The great question concerning the lawfulnes or unlawfulnes of swearing under the gospel stated and considered of for the satisfaction of such as desire to scan the thing in the weight of God's spirit and to see the true and clear determination of it in his un-erring light / by Isaac Penington the younger.
         Penington, Isaac, 1616-1679.
      
       
         
           1661
        
      
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             The great question concerning the lawfulnes or unlawfulnes of swearing under the gospel stated and considered of for the satisfaction of such as desire to scan the thing in the weight of God's spirit and to see the true and clear determination of it in his un-erring light / by Isaac Penington the younger.
             Penington, Isaac, 1616-1679.
          
           16 p.
           
             Printed for Robert Wilson,
             London :
             1661.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in the Cambridge University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Society of Friends -- Apologetic works.
           Oaths -- Religious aspects.
        
      
    
     
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           The
           GREAT
           QUESTION
           Concerning
           The
           LAVVFULNES
           OR
           UNLAVVFULNES
           OF
           SWEARING
           Under
           The
           GOSPEL
           ,
           Stated
           ,
           and
           Considered
           of
           ;
           For
           the
           Satisfaction
           of
           such
           as
           desire
           to
           scan
           the
           Thing
           in
           the
           Weight
           of
           God's
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           to
           see
           the
           true
           and
           clear
           Determination
           of
           it
           in
           His
           
             un-erring
             Light.
          
           
        
         
           By
           
             Isaac
             Penington
          
           the
           Younger
           .
        
         
           London
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Robert
             Wilson
          
           ,
           at
           the
           sign
           of
           the
           ●●●●k-spread-Eagle
           and
           Windmil
           ,
           in
           
             Martins
             Le
             Grand
          
           ,
           1●●●
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           The
           great
           Question
           ,
           concerning
           the
           Lawfulness
           or
           Unlawfulness
           of
           Swearing
           under
           the
           Gospel
           ,
           stated
           and
           considered
           of
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           
             Quest
             .
          
           
             VVHether
             it
             be
             lawful
             for
             Christians
             (
             who
             know
             Christ
             ,
             the
             Substance
             of
             all
             the
             Shadows
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             and
             are
             in
             the
             New
             Covenant
             )
             to
             Swear
             upon
             weighty
             occasions
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             lawful
             for
             the
             Jews
             to
             do
             under
             the
             Old
             Covenant
             ?
             or
             ,
             Whether
             Christ
             alloweth
             his
             Disciples
             to
             swear
             in
             solemn
             Cases
             ,
             as
             Moses
             did
             allow
             his
             Disciples
             ?
          
        
         
           
             Answ
             .
             For
             the
             clearing
             of
             this
             weighty
             Controversie
             to
             all
             such
             ,
             as
             singly
             desire
             to
             know
             the
             Truth
             (
             as
             it
             is
             in
             Jesus
             )
             in
             this
             particular
             ,
             that
             their
             hearts
             may
             bow
             to
             Him
             therein
             ,
             and
             not
             be
             overtaken
             with
             the
             Reasonings
             and
             Subtilties
             of
             the
             Carnal
             Mind
             (
             which
             never
             knew
             nor
             can
             know
             the
             Power
             ,
             but
             hath
             alwayes
             been
             ,
             and
             still
             is
             setting
             up
             dead
             Images
             ,
             of
             God's
             Truths
             and
             of
             his
             Worship
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             Power
             )
             these
             few
             things
             following
             would
             be
             considered
             of
             .
             First
             ,
             
               What
               an
               Oath
               is
            
             ,
             or
             ,
             
               The
               nature
               of
               a
               right
               and
               true
               Oath
               under
               the
               Law.
            
             Secondly
             ,
             
               The
               ground
               or
               occasion
               of
               its
               Institution
               .
            
             Thirdly
             ,
             
               The
               Cases
               wherein
               an
               Oath
               was
               to
               be
               used
               .
            
             Fourthly
             ,
             
               The
               proper
               end
               and
               service
               of
               an
               Oath
               .
            
             Fifthly
             ,
             
               The
               sutableness
               of
               its
               nature
               to
               its
               end
               and
               service
               .
            
             Lastly
             ,
             
               The
               persons
               to
               whom
               the
               use
               of
               an
               Oath
               was
               proper
               in
               it self
               ,
               and
               intended
               and
               allowed
               by
               God
               ;
               and
               whether
               there
               be
               any
               persons
               to
               whom
               it
               is
               not
               proper
               ,
               and
               to
               whom
               the
               Lord
               doth
               not
               allow
               it
               ?
            
             This
             last
             is
             the
             main
             ,
             and
             will
             itself
             
             determine
             the
             thing
             ;
             but
             yet
             a
             brief
             Consideration
             of
             the
             former
             may
             not
             be
             unprofitable
             ,
             to
             make
             way
             for
             a
             clearer
             leading
             and
             insight
             into
             it
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             As
             touching
             
               an
               Oath
               ,
               what
               it
               is
               ,
            
             or
             
               the
               nature
               of
               it
            
             .
             A
             true
             and
             lawful
             Oath
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             was
             an
             Engagement
             or
             Bond
             upon
             the
             Soul
             
               (
               Numb
            
             .
             30.
             2.
             
             )
             by
             the
             Name
             of
             the
             Lord
             
               (
               Deut.
            
             10.
             20.
             
