graphs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 14 toward toward IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 15 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 16 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 17 – – : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 18 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 19 operator operator NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 923 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 1 Foundations foundation NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 3 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 4 Mathematics Mathematics NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 6 20(4):827–887 20(4):827–887 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 8 2020 2020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 924 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 2 31 31 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 4 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 5 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 6 McKean McKean NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 7 Jr. Jr. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 9 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 10 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 11 Singer Singer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 925 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 1 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 2 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 4 eigenvalues eigenvalue NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 5 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 6 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 7 Laplacian Laplacian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 926 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 3 Differential Differential NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 4 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 6 1(1 1(1 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 8 2):43–69 2):43–69 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 10 1967 1967 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 927 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 2 32 32 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 4 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 5 Andrews Andrews NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 928 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 929 1 Lectures lecture NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 929 2 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 929 3 Differential Differential NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 929 4 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 929 5 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 930 1 https://maths-people.anu.edu.au/~andrews/DG https://maths-people.anu.edu.au/~andrews/DG NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 930 2 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 931 1 Australian Australian NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 931 2 National National NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 931 3 University University NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 931 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 2 33 33 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 4 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 5 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 6 Jolliffe Jolliffe NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 8 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 9 Cadima Cadima NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 932 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 1 Principal principal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 2 component component NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 3 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 4 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 5 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 6 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 8 recent recent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 9 developments development NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 933 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 1 Philosophical philosophical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 2 Transactions Transactions NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 5 Royal Royal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 6 Society Society NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 7 A A NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 8 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 9 Mathematical mathematical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 11 Physical Physical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 12 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 13 Engineering Engineering NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 14 Sciences Sciences NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 16 374(2065):20150202 374(2065):20150202 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 17 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 18 2016 2016 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 934 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 2 34 34 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 4 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 5 Federer Federer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 935 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 936 1 Curvature curvature JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 936 2 measures measure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 936 3 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 1 Transactions transaction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 3 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 4 American American NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 5 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 6 Society Society NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 8 93(3):418–418 93(3):418–418 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 10 1959 1959 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 937 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 2 35 35 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 4 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 5 Niyogi Niyogi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 7 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 8 Smale Smale NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 11 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 12 Weinberger Weinberger NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 938 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 1 Finding find VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 2 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 3 homology homology NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 5 submanifolds submanifold NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 6 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 7 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 8 confidence confidence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 9 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 10 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 11 samples sample NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 939 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 1 Discrete Discrete NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 2 & & CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 3 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 4 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 6 39(1 39(1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 8 3):419–441 3):419–441 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 10 2008 2008 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 940 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 1 54 54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 941 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 22 https://maths-people.anu.edu.au/~andrews/DG https://maths-people.anu.edu.au/~andrews/dg NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 23 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 24 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 25 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 26 36 36 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 27 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 28 U. U. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 29 Ozertem Ozertem NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 30 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 31 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 32 Erdogmus Erdogmus NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 942 33 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 1 Locally locally RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 2 defined define VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 3 principal principal JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 4 curves curve NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 5 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 6 surfaces surface NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 943 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 3 Machine Machine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 4 Learning Learning NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 5 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 7 12:1249–1286 12:1249–1286 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 9 2011 2011 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 944 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 2 37 37 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 4 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 5 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 6 Genovese Genovese NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 8 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 9 Perone Perone NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 11 Pacifico Pacifico NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 13 I. I. