The arts of empire and mysteries of state discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms, grounded on authority and experience, and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.
         Cabinet-council
         Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.
      
       
         
           1692
        
      
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             The arts of empire and mysteries of state discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms, grounded on authority and experience, and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.
             Cabinet-council
             Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.
             Milton, John, 1608-1674.
          
           [9], 238, [3] p.
           
             Printed by G. Croom for Joseph Watts ...,
             London :
             1692.
          
           
             First ed. published in 1658 as: The cabinet-council, containing the chief arts of empire and mysteries of state. Cf. BM.
             Advertisements: p. [9] at beginning and p. [1]-[2] at end.
             Reproduction of original in University of Michigan Libraries.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Political science -- Early works to 1800.
           Monarchy.
        
      
    
     
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           THE
           Arts
           of
           Empire
           ,
           AND
           Mysteries
           of
           State
           Discabineted
           .
        
         
           IN
           Political
           and
           Polemical
           Aphorisms
           ,
           grounded
           on
           Authority
           and
           Experience
           .
        
         
           AND
           Illustrated
           with
           the
           Choicest
           Examples
           and
           Historical
           Observations
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           Ever-renowned
           Knight
           Sir
           WALTER
           RALEIGH
           ,
           Published
           By
           JOHN
           MILTON
           
             Esq
          
        
         
           Quis
           Martem
           tunica
           tectum
           ,
           Adamantina
           digne
           scripserit
           ?
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           by
           
             G.
             Croom
          
           ,
           for
           
             Joseph
             Watts
          
           at
           the
           Angel
           in
           St.
           Paul's
           Church-yard
           ,
           1692.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           HAving
           had
           the
           Manuscript
           of
           this
           Treatise
           ,
           Written
           by
           Sir
           
             Walter
             Raleigh
          
           ,
           many
           Years
           in
           my
           Hands
           ,
           and
           finding
           it
           lately
           by
           chance
           among
           other
           Books
           and
           Papers
           ,
           upon
           reading
           thereof
           ,
           I
           thought
           it
           a
           kind
           of
           Injury
           to
           withhold
           longer
           the
           Work
           of
           so
           Eminent
           an
           Author
           from
           the
           Publick
           ;
           it
           being
           both
           answerable
           in
           
           Stile
           to
           other
           Works
           of
           his
           already
           Extant
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           the
           Subject
           would
           permit
           ,
           and
           given
           me
           for
           a
           true
           Copy
           by
           a
           Learned
           Man
           at
           his
           Death
           ,
           who
           had
           Collected
           several
           such
           Pieces
           .
        
         
           
             John
             Milton
             ,
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           Principal
           Contents
           .
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               1.
            
             
             THE
             Definition
             and
             Division
             of
             Publick
             Weales
             and
             Sovereign
             States
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             several
             Species
             or
             Kinds
          
           
             Page
             1
          
           
             
               Chap.
               2.
            
             
             Of
             Sovereign
             or
             Monarchick
             Government
             ,
             with
             its
             Essential
             Marks
             and
             Specifical
             Differences
          
           
             P.
             3
          
           
             
               Chap.
               3.
            
             
             Of
             Monarchies
             Seignioril
             ,
             exemplified
             in
             the
             Turkish
             and
             West-Indian
             Empire
          
           
             P.
             6
          
           
             
               Chap.
               4.
            
             
             Of
             Monarchies
             Royal
             ,
             with
             the
             Means
             to
             maintain
             them
          
           
             P.
             8
          
           
             
               Chap.
               5.
            
             
             Of
             Monarchies
             Tyrannical
          
           
             P.
             11
          
           
             
               Chap.
               6.
            
             
             Of
             New-found
             Monarchies
             and
             Principalities
             ,
             with
             the
             Means
             to
             perpetuate
             them
          
           
             P.
             12
          
           
             
             
               Chap.
               7.
            
             
             Of
             Councils
             and
             Counsellors
             in
             general
          
           
             P.
             17
          
           
             
               Chap.
               8.
            
             
             Of
             Councils
             in
             some
             particular
             Monarchies
             ,
             Aristocraties
             and
             Democraties
          
           
             P.
             18
          
           
             
               Chap.
               9.
            
             
             Of
             Officers
             and
             Commissioners
             ,
             with
             their
             respective
             Distinctions
          
           
             P.
             21
          
           
             
               Chap.
               10.
            
             
             Of
             Magistrates
             ,
             their
             Qualifications
             and
             Elections
          
           
             P.
             22
          
           
             
               Chap.
               11.
            
             
             Observations
             intrinsically
             concerning
             every
             Publick
             State
             in
             Points
             of
             Justice
             ,
             Treasure
             and
             War
          
           
             P.
             24
          
           
             
               Chap.
               12.
            
             
             Extrinsick
             observations
             ,
             shewing
             how
             to
             deal
             with
             Neighbor
             Princes
             and
             Provinces
             respectively
             ,
             how
             to
             prevent
             their
             Designs
             ,
             and
             decypher
             their
             Intendments
          
           
             P.
             30
          
           
             
               Chap.
               13.
            
             
             Observations
             confirmed
             by
             Authorities
             of
             Princes
             and
             Principalities
             ,
             Charactering
             an
             Excellent
             Prince
             or
             Governor
          
           
             P.
             35
          
           
             
               Chap.
               14.
            
             
             Of
             the
             Princes
             intimate
             Counsellors
             and
             Ministers
             of
             State
             ,
             with
             their
             several
             Requisites
          
           
             P.
             41
          
           
             
               Chap.
               15.
            
             
             The
             Art
             of
             Ruling
             ,
             or
             Mystery
             of
             Regiment
          
           
             P.
             48
          
           
             
             
               Chap.
               16.
            
             
             Of
             Princely
             Authority
             ;
             wherein
             it
             consists
             ,
             and
             how
             far
             to
             be
             extended
             and
             delegated
          
           
             P.
             51
          
           
             
               Chap.
               17.
            
             
             Of
             Power
             and
             Force
             ;
             and
             how
             to
             be
             raised
             and
             maintained
          
           
             P.
             53
          
           
             
               Chap.
               18.
            
             
             Of
             Conspiracy
             and
             Treason
             ;
             with
             the
             Causes
             ,
             and
             ways
             of
             Prevention
             or
             Discovery
          
           
             P.
             55
          
           
             
               Chap.
               19.
            
             
             Of
             Publick
             Hate
             and
             Contempt
             ,
             with
             the
             Occasions
             and
             Means
             to
             redress
             and
             avoid
             it
          
           
             P.
             58
          
           
             
               Chap.
               20.
            
             
             Of
             Diffidence
             and
             Dissimulation
             in
             the
             Management
             of
             State
             Affairs
          
           
             P.
             67
          
           
             
               Chap.
               21.
            
             
             Of
             War
             Defensive
             and
             Invasive
             ;
             with
             Instructions
             touching
             Laws
             of
             Arms
             ,
             Soldiers
             and
             Military
             Discipline
          
           
             P.
             70
          
           
             
               Chap.
               22.
            
             
             Of
             Generals
             and
             Commanders
             ,
             and
             their
             requisite
             Abilities
             in
             Martial
             Enterprises
             and
             Expeditions
          
           
             P.
             83
          
           
             
               Chap.
               23.
            
             
             Of
             Councils
             in
             War
             ,
             and
             Directions
             Tactick
             and
             Stratagematick
             ;
             with
             Advice
             how
             to
             make
             an
             honorable
             Peace
          
           
             P.
             87
          
           
             
               Chap.
               24.
            
             
             Of
             Civil
             War
             ,
             with
             the
             Causes
             and
             Remedies
             thereof
          
           
             P.
             97
          
           
             
             Chap.
             25.
             
             
               A
               Collection
               of
               Political
               Observations
               (
               confirmed
               by
               Reason
               and
               Experience
               )
               advertising
               Princes
               ,
               Statesmen
               ,
               and
               Private
               Persons
               how
               to
               demean
               themselves
               in
               all
               Fortunes
               and
               Events
            
          
           
             P.
             107
          
           
             Chap.
             26.
             
             
               Maxims
               of
               State
               ,
               or
               Prudential
               Grounds
               and
               Polemical
               Precepts
               ,
               concerning
               all
               Estates
               ,
               and
               Forms
               of
               Policy
               in
               times
               of
               Peace
               or
               War
               ,
               &c.
               confirmed
               by
               Select
               Narrations
               ,
               and
               Historical
               Parallels
            
          
           
             P.
             184
          
        
      
       
         
           ADVERTISEMENT
           .
        
         
           THE
           Excellent
           Woman
           described
           by
           her
           True
           Characters
           ,
           and
           their
           Opposites
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             J.
             Watts
          
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           THE
           ARTS
           of
           EMPIRE
           ,
           AND
           Mysteries
           of
           State.
           
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               I.
            
             The
             Definition
             and
             Division
             of
             Publick
             Weales
             and
             Sovereign
             States
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             several
             Species
             or
             Kinds
             .
          
           
             A
             Common-wealth
             is
             a
             certain
             Sovereign
             Government
             of
             many
             Families
             ,
             with
             those
             things
             that
             are
             common
             among
             them
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   All
                   Common-wealths
                   are
                   either
                
                 
                   Monarchies
                   ,
                
                 
                   or
                
              
               
                 
                   All
                   Common-wealths
                   are
                   either
                
                 
                   Aristocraties
                   ,
                
                 
                   or
                
              
               
                 
                   All
                   Common-wealths
                   are
                   either
                
                 
                   Democraties
                   .
                
                 
                   or
                
              
            
          
           
           
             A
             Monarchy
             is
             that
             State
             where
             the
             Sovereignty
             resteth
             in
             the
             Person
             of
             one
             only
             Prince
             .
          
           
             An
             Aristocraty
             ,
             is
             where
             some
             small
             part
             of
             the
             People
             have
             in
             them
             as
             a
             Body
             corporate
             ,
             the
             Sovereignty
             and
             Supreme
             Power
             of
             the
             whole
             State.
             
          
           
             A
             Democraty
             ,
             is
             where
             all
             the
             People
             have
             Power
             and
             Authority
             Sovereign
             .
          
           
             So
             doth
             it
             appear
             ,
             that
             the
             place
             and
             Person
             where
             the
             Sovereignty
             resteth
             ,
             doth
             cause
             the
             State
             to
             be
             either
             a
             Monarchy
             ,
             an
             Aristocraty
             ,
             or
             
               Popular
               Government
            
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               II.
            
             Of
             Sovereign
             or
             Monarchick
             Government
             ,
             with
             its
             Essential
             Marks
             ,
             and
             Specifical
             Differences
             .
          
           
             SOvereignty
             is
             an
             absolute
             and
             perpetual
             Power
             in
             every
             publick
             State
             ,
             and
             he
             is
             properly
             and
             only
             a
             Sovereign
             ,
             that
             acknowledgeth
             no
             Superior
             or
             Equal
             ,
             nor
             holdeth
             of
             any
             other
             Prince
             ,
             Person
             or
             Power
             ,
             but
             God
             and
             his
             own
             Sword.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             Mark
             of
             Sovereignty
             ,
             is
             absolute
             Power
             and
             Authority
             to
             command
             all
             Subjects
             in
             general
             ,
             and
             every
             of
             them
             in
             particular
             ,
             without
             consent
             of
             any
             other
             Person
             or
             Persons
             ,
             either
             greater
             or
             inferior
             to
             himself
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             Mark
             of
             Majesty
             is
             Authority
             to
             make
             War
             ,
             and
             conclude
             Peace
             at
             his
             pleasure
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             is
             Power
             to
             bestow
             all
             Honors
             and
             chief
             Offices
             at
             his
             pleasure
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Fourth
             Mark
             of
             Sovereignty
             is
             Appellation
             .
          
           
             The
             Fifth
             Mark
             and
             last
             ,
             is
             power
             to
             pardon
             all
             Subjects
             by
             rigor
             of
             Law
             or
             otherwise
             ,
             condemned
             in
             Life
             ,
             Lands
             ,
             Goods
             or
             Honors
             .
          
           
             These
             Powers
             are
             not
             to
             be
             imparted
             to
             any
             Officer
             ,
             Deputy
             or
             other
             Magistrate
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             Prince's
             absence
             ,
             and
             for
             some
             urgent
             occasion
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Monarchies
                   are
                   of
                   three
                   sorts
                   ,
                
                 
                   Signioril
                   ,
                   Royal
                   and
                   Tyrannical
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             Diversity
             of
             Monarchies
             doth
             not
             proceed
             from
             the
             Nature
             of
             the
             State
             ,
             but
             the
             diverse
             proceedings
             of
             those
             Princes
             that
             govern
             ;
             for
             great
             difference
             there
             may
             be
             between
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             and
             the
             Government
             thereof
             .
             That
             Prince
             that
             giveth
             the
             Magistracies
             Honors
             and
             Offices
             without
             respect
             of
             Nobility
             ,
             Riches
             or
             Vertue
             ,
             may
             be
             said
             to
             govern
             popularly
             .
             And
             that
             Monarchy
             may
             be
             said
             to
             be
             governed
             Aristocratically
             ,
             when
             the
             Monarch
             imparteth
             the
             principal
             Honors
             and
             Offices
             to
             the
             Noble
             and
             Rich
             Men
             only
             .
          