             )
             to
             the
             speaking
             of
             Truth
             in
             things
             affirmed
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             performance
             of
             Truth
             in
             things
             promised
             .
             It
             was
             as
             a
             Seal
             to
             bind
             fallen
             man
             (
             man
             fallen
             from
             the
             Truth
             ,
             from
             the
             Uprightness
             )
             to
             Truth
             in
             his
             Words
             and
             Promises
             ,
             either
             to
             God
             or
             man.
             This
             is
             the
             nature
             &
             use
             of
             
               an
               Oath
            
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             to
             bind
             the
             Soul
             to
             Truth
             ,
             to
             be
             such
             an
             Engagement
             upon
             the
             Soul
             ,
             as
             ,
             if
             there
             be
             any
             fear
             of
             God
             there
             ,
             it
             cannot
             but
             dread
             to
             break
             ,
             knowing
             that
             
               the
               Lord
               will
               not
               hold
               him
               guiltless
               ,
               that
               taketh
               his
               Name
               in
               vain
               .
            
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             
               The
               ground
               or
               occasion
               of
               an
               Oath
               ,
            
             is
             the
             Fall
             of
             Man
             from
             Truth
             ,
             from
             Innocency
             ,
             from
             the
             Uprightness
             which
             engaged
             him
             to
             Truth
             before
             his
             Fall.
             This
             made
             the
             Jews
             stand
             in
             need
             of
             this
             Bond
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             in
             their
             Purposes
             and
             Promises
             towards
             God
             ;
             and
             the
             same
             thing
             likwise
             made
             them
             stand
             in
             need
             of
             it
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             to
             Ratifie
             and
             Confirm
             Truth
             between
             them
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             
               The
               Cases
               wherein
               an
               Oath
               was
               to
               be
               used
               ,
            
             which
             were
             chiefly
             these
             four
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   1.
                   
                   In
                   case
                   of
                   a
                   Promise
                   or
                   Vow
                   to
                   God
                   ,
                
                 
                   That
                   the
                   Truth
                   ,
                   Integrity
                   ,
                   and
                   plain
                   Intention
                   of
                   the
                   Heart
                   might
                   stand
                   ,
                   and
                   there
                   might
                   be
                   no
                   departing
                   therefrom
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   thing
                   promised
                   ,
                   either
                   to
                   God
                   or
                   man
                   ;
                   an
                   Oath
                   in
                   that
                   state
                   was
                   found
                   useful
                   to
                   bind
                   the
                   Soul
                   thereto
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2.
                   
                   In
                   case
                   of
                   Promise
                   to
                   man
                   ,
                
              
            
          
           
           
             3.
             
             In
             case
             of
             Pronouncing
             or
             Declaring
             the
             Truth
             of
             a
             Thing
             ,
             which
             was
             weighty
             ,
             that
             there
             might
             be
             a
             clear
             and
             satisfactory
             ground
             of
             belief
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             In
             case
             of
             Controversie
             between
             Parties
             ,
             where
             the
             Controversie
             could
             not
             be
             determined
             ,
             but
             by
             taking
             the
             Confession
             of
             the
             one
             Party
             for
             Truth
             ;
             there
             that
             Party
             was
             to
             seal
             his
             Confession
             with
             an
             Oath
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             other
             to
             rest
             satisfied
             therewith
             ,
             and
             the
             Controversie
             thereupon
             end
             .
          
           
             Fourthly
             ,
             
               The
               end
               of
               an
               Oath
            
             ,
             which
             is
             ,
             for
             final
             Confirmation
             ,
             and
             avoiding
             of
             all
             further
             Strife
             and
             Contention
             about
             the
             Thing
             sworn
             to
             .
             By
             binding
             the
             Thing
             (
             promised
             or
             affirmed
             )
             with
             an
             Oath
             ,
             the
             thing
             is
             confirmed
             ;
             and
             now
             there
             is
             no
             more
             strife
             in
             the
             heart
             concerning
             the
             thing
             ,
             if
             relating
             to
             God
             ,
             or
             between
             man
             and
             man
             in
             things
             relating
             to
             them
             ,
             but
             the
             striving
             nature
             is
             bound
             down
             by
             the
             Oath
             of
             God
             ,
             wherewith
             the
             Thing
             is
             ratified
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             Doubt
             and
             Uncertainty
             removed
             ,
             and
             the
             Contest
             ended
             .
             Thus
             of
             right
             it
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             and
             is
             where
             the
             Oath
             is
             forcible
             and
             in
             its
             proper
             service
             .
          
           
             Fifthly
             ,
             
               The
               sutableness
               of
               its
               nature
               to
               the
               end
               aimed
               at
               by
               it
               .
            
             Man
             out
             of
             the
             Christian
             Life
             ,
             can
             go
             no
             further
             ,
             than
             to
             engage
             himself
             by
             the
             fear
             and
             dread
             of
             that
             God
             ,
             whom
             he
             professeth
             to
             worship
             and
             serve
             ,
             and
             who
             cannot
             but
             be
             jealous
             of
             his
             Name
             and
             Honour
             ,
             and
             ready
             to
             vindicate
             the
             taking
             of
             it
             in
             vain
             .
             Man
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             could
             not
             bind
             himself
             to
             God
             ,
             in
             any
             promise
             or
             service
             more
             than
             thus
             ;
             nor
             can
             there
             be
             any
             greater
             Bond
             or
             Seal
             of
             Truth
             given
             by
             one
             man
             to
             another
             ,
             in
             the
             fallen
             state
             ,
             than
             this
             .
             And
             he
             that
             will
             venture
             to
             break
             this
             ,
             what
             but
             Deceit
             and
             Treachery
             can
             be
             expected
             from
             him
             ?
             insomuch
             as
             no
             other
             
             Engagement
             from
             him
             can
             be
             of
             weight
             ,
             he
             hereby
             manifesting
             the
             want
             of
             that
             in
             his
             mind
             and
             spirit
             ,
             whereupon
             all
             ties
             are
             to
             fasten
             .
          
