Benjamin Franklin And The
Changing World of 18th Century

American Society

Paulo Werth Gick (UFRGS)

It is my intention in this paper to present some aspects of

the work and thoughts of Benjamin Franklin which reflect the

Puritan tradition from which he sprang. In some of his literary

production, Franklin mirrors the great changes that occurred in
Puritanism, from an elevated theological level into a practical

utilitarian approach of more popular nature.

Benjamin Franklin was born into a simple but hard-working

family of Puritan stock. Proud of their being free (franklins)
for many a generation, they endeavored to preserve their freedom

in the best possible way that of being useful to the community.

This way of thinking and behaving was one of the Puritan tenets,
which, along with industry, listed virtue, charity, frugality,

education, and simplicity (not necessarily in that order), as
some of the most important signs of election

From the Puritan creed and theology, however, the great

Majority of people was only able to extract so much, and the
popular interpretation of the sermons and essays which the

preachers poured on them was often quite removed from the

original intent of the ministers. It is also true that much of
what was preached demanded too great a sacrifice, renunciation,
and resignation on the part of the congregations. Most of the

ILEA DO DESTERRO, NCB 15/16 - IP e 29 aerneetres de 1986, pp.

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population of the colonies at this time (around the second

quarter of the eighteenth century) was already quite prosperous

compared to their forefathers, and the spiritual need that walks

hand in hand with hardships and insecurity was changing its

nature with the affluence of the colonists. This very affluence

was for many the sure sign that the Grace of God was operating,

hovering over the colonies, dropping here and there and allowing

more and more people to grow prosperous. The constant doubt of
election is replaced by a feeling of self-reliance which sprang

from the certainty that if one did his job well and practiced the

virtues he had been taught to value, he would be in the right
path, and therefore should fear nothing. The idea that God gives
plenty to those whom he loves gave ammiraeas to those who had plenty.
The consciousness of the responsibility of the virtuous steward
who is made rich by God so that he can be charitable steadily

became a tradition which would bear excellent results. (I would

like to add, parenthetically, that this tradition still exists,
and is often felt in the shape of providential gifts and donations
to charity, artistic or educational institutions.)2

It is in this atmosphere that Benjamin Franklin grows up and

develops his first tastes and tendencieS. But sensitive as he

is, he soon feels that the ties to the orthodox Puritanism still

function as a kind of hindrance to any young man who wants to
develop his own skills and expand and broaden his horizons.

Therefore, the only alternative he sees is to leave home for a

place which had already established its fame as a seat of liberty
of creeds and religion. The young man must now struggle to
survive, and the virtues which had been preached to him, and which

he had assimilated to a great extent, prove to be useful to him,

if only he put them into practice to suit the occasion.'

Benjamin Franklin's success story is the same success story

of the Pilgrim's Progress retold in a new environment, and in the

light of a new Gospel. The new pilgrim, a child of other pilgrims

who had crossed the Atlantic in search of a New Jerusalem, has

achieved a degree of enlightenment which, only a few years earlier,

would have had the smell of heresy. He is capable of looking into

God's nature and reinterpreting it, seeing in its phenomena not

types or signs of premonitory nature; his "corolaries", to employ

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one of Jonathan Edward's expressions, do not point towards the

"lessons" God has to teach, but towards the practical use roan
may make of nature to better serve him, or how one can profit,

materially, by the use and control of the natural elements.

Thunder is no longer seen as the voice of an almighty, angry
God, but is studied instead, and proven tobeelectricity.

However, Franklin does not dismiss the tradition that lies

behind him completely, but sees in it one way through which he
can profit, and make others profit as well.. * Here I do not mean
profit in the strict sense of material gain only, but also in

the sense that he sees in his experience and talents an
opportunity to reach the common man, as well as the more
sophisticated man of society, and bring them a bit of the wisdom

and usefulness of the folk ways of life. He is undoubtedly a

genius at doing that, for he speaks the language of his audience,

whichever it may be, with a most perfect ease. He addresses the
intelligentsia as easily as he does the farmer, and they all love
him and praise him. The man who helps to write the draft for the

Declaration of Independence is the same one who has written Poor

Richard's Almanack. His pen reaches all the levels of society,
not only in America, but in Europe as well. But is he a total

innovator? Can we say that what he writes expresses the brand new

ideas of a new kind of man?

Actually, Benjamin Franklin clearly relies on the matter
that existed in the country, and only reinterprets the old

Puritan tenets. The Puritan man is a practical man. His

preaching about industry and his invectives against idleness are

obviously utilitarian preachings to promote the material growth
of the colony, as well as to keep the minds and hands of the

colonists off the forbidden thoughts and actions that might lead

them into sin and corruption. The very classical technique of
the Puritan sermon can be said to be based on a utilitarian
structure in which the first step is to frighten the congregation

and then to offer them a way out of this state of fright and

despair by pointing to the path to salvation granted by God's
benevolent free gift of his redeeming Grace. Other instances, of

more material and practical nature can be cited as examples of

Puritan utilitarian expedients to draw people to church. Among

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them, there is the episode in which Benjamin Franklin, on hearing
the complaints of a Presbyterian Army preacher that the soldiers

would not attend the church services, persuaded the chaplain- to

serve out the men's daily rations of rum just after the prayers.