           
           
             The
             same
             difference
             there
             is
             to
             be
             found
             in
             States
             Aristocratical
             and
             Popular
             ;
             for
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             may
             be
             both
             Signioril
             or
             Tyrannical
             .
          
           
             A
             Monarch
             Signioril
             is
             he
             who
             by
             force
             of
             Arms
             and
             just
             War
             ,
             is
             made
             Owner
             of
             Mens
             Bodies
             and
             Goods
             ,
             and
             governeth
             them
             as
             a
             Master
             of
             a
             Family
             governeth
             base
             Servants
             and
             Slaves
             .
          
           
             A
             Monarch
             Royal
             ,
             is
             he
             whose
             Subjects
             are
             obedient
             unto
             his
             Laws
             ,
             and
             the
             Monarch
             himself
             obeyeth
             the
             Laws
             of
             God
             and
             Nature
             ,
             suffering
             every
             Subject
             to
             enjoy
             Liberty
             natural
             ,
             with
             Property
             in
             Lands
             and
             Goods
             ,
             governing
             as
             a
             Father
             governeth
             his
             Children
             .
          
           
             A
             Monarch
             Tyrannical
             ,
             is
             he
             who
             without
             regard
             to
             the
             Law
             of
             God
             or
             Nature
             ,
             commandeth
             Free-men
             as
             Slaves
             and
             useth
             their
             Lands
             and
             Goods
             as
             his
             own
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               III.
            
             Of
             Monarchy
             Signioril
             ,
             Exemplified
             in
             the
             Turkish
             and
             West-Indian
             Empire
             .
          
           
             ALL
             People
             subject
             to
             Princes
             ,
             are
             governed
             as
             Free-men
             by
             their
             Prince
             ,
             and
             certain
             other
             particular
             Lords
             of
             Lands
             and
             Liberties
             ;
             who
             not
             by
             the
             Princes
             Commission
             ,
             but
             by
             Ancient
             Laws
             or
             Custom
             ,
             have
             Inheritance
             and
             Tenements
             ;
             or
             else
             they
             are
             by
             one
             Prince
             and
             his
             Ministers
             commanded
             ,
             which
             Ministers
             have
             not
             by
             Law
             or
             Ordinance
             ,
             any
             Authority
             or
             Interest
             of
             themselves
             ,
             but
             being
             like
             to
             the
             People
             (
             base
             Men
             and
             Slaves
             )
             they
             command
             only
             by
             Commission
             in
             the
             Princes
             name
             ;
             and
             the
             Authority
             of
             those
             Ministers
             doth
             cease
             at
             the
             Princes
             pleasure
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             People
             do
             not
             acknowledge
             any
             Superior
             but
             the
             Prince
             ,
             nor
             owe
             any
             Service
             to
             other
             mean
             
             Lords
             :
             So
             as
             all
             the
             People
             stand
             without
             Property
             in
             Lands
             or
             Goods
             ;
             for
             example
             ,
             the
             Empire
             of
             Turky
             and
             the
             West-Indies
             .
          
           
             The
             Provinces
             of
             this
             Monarchy
             are
             allotted
             to
             sundry
             Magistrates
             or
             Ministers
             ,
             and
             they
             altered
             and
             removed
             at
             the
             Princes
             pleasure
             ;
             but
             it
             is
             otherwise
             in
             a
             Monarchy
             Royal
             ,
             because
             the
             Monarch
             is
             there
             accompanied
             with
             many
             mean
             Lords
             .
             And
             albeit
             those
             mean
             Lords
             are
             Subjects
             unto
             the
             Prince
             ,
             yet
             have
             they
             particular
             Tenants
             ,
             who
             may
             not
             ,
             without
             just
             cause
             ,
             be
             dispossessed
             by
             the
             Prince
             ;
             and
             those
             People
             having
             had
             dependency
             of
             their
             Lords
             and
             their
             Ancestors
             ,
             do
             ever
             beare
             unto
             them
             a
             certain
             natural
             Love
             and
             dutiful
             Respect
             ;
             whoso
             therefore
             compareth
             these
             Principalities
             ,
             shall
             perceive
             ,
             that
             to
             Conquer
             a
             State
             Signioril
             there
             is
             great
             difficulty
             ,
             but
             being
             conquered
             ,
             it
             may
             easily
             be
             maintained
             ;
             for
             the
             difficulty
             to
             conquer
             such
             a
             State
             ,
             proceedeth
             from
             the
             lack
             of
             mean
             Lords
             to
             call
             in
             and
             assist
             the
             Prince
             that
             doth
             invade
             :
             Who
             therefore
             desireth
             to
             subdue
             
             a
             Nation
             thus
             governed
             ,
             must
             of
             force
             assault
             all
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             rather
             trust
             in
             his
             own
             Strength
             than
             the
             Aid
             of
             the
             Country
             .
             But
             if
             he
             can
             prevail
             ,
             then
             one
             only
             Fear
             remaineth
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Prince's
             Posterity
             ,
             which
             necessarily
             must
             be
             extinguished
             ,
             because
             the
             Prince's
             Race
             only
             hath
             Interest
             both
             in
             the
             People
             and
             Soldiers
             .
             But
             to
             enter
             a
             Monarchy
             Royal
             ,
             is
             an
             Enterprise
             of
             no
             great
             Difficulty
             ,
             when
             he
             that
             doth
             enter
             ,
             hath
             the
             Friendship
             and
             Aid
             of
             some
             mean
             Lords
             to
             take
             his
             part
             ,
             and
             prepare
             the
             place
             where
             he
             is
             to
             arrive
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
            
             Of
             Monarchies
             Royal
             ,
             with
             the
             Means
             to
             maintain
             them
             .
          
           
             MOnarchies
             Royal
             are
             for
             the
             most
             part
             Ancient
             and
             Hereditary
             ,
             and
             consequently
             easie
             to
             be
             governed
             .
             For
             it
             is
             sufficient
             for
             the
             Prince
             to
             maintain
             the
             old
             Laws
             ,
             and
             on
             occasion
             
             temporize
             with
             those
             Accidents
             that
             happen
             :
             Such
             a
             State
             cannot
             be
             taken
             from
             the
             Prince
             without
             excessive
             Force
             ,
             and
             if
             it
             be
             ,
             it
             shall
             be
             soon
             recovered
             .
             Example
             ,
             England
             and
             France
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             a
             Monarchy
             newly
             conquered
             ,
             be
             annexed
             unto
             an
             old
             ,
             and
             not
             properly
             Ancient
             ,
             then
             it
             is
             with
             much
             more
             difficulty
             maintained
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             For
             that
             Men
             naturally
             inclined
             to
             Variation
             ,
             are
             easily
             induced
             to
             take
             Arms
             against
             him
             that
             newly
             governeth
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             Every
             new
             Prince
             is
             forced
             to
             exact
             as
             well
             upon
             those
             Subjects
             that
             joyned
             with
             him
             ,
             as
             those
             that
             did
             resist
             him
             ,
             and
             therefore
             shall
             offend
             both
             .
             Example
             ,
             Ireland
             
               annexed
               to
               the
               Crown
               of
            
             England
             ,
             Sicilia
             and
             Naples
             to
             Spain
             .
          
           
             The
             means
             to
             maintain
             such
             a
             Monarchy
             ,
             is
             ,
          
           
             First
             ,
             To
             extinguish
             the
             Race
             of
             him
             that
             was
             anciently
             Prince
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             To
             continue
             all
             Laws
             and
             Customs
             in
             the
             former
             Force
             ;
             for
             so
             shall
             the
             Subject
             find
             nothing
             altered
             but
             the
             Prince
             ,
             and
             therefore
             will
             soon
             rest
             contented
             ;
             and
             the
             rather
             if
             that
             new
             
             Monarchy
             ,
             and
             the
             ancient
             Dominion
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             be
             of
             one
             Language
             :
             But
             if
             the
             People
             be
             of
             a
             contrary
             Language
             and
             Humor
             ,
             then
             to
             hold
             it
             ,
             there
             needeth
             great
             Industry
             and
             Fortune
             ;
             in
             that
             case
             the
             best
             way
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Prince
             should
             inhabit
             there
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             incounter
             all
             Inconveniences
             proceeding
             from
             the
             Subject
             ,
             as
             to
             preserve
             the
             People
             from
             Oppression
             of
             his
             own
             Ministers
             .
             Another
             way
             is
             ,
             to
             send
             thither
             certain
             Colonies
             ,
             and
             plant
             them
             in
             fit
             places
             ,
             or
             else
             to
             settle
             some
             Garisons
             both
             of
             Horse
             and
             Foot
             ;
             but
             Colonies
             are
             less
             chargeable
             to
             the
             Prince
             .
             As
             for
             the
             People
             inhabitant
             (
             who
             must
             necessarily
             remove
             ,
             they
             being
             a
             small
             number
             and
             dispossessed
             )
             they
             cannot
             have
             power
             to
             offend
             ;
             for
             in
             that
             case
             ,
             this
             Rule
             or
             Maxim
             shall
             be
             found
             true
             ,
             that
             Men
             must
             be
             either
             kindly
             intreated
             ,
             or
             with
             all
             Extremity
             oppressed
             ;
             because
             of
             light
             Injuries
             they
             may
             be
             revenged
             ,
             but
             of
             utter
             Oppression
             they
             cannot
             .
          
           
             A
             third
             way
             to
             hold
             a
             conquered
             Dominion
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             cherish
             and
             defend
             the
             Neighbors
             of
             little
             Power
             ,
             and
             oppress
             or
             keep
             under
             those
             that
             are
             most
             
             Potent
             ;
             and
             above
             all
             ,
             to
             take
             order
             that
             no
             Forreign
             Prince
             or
             Power
             do
             enter
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             ever
             to
             be
             looked
             for
             ,
             that
             so
             many
             of
             the
             Nation
             as
             are
             discontented
             ,
             either
             for
             Ambition
             or
             Fear
             ,
             will
             be
             ever
             ready
             to
             bring
             in
             Strangers
             :
             And
             to
             conclude
             this
             matter
             of
             Principality
             annexed
             ,
             I
             say
             it
             behoveth
             every
             Prince
             possessed
             of
             such
             a
             State
             ,
             never
             to
             increase
             the
             Power
             of
             any
             Potent
             Nighbor
             ,
             never
             to
             oppress
             those
             that
             are
             of
             small
             Power
             ,
             never
             to
             permit
             any
             Forreign
             Potentate
             to
             enter
             ,
             but
             ever
             to
             plant
             Colonies
             and
             Garisons
             ,
             or
             else
             to
             make
             that
             Dominion
             his
             chief
             Habitation
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               V.
            
             Of
             Monarchies
             Tyrannical
             .
          
           
             TYrannical
             Princes
             are
             not
             advanced
             by
             Favor
             ,
             neither
             do
             they
             trust
             unto
             Fortune
             ,
             but
             by
             degrees
             of
             War
             ,
             or
             else
             by
             some
             other
             indirect
             means
             do
             aspire
             unto
             Greatness
             ;
             and
             therein
             do
             
             maintain
             themselves
             by
             all
             ways
             either
             Honest
             or
             Dishonest
             ,
             without
             respect
             of
             Justice
             ,
             Conscience
             or
             Law
             either
             of
             Nations
             or
             Nature
             :
             A
             Prince
             by
             such
             impious
             means
             aspired
             ,
             and
             desiring
             to
             hold
             that
             he
             hath
             gained
             ,
             will
             take
             order
             that
             the
             Cruelties
             he
             committeth
             may
             be
             done
             roundly
             ,
             suddenly
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             at
             an
             instant
             ;
             for
             if
             they
             be
             executed
             at
             leisure
             and
             by
             piece-meal
             ,
             then
             will
             the
             Prince's
             Fears
             continue
             long
             ,
             and
             the
             Terror
             in
             Subjects
             take
             deeper
             Impression
             ,
             whose
             Nature
             is
             such
             ,
             that
             either
             they
             must
             be
             bound
             by
             Benefits
             ,
             or
             by
             Cruelty
             made
             sure
             from
             offending
             :
             Example
             ,
             Dionysius
             and
             Agathocles
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               VI.
            
             Of
             new
             found
             Monarchies
             and
             Principalities
             ,
             with
             the
             means
             to
             perpetuate
             them
             .
          