           
             Sixtly
             ,
             
               The
               persons
               to
               whom
               the
               use
               of
               an
               Oath
               was
               proper
               and
               lawful
               ,
               and
               for
               whom
               it
               was
               instituted
               ;
               and
               whether
               there
               be
               any
               persons
               to
               whom
               it
               is
               not
               proper
               and
               lawful
               ,
               and
               for
               whose
               use
               it
               was
               not
               instituted
               ?
            
          
           
             To
             find
             out
             this
             distinctly
             and
             truly
             ,
             we
             must
             consider
             the
             several
             Conditions
             of
             Man
             since
             the
             Creation
             ,
             and
             observe
             to
             which
             of
             those
             it
             is
             useful
             and
             proper
             in
             it self
             ,
             and
             allowed
             by
             God
             ;
             and
             to
             which
             it
             is
             not
             useful
             in
             it self
             ,
             nor
             allowed
             by
             God.
             
          
           
             There
             have
             been
             four
             Estates
             or
             Conditions
             of
             Mankind
             since
             the
             Creation
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             
               An
               Estate
               of
               Innocency
            
             ,
             an
             Estate
             of
             Integrity
             ,
             of
             Purity
             ,
             of
             Righteousness
             ,
             wherein
             man
             could
             not
             lye
             or
             deceive
             ;
             but
             his
             Promises
             to
             God
             ,
             and
             his
             words
             to
             men
             ,
             must
             needs
             be
             Yea
             and
             Amen
             :
             for
             it
             was
             impossible
             to
             man
             ,
             who
             was
             made
             in
             God's
             Image
             (
             which
             is
             Truth
             )
             to
             lye
             or
             deceive
             ,
             until
             the
             Deceit
             entred
             him
             ,
             and
             drew
             him
             out
             of
             the
             Truth
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             There
             was
             (
             and
             still
             is
             )
             
               an
               Estate
               of
               deep
               Captivity
            
             ,
             wherein
             this
             Truth
             and
             Innocency
             was
             wholly
             lost
             ,
             and
             man
             wholly
             corrupted
             in
             his
             spirit
             and
             nature
             ,
             and
             wholly
             degenerated
             from
             God.
             This
             was
             the
             Estate
             of
             the
             Heathen
             ,
             who
             knew
             not
             God
             generally
             ,
             nor
             desired
             after
             Him
             ,
             but
             walked
             in
             the
             vanity
             of
             their
             minds
             ,
             and
             were
             given
             up
             to
             their
             own
             hearts
             lusts
             .
             Yet
             among
             some
             of
             these
             the
             Eternal
             Principle
             of
             Life
             was
             stirring
             ,
             which
             did
             check
             them
             ,
             and
             offer
             to
             guide
             them
             out
             of
             this
             Estate
             ,
             which
             they
             that
             hearkened
             unto
             ,
             did
             not
             remain
             in
             the
             Fall
             with
             the
             rest
             ,
             but
             felt
             the
             Power
             of
             that
             ,
             which
             reproved
             and
             checked
             them
             ,
             
             circumcising
             their
             Hearts
             ,
             and
             ,
             in
             their
             Obedience
             thereto
             ,
             justifying
             them
             in
             their
             Consciences
             before
             God.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             There
             was
             
               an
               Estate
               of
               shadowy
               Redemption
            
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             the
             true
             Estate
             of
             Redemption
             it self
             ,
             or
             they
             the
             true
             People
             which
             were
             to
             be
             redeemed
             ,
             but
             a
             shadow
             of
             it
             the
             Redemtion
             ,
             a
             shadow
             of
             the
             Redeemed
             People
             ,
             a
             shadow
             of
             the
             Way
             and
             Path
             of
             Life
             ,
             wherein
             were
             Figures
             of
             the
             Heavenly
             Substance
             ,
             the
             Heavenly
             People
             ,
             the
             Heavenly
             Things
             ,
             the
             Heavenly
             Inheritance
             ,
             the
             Heavenly
             Food
             ,
             &c.
             
             But
             all
             these
             Figures
             in
             and
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             were
             not
             the
             true
             Heavenly
             and
             Invisible
             Things
             themselves
             ,
             but
             outward
             and
             visible
             Signs
             and
             Representations
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             There
             was
             ,
             and
             ,
             blessed
             be
             the
             Lord
             ,
             now
             at
             length
             (
             after
             the
             great
             ,
             long
             and
             dark
             night
             of
             Apostacy
             )
             again
             is
             brought
             forth
             
               an
               Estate
               of
               True
               Redemption
            
             ,
             wherein
             the
             Soul
             is
             brought
             back
             from
             the
             Death
             ,
             from
             the
             Captivity
             ,
             from
             the
             Fall
             ,
             from
             the
             Deceit
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             Shadows
             into
             the
             Truth
             ,
             into
             the
             pure
             Life
             ,
             into
             the
             Innocency
             ,
             into
             the
             Uprightness
             ;
             wherein
             Christ
             (
             the
             Power
             of
             God
             )
             is
             witnessed
             ,
             and
             the
             Soul
             new
             formed
             in
             his
             pure
             Image
             ,
             and
             become
             a
             new
             Creature
             ,
             having
             a
             new
             Eye
             ,
             a
             new
             Ear
             ,
             a
             new
             Heart
             ,
             a
             new
             Nature
             ,
             a
             new
             Life
             and
             Spirit
             (
             in
             the
             newness
             of
             which
             Life
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             live
             and
             walk
             )
             a
             new
             Course
             and
             Conversation
             ,
             a
             new
             Place
             to
             walk
             and
             have
             its
             Conversation
             in
             ,
             even
             in
             that
             very
             Heaven
             ,
             from
             whence
             it
             looks
             for
             the
             Saviour
             ;
             wherein
             also
             all
             old
             things
             ,
             which
             came
             in
             by
             the
             Fall
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             old
             shadows
             of
             the
             Law
             are
             to
             pass
             away
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             state
             all
             things
             to
             become
             new
             .
             And
             this
             is
             not
             only
             to
             be
             expected
             in
             the
             perfection
             of
             this
             state
             ,
             but
             belongs
             (
             in
             its
             measure
             
