Maurice Ettinger (Dow Chemical Com- pany, Midland, Michigan), Thle Populist Scienitific Crusade (A Recipe for Inicreased Job Security or Inistanit Famle). Allan Neil (Texas Christian Univer- sity), Illusions, Allusions, Delusions and1f Eliusionis. Lawrence La Fave (University of Wind- sor, Ontario), New Explorationis in In- selnsitivitv Training: The Nuideless D (Diseticoiunlter) Group. James Turner and Robert Boice (Uni- versity of Missouri, Columbia), Religios- ity in H[eipets. 27 December Lightning Lightning kills more people and causes more damage than tornadoes in the United States. Thus it seems ap- propriate for this symposium to have the general purpose of presenting the broad aspects of the lightning flash and the effects of lightning upon planes, space vehicles, man, animals, and for- ests. Recent measurements of lightning have utilized the techniques of photog- raphy, electric and magnetic field mea- surements, cLurrent measurements, spec- troscopy, and acoustical measurements to deternmine the physical characteristics of lightning. Our modern concept of lightning has led to an increasing in- Selby Evans (Institute for the Study of Cognitive Systems, Texas Christian Uni- versity Research Foundation, Fort Worth), Ncurons atnd Otlher Qluantulmti Phenomena. H. E. Marks (University of Georgia), Comlputer Model of Hypotlhalamlic Hypei- phlauria antdt Nolmal Feedinig Behavior. terest in the hazards of triggered light- ning. This is exemplified by the investi- gation of the Apollo 12 lightning inci- dent and studies of subsequent Apollo launches. As longer planes, such as the Boeing 747, enter the sky the hazard of triggered lightning is of greater con- cern. Our modern concept of lightning is leading to better protection for homes and other structures. Lightning strikes to humans, both direct and indirect, kill more than 100 persons each year Lightning flash triggered by a tall tower on Mount San Salvatore, near Lugano, Switzerland. These types of lightning strikes also occur to tall buildings (Empire State Building) and to spacecraft being launched toward the moon (Apollo 12 space vehicle, 14 November 1969). [State University of New York at Albany] I (50) SCIENCE, VOL. 174 o n A p ril 5 , 2 0 2 1 h ttp ://scie n ce .scie n ce m a g .o rg / D o w n lo a d e d fro m http://science.sciencemag.org/ in the United States. However, recent medical evidence reveals that some hu- mans "killed" by lightning can be re- vived with little or no permanent in- jury. On the other hand, strikes to trees cause damage ranging from apparently no destruction to complete destruction and extensive forest fires. Our attempts to understand lightning are producing results in our efforts to understand the problems, and to progress in lightning modification. RICHARD E. ORVILLE State University of New York at Albany Speakers and Topics 27 December (morning) Arranged by Richard E. Orville (State UJniversity of New York at Albany). Bernard Vonnegut (State University of New York at Albany), chairman. Richard E. Orville, Introduction to the Lightninig Flash. Martin A. Uman (Westinghouse Re- search Laboratories, Pittsburgh), The Phlysical Parameters of Lightning atnd the Techniques by Which Thiey Are Mea- sured. Marx Brook (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro), The Apollo 12 Lightning Incident. E. P. Pierce (Stanford Research Insti- tute, Menlo Park, Calif.), Triggered Light- ninlg and Some Unisuspected Lightninig Hazards. 27 December (afternoon) R. H. Golde (Electrical Research Asso- ciation, Leatherhead, Surrey, England), Lightining Protection. Theodore Bernstein (University of Wis- consin, Madison), The EfJects of Lightning and Electrical Shlocks onz the Humani Body anid Anlimals. Alan R. Taylor (Northern Forest Fire Laboratory, Missoula, Montana), Light- ning E/Jects in Forests. Donald M. Fuquay (Northern Forest Fire Laboratory), Problems anid Progress in Ligyhtning Modification. 27-30 December General Systems of the World Environment Increasing concern with environ- mental problems in the past decade has led inevitably to recognition of the ab- solute necessity of dealing ultimately with the entire ecosystemic loop. It has become apparent that in large measure our environmental dilemmas have re- sulted from the convenience of looking at only one or at most a few facets of what are in fact intricately interrelated, vastly multifaceted problems. We have tended arbitrarily to bound the system in which we are at the moment especial- ly interested, and in our optimization efforts have forgotten that we are often really suboptimizing, in the worst sys- temic meaning of that term. For ex- ample, in part at least, such a limited frame of reference accounts for the historic preoccupation with economic and technical values at an accumlated implicit cost only recently becoming all too explicit. Thus we are compelled, by circum- stance if not by a priori wisdom, to deal with larger and larger systems, and to curtail our ceteris paribus mode of reasoning. Now general systems con- cepts are increasingly imperative for ecosystemic research. As a pioneer or- ganization in this area, the Society for General Systems Research has for al- most two decades fostered the genera- tion, evaluation, and communication of such holistic ideas. The program theme of the Society's Philadelphia meeting was developed al- most 2 years ago, in response to what even then seemed an obvious need. The subsequent evolution of the United Na- tions Conference on the Human En- vironment has created a new focus for the work of the Society for General Systems Research during 1972, which will in turn contribute to the develop- ment of its program a year from now, when the theme will be "The World System." The Society's interdisciplinary and transcontextual orientation is manifest in its program this year. The program commences with an address by its vice president, anthropologist Margaret Mead (Monday evening, 27 December, "General Systems Theory as a Frame- work for Transnational Cooperation") and concludes with an address by its president, British cybernetician, Stafford Beer (Wednesday evening, 29 Decem- ber, "The Surrogate World We Man- age"). A wide range of subject matter is scheduled for discussion on 28 Decem- ber; the morning session dealing with the physical and biological aspects and the afternoon session addressing the so- cial and philosophical dimensions of problems in the human environment. On Wednesday morning, 29 December, a panel comprised of representatives of the Society and of Simulation Councils will assess the general and technical problems in simulating the world en- vironment. Registration and Information Centers Registration Desks: Sheraton (Third Elevator Foyer) Information Desks: Sheraton (Third Floor) Floor), Benjamin Franklin (Lafayette Room), Bellevue-Stratford (First Floor, Floor), Benjamin Franklin (Lafayette Room); Ticket Desk: Sheraton (Third Hours: 26 December, 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., and 27-30 December, 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The registration fee is $15. A registrant and spouse may register for $20, which entitles them to one program and two badges. The fee for young people and students is $5. Any person who purchased an advance copy of the program but did not register in advance may complete reg- istration by paying an additional $10, should he decide to attend the meeting. Young people under 16 are not registered but will be admitted to the Exposition and Film Program if accompanied by a registered adult. DECEMBER 1971 1051 3 DECEMBER 1971 1051 o n A p ril 5 , 2 0 2 1 h ttp ://scie n ce .scie n ce m a g .o rg / D o w n lo a d e d fro m http://science.sciencemag.org/ 27 December Lightning Richard E. Orville DOI: 10.1126/science.174.4013.1050 (4013), 1050-1051.174Science ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/174/4013/1050.citation PERMISSIONS http://www.sciencemag.org/help/reprints-and-permissions Terms of ServiceUse of this article is subject to the trademark of AAAS. is a registeredScienceAdvancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. 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