           
             SOme
             other
             Princes
             there
             are
             ,
             that
             from
             private
             Estate
             have
             aspired
             to
             Sovereignty
             ,
             not
             by
             unnatural
             or
             impious
             proceedings
             as
             the
             former
             ,
             but
             by
             Vertue
             and
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             being
             aspired
             ,
             have
             
             found
             no
             great
             Difficulty
             to
             be
             maintained
             ;
             for
             such
             a
             Prince
             having
             no
             other
             Dominion
             ,
             is
             forced
             to
             settle
             himself
             where
             he
             is
             become
             a
             Prince
             :
             But
             here
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             albeit
             such
             a
             Man
             be
             Vertuous
             ,
             yet
             wanting
             Fortune
             ,
             his
             Vertue
             proveth
             to
             small
             purpose
             ,
             and
             Fortune
             without
             Vertue
             doth
             seldom
             work
             any
             great
             Effect
             .
             Howsoever
             it
             be
             ,
             a
             Prince
             being
             aspired
             ,
             both
             by
             the
             Aid
             of
             the
             one
             and
             of
             the
             other
             ,
             shall
             notwithstanding
             find
             some
             difficulty
             to
             hold
             what
             he
             hath
             gotten
             ;
             because
             he
             is
             forced
             to
             introduce
             new
             Laws
             and
             new
             Orders
             of
             Government
             differing
             from
             the
             old
             ,
             as
             well
             for
             his
             own
             Security
             ,
             as
             confirmation
             of
             the
             Government
             ;
             for
             avoiding
             of
             which
             Dangers
             ,
             he
             is
             to
             consider
             whether
             he
             be
             of
             himself
             able
             to
             compel
             his
             Subjects
             to
             obey
             ,
             or
             must
             pray
             in
             aid
             of
             others
             :
             If
             he
             can
             do
             the
             first
             ,
             he
             needeth
             not
             doubt
             ,
             but
             being
             driven
             to
             the
             other
             ,
             his
             Greatness
             cannot
             long
             continue
             ;
             for
             albeit
             a
             matter
             of
             no
             difficulty
             ,
             it
             is
             to
             perswade
             a
             People
             ;
             yet
             to
             make
             them
             constant
             ,
             is
             a
             work
             well
             near
             impossible
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Theseus
               ,
               Cyrus
               ,
               Romulus
            
             .
          
           
           
             The
             second
             sort
             of
             new
             Princes
             are
             such
             as
             be
             aspired
             by
             Favor
             or
             Corruption
             ,
             or
             by
             the
             Vertue
             or
             Greatness
             of
             Fortune
             or
             Friends
             :
             A
             Prince
             by
             any
             or
             all
             these
             means
             advanced
             ,
             and
             desirous
             to
             hold
             his
             Estate
             ,
             must
             indeavor
             by
             his
             own
             Vertue
             to
             maintain
             himself
             without
             depending
             upon
             any
             other
             ;
             which
             may
             be
             done
             by
             this
             means
             :
             First
             ,
             To
             assure
             all
             Enemies
             from
             offending
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             To
             win
             the
             Love
             and
             Friendship
             of
             so
             many
             Neighbors
             as
             possibly
             he
             may
             .
             Thirdly
             ,
             To
             compass
             all
             Designs
             tending
             to
             his
             Honor
             or
             Profit
             ,
             and
             bring
             them
             to
             pass
             either
             by
             Fraud
             or
             Force
             .
             Fourthly
             ,
             To
             make
             himself
             honored
             and
             followed
             of
             Captains
             and
             Soldiers
             .
             Fifthly
             ,
             To
             oppress
             all
             those
             that
             would
             or
             can
             offend
             .
             Sixthly
             ,
             To
             be
             obsequious
             and
             liberal
             to
             Friends
             ,
             magnanimous
             and
             terrible
             to
             Foes
             .
             Seventhly
             ,
             To
             cass
             all
             old
             and
             unfaithful
             Bands
             ,
             and
             entertain
             new
             .
             Eighthly
             ,
             To
             hold
             such
             Amity
             with
             Kings
             and
             Princes
             ,
             as
             they
             ought
             reasonably
             to
             favor
             him
             ,
             or
             else
             they
             would
             offend
             ;
             easily
             they
             cannot
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Giovannio
               ,
               Torrigiani
               ,
               Caesar
               ,
               Borgi
               .
            
          
           
           
             The
             third
             and
             last
             means
             whereby
             private
             Persons
             do
             aspire
             to
             Principalities
             ,
             is
             not
             Force
             and
             Violence
             ,
             but
             meer
             good
             Will
             and
             Favor
             of
             Men.
             The
             cause
             or
             occasion
             thereof
             ,
             is
             only
             Vertue
             or
             Fortune
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             a
             certain
             Fortunate
             Craft
             and
             Wittiness
             ,
             because
             he
             aspireth
             either
             by
             Favor
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             or
             by
             Favor
             of
             the
             Nobility
             ;
             for
             these
             contrary
             Humors
             are
             in
             all
             Common-wealths
             to
             be
             found
             .
             And
             the
             reason
             thereof
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             great
             Men
             do
             ever
             endeavor
             to
             oppress
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             do
             labor
             not
             to
             be
             oppressed
             by
             them
             .
             Of
             these
             divers
             Appetites
             one
             of
             these
             three
             Effects
             do
             proceed
             ,
             viz.
             Principality
             ,
             Liberty
             ,
             or
             Licentious
             Life
             .
             Principality
             may
             come
             either
             by
             love
             of
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             great
             Men
             ;
             for
             when
             any
             of
             these
             Factions
             do
             find
             it self
             oppressed
             ,
             then
             do
             they
             soon
             consent
             to
             make
             one
             a
             Prince
             ,
             hoping
             by
             his
             Vertue
             and
             Valor
             to
             be
             defended
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Francesco
               Sforza
               ,
               Alessandro
               de
               Medici
               .
            
          
           
             A
             Prince
             in
             this
             sort
             aspired
             ,
             to
             maintain
             his
             Estate
             ,
             must
             first
             consider
             well
             by
             which
             of
             these
             Factions
             aforesaid
             he
             
             is
             advanced
             ;
             for
             if
             by
             Favor
             of
             great
             Men
             he
             be
             aspired
             ,
             then
             must
             he
             meet
             with
             many
             Difficulties
             ;
             for
             having
             about
             him
             divers
             Persons
             of
             great
             Quality
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             were
             but
             lately
             his
             Equals
             ,
             hardly
             shall
             he
             command
             them
             in
             such
             sort
             as
             it
             behoveth
             :
             But
             if
             the
             Prince
             be
             advanced
             by
             the
             People
             ,
             few
             or
             none
             shall
             hardly
             disobey
             him
             .
             So
             it
             appeareth
             that
             a
             Prince
             made
             by
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             is
             much
             more
             secure
             than
             he
             whom
             the
             Nobility
             preferreth
             ;
             for
             common
             People
             do
             not
             desire
             to
             enjoy
             more
             than
             their
             own
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             defended
             from
             Oppression
             ;
             but
             great
             Men
             do
             study
             not
             only
             to
             hold
             their
             own
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             command
             and
             insult
             upon
             Inferiors
             .
          
           
             
               Note
               that
               all
               Monarchies
               are
               Principalities
               .
            
          
           
             
               But
               all
               Principalities
               are
               not
               Monarchies
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               VII
            
             .
             Of
             Councils
             ,
             and
             Counsellors
             in
             general
             .
          
           
             A
             Senate
             or
             Council
             is
             a
             certain
             lawful
             Assembly
             of
             Counsellors
             ,
             to
             give
             advice
             to
             him
             or
             them
             that
             have
             in
             the
             Commonweale
             Power
             Sovereign
             .
          
           
             A
             Counsellor
             is
             called
             in
             the
             Latine
             Senator
             ;
             which
             Word
             signifieth
             in
             effect
             an
             old
             Man
             :
             The
             Grecians
             and
             Romans
             also
             most
             commonly
             composed
             their
             Councils
             of
             ancient
             and
             expert
             Persons
             ;
             for
             if
             they
             ,
             or
             the
             greater
             part
             of
             them
             had
             been
             Young
             Men
             ,
             then
             might
             the
             Council
             have
             more
             properly
             been
             called
             a
             Juvenate
             than
             a
             Senate
             .
          
           
             The
             chief
             and
             most
             necessary
             Note
             required
             in
             a
             Counsellor
             is
             to
             have
             no
             dependence
             of
             any
             other
             Prince
             or
             Commonweale
             ;
             either
             Oath
             ,
             Homage
             ,
             Natural
             Obligation
             ,
             Pention
             ,
             or
             Reward
             :
             In
             this
             Point
             the
             Venetians
             have
             been
             ever
             most
             precise
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             ,
             do
             not
             admit
             any
             Cardinal
             or
             other
             
             Clergy-man
             to
             be
             either
             of
             or
             at
             their
             Councils
             ,
             therefore
             when
             the
             Venetian
             Senate
             is
             Assembled
             ,
             the
             Usher
             being
             ready
             to
             shut
             the
             Door
             ,
             cryeth
             aloud
             ,
             
               Fuora
               Preti
               ,
               Depart
               Priest.
            
             Note
             also
             that
             in
             every
             State
             ,
             of
             what
             Quality
             soever
             ,
             a
             Secret
             or
             Cabinet-Council
             is
             mainly
             necessary
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               VIII
            
             .
             Of
             Councils
             in
             some
             particular
             Monarchies
             ,
             Aristocraties
             ,
             and
             Democraties
             .
          
           
             THE
             King
             of
             Spain
             ,
             for
             the
             Government
             of
             his
             Dominions
             hath
             Seven
             Councils
             ,
             (
             viz.
             )
             the
             Council
             of
             the
             Indies
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Spain
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Italy
             and
             the
             Low
             Countries
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             War
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Orders
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Inquisition
             ,
             and
             the
             Council
             Royal.
             
          
           
             In
             France
             are
             Three
             Councils
             ,
             (
             viz.
             )
             the
             Council
             Privy
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Judges
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             Presidents
             
               et
               Conceliers
               
               de
               Parlament
            
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             Council
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             
               Assemblies
               du
               troys
               Estates
            
             .
          
           
             
               Of
               Councils
               in
               Aristocraties
               .
            
             
               In
               Venice
               ,
               beside
               the
               Senate
               and
               great
               Council
               ,
               are
               Four
               Councils
               ,
               (
               viz.
               )
               the
               Sages
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               the
               Sages
               of
               the
               Land
               ,
               the
               Council
               of
               Tenn
               ,
               the
               Three
               Presidents
               of
               Quarantia
               ,
               and
               the
               Senate
               :
               All
               which
               Councils
               do
               amount
               to
               One
               hundred
               and
               twenty
               Persons
               ,
               with
               the
               Magistrates
               .
            
             
               The
               Great
               Council
               of
               Ragusa
               consisteth
               of
               Sixty
               Persons
               ,
               and
               hath
               another
               Privy
               Council
               of
               Twelve
               .
            
          
           
             
               Of
               Councils
               in
               Democraties
               .
            
             
               Genoua
               hath
               Three
               Councils
               :
               the
               Great
               Council
               of
               Two
               hundred
               ,
               the
               Senate
               which
               consisteth
               of
               Sixty
               ,
               and
               the
               Privy
               Council
               which
               hath
               Twenty
               six
               Counsellors
               :
               So
               it
               doth
               appear
               that
               in
               all
               Commonwealths
               ,
               be
               they
               Monarchies
               ,
               Aristocracies
               ,
               or
               Popular
               States
               .
               The
               Council-Privy
               is
               most
               necessary
               ,
               
               and
               often
               used
               ;
               Also
               this
               difference
               is
               to
               be
               noted
               between
               the
               Councils
               in
               Monarchies
               ,
               and
               the
               Councils
               in
               Aristocracies
               and
               States
               Popular
               ;
               that
               is
               to
               say
               ,
               that
               all
               Deliberations
               fit
               to
               be
               published
               ,
               are
               in
               a
               Monarchy
               consulted
               and
               resolved
               upon
               in
               the
               Council
               Privy
               ,
               and
               after
               ratified
               by
               Common
               Council
               ;
               But
               in
               Optimacies
               or
               Popular
               Government
               the
               Custom
               is
               contrary
               .
            