             and
             degree
             )
             to
             the
             very
             beginning
             of
             it
             :
             for
             even
             so
             soon
             as
             a
             man
             is
             engrafted
             into
             Christ
             ,
             and
             can
             be
             said
             to
             be
             in
             Christ
             ,
             even
             then
             he
             is
             a
             new
             Creature
             ,
             and
             all
             things
             then
             begin
             to
             become
             new
             unto
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             is
             then
             to
             begin
             ,
             departing
             from
             all
             the
             old
             things
             ,
             both
             of
             the
             Natural
             or
             Heathenish
             state
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Jewish
             state
             ,
             until
             he
             hath
             left
             them
             all
             behind
             .
             The
             Apostle
             saith
             expresly
             ,
             
               If
               any
               man
               be
               in
               Christ
               ,
               he
               is
               a
               new
               Creature
               :
               Old
               things
               are
               passed
               away
               ;
               all
               things
               are
               become
               new
               .
            
             Christ
             ,
             the
             Lord
             and
             Master
             of
             all
             Believers
             ,
             who
             himself
             was
             not
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             calleth
             all
             His
             Disciples
             and
             Followers
             out
             of
             the
             World.
             How
             out
             of
             the
             World
             ?
             doth
             He
             call
             them
             from
             having
             any
             being
             or
             commerce
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             World
             ?
             Nay
             ,
             not
             so
             ,
             but
             to
             come
             out
             of
             the
             evil
             and
             
               corrupt
               state
               ,
               practices
            
             &
             wayes
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             out
             of
             the
             
               Earthly
               Wayes
            
             of
             the
             Heathens
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             
               Earthly
               Ordinances
            
             and
             Observations
             of
             the
             Jewes
             ;
             yea
             ,
             even
             out
             of
             every
             thing
             in
             both
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             of
             the
             Father
             ,
             but
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             and
             this
             made
             them
             a
             gazing
             stock
             to
             both
             ,
             and
             the
             scorn
             and
             hatred
             of
             both
             ,
             where-ever
             they
             came
             .
          
           
             These
             are
             the
             four
             Estates
             or
             Conditions
             of
             Mankind
             since
             the
             Creation
             :
             in
             one
             of
             which
             ,
             all
             men
             that
             ever
             were
             ,
             have
             been
             to
             be
             found
             ;
             and
             according
             to
             the
             Estate
             and
             Condition
             wherein
             Man
             is
             found
             ,
             is
             the
             Law
             of
             God
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             His
             Requirings
             of
             him
             .
          
           
             Now
             let
             any
             man
             ,
             in
             the
             Fear
             of
             the
             Lord
             God
             ,
             weigh
             and
             consider
             ,
             to
             which
             sort
             or
             sorts
             of
             these
             an
             Oath
             was
             useful
             in
             it self
             ,
             and
             allowed
             by
             God
             ,
             and
             to
             which
             not
             .
             Was
             it
             useful
             in
             the
             Innocent
             state
             ?
             or
             ,
             did
             God
             appoint
             it
             there
             ,
             when
             man
             could
             not
             but
             speak
             Truth
             ?
             or
             ,
             is
             it
             useful
             in
             the
             Redeemed
             Estate
             ,
             where
             
             a
             greater
             Bond
             is
             received
             ,
             and
             professedly
             held
             forth
             ,
             than
             the
             Innocency
             of
             Mans
             Nature
             was
             ?
             Is
             not
             Christ
             the
             Truth
             ,
             the
             Substance
             ?
             Is
             not
             he
             that
             is
             in
             Him
             ,
             the
             New-Creature
             ?
             Were
             not
             all
             the
             Oaths
             and
             Shadows
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             to
             last
             till
             Christ
             the
             Substance
             came
             ?
             Is
             not
             this
             the
             Bond
             of
             the
             Gospel
             ?
             and
             doth
             not
             this
             seal
             Truth
             ,
             and
             keep
             to
             Truth
             more
             firmly
             ,
             than
             the
             Oath
             under
             the
             Law
             could
             ?
             And
             the
             greater
             Bond
             being
             come
             ,
             doth
             not
             the
             lesser
             Bond
             (
             which
             signified
             it
             )
             flee
             away
             and
             vanish
             ,
             and
             the
             use
             of
             it
             now
             become
             both
             needless
             and
             unlawful
             ?
             Men
             may
             reason
             subtilly
             ,
             and
             perswade
             strongly
             against
             the
             Truth
             ,
             but
             we
             know
             certainly
             and
             infallibly
             in
             the
             Light
             of
             the
             Lord
             ,
             that
             the
             use
             of
             an
             Oath
             was
             not
             for
             Man
             in
             Innocency
             ,
             nor
             for
             Man
             under
             the
             power
             and
             vertue
             of
             the
             Redemption
             by
             Christ
             (
             which
             brings
             Man
             back
             into
             the
             Truth
             ,
             into
             the
             Innocency
             ,
             and
             into
             that
             Life
             and
             Strength
             ,
             which
             preserves
             in
             the
             Truth
             and
             Innocency
             )
             but
             for
             fallen
             Man
             ,
             for
             Man
             erred
             from
             the
             Truth
             and
             Covenant
             of
             God
             :
             And
             it
             is
             very
             manifest
             to
             us
             ,
             that
             for
             a
             Disciple
             of
             Christ
             ,
             who
             hath
             received
             the
             Law
             from
             his
             Lips
             against
             Swearing
             ,
             to
             be
             brought
             back
             again
             