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 14 Verdinelli Verdinelli NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 17 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 18 Wasserman Wasserman NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 945 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 946 1 Nonparametric nonparametric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 946 2 ridge ridge NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 946 3 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 946 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 2 Annals Annals NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 4 Statistics Statistics NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 6 42(4):1511–1545 42(4):1511–1545 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 8 2014 2014 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 947 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 2 38 38 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 4 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 5 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 6 Buccigrossi Buccigrossi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 7 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 8 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 9 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 10 Simoncelli Simoncelli NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 948 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 1 Image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 2 compression compression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 3 via via IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 4 joint joint JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 5 statistical statistical JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 6 characterization characterization NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 7 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 8 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 9 wavelet wavelet NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 10 domain domain NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 949 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 1 IEEE IEEE NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 2 Transactions transaction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 3 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 4 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 5 Processing Processing NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 7 8(12):1688–1701 8(12):1688–1701 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 9 1999 1999 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 950 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 2 39 39 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 4 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 5 Malik Malik NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 7 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 8 Belongie Belongie NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 10 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 11 Leung Leung NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 14 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 15 Shi Shi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 951 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 1 Contour contour NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 2 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 3 texture texture VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 4 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 5 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 6 image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 7 segmentation segmentation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 952 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 1 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 2 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 4 Computer Computer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 5 Vision Vision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 7 43(1):7–27 43(1):7–27 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 9 2001 2001 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 953 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 954 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 954 2 40 40 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 954 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 954 4 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 1 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 2 Lee Lee NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 4 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 5 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 6 Pedersen Pedersen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 9 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 10 Mumford Mumford NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 955 11 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 1 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 2 nonlinear nonlinear JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 3 statistics statistic NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 5 high high JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 7 contrast contrast NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 8 patches patch NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 9 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 10 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 11 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 956 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 1 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 2 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 4 Computer Computer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 5 Vision Vision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 7 54(1 54(1 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 9 2):83–103 2):83–103 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 11 2003 2003 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 957 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 2 41 41 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 4 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 5 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 6 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 7 Hateren Hateren NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 9 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 10 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 11 der der NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 12 Schaaf Schaaf NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 958 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 1 Independent independent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 2 component component NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 3 filters filter NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 5 natural natural JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 6 images image NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 7 compared compare VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 8 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 9 simple simple JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 10 cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 11 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 12 primary primary JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 13 visual visual JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 14 cortex cortex NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 959 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 2 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 3 Biological Biological NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 6 265(1394):359–366 265(1394):359–366 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 8 1998 1998 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 960 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 2 42 42 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 4 10x 10x NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 5 Genomics Genomics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 961 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 1 PBMCs pbmc NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 2 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 3 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 4 Healthy healthy JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 5 Donor donor NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 6 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 7 Whole Whole NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 8 Transcriptome Transcriptome NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 9 Analysis Analysis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 962 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 963 1 https://support https://support UH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 963 2 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 964 1 10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC 10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/parent_ngsc3_di_pbmc CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 964 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 964 3 2020 2020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 964 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 2 43 43 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 4 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 5 Pijuan Pijuan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 7 Sala Sala NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 965 9 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 1 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 2 Griffiths Griffiths NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 4 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 5 Guibentif Guibentif NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 7 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 8 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 9 Hiscock Hiscock NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 11 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 12 Jawaid Jawaid NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 14 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 15 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 16 Calero Calero NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 17 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 18 Nieto Nieto NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 20 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 21 Mulas Mulas NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 22 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 23 X. X. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 24 Ibarra Ibarra NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 25 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 26 Soria Soria NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 27 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 28 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 29 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 30 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 31 Tyser Tyser NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 32 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 33 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 34 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 35 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 36 Ho Ho NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 38 W. W. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 39 Reik Reik NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 41 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 42 Srinivas Srinivas NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 44 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 45 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 46 Simons Simons NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 47 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 48 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 49 Nichols Nichols NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 50 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 51 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 52 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 53 Marioni Marioni NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 54 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 55 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 56 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 57 Göttgens Göttgens NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 966 58 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 1 A a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 2 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 4 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 5 molecular molecular JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 6 map map NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 7 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 8 mouse mouse NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 9 gastrulation gastrulation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 11 early early JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 12 organogenesis organogenesis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 967 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 