And Franklin assures us that the attendance grew immensely. The

acceptance of his suggestion by the chaplain clearly denotes the

preacher's practical spirit. I should add now, as a reminder,

that one must not forget that one of the most profitable businesses

run by the New England Puritans was the commerce of rum and

slaves from the Caribean Islands to the American colonies.

The very Autobiography is a gigantic example of Franklin's

following a tradition that goes much further back In time. It is

his own "Spiritual Autobiography" in the steps of Bunyan, Defoe,

and others. The fictitious accounts of Robinson Crusoe's
business became, in Franklin, awfully real as he tells in detail

his dealings with the men people knew and respected, or else knew

and disdained, or poked fun at after they were demystified by the

greater genius of Franklin. His Autobiography is a genial
'exemplum', of which he clearly states the purpose at its openings

"Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity in
which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence
and some degree of reputation in the world, and
having gone so far through life with a considerable
share of felicity, the conducing means I made use
of, which with the blessing of God so well succeeded,
my posterity may like to know, as they may find some
of them suitable to their own situations, and
therefore fit to be imitated."

But again, we must recognize here that another trend that is

strongly upheld by the Puritan attitude comes into play: the

importance of the outward appearance of grace. The importance
of this outward appearance misled people all too often to assume

an attitude that had more of pretention than of sincerity. The

necessity of maintaining the appearance of a saint made men
strive to acquire it, so that the outward looks originally thought

as a visual sign of election become a pose, a rehearsed attitude
that has, as its main objective, the acceptance of its bearer by

the "in-crowd" of the church and society' It is this use of

appearances that might have prompted Franklin into adopting the

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several masks he uses throughout his work. But, as he bluntly
states what his purpose and intent ars, at the opening of his
book, the common reader may easily accept this initial, outward
declaration, as the true and only one. s Over and over again we
have the wise and successful old Ben telling his reader to avoid
the appearance of idleness, to make it evident how industrious
one is, so that he can get credit, be trusted, and so on. He
sees and preaches again and again the usefulness of"innocent"
deceit, and always excuses his practices by telling that he too
was often deceived. Of course he does not use the word "deceit",
but names his attitude "prudence", or the like, making of it a
virtue. This is true mainly when he does it to someone who is
about to trick him, as was the case of his employer Reimer;'

If his Autobiography is offered as a kind of 'exemplum' where
one finds innumerable anecdotes that function almost like parables
which conclude with "applications", so that no one will miss their
point,ftaradin'siumtsayings of Poor Richard, the epitome of the
Puritan "wisdom" turned popular. While in the Autobiography one
often finds examples of "virtue rewarded", the sayings and proverbs
are much more direct and do not need to be put into a context to
express all they have to say. The best set of sayings used
caricaturally, but conveying through satire (on himself and on a
certain class of his readers, as he wears two masks -- old
Abraham and Richard Saunders) is to be found in his "The Way to
Health". There the reader has the ultimate example of the
popular sage who speaks to a crowd by means of ready-made phrases
and impresses the narrator, Richard Saunders himself, but does
not quite convince his audience. This very fact is representative
and significant in that it shows that the morality of the
Puritanical Era has ended, and though it still remains physically
present in the shape of the proverbs, it is not strong enough to
move the general audience into believingandacbing according to
What is preached.

RVen though they are not Franklin's in their totality, one
cannot deny the importance of Poor Richard's Almanack and its
sayings. They do represent the tradition of the industrious men
who strove to survive, and on succeeding turned materialistic to
a certain extent, and caned to see themselves as the blessed

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people in the promised land. The awareness of God's grace, of

being God's chosen people, of being in the communion of the

saints, led the common American into a state of self-reliance

and optimism that gave birth to many an attitude that closely

examined reveal positive aspects, such as the social work

developed by the missionaries abroad, but also serious faults,

such as the inability of seeing values in cultures other than

their own. The certainty of being "right",leading to the feeling

of self-righteousness and superiority, gave rise to many racist

and prejudiced attitudes that have branded the whole nation as

little tolerant towards any group who thinks, speaks, or has a

cultural background that differs from the white Anglo-Saxon,
Protestant norm. These echoes of the Puritan Intolerance have
reached far into the twentieth century, and piety and charity melt

away, or are self-consumed among the Sunday-school goers, and

often result in projects to send aid to far-mmycountries, but

fail to look into their own back-yard, where the Blacks, or the

White-trash, or some other minority groups live and represent a

squalid criticism that cries out, as the voice of conscience,

accusing the existence of a fault or defect which the saints

cannot quite understand, and consequently find in these people's

condition the sure sign of the fallen men, whose fate is definitely
sealed by God's eternal damnation.