               to
               Swearing
            
             (
             the
             bond
             of
             Man
             in
             the
             fallen
             state
             ,
             and
             under
             the
             Law
             )
             is
             no
             lesse
             than
             a
             denial
             of
             Christ
             ,
             who
             is
             his
             Life
             and
             Redeemer
             out
             of
             the
             fallen
             state
             ,
             and
             who
             also
             is
             the
             Substance
             ,
             which
             ends
             the
             Oaths
             :
             and
             he
             that
             hath
             ever
             known
             the
             
               pure
               Power
            
             of
             His
             Life
             ,
             and
             received
             the
             
               pure
               Law
            
             thereof
             in
             the
             clear
             Openings
             of
             his
             Spirit
             ,
             must
             not
             depart
             from
             thence
             ,
             from
             the
             feeling
             of
             that
             ,
             into
             the
             fleshly
             reasonings
             ,
             into
             consultations
             with
             the
             fleshly-wise
             part
             ,
             which
             will
             be
             sure
             to
             give
             such
             Interpretations
             of
             Scriptures
             ,
             as
             may
             avoid
             the
             Crosse
             ;
             but
             keep
             to
             that
             Power
             which
             
             begat
             him
             ;
             and
             to
             that
             Principle
             wherein
             he
             was
             begotten
             ;
             and
             there
             he
             shall
             never
             be
             able
             to
             get
             beyond
             the
             Yea
             and
             Amen
             in
             Christ
             ,
             beyond
             the
             Confessing
             of
             the
             Truth
             in
             the
             Presence
             and
             Life
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             end
             and
             substance
             of
             Swearing
             under
             the
             Law
             :
             and
             therefore
             the
             Apostle
             Paul
             ,
             who
             several
             Times
             ,
             and
             in
             several
             Cases
             relates
             to
             the
             Prophecies
             of
             the
             Prophets
             (
             who
             foretold
             of
             things
             under
             the
             Gospel
             ,
             in
             Law-phrases
             )
             renders
             the
             word
             Confess
             ,
             instead
             of
             Swear
             ,
             as
             may
             appear
             by
             comparing
             ,
             Rom.
             14.
             11.
             and
             Philip.
             2.
             11.
             with
             Isa
             .
             45.
             23.
             
             That
             which
             the
             Law
             called
             Swearing
             ,
             the
             Gospel
             calls
             Confessing
             (
             each
             of
             them
             speaking
             of
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             in
             the
             proper
             dialect
             of
             each
             :
             )
             which
             Confessing
             in
             the
             Life
             ,
             in
             the
             Truth
             in
             the
             renewed
             Principle
             ,
             is
             the
             weight
             and
             substance
             of
             that
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Oath
             was
             but
             a
             shadow
             .
             For
             what
             is
             the
             substance
             and
             intent
             of
             an
             Oath
             ?
             is
             not
             the
             intent
             of
             it
             to
             bind
             to
             the
             speaking
             or
             performing
             of
             Truth
             ?
             And
             what
             is
             it
             that
             binds
             ?
             is
             it
             the
             shadow
             ,
             or
             the
             substance
             ?
             is
             it
             the
             words
             of
             an
             Oath
             ,
             or
             the
             sense
             and
             weight
             of
             the
             thing
             upon
             the
             spirit
             ?
             It
             was
             not
             the
             form
             of
             an
             Oath
             ,
             but
             the
             weight
             and
             substance
             hid
             underneath
             ,
             which
             bound
             the
             Jew
             under
             the
             Law
             :
             and
             if
             there
             be
             more
             weight
             and
             substance
             in
             the
             Yea
             and
             Nay
             of
             a
             Disciple
             under
             the
             Gospel
             ,
             it
             must
             needs
             be
             more
             binding
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             hath
             also
             more
             true
             ground
             of
             satisfaction
             in
             it
             (
             to
             other
             Christians
             at
             least
             )
             than
             a
             Jews
             or
             Heathens
             swearing
             :
             yea
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Men
             of
             the
             World
             would
             but
             freely
             speak
             their
             hearts
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             acknowledged
             to
             be
             of
             more
             weight
             with
             them
             also
             .
             Who
             of
             those
             who
             have
             observed
             and
             known
             our
             Conversation
             ,
             and
             upright
             speaking
             and
             behaviour
             for
             these
             many
             years
             (
             both
             towards
             the
             various
             Rulers
             and
             Authorities
             
             of
             the
             〈…〉
             also
             towards
             all
             men
             of
             all
             sorts
             )
             would
             not
             prefer
             our
             Yea
             and
             Nay
             before
             the
             Oaths
             of
             others
             ?
          
        
         
           
             Object
             .
             
               But
               though
               a
               Christian
               may
               not
               swear
               in
               relation
               to
               himself
               ,
               yet
               why
               may
               he
               not
               swear
               in
               relation
               to
               the
               satisfaction
               of
               others
               ,
               seeing
               God
               himself
               sware
               in
               that
               respect
               ,
               who
               was
               as
               much
               in
               the
               Power
               and
               Virtue
               of
               that
               Life
               which
               binds
               from
               Swearing
               ,
               as
               a
               Christian
               can
               be
               ?
            