1 Nature nature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 3 566(7745):490–495 566(7745):490–495 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 5 2019 2019 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 968 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 2 44 44 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 4 10x 10x NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 5 Genomics Genomics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 969 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 1 1.3 1.3 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 2 Million Million NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 3 Brain Brain NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 4 Cells cell NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 5 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 6 E18 E18 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 7 Mice mouse NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 970 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 1 https://support.10xgenomics.com/ https://support.10xgenomics.com/ NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 2 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 4 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 6 gene gene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 8 expression expression NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 9 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 10 datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons datasets/1.3.0/1m_neuron NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 12 2017 2017 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 971 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 2 45 45 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 4 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 5 van van NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 6 Dijk Dijk NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 8 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 9 Sharma Sharma NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 11 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 12 Nainys Nainys NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 14 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 15 Yim Yim NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 17 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 18 Kathail Kathail NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 19 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 20 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 21 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 22 Carr Carr NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 24 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 25 Burdziak Burdziak NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 27 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 28 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 29 Moon Moon NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 30 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 31 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 32 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 33 Chaffer Chaffer NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 34 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 35 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 36 Pattabiraman Pattabiraman NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 38 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 39 Bierie Bierie NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 40 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 41 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 42 Mazutis Mazutis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 43 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 44 G. G. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 45 Wolf Wolf NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 46 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 47 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 48 Krishnaswamy Krishnaswamy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 49 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 50 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 51 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 52 Pe’er Pe’er NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 972 53 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 1 Recovering recover VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 2 gene gene NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 3 interactions interaction NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 4 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 5 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 7 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 8 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 9 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 10 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 11 diffusion diffusion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 973 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 1 Cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 3 174(3):716–729 174(3):716–729 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 5 2018 2018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 974 6 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 2 46 46 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 4 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 5 Haghverdi Haghverdi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 7 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 8 Büttner Büttner NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 10 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 11 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 12 Wolf Wolf NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 13 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 14 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 15 Buettner Buettner NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 16 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 18 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 19 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 20 Theis Theis NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 975 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 1 Diffusion diffusion NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 2 pseudotime pseudotime NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 3 robustly robustly RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 4 reconstructs reconstruct VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 5 lineage lineage NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 6 branching branching NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 976 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 2 Methods Methods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 4 13(10):845–848 13(10):845–848 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 6 2016 2016 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 977 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 2 47 47 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 4 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 5 Klimovskaia Klimovskaia NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 7 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 8 Lopez Lopez NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 10 Paz Paz NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 11 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 12 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 13 Bottou Bottou NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 15 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 16 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 17 Nickel Nickel NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 978 18 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 1 Poincaré Poincaré NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 2 maps map NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 3 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 4 analyzing analyze VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 5 complex complex JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 6 hierar- hierar- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 7 chies chie NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 8 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 9 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 11 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 12 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 979 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 2 Communications Communications NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 4 11(1):1–9 11(1):1–9 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 6 2020 2020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 980 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 1 55 55 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 981 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 21 preprint preprint JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 22 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/parent_ngsc3_di_pbmc CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 23 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/Parent_NGSC3_DI_PBMC https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/4.0.0/parent_ngsc3_di_pbmc CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 24 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 25 https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons https://support.10xgenomics.com/single-cell-gene-expression/datasets/1.3.0/1M_neurons NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 26 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 27 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 28 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 29 48 48 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 30 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 31 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 32 Wang Wang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 34 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 35 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 36 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 37 Lin Lin NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 38 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 39 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 40 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 41 Sontag Sontag NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 42 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 43 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 44 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 45 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 46 Sorger Sorger NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 982 47 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 1 Inferring infer VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 2 reaction reaction NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 3 network network NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 4 structure structure NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 5 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 6 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 8 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 10 multiplex multiplex NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 11 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 13 using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 14 toric toric JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 15 systems system NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 16 theory theory NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 983 17 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 1 PLoS PLoS NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 2 Computational Computational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 3 Biology Biology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 4 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 5 15(12):e1007311 15(12):e1007311 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 7 2019 2019 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 984 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 2 49 49 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 4 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 5 Hein Hein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 7 J J NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 8 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 985 9 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 1 Audibert Audibert NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 4 U. U. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 5 von von NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 6 Luxburg Luxburg NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 986 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 1 Graph Graph NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 2 Laplacians Laplacians NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 4 their -PRON- PRP$ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 5 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 6 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 7 random random JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 8 neighborhood neighborhood NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 9 graphs graphs NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 987 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 1 Journal Journal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 3 Machine Machine NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 4 Learning Learning NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 5 Research Research NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 7 8(48):1325–1370 8(48):1325–1370 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 9 2007 2007 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 988 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 2 50 50 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 4 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 5 Ting Ting NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 7 L. L. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 8 Huang Huang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 10 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 11 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 12 Jordan Jordan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 989 13 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 1 An an DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 2 analysis analysis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 3 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 4 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 5 convergence convergence NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 6 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 7 graph graph NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 8 Laplacians Laplacians NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 990 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 991 1 arXiv arXiv NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 991 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 991 3 2011 2011 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 991 4 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 2 51 51 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 4 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 5 V. V. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 6 Mardia Mardia NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 992 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 1 Measures measure NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 2 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 3 multivariate multivariate JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 4 skewness skewness NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 5 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 6 kurtosis kurtosis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 7 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 8 applications application NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 993 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 1 Biometrika Biometrika NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 2 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 3 57(3):519 57(3):519 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 4 – – : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 5 530 530 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 7 1970 1970 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 994 8 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 2 52 52 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 4 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 5 Campadelli Campadelli NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 7 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 8 Casiraghi Casiraghi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 10 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 11 Ceruti Ceruti NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 14 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 15 Rozza Rozza NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 995 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 1 Intrinsic intrinsic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 2 dimension dimension NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 3 estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 4 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 5 Relevant relevant JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 6 tech- tech- JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 7 niques nique NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 9 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 10 benchmark benchmark JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 11 framework framework NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 996 12 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 1 Mathematical Mathematical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 2 Problems Problems NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 3 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 4 Engineering Engineering NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 6 2015:1–21 2015:1–21 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 7 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 8 2015 2015 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 997 9 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 2 53 53 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 4 A. a. NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 5 Butler Butler NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 7 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 8 Hoffman Hoffman NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 10 P. P. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 11 Smibert Smibert NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 13 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 14 Papalexi Papalexi NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 17 R. R. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 18 Satija Satija NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 998 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 1 Integrating integrate VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 2 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 4 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 5 transcriptomic transcriptomic JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 6 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 7 across across IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 8 different different JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 9 conditions condition NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 10 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 11 technologies technology NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 13 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 14 species specie NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 999 15 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 1 Nature Nature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 2 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 4 36(5):411–420 36(5):411–420 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 6 2018 2018 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1000 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 2 54 54 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 4 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 5 Hu Hu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 7 M. M. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 8 Ranganathan Ranganathan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 10 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 11 Shu Shu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 13 X. X. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 14 Liang Liang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 16 S. S. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 17 Ganesh Ganesh NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 18 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 19 A. A. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 20 Osafo Osafo NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 21 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 22 Addo Addo NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 23 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 24 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 25 Yan Yan NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 26 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 27 X. X. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 28 Zhang Zhang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 29 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 30 B. B. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 31 E. E. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 32 Aouizerat Aouizerat NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 33 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 34 J. J. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 35 H. H. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 36 Krystal Krystal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 37 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 38 D. D. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 39 C. C. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 40 D’Souza D’Souza NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 41 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 42 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 43 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 44 Xu Xu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1001 45 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 1 Single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 2 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 3 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 4 transcriptome transcriptome DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 5 mapping mapping NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 6 identifies identify VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 7 common common JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 8 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 9 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 10 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 11 type type NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 12 specific specific JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 13 genes gene NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 14 affected affect VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 15 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 16 acute acute JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 17 delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 18 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 19 humans human NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1002 20 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 1 Scientific Scientific NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 2 Reports Reports NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 3 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 4 10(1):1–14 10(1):1–14 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 6 2020 2020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1003 7 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 1 [ [ -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 2 55 55 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 3 ] ] -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 4 K. K. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 5 Xie Xie NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 6 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 7 Y. Y. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 8 Huang Huang NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 9 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 10 F. F. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 11 Zeng Zeng NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 12 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 13 Z. Z. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 14 Liu Liu NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 15 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 16 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 17 T. T. NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 18 Chen Chen NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1004 19 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 1 scAIDE scaide XX 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 2 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 3 clustering cluster VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 4 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 5 large large JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 6 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 7 scale scale NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 8 single single JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 9 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 10 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 11 RNA RNA NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 12 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 13 seq seq NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 14 data datum NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 15 reveals reveal NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 16 putative putative JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 17 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 18 rare rare JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 19 cell cell NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 20 types type NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1005 21 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 1 NAR NAR NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 2 Genomics Genomics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 3 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 4 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 5 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 6 2(4 2(4 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 7 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 8 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 9 2020 2020 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1006 10 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 1 56 56 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 2 .CC .CC : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 3 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 4 BY by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 5 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 6 NC NC NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 7 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 8 ND ND NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 9 4.0 4.0 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 10 International International NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 11 licenseavailable licenseavailable NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 12 under under IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 13 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 14 ( ( -LRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 15 which which WDT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 16 was be VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 17 not not RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 18 certified certify VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 19 by by IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 20 peer peer NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 21 review review NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 22 ) ) -RRB- 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 23 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 24 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 25 author author NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 26 / / SYM 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 27 funder funder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 28 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 29 who who WP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 30 has have VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 31 granted grant VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 32 bioRxiv biorxiv IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 33 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 34 license license NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 35 to to TO 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 36 display display VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 37 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 38 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 39 in in IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 40 perpetuity perpetuity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1007 41 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 1 It -PRON- PRP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 2 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 3 made make VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 4 The the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 5 copyright copyright NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 6 holder holder NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 7 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 8 this this DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 9 preprintthis preprintthis NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 10 version version NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 11 posted post VBD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 12 January January NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 13 8 8 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 14 , , , 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 15 2021 2021 CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 16 . . . 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 17 ; ; : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 18 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885doi ADD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 19 : : : 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 20 bioRxiv biorxiv VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 21 preprint preprint NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 22 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.08.425885 VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 23 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 24 Introduction Introduction NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 25 Results Results NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 26 Estimators Estimators NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 27 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 28 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 29 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 30 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 31 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 32 Operator Operator NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 33 Yield Yield NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 34 Inaccurate Inaccurate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 35 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 36 Curvatures curvature VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 37 Curvature curvature NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 38 Can Can MD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 39 Be be VB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 40 Computed compute VBN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 41 Accurately accurately RB 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 42 Using use VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 43 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 44 Second Second NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 45 Fundamental Fundamental NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 46 Form Form NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 47 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 48 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 49 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 50 Patch Patch NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 51 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 52 is be VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 53 Consistent consistent JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 54 with with IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 55 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 56 Noisy Noisy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 57 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 58 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 59 scRNAseq scRNAseq NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 60 Datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 61 have have VBP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 62 Non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 63 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 64 Trivial trivial JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 65 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 66 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 67 Discussion Discussion NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 68 Methods Methods NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 69 Differential Differential NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 70 Geometry Geometry NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 71 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 72 Theoretical Theoretical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 73 Manifolds Manifolds NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 74 Details Details NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 75 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 76 Intrinsic Intrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 77 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 78 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 79 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 