             
               Here
               also
               is
               to
               be
               noted
               ,
               that
               albeit
               the
               Use
               and
               Authority
               of
               every
               Senate
               a
               Privy
               Council
               is
               most
               needful
               ,
               yet
               hath
               it
               no
               Authority
               to
               command
               but
               in
               the
               name
               of
               those
               in
               whom
               the
               Sovereignty
               resteth
               :
               For
               if
               Counsellors
               had
               power
               to
               command
               absolutely
               ,
               then
               should
               they
               be
               Sovereigns
               ,
               and
               consequently
               all
               Execution
               at
               their
               Pleasure
               ;
               which
               may
               not
               be
               without
               detracting
               from
               Majesty
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               thing
               so
               Sovereign
               and
               Sacred
               ,
               as
               no
               Citizen
               or
               Subject
               of
               what
               quality
               soever
               ,
               may
               touch
               or
               approach
               thereunto
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               IX
            
             .
             Of
             Officers
             and
             Commissioners
             with
             their
             respective
             Distinctions
             .
          
           
             AN
             Officer
             is
             a
             Person
             publick
             ,
             that
             hath
             Charge
             ordinary
             and
             limited
             by
             Law.
             
          
           
             A
             Commissioner
             is
             also
             a
             Person
             publick
             ,
             but
             his
             Charge
             is
             extraordinary
             and
             limited
             by
             Commission
             .
          
           
             Officers
             are
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             and
             so
             be
             Commissioners
             ;
             the
             one
             hath
             power
             to
             command
             ,
             and
             are
             called
             Magistrates
             :
             the
             other
             hath
             Authority
             to
             execute
             :
             so
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             are
             Persons
             publick
             :
             yet
             are
             not
             all
             publick
             Persons
             either
             Officers
             or
             Commissioners
             .
          
           
             Commissioners
             are
             ordained
             to
             govern
             in
             Provinces
             ,
             in
             War
             ,
             in
             Justice
             ,
             in
             disposing
             the
             Treasure
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             Function
             concerning
             the
             State
             ;
             but
             all
             Commissions
             do
             spring
             and
             proceed
             from
             the
             Sovereign
             ,
             Magistrates
             and
             Commissioners
             .
             And
             here
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             every
             Commission
             ceaseth
             
             if
             he
             that
             granted
             the
             Commission
             doth
             dye
             ,
             or
             revoke
             it
             ,
             or
             if
             the
             Commissioners
             during
             his
             Commission
             shall
             aspire
             to
             Office
             and
             Authority
             equal
             to
             his
             that
             made
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               X.
            
             Of
             Magistrates
             ,
             their
             Qualifications
             and
             Elections
             .
          
           
             A
             Magistrate
             is
             an
             Officer
             having
             power
             to
             Command
             in
             the
             State
             ;
             and
             albeit
             that
             every
             Magistrate
             be
             an
             Officer
             ,
             yet
             every
             Officer
             is
             not
             a
             Magistrate
             ,
             but
             they
             only
             that
             have
             power
             to
             command
             .
          
           
             Also
             in
             making
             Officers
             of
             and
             Magistrates
             in
             every
             Commonweale
             ,
             Three
             things
             are
             specially
             to
             be
             observed
             (
             viz.
             )
             who
             doth
             make
             them
             ,
             what
             Men
             they
             are
             that
             should
             be
             made
             ,
             and
             the
             form
             and
             manner
             how
             they
             are
             made
             .
          
           
           
             The
             first
             appertaineth
             to
             him
             or
             them
             in
             whom
             the
             Sovereignty
             resteth
             ;
             the
             second
             also
             belongeth
             to
             Majesty
             ;
             yet
             therein
             the
             Laws
             are
             commonly
             followed
             ,
             especially
             in
             Aristocracies
             and
             States
             Popular
             ;
             In
             the
             one
             the
             Magistrates
             are
             chosen
             out
             of
             the
             most
             Wealthy
             or
             most
             Noble
             :
             In
             the
             other
             ,
             elected
             out
             of
             the
             whole
             Multitude
             .
          
           
             The
             form
             and
             manner
             of
             choosing
             Magistrates
             in
             Aristocracies
             and
             States
             Popular
             ,
             is
             either
             by
             Election
             ,
             by
             Lot
             ,
             or
             by
             both
             ,
             and
             their
             Office
             is
             to
             compel
             those
             that
             do
             not
             Obey
             what
             Sovereignty
             commandeth
             :
             For
             all
             force
             of
             Commandment
             lieth
             in
             Compulsion
             .
          
           
             Commandment
             likewise
             is
             of
             two
             sorts
             ;
             the
             one
             may
             be
             called
             Sovereign
             and
             Absolute
             ,
             above
             Laws
             ,
             above
             Magistrates
             ,
             and
             above
             People
             .
             In
             Monarchies
             such
             Command
             is
             proper
             to
             the
             Prince
             only
             ;
             in
             Aristocracies
             it
             resteth
             in
             the
             Nobility
             :
             And
             in
             Democracies
             the
             People
             have
             that
             power
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             Commandments
             are
             Subject
             both
             to
             Sovereignty
             and
             Law.
             
          
           
           
             Here
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             every
             Magistrate
             may
             recall
             his
             own
             Commandment
             ,
             and
             forbid
             what
             he
             did
             Command
             ,
             yet
             cannot
             revoke
             that
             which
             he
             hath
             Judged
             .
          
           
             *
             Also
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             Sovereign
             ,
             all
             Authority
             of
             Magistrates
             ceaseth
             ;
             and
             in
             presence
             of
             great
             Magistrates
             the
             inferior
             have
             no
             power
             ;
             and
             Magistrates
             equal
             cannot
             do
             any
             thing
             but
             by
             Consent
             ,
             if
             his
             Colleagues
             or
             Fellow-Magistrates
             be
             present
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XI
            
             .
             Observations
             intrinsically
             concerning
             every
             Publick
             State
             in
             points
             of
             Justice
             ,
             Treasure
             and
             War.
             
          
           
             THE
             First
             concern
             matter
             Intrinsick
             .
          
           
             The
             Second
             touch
             matter
             Extrinsick
             .
          
           
             
             
               Matters
               Intrinsick
               are
               Three
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 Administration
                 of
                 Justice
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Managing
                 of
                 the
                 Treasure
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 disposing
                 of
                 things
                 appertaining
                 to
                 War.
                 
              
            
          
           
             
               Matters
               Extrinsick
               are
               also
               Three
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 Skill
                 how
                 to
                 deal
                 with
                 Neighbors
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Diligence
                 to
                 vent
                 their
                 Designs
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 way
                 how
                 to
                 win
                 so
                 much
                 Confidence
                 with
                 some
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 be
                 made
                 partaker
                 of
                 whatsoever
                 they
                 mean
                 to
                 enterprise
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               Touching
               Administration
               of
               Justice
               .
            
             
               The
               good
               and
               direct
               Administration
               of
               Justice
               ,
               is
               in
               all
               Places
               a
               principal
               part
               of
               Government
               ;
               for
               seldom
               or
               never
               shall
               we
               see
               any
               People
               discontented
               and
               desirous
               of
               Alteration
               ,
               where
               Justice
               is
               equally
               administred
               without
               respect
               of
               Persons
               ;
               and
               in
               every
               State
               this
               Consideration
               is
               required
               ,
               but
               most
               of
               all
               in
               Countries
               that
               do
               front
               upon
               other
               Princes
               ,
               or
               were
               lately
               conquered
               :
               
               Hereunto
               the
               Princes
               Vigilancy
               and
               the
               Magistrates
               Uprightness
               are
               especially
               required
               ;
               for
               oft-tentimes
               the
               Prince
               is
               deceived
               ,
               and
               the
               Magistrates
               corrupted
               ;
               it
               behoveth
               also
               the
               Prince
               to
               maintain
               the
               Judges
               and
               Ministers
               of
               Justice
               in
               their
               Reputation
               ,
               and
               yet
               to
               have
               a
               vigilant
               Eye
               upon
               their
               Proceedings
               ,
               and
               the
               rather
               if
               their
               Authority
               do
               include
               Equity
               ,
               and
               from
               their
               Censure
               be
               no
               Appeal
               ;
               and
               if
               their
               Office
               be
               during
               Life
               ,
               and
               they
               are
               Men
               born
               and
               dwelling
               in
               the
               same
               Country
               ;
               all
               these
               things
               are
               duly
               to
               be
               considered
               of
               the
               Prince
               ;
               for
               as
               to
               call
               the
               Judges
               into
               question
               ,
               is
               as
               it
               were
               to
               disgrace
               the
               Judicial
               Seat
               ;
               so
               to
               wink
               at
               their
               Corruptions
               were
               matter
               of
               just
               discontent
               to
               the
               Subject
               :
               in
               this
               case
               therefore
               the
               Prince
               cannot
               do
               more
               than
               by
               his
               Wisdom
               to
               make
               choice
               of
               Good
               Men
               ;
               and
               being
               chosen
               ,
               to
               hold
               them
               in
               good
               Reputation
               so
               as
               the
               ordinary
               course
               of
               Justice
               may
               proceed
               ;
               for
               otherwise
               great
               Disorder
               ,
               Contempt
               ,
               and
               general
               Confusion
               will
               ensue
               thereof
               .
               Secondly
               ,
               he
               is
               to
               keep
               his
               Eye
               open
               upon
               their
               Proceedings
               ;
               and
               lastly
               
               to
               reserve
               unto
               himself
               a
               Supreme
               Power
               of
               Appellation
               .
            
          
           
             
               Touching
               the
               Treasure
               .
            
             
               The
               want
               of
               Money
               is
               in
               all
               States
               very
               perilous
               ,
               and
               most
               of
               all
               in
               those
               which
               are
               of
               least
               Strength
               ,
               and
               do
               confine
               upon
               Nations
               with
               whom
               they
               have
               commonly
               War
               ,
               or
               unassured
               Peace
               ,
               but
               most
               perilous
               of
               all
               to
               those
               Governments
               which
               are
               remote
               from
               the
               Prince
               ,
               or
               Place
               where
               they
               are
               to
               be
               relieved
               .
            
          
           
             
               The
               means
               to
               Levy
               Treasure
               are
               Four.
               
            
             
               First
               ,
               The
               Customs
               and
               Impositions
               upon
               all
               forts
               of
               Merchandize
               and
               Traffick
               is
               to
               be
               looked
               unto
               and
               advanced
               .
            
             
               Secondly
               ,
               The
               excessive
               eating
               of
               Usury
               must
               be
               suppressed
               .
            
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               All
               superfluous
               Charges
               and
               Expences
               are
               to
               be
               taken
               away
               .
            
             
               Lastly
               ,
               The
               doings
               and
               accounts
               of
               Ministers
               are
               severally
               to
               be
               examined
               .
            
             
               Touching
               the
               matter
               of
               Custom
               and
               Impost
               thereof
               ,
               assuredly
               a
               great
               Profit
               is
               in
               every
               State
               to
               be
               raised
               ;
               
               chiefly
               where
               Peace
               hath
               long
               continued
               ,
               and
               where
               the
               Country
               affordeth
               much
               plenty
               of
               Commodities
               to
               be
               carried
               out
               ,
               and
               where
               Ports
               are
               to
               receive
               Shipping
               .
            
             
               The
               moderating
               of
               Interest
               is
               ever
               necessary
               ,
               and
               chiefly
               in
               this
               Age
               ,
               by
               reason
               that
               Money
               aboundeth
               in
               Europe
               ;
               since
               the
               Traffick
               into
               the
               Indies
               ;
               for
               such
               Men
               as
               have
               Money
               in
               their
               Hands
               great
               plenty
               ,
               would
               in
               no
               wise
               imploy
               the
               same
               in
               Merchandize
               ,
               if
               lawful
               it
               were
               to
               receive
               the
               utmost
               Usury
               ,
               being
               a
               Course
               of
               most
               Profit
               and
               greatest
               Security
               .
            
             
               The
               taking
               away
               of
               superfluous
               Expences
               is
               no
               other
               thing
               than
               a
               certain
               wise
               and
               laudable
               Parsimony
               ;
               which
               the
               Romans
               and
               other
               well
               governed
               States
               did
               use
               .
               These
               Expences
               consist
               in
               Fees
               ,
               Allowances
               ,
               and
               Wages
               granted
               to
               Ministers
               of
               little
               or
               no
               Necessity
               ;
               also
               in
               Pensions
               ,
               Rewards
               ,
               Entertainments
               and
               Donaries
               ,
               with
               small
               Difficulty
               to
               be
               moderated
               ,
               or
               easily
               to
               be
               suppressed
               .
            
             
             
               *
               By
               abridging
               or
               taking
               away
               of
               these
               needless
               Expences
               a
               marvelous
               Profit
               will
               be
               saved
               for
               the
               Prince
               ;
               but
               if
               he
               continue
               them
               ,
               and
               by
               imposing
               upon
               the
               People
               do
               think
               to
               increase
               his
               Treasure
               or
               Revenue
               ,
               besides
               the
               loss
               of
               their
               Love
               ,
               he
               may
               also
               hazard
               their
               Obedience
               ,
               with
               many
               other
               Inconveniences
               .
            