          
        
         
           
             Answ
             .
             1.
             
             God
             (
             being
             not
             bound
             Himself
             by
             the
             Laws
             ,
             wherewith
             He
             binds
             the
             Creature
             )
             may
             either
             Himself
             ,
             or
             by
             an
             Instrument
             (
             in
             his
             immediate
             Life
             and
             Power
             )
             do
             that
             ,
             which
             the
             Creature
             hath
             not
             liberty
             from
             Him
             to
             do
             :
             but
             that
             is
             no
             warrant
             in
             general
             ,
             but
             the
             Disciple
             is
             particularly
             to
             eye
             the
             Rule
             from
             his
             Master
             
               CHRIST
               JESUS
            
             (
             who
             is
             Lord
             over
             the
             Houshold
             of
             Faith
             ,
             and
             who
             was
             as
             faithful
             in
             all
             His
             House
             as
             a
             Lord
             ,
             as
             Moses
             the
             servant
             was
             in
             his
             House
             )
             by
             whom
             the
             same
             God
             ,
             who
             once
             allowed
             Oaths
             to
             the
             Jems
             ,
             hath
             now
             wholly
             forbidden
             Swearing
             .
             And
             let
             the
             Disciple
             diligently
             and
             faithfully
             eye
             the
             Laws
             of
             the
             New
             Covenant
             (
             which
             are
             written
             by
             ,
             and
             received
             from
             the
             ingrafted
             Word
             of
             Faith
             in
             the
             heart
             )
             he
             shall
             find
             Oaths
             excluded
             there
             as
             a
             part
             of
             the
             Old
             Covenant
             ,
             even
             as
             a
             literal
             and
             shadowy
             Confirmation
             of
             Truth
             among
             the
             Jews
             ,
             under
             Moses
             his
             Dispensation
             ,
             for
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Law
             ;
             but
             the
             Grace
             and
             Truth
             it self
             is
             the
             substance
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Faith
               received
            
             is
             the
             seal
             of
             Truth
             under
             the
             Gospel
             ,
             both
             towards
             God
             and
             man.
             
          
           
             Answ
             .
             2.
             
             A
             Christian
             may
             not
             swear
             in
             relation
             to
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             others
             ,
             Because
             he
             is
             to
             hold
             forth
             his
             Light
             ,
             his
             Life
             ,
             his
             Principle
             in
             the
             eye
             of
             the
             world
             ;
             He
             is
             to
             testifie
             to
             the
             Worth
             and
             Excellency
             of
             it
             ,
             that
             
             it
             is
             a
             greater
             and
             firmer
             Bond
             to
             him
             (
             both
             towards
             God
             and
             man
             )
             than
             any
             Oaths
             either
             of
             the
             Heathen
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             Jews
             can
             be
             .
             Now
             his
             entring
             into
             their
             way
             of
             Confirmation
             of
             things
             ,
             which
             is
             short
             of
             his
             own
             ,
             is
             an
             undervaluing
             and
             disparagement
             of
             the
             worth
             and
             weight
             of
             that
             Principle
             of
             Truth
             ,
             which
             God
             hath
             given
             him
             and
             raised
             up
             in
             him
             :
             It
             is
             indeed
             a
             denying
             of
             it
             :
             for
             ,
             entring
             into
             the
             Law-bond
             ,
             is
             a
             laying
             of
             the
             Gospel-bond
             by
             ,
             and
             an
             offering
             of
             that
             as
             a
             Bond
             ,
             which
             indeed
             once
             was
             so
             ,
             but
             is
             now
             excluded
             by
             the
             Law
             of
             Faith
             from
             being
             a
             Bond
             any
             longer
             ,
             and
             hath
             lost
             its
             vertue
             .
             And
             if
             men
             would
             but
             open
             their
             eyes
             ,
             they
             might
             easily
             see
             how
             little
             Oaths
             bind
             ,
             and
             how
             unprofitable
             they
             are
             to
             the
             end
             and
             use
             for
             which
             they
             are
             intended
             :
             but
             the
             Yea
             and
             Amen
             in
             Christ
             (
             the
             Principle
             of
             Life
             )
             cannot
             be
             broken
             ,
             but
             he
             that
             abides
             in
             Him
             ,
             must
             perform
             the
             Yea
             and
             Amen
             ,
             which
             is
             firm
             in
             Him.
             
          
           
             Answ
             .
             3.
             
             A
             Christian
             or
             Disciple
             may
             not
             swear
             under
             the
             Gospel
             ,
             Because
             Christ
             hath
             brought
             in
             Confession
             or
             Affirmation
             of
             the
             Truth
             ,
             from
             the
             Principle
             of
             his
             Life
             ,
             instead
             of
             Oaths
             :
             which
             is
             made
             good
             ,
             not
             only
             by
             the
             Apostle
             
             Paul's
             rendring
             of
             Swearing
             in
             the
             Law-time
             ,
             Confessing
             ,
             in
             the
             fulfilling
             of
             it
             under
             the
             Gospel
             ;
             but
             also
             by
             Christ's
             bringing
             in
             the
             
               Yea
               ,
               Yea
            
             ,
             and
             
               Nay
               ,
               Nay
            
             ,
             instead
             of
             the
             Law
             's
             Swearing
             .
             In
             the
             Jew
             the
             Oath
             was
             the
             Seal
             or
             Confirmation
             under
             the
             Law
             :
             in
             the
             Disciple
             ,
             who
             is
             in
             the
             Life
             ,
             and
             hath
             learned
             the
             Truth
             of
             Christ
             the
             Life
             ,
             the
             