80 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 81 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 82 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 83 S2 S2 NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 84 Infinite Infinite NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 85 Series Series NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 86 Truncated Truncated NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 87 Series Series NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 88 Eigenvalue Eigenvalue NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 89 Convergence Convergence NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 90 Estimating Estimating NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 91 the the DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 92 Laplace Laplace NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 93 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 94 Beltrami Beltrami NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 95 Operator Operator NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 96 from from IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 97 Data Data NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 98 Details Details NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 99 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 100 Extrinsic Extrinsic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 101 Approach Approach NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 102 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 103 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 104 Estimation estimation NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 105 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 106 Regression Regression NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 107 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 108 Local Local NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 109 Neighborhoods Neighborhoods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 110 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 111 Data Data NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 112 Selecting Selecting NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 113 Local Local NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 114 Neighborhoods Neighborhoods NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 115 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 116 Regression Regression NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 117 Goodness Goodness NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 118 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 119 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 120 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 121 Fit fit NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 122 Test Test NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 123 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 124 Quadratic Quadratic NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 125 Regression Regression NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 126 Standard Standard NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 127 Error Error NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 128 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 129 Bias Bias NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 130 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 131 Scalar Scalar NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 132 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 133 Estimate Estimate NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 134 Note Note NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 135 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 136 Length Length NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 137 Scales Scales NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 138 Details Details NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 139 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 140 Toy Toy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 141 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 142 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 143 Computations Computations NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 144 Analytical Analytical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 145 Forms form NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 146 Hypersphere Hypersphere NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 147 One one CD 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 148 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 149 Sheet Sheet NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 150 Hyperboloid Hyperboloid NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 151 Ring Ring NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 152 Torus Torus NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 153 Hypercube Hypercube NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 154 Practical Practical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 155 Issues Issues NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 156 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 157 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 158 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 159 on on IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 160 Real real JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 161 - - HYPH 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 162 World world NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 163 Datasets dataset NNS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 164 Non non JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 165 - - JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 166 Uniform uniform JJ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 167 Sampling Sampling NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 168 Observational Observational NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 169 Noise Noise NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 170 Large Large NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 171 Ambient Ambient NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 172 Dimension Dimension NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 173 Choice Choice NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 174 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 175 Manifold Manifold NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 176 Dimension Dimension NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 177 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 178 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 179 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 180 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 181 Details Details NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 182 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 183 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 184 Patch Patch NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 185 Dataset Dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 186 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 187 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 188 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 189 Manifolds Manifolds NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 190 Notation Notation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 191 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 192 Preliminaries Preliminaries NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 193 Image Image NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 194 Dataset Dataset NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 195 Parametric Parametric NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 196 Family Family NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 197 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 198 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 199 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 200 Embeddings Embeddings NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 201 Associating Associating NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 202 Image image NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 203 Patches Patches NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 204 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 205 a a DT 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 206 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 207 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 208 Embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 209 Optimal Optimal NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 210 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 211 Bottle bottle NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 212 Embedding embed VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 213 Noisy Noisy NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 214 Klein Klein NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 215 Bottle Bottle NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 216 Embeddings Embeddings NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 217 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 218 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 219 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 220 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 221 Details Details NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 222 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 223 scRNASeq scRNASeq NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 224 Datasets dataset VBZ 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 225 Preprocessing preprocesse VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 226 Cell Cell NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 227 Type Type NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 228 Annotations Annotations NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 229 Statistical Statistical NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 230 Tests Tests NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 231 Spatial Spatial NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 232 Precision Precision NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 233 of of IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 234 Errorbars Errorbars NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 235 Sensitivity Sensitivity NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 236 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 237 Cell Cell NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 238 Downsampling downsample VBG 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 239 Sensitivity sensitivity NN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 240 to to IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 241 Transcript Transcript NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 242 Downsampling Downsampling NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 243 Parameters Parameters NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 244 for for IN 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 245 Curvature Curvature NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 246 Estimation Estimation NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 247 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 248 Data Data NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 249 and and CC 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 250 Code Code NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 251 Availability Availability NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 252 Supplementary Supplementary NNP 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 253 Figures Figures NNPS 10_1101-2021_01_08_425885 1008 254 References reference NNS