          
           
             
               Touching
               War.
               
            
             
               Whatsoever
               Prince
               or
               Common-weale
               is
               Neighbour
               to
               any
               People
               which
               can
               ,
               will
               ,
               or
               were
               wont
               to
               offend
               ,
               it
               is
               necessary
               to
               have
               not
               only
               all
               things
               prepared
               for
               defence
               of
               his
               Person
               and
               Country
               ,
               but
               also
               to
               forecast
               and
               use
               every
               caution
               and
               other
               diligence
               :
               For
               the
               Inconveniencies
               which
               happen
               to
               Government
               ,
               are
               sudden
               and
               unlook'd
               for
               ;
               yea
               ,
               the
               Providence
               and
               Provision
               required
               in
               this
               Case
               ought
               to
               be
               such
               as
               the
               Expences
               
               all
               other
               ways
               imployed
               must
               stay
               to
               supply
               the
               Necessity
               of
               War.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP
               XII
            
             .
             Extrinsick
             Observation
             ,
             shewing
             how
             to
             deal
             with
             Neighbor
             Princes
             and
             Provinces
             respectively
             ,
             how
             to
             prevent
             their
             Designs
             ,
             and
             decipher
             their
             Intendments
             .
          
           
             THIS
             first
             Point
             of
             matter
             Extrinsick
             is
             of
             such
             quality
             as
             being
             well
             handled
             procureth
             great
             good
             ,
             but
             otherwise
             becometh
             dangerous
             ;
             for
             the
             Proceeding
             must
             be
             divers
             according
             to
             the
             diversity
             of
             the
             Ends
             which
             the
             Prince
             or
             Governor
             intendeth
             ;
             for
             if
             he
             desire
             to
             continue
             Peace
             with
             his
             Neighbors
             ,
             one
             way
             is
             to
             be
             taken
             ;
             but
             otherwise
             he
             is
             to
             work
             that
             seeketh
             occasion
             to
             break
             ,
             and
             to
             become
             an
             Enemy
             to
             one
             or
             more
             of
             his
             Neighbors
             .
             If
             he
             do
             desire
             to
             live
             peaceably
             withal
             ,
             then
             he
             is
             to
             observe
             these
             Rules
             (
             viz.
             )
          
           
           
             First
             ,
             To
             hold
             and
             continue
             firmly
             all
             Contracts
             and
             Capitulations
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             To
             shew
             himself
             resolved
             neither
             to
             offer
             nor
             take
             the
             least
             touch
             of
             Wrong
             or
             Injury
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             With
             all
             care
             and
             favor
             to
             further
             Commerce
             and
             reciproke
             Traffick
             for
             the
             profit
             of
             the
             Subject
             ,
             and
             increase
             of
             the
             Princes
             Revenue
             .
          
           
             Fourthly
             ,
             Covertly
             to
             win
             so
             great
             Confidence
             with
             Neighbors
             ,
             as
             in
             all
             actions
             of
             unkindness
             among
             them
             he
             may
             be
             made
             Umpire
             .
          
           
             Fifthly
             ,
             To
             become
             so
             well
             believed
             with
             them
             as
             he
             may
             remove
             such
             Diffidences
             as
             grow
             to
             his
             own
             disadvantage
             .
          
           
             Sixthly
             ,
             Not
             to
             deny
             Protection
             or
             Aid
             to
             them
             that
             are
             the
             weakest
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             such
             as
             do
             and
             will
             endure
             his
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             In
             Favouring
             ,
             Aiding
             and
             Protecting
             (
             unless
             necessity
             shall
             otherwise
             so
             require
             )
             to
             do
             it
             moderately
             ,
             so
             as
             they
             who
             are
             to
             be
             aided
             ,
             become
             not
             Jealous
             ,
             and
             consequently
             seek
             Adherency
             elsewhere
             ,
             which
             oft-times
             hath
             opened
             way
             to
             other
             Neighbors
             that
             desire
             a
             like
             occasion
             .
          
           
             
             
               How
               to
               prevent
               their
               Designs
               .
            
             
               This
               Point
               in
               time
               of
               War
               is
               with
               great
               diligence
               to
               be
               looked
               unto
               ;
               also
               in
               time
               of
               Peace
               to
               prevent
               all
               occasions
               that
               may
               kindle
               War
               is
               behoveful
               ;
               for
               to
               foresee
               what
               may
               happen
               to
               the
               Prejudice
               of
               a
               Princes
               Profit
               or
               Reputation
               ,
               is
               a
               part
               of
               great
               Wisdom
               .
               The
               means
               to
               attain
               the
               Intelligence
               of
               these
               things
               are
               two
               .
            
             
               The
               First
               is
               by
               Friends
               ,
               the
               next
               by
               Espials
               ;
               the
               one
               for
               the
               most
               part
               faithful
               ,
               the
               other
               not
               so
               assured
               .
            
             
               These
               matters
               are
               well
               to
               be
               considered
               ;
               for
               albeit
               the
               Nature
               of
               Man
               desireth
               nothing
               more
               than
               curiously
               to
               know
               the
               doings
               of
               others
               ,
               yet
               are
               those
               things
               to
               be
               handled
               with
               so
               great
               Secrecy
               and
               Dissimulation
               as
               the
               Princes
               Intent
               be
               not
               in
               any
               wise
               suspected
               ,
               nor
               the
               Ministers
               made
               odious
               ;
               for
               these
               sometimes
               to
               win
               themselves
               Reputation
               ,
               do
               devise
               causes
               of
               Difference
               where
               no
               need
               is
               ,
               divining
               of
               things
               Future
               which
               prove
               to
               the
               Prejudice
               of
               their
               own
               Prince
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               To
               win
               Confidence
               with
               Neighbors
               .
            
             
               This
               is
               chiefly
               attained
               unto
               by
               being
               Loved
               and
               Honored
               ;
               for
               these
               things
               do
               work
               so
               many
               good
               Effects
               ,
               as
               daily
               Experience
               sufficeth
               without
               any
               express
               Example
               to
               prove
               them
               of
               great
               Force
               .
            
             
               The
               ways
               to
               win
               Love
               and
               Trust
               ,
               is
               in
               all
               Actions
               to
               proceed
               Justly
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               to
               wink
               at
               Wrongs
               ,
               or
               set
               aside
               unnecessary
               Revenges
               ;
               and
               if
               any
               thing
               be
               done
               not
               justifiable
               ,
               or
               unfit
               to
               be
               allowed
               ,
               as
               oftentimes
               it
               happeneth
               ,
               there
               to
               lay
               the
               Blame
               upon
               the
               Minister
               ,
               which
               must
               be
               performed
               with
               so
               great
               show
               of
               Revenge
               and
               Dissimulation
               ,
               by
               reproving
               and
               punishing
               the
               Minister
               ,
               as
               the
               Princes
               offended
               may
               be
               satisfied
               ,
               and
               believe
               that
               the
               cause
               of
               Unkindness
               proceeded
               from
               thence
               .
            
             
               Now
               only
               it
               resteth
               that
               somewhat
               should
               be
               said
               touching
               Provision
               ,
               to
               the
               end
               the
               People
               may
               not
               be
               drawn
               into
               despair
               by
               Famine
               ,
               or
               extream
               Dearth
               of
               Victual
               ,
               and
               chiefly
               for
               want
               
               of
               Corn
               ,
               which
               is
               one
               principal
               Consideration
               to
               be
               regarded
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               Italian
               Proverb
               ,
               
                 Pane
                 in
                 Piazza
                 ,
                 Giustitia
                 in
                 Palazzo
                 ,
                 siverezza
                 per
                 tutto
                 :
              
               Whereunto
               I
               could
               wish
               every
               Prince
               or
               Supreme
               Governor
               to
               be
               thus
               qualified
               
                 (
                 viz.
                 )
                 Facile
                 de
                 audienza
                 :
                 non
                 facile
                 de
                 credenza
                 ,
                 desioso
                 de
                 spedition
                 ,
                 essemplare
                 in
                 costunii
                 proprii
                 ,
                 &
                 inquei
                 de
                 sua
                 casa
                 tale
                 chevorra
                 governare
                 ,
                 e
                 non
                 esser
                 governato
                 da
                 altro
                 ;
                 he
                 della
                 raggione
                 .
              
            
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XIII
            
             .
             Observations
             confirmed
             by
             Authorities
             of
             Princes
             and
             Principalities
             ,
             Charactering
             an
             excellent
             Prince
             or
             Governor
             .
          
           
             EVery
             good
             and
             lawful
             Principality
             is
             either
             Elective
             or
             Successive
             :
             Of
             them
             Election
             seemeth
             the
             more
             Ancient
             ;
             but
             Succession
             in
             divers
             respects
             the
             better
             :
             
               Minore
               discrimine
               sumitur
               Princeps
               quam
               quaeritur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             chief
             and
             only
             Endeavor
             of
             every
             good
             Prince
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             the
             Commodity
             and
             Security
             of
             the
             Subjects
             ,
             as
             contrariwise
             the
             Tyrant
             seeketh
             his
             own
             private
             Profit
             with
             the
             Oppression
             of
             his
             People
             :
             
               Civium
               non
               servitus
               sed
               tutela
               tradita
               est
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             To
             the
             Perfection
             of
             every
             good
             Prince
             ,
             two
             things
             are
             necessarily
             required
             (
             viz.
             )
             Prudence
             and
             Vertue
             ;
             
             the
             one
             to
             direct
             his
             Doings
             ,
             the
             other
             to
             govern
             his
             Life
             :
             
               Rex
               eris
               si
               recte
               feceris
            
             .
             Hor.
             
          
           
             The
             second
             care
             which
             appertaineth
             to
             a
             good
             Prince
             ,
             is
             to
             make
             his
             Subjects
             like
             unto
             himself
             ;
             for
             thereby
             he
             is
             not
             only
             honored
             ,
             but
             they
             also
             the
             better
             governed
             :
             
               Facile
               imperium
               in
               bonos
            
             .
             Plaut
             .
          
           
             Subjects
             are
             made
             good
             by
             two
             means
             (
             viz.
             )
             by
             constraint
             of
             Law
             ,
             and
             the
             Princes
             Example
             ;
             for
             in
             all
             Estates
             ,
             the
             People
             do
             imitate
             those
             Conditions
             whereunto
             they
             see
             the
             Prince
             enclined
             :
             
               Quicquid
               faciunt
               principes
               ,
               praecipere
               videantur
               .
            
             Quintil.
             
          
           
             All
             Vertues
             be
             required
             in
             a
             Prince
             ,
             but
             Justice
             and
             Clemency
             are
             most
             necessary
             ;
             for
             Justice
             is
             a
             Habit
             of
             doing
             things
             Justly
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             himself
             as
             others
             ,
             and
             giving
             to
             every
             one
             so
             much
             as
             to
             him
             appertaineth
             :
             This
             is
             that
             Vertue
             that
             preserveth
             Concord
             among
             Men
             ,
             and
             whereof
             they
             be
             called
             good
             :
             
               Jus
               &
               acquit
               as
               vincula
               civitatum
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
           
             *
             It
             is
             the
             Quality
             of
             this
             Vertue
             also
             ,
             to
             proceed
             equally
             and
             temperately
             ;
             it
             informeth
             the
             Prince
             not
             to
             surcharge
             the
             Subjects
             with
             infinite
             Laws
             ;
             for
             thereof
             proceedeth
             the
             Impoverishment
             of
             the
             Subjects
             and
             the
             Inriching
             of
             Lawyers
             ,
             a
             kind
             of
             Men
             which
             in
             Ages
             more
             Ancient
             ,
             did
             seem
             of
             no
             Necessity
             :
             
               Sine
               causidicis
               satis
               foelices
               olim
               fuere
               futur
               acque
               sunt
               urbes
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             The
             next
             Vertue
             required
             in
             Princes
             is
             Clemency
             ,
             being
             an
             Inclination
             of
             the
             Mind
             to
             Lenity
             and
             Compassion
             ,
             yet
             tempered
             with
             Severity
             and
             Judgment
             ;
             this
             Quality
             is
             fit
             for
             all
             great
             Personages
             ,
             but
             chiefly
             Princes
             ,
             because
             their
             occasion
             to
             use
             it
             is
             most
             ;
             by
             it
             also
             the
             Love
             of
             Men
             is
             gained
             :
             
               Qui
               vult
               regnare
               ,
               languida
               regnet
               manu
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             After
             Clemency
             ,
             Fidelity
             is
             expected
             in
             all
             good
             Princes
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             certain
             Performance
             and
             Observation
             of
             Word
             and
             Promise
             ;
             this
             Vertue
             seemeth
             to
             
             accompany
             Justice
             ,
             or
             is
             as
             it
             were
             the
             same
             ,
             and
             therefore
             most
             fit
             for
             Princes
             :
             
               Sanctissimum
               generis
               humani
               bonum
            
             .
             Liv.
             