               Yea
               ,
               Yea
            
             ,
             the
             
               Nay
               ,
               Nay
            
             ,
             is
             appointed
             him
             by
             Christ
             instead
             of
             the
             Oath
             .
             And
             though
             the
             subtilty
             and
             fleshly
             widom
             strive
             hard
             ,
             to
             wrest
             that
             place
             out
             of
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Simplicity
             ,
             yet
             they
             shall
             never
             be
             able
             to
             do
             it
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             looks
             
             on
             it
             with
             a
             single
             eye
             in
             the
             Light
             of
             that
             Spirit
             wherein
             it
             was
             wrote
             ,
             shall
             plainly
             see
             Christ's
             drift
             to
             be
             to
             take
             away
             the
             shadow
             ,
             even
             to
             abolish
             that
             use
             of
             Swearing
             which
             was
             proper
             and
             allowed
             to
             the
             Jews
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             and
             to
             bring
             the
             Confession
             or
             Denial
             of
             the
             Thing
             ,
             the
             
               Yea
               ,
               Yea
            
             ,
             and
             
               Nay
               ,
               Nay
            
             ,
             (
             from
             the
             Gospel-spirit
             and
             Principle
             in
             the
             Disciple
             )
             in
             the
             stead
             of
             it
             :
             Which
             ,
             to
             make
             more
             manifest
             to
             the
             honest
             ,
             simple
             ,
             and
             naked
             heart
             ,
             which
             is
             willing
             to
             take
             up
             the
             Will
             and
             Truth
             of
             God
             in
             every
             thing
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             crosses
             that
             attend
             it
             ,
             let
             these
             few
             Lines
             following
             be
             uprightly
             considered
             of
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             That
             slight
             ,
             trivial
             and
             frequent
             Oaths
             were
             not
             allowed
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             but
             forbidden
             by
             the
             Law
             ,
             as
             a
             taking
             of
             Gods
             Holy
             and
             Dreadful
             Name
             in
             vain
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             That
             though
             vain
             Oaths
             were
             then
             forbidden
             ,
             yet
             solemn
             Oaths
             ,
             weighty
             Oaths
             (
             such
             as
             were
             needful
             and
             useful
             to
             the
             thing
             intended
             )
             were
             allowed
             under
             the
             Law.
             So
             in
             all
             those
             cases
             before
             expressed
             ,
             Oaths
             were
             allowed
             and
             justifiable
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             were
             but
             careful
             to
             perform
             them
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             forswear
             themselves
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             Christ
             brings
             in
             an
             Exception
             against
             the
             use
             of
             this
             lawful
             Swearing
             under
             the
             Law
             ,
             as
             the
             word
             But
             doth
             plainly
             signifie
             ,
             and
             forbiddeth
             Swearing
             wholly
             ,
             altogether
             ,
             or
             at
             all
             .
             The
             Law
             saith
             ,
             
               Thou
               shalt
               not
               forswear
               thy self
            
             (
             that
             's
             the
             substance
             of
             what
             the
             Law
             forbids
             :
             it
             allows
             Swearing
             ,
             but
             forbids
             Forswearing
             )
             But
             I
             say
             unto
             you
             ,
             Ye
             shall
             not
             only
             avoid
             Forswearing
             ,
             but
             Swearing
             also
             ,
             and
             that
             wholly
             or
             altogether
             :
             
               But
               I
               say
               unto
               you
               ,
               Swear
               not
               at
               all
               .
            
          
           
             Fourthly
             ,
             Christ
             brings
             in
             another
             thing
             instead
             of
             Swearing
             (
             a
             thing
             far
             more
             sutable
             to
             the
             truth
             ,
             plainness
             
             and
             simplicity
             of
             the
             Gospel
             )
             which
             is
             Confessing
             the
             thing
             ,
             or
             speaking
             the
             thing
             in
             truth
             ,
             just
             as
             it
             is
             either
             by
             way
             of
             Affirmation
             or
             Denyal
             ;
             
               But
               let
               your
               yea
               be
               yea
               ,
               and
               your
               nay
               ,
               nay
               .
            
          
           
             And
             there
             is
             liberty
             enough
             left
             to
             a
             Disciple
             ,
             to
             satisfie
             any
             man
             concerning
             the
             truth
             of
             a
             thing
             by
             a
             Confession
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             by
             an
             Oath
             :
             For
             is
             it
             not
             full
             as
             weighty
             ,
             under
             the
             Gospel
             to
             confess
             the
             Presence
             of
             God
             ,
             or
             that
             He
             is
             Witness
             ,
             or
             that
             we
             speak
             the
             thing
             in
             his
             Fear
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             feeling
             of
             his
             Life
             and
             Power
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             under
             the
             Law
             to
             swear
             
               by
               his
               Life
               ,
               by
               his
               Fear
               ,
               by
               his
               Power
               ,
            
             or
             the
             like
             ?
             Is
             not
             the
             Confessing
             of
             God
             by
             a
             Christian
             ,
             of
             more
             weight
             ,
             than
             the
             Swearing
             by
             Him
             from
             a
             Jew
             or
             Heathen
             ?
             O
             Nations
             and
             Powers
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             seek
             Truth
             ,
             seek
             Righteousness
             ,
             and
             do
             not
             set
             up
             a
             Form
             or
             Image
             of
             things
             in
             your
             own
             wills
             (
             and
             according
             to
             your
             own
             wisdom
             and
             inventions
             )
             above
             the
             Power
             of
             God.
             
