Americas A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF INTER.AMERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY Volume XII JANUARY, 1956 Number 3 published by the ACADEMY OF AMERICAN FRANCISCAN HISTORY WASHINGTON, D. C. BOOK REVIEWS Kurt Baer: Painting and Sculpture at Mission Santa Barbara PAL KEXEMEN Hejio Vianna: Capistrano de Abreu. Ensaio biobibliogrdfico MATHIAS C. KIEMEN Fanchon Royer: Padre Pro. Modern Apostle and Martyr BEDE A. DAUPHINEE Helen Augur: Zapotec FANCHON ROYER Manuel da Nobrega: Didlogo sobre a corniersao do gentio. Edited by Serafim Leite GEORGE C. A. BOEHRER Julio Tobar Donoso: La Iglesia, Modeladora de la Nacionalidad BENJAMIN GENTO SANZ Emeterio S. Santovenia et al.: Historia de la Nacidn Cubana ROSCOE R. Hnx Clifford M. Lewis & Albert J. Loomie: The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1S10-1512 W. EUGENE SHIELS Peter J. Rahill: The Catholic Indian Missions and Grant's Peace Policy, 1810-1884 J. B. TENNELLY Robert L. Wilken: Anselm Weber, O.F.M., Missionary to the Navaho, 1898-1921 KIERAN R. MCCARTY Albert Kleber: History of St. Meinrad Archabbey, W4-1954 Bosco D. CESTELLO Merle Curd: Probing Our Past SISTER MARIE CAROLYN KLINKHAMER LeRoy R. Hafen & Ann W . Hafen: Old Spanish TraU: Santa Fe to Los Angeles JOHN E. BAUR T H E ACADEMY OF AMERICAN FRANCISCAN HISTORY ANNOUNCES T H E PUBLICATION OF Monograph Series, Volume Three PAINTING AND SCULPTURE AT MISSION SANTA BARBARA by KURT BAER Professor of Art, University of California at Santa Barbara Art Historian, California Missions Art work in the Old Missions was not merely ornamental. It was a "visual aid" employed in the Christian instruction of the Indians. The padres were always adding to the mission collections with appropriate foreign reproductions and pieces done by the natives themselves. With the secularization of the Missions and their gradual abandonment, more and more of these treasures found their way to Mission Santa Barbara, and it has become a rich depository of early California art. Dr. Baer has for the first time attempted a comprehensive description and evaluation of this interesting-collection. More than 150 photographs of the originals at the Mission, with the author's explanatory text for each, constitute a unique study of this phase of California mission history. P p . x x + 2 4 4 $5.00 the . Americas A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF INTER-AMERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY Volume X I I JANUARY, 1956 Number 3 REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SPANISH E M P I R E IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ' I. T H E CORTES OF CASTILE Lesley Byrd Simpson 223 II. T H E L O W COUNTRIES Gordon Griffiths 234 III. T H E N E W WORLD Woodroiv Borah 246 T H E INFLUENCE OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN IN THE RIVER PLATE AREA BEFORE 1810 Guillermo Furlong, S.J. 259 NEUTRALITY-DIPLOMACY OF THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, 1910-1911 Edward J. Berbusse, S.J. 265 A REVIEW OF INTER-AMERICAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Thomas Patrick Melady 286 D O C U M E N T S LONGFELLOW, SARMIENTO, AND T W O UNPUBLISHED LETTERS John M. Fein 300 INTER-AMERICAN N O T E S 304 I N MEMORIAM: FR. BENJAMIN GENTO SANZ, O.F.M 311 BOOK R E V I E W S 312 (Listed on inside front cover) Copyright, 1955 ACADEMY OF AMERICAN FRANCISCAN H I S T O R Y The contents of T H E AMERICAS are indexed in the Catholic Periodical Index and the International Index to Periodicals, and abstracted in Historical Abstracts. EDITORIAL STAFF ANTONINE TIBESAR, O.F.M., Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief MATHIAS C. KIEMEN, O.F.M., Ph.D. Managing Editor BEDE A. DAUPHINEE, O.F.M., M.A. Assistant Managing Editor FRANCIS B. STECK, O.F.M., Ph.D. Quincy College MAYNARD GEIGER, O.F.M., Ph.D. Santa Barbara, California LAZARO LAMADRID, O.F.M., Lie. Hist. Washington, D. C. FIDEL CHAUVET, O.F.M., Ph.D. Mexico City, D. F. LINO G. CANEDO, O.F.M., Ph.D. Washington, D. C. MICHAEL B. MCCLOSKEY, O.F.M., Ph.D. Siena College ADVISORY EDITORS GEORGE P. HAMMOND, Ph.D. University of California ROBERT S. CHAMBERLAIN, Ph.D. Carnegie Institution of Washington CARLOS E. CASTANEDA, Ph.D. University of Texas JOHN TATE LANNING, Ph.D. Duke University J. MANUEL ESPINOSA, Ph.D. Department of State, Washington, D. C FRANCE V. SCHOLES, Ph.D. University of New Mexico DAVID RUBIO, O.S.A., Ph.D. Madrid, Spain MANOEL CARDOZO, Ph.D. Catholic University of America RICHARD F. PATTEE National Catholic Welfare Conference LEWIS HANKE, Ph.D. University of Texas IRENE A. WRIGHT, F.R.H.S. Department of State, Washington, D. C. RUTH LAPHAM BUTLER, Ph.D. Newberry Library, Chicago MARIE R. MADDEN, Ph.D. Teachers Institute, Brooklyn ROSCOE R. HILL, Ph.D. National Archives (retired) JOSEPH F. THORNING, Ph.D. Carrollton Manor, Md. WILLIAM F. MONTAVON, LL.D. National Catholic Welfare Conference f HENRY GRATTAN DOYLE, Litt.D. George Washington University W . EUGENE SHIELS, S.J., Ph.D. Xavier University, Cincinnati, O. T H E AMERICAS is published in July, October, January, and April; annual subscription $4.00 Address all communications to the Managing Editor, 5401 W . 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