To the successful man, all praise is due. He has worked his

way through life, often from the bottom, out of poverty, being in

a state of grace.

The self is the great moving force, and Benjamin Franklin

its great prophet. As a prophet he cannot be imputed many of the

faults mentioned above. Many of his followers, however, misread
his sayings, misinterpreted his philosophy, and instead of

apprehending the full extent of his interest in the welfare of

his fellow countrymen, they blindly strive to secure their own
place in the sun, forgetting that one must often share this place

with someone else.

Benjamin Franklin was a practical man, and success, appear-
ance, and self-interest, all played an important role in his life,

but because he linked all of these to the world around him, to

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the society in which he lived, he was able to achieve the place

of honor in the hearts and minds of his people.

The popular image of Franklin flying a kite in the storm, or
as the inventor of bi-focal glasses, or as the man who wrote

Poor Richard's ALaanack is but a faint shadow of the true stature

of the man who epitomizes the transition of the whole American

society from its Puritan mode of existence into the pragmatic,
semi-sceptical, enlightened man of the self-made republic of the

United States of America.

His tale of success is this day considered by many as the
very tale of success of the country he helped to build, and his

success, the stuff which the American dream is made of.

NOTES

'The Seventeenth-Century The New Ragland Primer introduced the
letter "A" with the sentence: "In Adam's fall we sinned all".
This line sums up the Puritan concept of the fallenness of man
and his condition of utter despondency and dependence in the face
of an almighty God. For the orthodox Calvinist man is incapable
of virtue and cannot hope for salvation save through the
operation of divine grace, which is God's free gift to man. The
five basic tenets of Calvinism might be summarized as follows:
1. God elects individuals to be saved; 2. He designs complete
redemption only for those elect; 3. Fallen man is incapable of
true faith and repentance; 4. God's Grace is sufficient for the
salvation of the elect; 5. A soul, once regenerated, is never
ultimately lost.

2 As the eighteenth century progressed, Rationalism and Deism
acquired momentum and dislodged the center of the Puritan
Theocracy, replacing religion by science and poetics. Human
Reason replaced the Bible in a man-cultured world, and instead
of Providence acting, the new man trusted the fixed laws of a
machine-like, immutable universe. In the new era, all men were
entitled to share in "the pursuit of happiness", as they no
longer believed that only few men were to be the elect for
salvation. The Deists saw God revealed in nature, not in the
word (The Bible). Likewise, they believed that all men were
created equal, and all evil resided in corrupt institutions,
rather than in natural depravity. Education was a way to per-
fectibility, and that the most acceptable service of God is
doing good to man.

'Parenthetically, it should be added that the Autobiography
presents Benjamin Franklin's journey into the world of discovery,
his initiation into the realities of his society, which is
continually bordering mythical and archetypical situations. His

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leaving his home in Boston for the new world of Philadelphia is
described by the crossing of water. Another even more decisive
passage is his trip to England, where he is faced with much more
bitter realities: he arrives in England to find out that the
letters of credit promised him by the Government of Philadelphia
had never been written, leaving him stranded in a strange land,
friendless and With limited financial resources. Though he is
not purified by fire, his "baptisms" by water are quite
significant and every time they signal the birth of a meson.
The man who comes forth is to become the characteristic man of
the American brave new world. The metamorphosis he undergoes
transforms the old man, the colonial Englishman, into a new
creature, the "modern" American colonist and patriot.

"An	 example of Benjamin Franklin's external acceptance of
formal tradition is that he continued to attend the Presbyterian
Church services though a professed Deist.

'He admits that it is useful to cultivate not only the reality,
but the appearance of industry and humility. It was effective
to carry his own paper stock through the streets in a wheelbarrow
to be seen as a hard-working youth.

"Actually, we are presented to at least three different Benjamin
Franklins in his Autobiography. It begins with the introduction
of the young apprentice on his way to success, followed by the
entrance of the diplomat, respected and admired, all presented
by the benevolent old Father Figure who can laugh at himself in
his different guises and ages.

'Reimer uses Benjamin Franklin to train his employees, so that he
can dismiss Franklin. Franklin in the meantime is preparing to
set a shop, which he ultimately does, and causes Keimer's
bankruptcy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

On writing this paper I have relied basically on the reading

of the following works besides those of Benjamin Franklin:

Griswold, Whitney. "Three Puritans on Prosperity". MEQ, 7(1934),

483-8.

Lawrence, D.E. The Symbolic Meaning: The Uncollected Versions of

Studies in Classic American Literature. Ed. Armin Arnold.

London: The Curtain Press, 1962.

Levin, David. "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: The

Puritan Experimenter in Life and in Art". YR, 53(1963),258-75.

Nye, Rus4e1 B. introd. Autobiography and Other Writings by

Benjamin Franklin. Riverside Editions. Boston: Boughton

Mifflin Company, 1958.


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