          
           
             And
             let
             it
             be
             duely
             considered
             ,
             whether
             the
             Powers
             of
             this
             Nation
             deal
             kindly
             with
             the
             Lord
             ,
             in
             exacting
             an
             Oath
             from
             his
             People
             ,
             who
             not
             in
             the
             least
             disaffection
             to
             them
             ,
             but
             only
             in
             fidelity
             of
             Conscience
             to
             Christ
             their
             Lord
             and
             Master
             ,
             cannot
             but
             refuse
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Question
             is
             ,
             concerning
             their
             Fidelity
             and
             Obedience
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             that
             is
             the
             thing
             which
             an
             Oath
             is
             required
             to
             ratifie
             and
             confirm
             .
             Now
             the
             Swearing
             it self
             (
             or
             formal
             taking
             of
             an
             Oath
             )
             is
             of
             little
             value
             ;
             but
             to
             be
             obedient
             ,
             to
             be
             faithful
             ,
             is
             the
             thing
             of
             value
             .
             The
             case
             then
             stands
             thus
             :
             The
             Lord
             hath
             so
             formed
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             cannot
             but
             be
             faithful
             and
             obedient
             .
             The
             Lord
             hath
             raised
             up
             that
             Principle
             in
             them
             ,
             which
             cannot
             hurt
             the
             King
             or
             any
             man
             ,
             nor
             cannot
             stand
             by
             and
             see
             him
             or
             any
             man
             hurt
             ,
             without
             endeavouring
             to
             
             prevent
             it
             .
             Here
             is
             their
             strength
             of
             performing
             good
             and
             avoiding
             evil
             ;
             and
             their
             Yea
             and
             Nay
             from
             this
             Principle
             ,
             is
             the
             best
             Security
             which
             they
             can
             possibly
             give
             to
             any
             man
             (
             and
             he
             who
             hath
             thus
             formed
             them
             in
             the
             
               pure
               Principle
            
             of
             his
             Life
             ,
             hath
             likewise
             forbidden
             them
             to
             swear
             )
             But
             this
             cannot
             be
             accepted
             for
             want
             of
             the
             other
             Confirmation
             ,
             to
             wit
             ,
             
               of
               Swearing
            
             ,
             which
             came
             in
             by
             the
             Fall
             ,
             and
             was
             allowed
             among
             the
             shadows
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             but
             is
             forbidden
             by
             the
             Gospel
             .
          
           
             Now
             ,
             O
             King
             ,
             shall
             not
             God's
             People
             be
             faithful
             and
             obedient
             to
             the
             Lord
             as
             well
             as
             to
             thee
             ?
             shall
             they
             not
             be
             true
             to
             the
             Principle
             of
             Life
             ,
             wherein
             they
             are
             begotten
             and
             brought
             forth
             ,
             in
             the
             Love
             and
             Good-will
             to
             all
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             Enmity
             to
             any
             ?
             Hath
             God
             raised
             up
             in
             them
             a
             Principle
             which
             cannot
             deceive
             ,
             and
             will
             not
             the
             Yea
             and
             Nay
             of
             that
             serve
             (
             after
             so
             much
             experience
             ,
             through
             so
             many
             changes
             )
             but
             they
             must
             either
             break
             Christ's
             Command
             ,
             and
             hazard
             their
             Souls
             ,
             or
             else
             lose
             their
             Liberties
             and
             Estates
             ?
          
           
             O
             that
             men
             would
             wait
             on
             the
             Lord
             ,
             for
             his
             pure
             Fear
             to
             be
             written
             on
             their
             hearts
             by
             the
             finger
             of
             His
             Spirit
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             come
             out
             of
             the
             fleshly
             wisdom
             into
             the
             womb
             of
             the
             Eternal
             Wisdom
             ,
             from
             whence
             our
             Principle
             came
             ;
             that
             they
             might
             be
             able
             to
             see
             and
             justifie
             the
             Purity
             ,
             Righteousness
             ,
             Nobility
             and
             Worth
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             might
             feel
             its
             security
             from
             all
             that
             is
             out
             of
             the
             Good-will
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             Love
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             Life
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             the
             Peace
             ,
             that
             so
             there
             might
             be
             an
             end
             of
             all
             Strife
             ,
             Rebellion
             ,
             Heart-burnings
             ,
             Plots
             ,
             and
             all
             manner
             of
             Wickedness
             and
             Ungodliness
             ,
             which
             have
             no
             place
             in
             it
             ,
             but
             daily
             waste
             and
             wither
             where
             it
             is
             sown
             and
             grows
             ,
             even
             till
             they
             come
             to
             an
             end
             ,
             and
             
             till
             Righteousness
             and
             pure
             Innocency
             fill
             the
             room
             and
             place
             which
             they
             had
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             heart
             and
             mind
             within
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             life
             and
             conversation
             outwardly
             .
          
           
             And
             let
             every
             one
             that
             nameth
             the
             Name
             of
             the
             Lord
             ,
             depart
             from
             Iniquity
             ,
             and
             look
             well
             to
             his
             goings
             :
             for
             the
             darkness
             of
             the
             thick
             night
             of
             Apostacy
             is
             already
             past
             ,
             and
             the
             True
             Light
             now
             again
             shineth
             .
             Blessed
             is
             the
             Eye
             which
             seeth
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             Heart
             which
             is
             established
             in
             it
             ,
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             those
             terrible
             and
             dreadful
             shakings
             and
             confusions
             ,
             which
             must
             not
             end
             here
             ,
             but
             go
             over
             all
             Nations
             .
             O
             that
             this
             Nation
             could
             once
             bow
             to
             it
             ,
             that
             it
             might
             be
             happy
             ,
             and
             its
             Rents
             and
             Breaches
             healed
             for
             ever
             .
          
        
         
           THE
           END
           .