          
           
             As
             Fidelity
             followeth
             Justice
             ,
             so
             doth
             Modesty
             accompany
             Clemency
             ;
             Modesty
             is
             a
             Temperature
             of
             Reason
             ,
             whereby
             the
             Mind
             of
             Man
             is
             so
             governed
             ,
             as
             neither
             in
             Action
             or
             Opinion
             he
             over-deemeth
             of
             himself
             ,
             or
             any
             thing
             that
             is
             his
             ;
             a
             Quality
             not
             common
             in
             Fortunate
             Folk
             ,
             and
             most
             rare
             in
             Princes
             :
             
               Superbia
               commune
               nobilitatis
               malum
            
             .
             Sal.
             
          
           
             This
             Vertue
             doth
             also
             moderate
             all
             External
             Demonstration
             of
             Insolence
             ,
             Pride
             and
             Arrogance
             ,
             and
             therefore
             necessary
             to
             be
             known
             of
             Princes
             ,
             and
             all
             others
             whom
             Favor
             or
             Fortune
             have
             advanced
             :
             
               Impone
               foelicitati
               tua
               fraenos
               ,
               facilius
               illam
               reges
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             But
             as
             Princes
             are
             to
             observe
             the
             Bounds
             of
             Modesty
             ,
             so
             may
             they
             not
             forget
             the
             Majesty
             appertaining
             to
             their
             Supreme
             Honor
             ,
             being
             a
             certain
             Reverend
             Greatness
             due
             to
             Princely
             Vertue
             and
             Royal
             State
             ;
             a
             Grace
             and
             Gravity
             no
             less
             beseeming
             a
             Prince
             than
             Vertue
             
             it self
             ;
             for
             neither
             over-much
             Familiarity
             ,
             nor
             too
             great
             Austerity
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             used
             by
             Princes
             :
             
               Facilitas
               autoritatem
               ,
               severitas
               amorem
               minuit
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             To
             these
             Vertues
             we
             may
             apply
             Liberality
             ,
             which
             doth
             not
             only
             Adorn
             ,
             but
             highly
             Advance
             the
             Honor
             due
             to
             Princes
             ;
             thereby
             also
             the
             good
             Will
             of
             Men
             is
             gained
             ;
             for
             nothing
             is
             more
             fitting
             a
             Prince's
             Nature
             than
             Bounty
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             accompanied
             with
             Judgment
             ,
             and
             performed
             according
             to
             the
             Laws
             of
             Liberality
             :
             
               Perdere
               multi
               sciunt
               ,
               donare
               nesciunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             It
             seemeth
             also
             that
             Prudence
             is
             not
             only
             fit
             ,
             but
             also
             ,
             among
             other
             Vertues
             ,
             necessary
             in
             a
             Prince
             ;
             for
             the
             daily
             use
             thereof
             is
             in
             all
             Humane
             Actions
             required
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             in
             Matters
             of
             State
             and
             Government
             :
             
               Prudentia
               imperantis
               propria
               &
               unica
               virtus
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             The
             Success
             of
             all
             Worldly
             Proceedings
             ,
             doth
             shew
             that
             Prudence
             hath
             compassed
             the
             Prosperous
             Event
             of
             Humane
             Actions
             ,
             more
             than
             Force
             of
             Arms
             or
             other
             Power
             :
             
               Mens
               una
               sapiens
               plurium
               vincit
               manus
               .
            
             Eurip.
             
          
           
           
             Prudence
             is
             either
             natural
             ,
             or
             received
             from
             others
             ;
             for
             whoso
             can
             Counsel
             himself
             what
             is
             fit
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             needeth
             not
             the
             Advice
             of
             others
             ;
             but
             they
             that
             want
             such
             Perfection
             ,
             and
             are
             nevertheless
             capable
             ,
             and
             are
             willing
             to
             know
             what
             others
             inform
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             accounted
             wise
             enough
             :
             
               Laudatissimus
               est
               qui
               cuncta
               videbit
               ,
               sed
               laudandus
               est
               is
               qui
               paret
               recte
               monenti
               .
            
             Hesiod
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XIV
            
             .
             Of
             the
             Princes
             intimate
             Counsellors
             and
             Ministres
             of
             State
             ,
             with
             their
             several
             Requisites
             .
          
           
             ALbeit
             the
             excellent
             Spirit
             of
             some
             Princes
             be
             such
             as
             doth
             justly
             deserve
             the
             highest
             Commendation
             ;
             yet
             for
             that
             every
             Course
             of
             Life
             needeth
             the
             Aid
             of
             Men
             ,
             and
             the
             Mind
             of
             one
             cannot
             comprehend
             the
             infinite
             Care
             appertaining
             to
             publick
             Affairs
             ;
             it
             behoveth
             Princes
             to
             be
             assisted
             :
             
               Magna
               negotia
               ,
               adjutoribus
               egent
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Assistants
             may
             be
             properly
             divided
             into
             Counsellors
             and
             Ministers
             ;
             the
             one
             to
             Advise
             ,
             the
             other
             to
             Execute
             :
             Without
             Counsel
             ,
             no
             Kingdom
             ,
             no
             State
             ,
             no
             private
             House
             can
             stand
             ;
             for
             Experience
             hath
             proved
             ,
             that
             Common-weales
             have
             prospered
             so
             long
             as
             good
             Counsel
             did
             govern
             ,
             but
             when
             Favor
             ,
             Fear
             or
             Voluptuousness
             entered
             ,
             
             those
             Nations
             became
             disordered
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             end
             subject
             to
             Slavery
             :
             
               Quiddam
               sacrum
               profecto
               est
               Consultatio
            
             .
             Plato
             .
          
           
             Counsellors
             are
             Men
             specially
             selected
             to
             give
             Advice
             to
             Princes
             or
             Common-wealths
             ,
             as
             well
             in
             Peace
             as
             in
             War
             ;
             the
             chief
             Qualities
             required
             in
             such
             Men
             ,
             are
             Fidelity
             and
             Knowledge
             ;
             which
             two
             concurring
             do
             make
             them
             both
             Good
             and
             Wise
             ,
             and
             consequently
             fit
             for
             Counsel
             :
             
               Prudentis
               proprium
               munus
               recte
               consulere
            
             .
             Arist.
             
          
           
             The
             Election
             of
             Counsellors
             is
             and
             ought
             to
             be
             chiefly
             among
             Men
             of
             long
             Experience
             and
             grave
             Years
             ;
             for
             as
             Youth
             is
             fittest
             for
             Action
             in
             respect
             of
             Corporal
             Strength
             ;
             so
             elder
             Folk
             having
             felt
             the
             Force
             of
             every
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             observed
             the
             Course
             of
             Worldly
             Proceedings
             do
             seem
             most
             meet
             for
             Consultation
             :
             
               Consilia
               senum
               ,
               facta
               juvenum
            
             .
             Plato
             .
          
           
             Albeit
             we
             say
             that
             the
             Excellency
             of
             Wisdom
             should
             be
             in
             Counsellors
             ;
             yet
             do
             we
             not
             require
             so
             quick
             and
             fiery
             a
             Conceit
             as
             is
             more
             apt
             for
             Innovation
             than
             orderly
             Government
             :
             
               Hebetiores
               
               quam
               acutiores
               melius
               Remp.
               administrant
               .
            
             Thucyd.
             
          
           
             To
             Fidelity
             and
             Experience
             we
             wish
             that
             our
             Counsellors
             should
             be
             endued
             with
             Piety
             ,
             Liberty
             ,
             Constancy
             ,
             Modesty
             and
             Silence
             ;
             for
             as
             the
             Aid
             and
             Assistance
             of
             God
             is
             that
             which
             governeth
             all
             good
             Counsels
             ,
             so
             liberty
             of
             Speech
             ,
             and
             magnanimous
             uttering
             of
             what
             is
             good
             and
             fit
             ,
             is
             necessary
             in
             Counsellors
             .
             Likewise
             to
             be
             constant
             and
             not
             to
             vary
             in
             opinion
             ,
             either
             for
             Fear
             or
             Favor
             ,
             is
             very
             commendable
             :
             Also
             as
             Modesty
             in
             giving
             Counsel
             escheweth
             all
             Offences
             ,
             and
             gaineth
             good
             Will
             ,
             so
             Secresie
             is
             the
             best
             and
             most
             secure
             means
             to
             govern
             all
             publick
             Affairs
             :
             
               Res
               magnae
               sustineri
               non
               possunt
               ab
               eo
               qui
               tacere
               nequit
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             Obstacle
             to
             good
             Counsel
             is
             Pertinacy
             or
             Opiniativeness
             ;
             a
             Condition
             far
             unfit
             for
             Counsellors
             ;
             yet
             some
             Men
             are
             so
             far
             in
             love
             with
             their
             own
             Opiniastre
             Conceits
             ,
             as
             that
             they
             cannot
             patiently
             endure
             Opposition
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             Discord
             must
             from
             Counsellors
             be
             removed
             ,
             because
             private
             Offence
             many
             times
             impeacheth
             publick
             Proceedings
             .
             
             Thirdly
             ,
             Affection
             is
             an
             Enemy
             to
             Counsel
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             commonly
             accompanied
             with
             Anger
             ,
             wherewith
             nothing
             can
             be
             rightly
             or
             considerately
             done
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             Avarice
             seemeth
             a
             Vice
             worthy
             to
             be
             abhorred
             of
             all
             Counsellors
             ,
             because
             it
             driveth
             away
             both
             Fidelity
             and
             Honesty
             ,
             the
             principal
             Pillars
             of
             all
             good
             Counsel
             :
             
               Pessimum
               veri
               affectus
               &
               judicii
               venenum
               ,
               utilit
               as
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             To
             good
             Counsel
             other
             Impediments
             there
             are
             ,
             which
             square
             not
             with
             Wisdom
             ;
             for
             all
             Crafty
             and
             Hazarding
             Counsels
             do
             seem
             in
             the
             beginning
             likely
             to
             succeed
             ;
             but
             afterwards
             and
             chiefly
             in
             the
             end
             do
             prove
             hard
             and
             of
             evil
             Event
             .
             It
             therefore
             seemeth
             behoveful
             to
             be
             wary
             in
             resolving
             ,
             and
             bold
             in
             executing
             :
             
               Animus
               vereri
               qui
               scit
               ,
               scit
               tuto
               aggredi
               .
            
             Pub.
             
          
           
             Another
             Lett
             to
             good
             Consultation
             is
             immoderate
             Desire
             ,
             which
             every
             wise
             Man
             must
             endeavor
             to
             restrain
             :
             
               Cupiditate
               pauca
               recte
               fiunt
               ,
               circumspectione
               plurima
               .
            
             Thucyd.
             
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             Haste
             is
             an
             Enemy
             to
             good
             Deliberation
             ;
             for
             whoso
             greedily
             desireth
             any
             thing
             ,
             proceedeth
             rashly
             ;
             and
             
             rash
             proceeding
             endeth
             ever
             in
             Repentance
             :
             
               Scelera
               impetu
               ,
               bona
               consilia
               mora
               valescunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             
               Of
               Ministers
               of
               State.
               
            
             
               Having
               already
               spoken
               of
               Counsellors
               ,
               somewhat
               is
               to
               be
               spoken
               of
               Ministers
               ;
               I
               mean
               those
               that
               either
               publickly
               or
               privately
               serve
               the
               Prince
               in
               any
               Function
               ;
               in
               choice
               of
               which
               Men
               ,
               care
               must
               be
               had
               ;
               First
               ,
               That
               they
               be
               Persons
               honestly
               born
               ;
               for
               no
               Man
               descended
               of
               base
               Parentage
               may
               be
               admitted
               ,
               unless
               in
               him
               be
               found
               some
               noble
               and
               excellent
               Vertue
               :
               
                 Optimus
                 quisque
                 Nobilissimus
              
               .
               Plato
               .
            
             
               Secondly
               ,
               They
               ought
               to
               be
               of
               honest
               Condition
               ,
               and
               of
               good
               Fame
               ;
               for
               that
               Common-weale
               is
               better
               and
               more
               secure
               ,
               where
               the
               Prince
               is
               not
               good
               ,
               than
               is
               that
               where
               his
               Ministers
               are
               Evil.
               It
               seemeth
               therefore
               that
               Ministers
               should
               be
               Men
               of
               good
               Quality
               and
               Blameless
               :
               
                 Emitur
                 sola
                 virtute
                 potestas
              
               .
               Claud.
               
            
             
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               Consideration
               is
               to
               be
               had
               of
               their
               Capacity
               and
               Fitness
               ,
               for
               that
               Function
               wherein
               they
               are
               to
               be
               used
               ;
               for
               as
               some
               Men
               are
               apt
               for
               Learning
               ,
               so
               others
               are
               naturally
               disposed
               to
               Arms.
               Also
               it
               is
               necessary
               that
               every
               one
               Square
               with
               the
               Office
               whereunto
               he
               is
               appointed
               ,
               in
               which
               matter
               some
               Princes
               have
               used
               great
               Caution
               ;
               for
               as
               they
               little
               liked
               of
               Men
               Excellent
               ,
               so
               they
               utterly
               detested
               the
               Vitious
               ;
               the
               one
               they
               doubted
               to
               trust
               in
               regard
               of
               themselves
               ,
               the
               other
               were
               thought
               a
               publick
               Indignity
               to
               the
               State.
               Wise
               Men
               have
               therefore
               resolved
               ,
               that
               those
               Wits
               which
               are
               neither
               over-haughty
               and
               singular
               ,
               nor
               they
               which
               be
               base
               or
               dull
               ,
               are
               fittest
               for
               Princes
               Secrets
               and
               Services
               ;
               howsoever
               we
               may
               hereof
               say
               with
               
                 Tacitus
                 :
                 Nescio
                 quomodo
                 Aulica
                 haec
                 comitia
                 affectus
                 dirigit
                 ,
                 &
                 fato
                 quodam
                 ac
                 sorte
                 nascendi
                 ,
                 ut
                 caetera
                 ,
                 ita
                 principum
                 inclinatio
                 in
                 hos
                 ,
                 offensio
                 in
                 illos
                 est
                 .
              
               Tac.
               
            
             
               And
               because
               the
               Course
               and
               Quality
               of
               Mens
               Lives
               serving
               in
               Court
               ,
               is
               of
               all
               other
               the
               most
               uncertain
               and
               dangerous
               ,
               great
               Heed
               and
               Circumspection
               ought
               therein
               to
               be
               used
               ;
               for
               whoso
               serveth
               
               negligently
               ,
               forgetting
               the
               dutiful
               Endeavors
               appertaining
               to
               the
               place
               ,
               seemeth
               to
               take
               a
               way
               of
               no
               good
               speed
               :
               
                 Quanto
                 quis
                 obsequio
                 promptior
                 ,
                 tanto
                 honoribus
                 &
                 opibus
                 extollitur
                 .
              
               Tac.
               
            
             
               It
               shall
               also
               become
               such
               a
               Man
               to
               look
               well
               unto
               his
               own
               Profit
               ,
               and
               behave
               himself
               rather
               Boldly
               than
               Bashfully
               :
               
                 Malus
                 minister
                 Regii
                 imperii
                 pudor
              
               .
               Sen.
               
            
             
               To
               be
               Modest
               ,
               and
               closely
               to
               handle
               all
               Actions
               ,
               is
               also
               a
               course
               well
               beseeming
               a
               Courtier
               ;
               neither
               shall
               he
               do
               well
               to
               attribute
               any
               good
               Success
               to
               his
               own
               Vertue
               or
               Merit
               ,
               but
               acknowledge
               all
               to
               proceed
               from
               the
               Prince's
               Bounty
               and
               Goodness
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               Envy
               is
               eschewed
               ,
               and
               the
               Prince
               not
               robbed
               of
               his
               Honor
               :
               
                 Haec
                 est
                 conditio
                 Regum
                 ,
                 casus
                 tantum
                 adversos
                 hominibus
                 tribuant
                 ,
                 secundos
                 virtuti
                 suae
                 .
              
               Prov.
               Emped
               .
            
             
               And
               to
               conclude
               these
               Precepts
               Summarily
               ,
               I
               say
               it
               behoveth
               all
               Ministers
               and
               Servants
               in
               Court
               to
               be
               Patient
               ,
               Wary
               and
               of
               few
               words
               :
               
                 Fraudum
                 sedes
                 Aula
              
               .
               Sen.
               
            
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XV.
            
             The
             Art
             of
             Ruling
             ,
             or
             Mystery
             of
             Regiment
             .
          
           
             TO
             Govern
             ,
             is
             a
             certain
             Skill
             how
             to
             command
             and
             continue
             Subjects
             in
             due
             Obedience
             ,
             so
             as
             offend
             they
             ought
             not
             ,
             or
             if
             they
             will
             they
             cannot
             ;
             wherein
             two
             special
             things
             are
             to
             be
             considered
             (
             viz.
             )
             the
             Nature
             of
             Men
             ,
             and
             the
             Nature
             of
             the
             State
             ;
             but
             first
             the
             Condition
             of
             the
             Vulgar
             must
             be
             well
             conceived
             :
             
               Noscenda
               natura
               vulgi
               ,
               &
               quibus
               modis
               temperanter
               habeatur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Disposition
             of
             Men
             is
             divers
             ;
             some
             are
             apt
             to
             Anger
             ,
             some
             are
             Hardy
             ,
             some
             Fearful
             ;
             it
             therefore
             behoveth
             the
             Prince
             to
             accommodate
             his
             Government
             to
             the
             Humor
             of
             People
             whom
             he
             governeth
             :
             
               Principis
               est
               virtus
               maxima
               nosse
               suos
               .
            
             Mart.
             
          
           
             Likewise
             the
             Nature
             of
             Commonweals
             is
             mutable
             and
             subject
             to
             change
             ,
             and
             Kingsare
             not
             only
             accompanied
             with
             Fortune
             ,
             but
             also
             followed
             with
             Hate
             ,
             which
             
             breedeth
             a
             continual
             Diffidence
             ,
             chiefly
             towards
             those
             that
             are
             nearest
             to
             Majesty
             :
             
               Suspectus
               semper
               invisusque
               dominantibus
               quisquis
               proximus
               destinatur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Moreover
             the
             Vulgar
             sort
             is
             generally
             variable
             ,
             Rash
             ,
             Hardy
             ,
             and
             void
             of
             Judgment
             ;
             
               Ex
               opinione
               multa
               ,
               ex
               veritate
               pauca
               judicat
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             To
             confirm
             a
             Government
             ,
             Force
             and
             Arms
             are
             of
             greatest
             necessity
             ;
             by
             force
             I
             mean
             the
             Guards
             and
             Arms
             which
             Princes
             use
             for
             their
             Defence
             or
             Ornament
             ;
             
               Miles
               in
               foro
               ,
               Miles
               in
               curia
               principem
               comitari
               debet
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             To
             this
             may
             be
             added
             Fortification
             and
             strong
             Buildings
             ,
             in
             these
             days
             much
             used
             by
             new
             Princes
             ,
             and
             others
             also
             to
             whom
             People
             yield
             ,
             not
             willing
             Obedience
             .
             In
             ancient
             times
             Princes
             planted
             Colonies
             as
             well
             to
             suppress
             Rebellion
             in
             Conquered
             Countries
             ,
             as
             to
             front
             suspected
             Neighbors
             :
             
               Coloniae
               vera
               sedes
               servitutis
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Government
             of
             Princes
             is
             also
             greatly
             increased
             by
             a
             Virtue
             ,
             which
             I
             call
             a
             commendable
             Affection
             in
             Subjects
             ,
             proceeding
             of
             Love
             and
             Authority
             :
             These
             effects
             do
             grow
             from
             the
             
             Princes
             own
             Merit
             ,
             but
             their
             being
             liveth
             in
             the
             mind
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             this
             Love
             is
             gained
             by
             Lenity
             ,
             Liberality
             ,
             and
             Mercy
             ;
             yet
             is
             every
             of
             them
             to
             be
             tempered
             :
             
               Nec
               aut
               reverentiam
               terrore
               ,
               aut
               amorem
               humilitate
               captibis
               .
            
             Plin.
             
          
           
             Affection
             is
             also
             no
             way
             sooner
             won
             then
             by
             Liberality
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             used
             with
             Judgment
             and
             Moderation
             .
             
               Bellorum
               sociis
               ,
               periculorum
               consortibus
               ,
               sivi
               de
               te
               bene
               ac
               fortiter
               —
               —
               meritis
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             By
             Indulgence
             likewise
             ,
             and
             Princely
             Affability
             ,
             the
             love
             of
             Men
             is
             gain'd
             ;
             for
             the
             Multitude
             desire
             no
             more
             than
             necessary
             Food
             and
             Liberty
             ,
             to
             use
             ordinary
             Recreations
             :
             
               Vulgo
               ,
               sicut
               pueris
               ,
               omne
               ludicrum
               in
               pretio
               est
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XVI
            
             .
             Of
             Princely
             Authority
             ;
             Wherein
             it
             consists
             ,
             and
             how
             far
             to
             be
             extended
             and
             delegated
             .
          
           
             AUthority
             is
             a
             certain
             reverent
             Impression
             in
             the
             Minds
             of
             Subjects
             and
             others
             touching
             the
             Princes
             Virtue
             and
             Government
             ;
             it
             resteth
             chiefly
             in
             Admiration
             and
             Fear
             :
             
               Ingenita
               quibusdam
               gentibus
               erga
               reges
               suos
               veneratio
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Authority
             consisteth
             in
             three
             things
             ;
             (
             viz.
             )
             the
             Form
             of
             Government
             ,
             the
             Strength
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             the
             Condition
             of
             the
             Prince
             ;
             for
             in
             them
             all
             Reputation
             and
             Security
             resteth
             :
             
               Majest
               as
               Imperii
               ,
               salutis
               tutela
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Whoso
             desireth
             to
             govern
             well
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             him
             to
             use
             Severity
             ,
             Constancy
             and
             Restraint
             ;
             for
             over
             much
             Lenity
             introduceth
             Contempt
             ,
             and
             certain
             hope
             of
             Impunity
             ;
             the
             Condition
             of
             Men
             being
             such
             as
             cannot
             be
             restrained
             by
             Shame
             ,
             yet
             it
             is
             to
             be
             commanded
             by
             
             Fear
             :
             
               Salutaris
               severit
               as
               vincit
               inanem
               speciem
               clementiae
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Yet
             ought
             Severity
             to
             be
             used
             with
             great
             respect
             and
             sparingly
             ,
             because
             over
             great
             Terror
             breedeth
             Desparation
             :
             
               Poena
               ad
               paucos
               ,
               metus
               ad
               omnes
               perveniat
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             To
             govern
             constantly
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             to
             continue
             the
             old
             and
             ancient
             Laws
             in
             force
             without
             Change
             or
             Innovation
             unless
             exceeding
             great
             Commodity
             or
             urgent
             Necessity
             shall
             so
             require
             :
             for
             where
             extream
             Punishments
             are
             used
             ,
             Reformation
             is
             always
             needful
             :
             
               Nocet
               interdum
               priscus
               rigor
               &
               nimia
               severitas
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Also
             to
             restrain
             Authority
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             great
             Necessity
             and
             worthy
             a
             Wise
             Prince
             ;
             else
             he
             maketh
             others
             partakers
             of
             the
             Honor
             and
             Power
             to
             himself
             only
             due
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             also
             dangerous
             :
             
               Periculosam
               privati
               hominis
               nomen
               supra
               (
               immo
               &
               juxta
               )
               principes
               extolli
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             It
             seemeth
             also
             perilous
             that
             great
             Authority
             given
             to
             private
             Men
             should
             belong
             ;
             for
             thereby
             oft-tentimes
             they
             are
             made
             Insolent
             and
             apt
             to
             Innovation
             :
             
               Libertatis
               sive
               principatus
               magna
               custodia
               
               est
               ,
               si
               magna
               imperio
               diuturna
               esse
               non
               sinas
               .
            
             Liv.
             
          
           
             Authority
             is
             also
             reinforced
             and
             enlarged
             by
             Power
             ,
             without
             which
             no
             Prince
             can
             either
             take
             from
             others
             or
             defend
             his
             own
             :
             
               Parum
               tuta
               sine
               viribus
               Majestas
            
             .
             Liv.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XVII
            
             .
             Of
             Power
             and
             Force
             ;
             and
             how
             to
             be
             raised
             and
             maintained
             .
          
           
             POwer
             and
             Strength
             is
             attained
             by
             these
             five
             ways
             ,
             Money
             ,
             Arms
             ,
             Counsel
             ,
             Friends
             and
             Fortune
             ;
             but
             of
             these
             the
             first
             and
             most
             forcible
             is
             Money
             :
             
               Nihil
               tam
               munitum
               quod
               non
               expugnari
               pecunia
               possit
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Next
             to
             Money
             Arms
             are
             of
             most
             use
             as
             well
             to
             defend
             as
             to
             offend
             ;
             to
             keep
             ,
             and
             to
             conquer
             ;
             for
             oft-tentimes
             occasion
             is
             to
             be
             offered
             as
             well
             to
             take
             from
             others
             ,
             as
             to
             hold
             what
             is
             our
             own
             :
             
               Sua
               retinere
               privatae
               est
               domus
               ,
               de
               alienis
               certare
               Regia
               laus
               est
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
           
             Also
             of
             great
             and
             necessary
             use
             is
             Counsel
             ,
             to
             devise
             how
             Arms
             ought
             to
             be
             employed
             or
             enforced
             :
             
               Arma
               concilio
               temperanda
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Likewise
             Friends
             and
             Confederates
             do
             greatly
             increase
             the
             Virtue
             of
             Power
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             such
             as
             have
             both
             wit
             and
             ability
             to
             aid
             :
             
               In
               caducum
               parietem
               ne
               inclina
            
             .
             Adri.
             
          
           
             The
             last
             ,
             yet
             not
             the
             least
             part
             of
             Power
             consisteth
             in
             Fortune
             ;
             whereof
             daily
             Experience
             may
             be
             seen
             ;
             for
             the
             Success
             of
             all
             humane
             Actions
             seem
             rather
             to
             proceed
             from
             Fortune
             than
             Virtue
             :
             
               Omni
               ratione
               potentior
               fortuna
            
             .
             Curt.
             
          
           
             To
             these
             Particularities
             concerning
             Power
             ,
             we
             may
             add
             the
             Qualities
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             which
             greatly
             Grace
             his
             Authority
             ;
             these
             are
             partly
             internal
             ,
             and
             partly
             external
             :
             by
             the
             one
             I
             mean
             the
             Virtues
             of
             the
             Mind
             ,
             by
             the
             other
             a
             certain
             seemly
             Behavior
             and
             comely
             gesture
             of
             the
             Body
             ;
             of
             the
             first
             kind
             I
             do
             suppose
             Piety
             and
             Providence
             to
             be
             the
             chief
             ,
             for
             Piety
             maketh
             a
             Prince
             Venerable
             ,
             and
             like
             unto
             God
             :
             
               Oportet
               principem
               res
               divinas
               videri
               curare
               serio
               &
               ante
               omnia
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
           
             Providence
             is
             a
             Forecast
             and
             likely
             conjectures
             of
             things
             to
             come
             ,
             supposed
             to
             be
             in
             those
             Princes
             that
             in
             their
             Actions
             proceed
             slowly
             and
             circumspectly
             ,
             it
             seemeth
             also
             a
             course
             of
             Princely
             Discretion
             to
             be
             retired
             aud
             not
             ordinarily
             to
             converse
             with
             many
             :
             
               Autoritatem
               absentia
               tueare
            
             .
             Suet.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XVIII
            
             .
             Of
             Conspiracy
             and
             Treason
             ,
             with
             the
             Causes
             and
             ways
             of
             Prevention
             or
             Discovery
             .
          
           
             COnspiracy
             is
             commonly
             addressed
             to
             the
             Princes
             Person
             ;
             Treasons
             are
             addressed
             against
             his
             Government
             ,
             Authority
             ,
             Country
             ,
             Subjects
             ,
             or
             Places
             of
             Srength
             .
             These
             Mischiefs
             are
             easily
             feared
             ,
             but
             hardly
             eschewed
             ;
             for
             albeit
             open
             Enemies
             are
             openly
             encountred
             ,
             yet
             Fraud
             and
             Subtilty
             are
             secret
             Foes
             ,
             and
             consequently
             not
             to
             be
             avoided
             :
             
             
               Occulta
               pericula
               neque
               praevidere
               neque
               vitare
               in
               promptu
               est
               .
            
             Salust
             .
          
           
             The
             danger
             of
             Conspiracy
             proceedeth
             of
             divers
             Causes
             ,
             as
             Avarice
             ,
             Infidelity
             of
             Subjects
             ,
             Ambition
             in
             Servants
             ,
             and
             Corruption
             in
             Soldiers
             ,
             therefore
             with
             great
             difficulty
             to
             be
             avoided
             :
             
               Vitae
               tuae
               dominus
               est
               ,
               quisquis
               suam
               contempsit
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Notwithstanding
             it
             seemeth
             that
             either
             by
             Inquisition
             ,
             Punishment
             ,
             Innocency
             ,
             or
             Destiny
             ,
             the
             evil
             Affection
             of
             Men
             may
             be
             oft-tentimes
             discovered
             :
             1.
             
             For
             whoso
             will
             curiously
             inquire
             and
             consider
             the
             Actions
             and
             ordinary
             Speechees
             of
             Men
             (
             I
             mean
             those
             that
             be
             Persons
             of
             Honor
             and
             Reputation
             )
             may
             oft-tentimes
             vent
             the
             Myne
             that
             lurketh
             in
             the
             Minds
             :
             
               Quoniam
               rarò
               nisi
               male
               loqunti
               mali
               faciunt
               .
            
             Lips.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             Punishment
             is
             likewise
             a
             thing
             so
             terrible
             that
             the
             Consideration
             thereof
             with
             the
             hope
             of
             Reward
             doth
             often
             discover
             those
             dangerous
             Intentions
             :
             
               Cruciatu
               aut
               praemio
               cunct
               a
               pervia
               sunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             But
             as
             it
             is
             Wisdom
             in
             Princes
             to
             give
             ear
             to
             Informers
             ,
             so
             are
             they
             not
             always
             to
             be
             believed
             ;
             for
             Hope
             ,
             Envy
             ,
             
             Hate
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             Passion
             oft-tentimes
             draws
             them
             to
             speak
             untruly
             :
             
               Quis
               innocens
               esse
               potest
               si
               accusare
               sufficit
               ?
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             The
             third
             and
             likeliest
             Defence
             against
             Conspiracy
             is
             the
             Princes
             own
             Innocency
             ;
             for
             never
             having
             injured
             any
             Man
             ,
             it
             cannot
             be
             thought
             there
             liveth
             any
             Subject
             so
             lewd
             as
             will
             endeauor
             to
             hurt
             him
             :
             
               Fidelissima
               custodia
               principis
               ipsius
               innocentia
            
             .
             Plin.
             
          
           
             4.
             
             The
             last
             and
             best
             Bulward
             to
             withstand
             the
             force
             of
             this
             Mischief
             we
             call
             Destiny
             ;
             which
             proceeding
             from
             the
             Fountain
             of
             Divine
             Providence
             ,
             may
             be
             truly
             called
             the
             Will
             of
             God
             ;
             in
             whose
             only
             Power
             it
             resteth
             to
             protect
             and
             defend
             good
             Princes
             :
             
               Ille
               erit
               a
               latere
               tuo
               ,
               &
               custodiet
               pedem
               tuum
               ne
               capiaris
               .
            
             Salo.
             
          
           
             Treasons
             are
             most
             commonly
             enterprized
             by
             covetous
             Persons
             ,
             who
             preferring
             private
             Profit
             before
             Fame
             or
             Fidelity
             ,
             do
             not
             fear
             to
             enter
             into
             any
             impious
             Action
             :
             To
             this
             humor
             ambitious
             Men
             dissentious
             ,
             and
             all
             such
             as
             be
             desirous
             of
             Innovation
             ,
             are
             inclined
             :
             
               Pulcra
               loquentes
               iidem
               in
               pectore
               prava
               struentes
               .
            
             Hom.
             
          
           
           
             To
             these
             Offenders
             no
             Punishment
             is
             equal
             to
             their
             impious
             Merit
             ,
             can
             be
             devised
             ,
             being
             Persons
             odious
             as
             well
             to
             Friends
             as
             Foes
             :
             
               Proditores
               etiam
               in
               quos
               anteponunt
               ,
               invisi
               sunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XIX
            
             .
             Of
             Publick
             Hate
             and
             Contempt
             ,
             with
             the
             Occasions
             and
             Means
             to
             redress
             and
             avoid
             it
             .
          
           
             HAving
             briefly
             touched
             the
             Virtues
             and
             Means
             whereby
             Princes
             are
             maintained
             in
             Authority
             and
             Honor
             ,
             let
             something
             be
             said
             of
             the
             Causes
             from
             whence
             their
             Ruine
             doth
             proceed
             ;
             the
             chief
             whereof
             seemeth
             to
             be
             Hate
             and
             Contempt
             :
             Hate
             cometh
             of
             Fear
             ,
             which
             the
             more
             Common
             it
             is
             ,
             the
             more
             Dangerous
             :
             
               Nulla
               vis
               imperii
               tanta
               est
               ,
               quae
               premente
               metu
               possit
               esse
               diuturna
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             The
             causes
             of
             Fear
             are
             Punishments
             ,
             Impositions
             and
             Rigor
             ;
             and
             therefore
             
             it
             behoveth
             a
             Prince
             not
             only
             to
             shun
             them
             ,
             but
             to
             eschew
             those
             Actions
             whereby
             he
             may
             reasonable
             incur
             their
             Suspision
             :
             
               Sentias
               enim
               homines
               ut
               metuant
               aut
               oderint
               ,
               non
               minus
               opinione
               &
               fama
               ,
               quam
               certa
               aliqua
               ratione
               moveri
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Yet
             Punishment
             ,
             Imposition
             and
             Censure
             are
             in
             all
             States
             necessary
             ,
             although
             they
             shew
             and
             seem
             terrible
             ,
             and
             consequently
             breed
             a
             certain
             Desperation
             in
             Subjects
             ,
             unless
             they
             be
             discreetly
             and
             modestly
             used
             ;
             for
             extream
             and
             frequent
             Punishments
             taste
             of
             Cruelty
             ;
             great
             and
             many
             Imposts
             savor
             of
             Covetousness
             ;
             Censure
             of
             Manners
             when
             it
             exceedeth
             the
             quality
             of
             Offences
             ,
             doth
             seem
             Rigour
             in
             these
             matters
             ;
             therefore
             it
             behoveth
             the
             Prince
             to
             be
             moderate
             and
             cautelous
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             Capital
             Punishment
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             confined
             within
             the
             Bounds
             of
             Justice
             :
             
               Sit
               apud
               principem
               parsimonia
               etiam
               viliffimi
               sanguinis
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             But
             if
             for
             Security
             sake
             the
             Prince
             be
             forced
             to
             punish
             ,
             let
             the
             same
             be
             done
             with
             shew
             of
             great
             Sorrow
             and
             Lothness
             :
             
               Tanquam
               invitus
               &
               magnocum
               
               tormento
               ad
               castigandum
               veniat
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Let
             all
             Punishments
             also
             be
             slowly
             executed
             ;
             for
             they
             that
             are
             hastily
             punished
             do
             seem
             to
             have
             been
             willingly
             condemned
             ;
             neither
             ought
             any
             Capital
             Punishment
             to
             be
             inflicted
             but
             only
             that
             which
             is
             profitable
             to
             the
             Commonweale
             ,
             and
             for
             Example
             sake
             :
             
               Non
               tam
               ut
               ipsi
               pareant
               ,
               quam
               ut
               alios
               pereundo
               deterreant
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             In
             punishing
             also
             a
             specil
             respect
             must
             be
             had
             ,
             that
             no
             shew
             of
             content
             or
             pleasure
             be
             taken
             therein
             :
             
               Forma
               rabiei
               est
               sanguine
               &
               vulneribus
               gaudere
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Also
             in
             Punishing
             ,
             equality
             must
             be
             observed
             ,
             and
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             Punishment
             according
             to
             the
             Custom
             :
             
               Nec
               eisdem
               de
               causis
               alii
               plectantur
               ,
               alii
               ne
               appellentur
               quidem
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             But
             in
             punishing
             publick
             Offences
             wherein
             a
             Multitude
             have
             part
             ,
             the
             Execution
             ought
             to
             be
             otherwise
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             at
             an
             instant
             ,
             which
             may
             haply
             seem
             terrible
             ,
             but
             in
             effect
             is
             not
             :
             
               Frequens
               vindict
               a
               paucorum
               odium
               reprimit
               ;
               omnium
               irritat
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
           
             Another
             means
             to
             satisfie
             a
             People
             offended
             is
             to
             punish
             the
             Ministers
             of
             Cruelty
             ,
             and
             with
             their
             Blood
             to
             wash
             away
             the
             common
             hatred
             .
             
               Piaculares
               publici
               odii
               victimae
            
             .
             Plin.
             By
             this
             King
             David
             did
             appease
             the
             Gibeonites
             .
          
           
             The
             next
             cause
             of
             Discontent
             cometh
             of
             Impositions
             ,
             under
             which
             word
             is
             comprehended
             all
             Levies
             of
             Money
             ,
             a
             matter
             nothing
             pleasing
             to
             People
             ,
             as
             that
             which
             they
             esteem
             equal
             to
             their
             own
             Lives
             :
             
               Pecunia
               anima
               &
               sanguis
               est
               mortalibus
               .
            
             Plaut
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             to
             remove
             Hate
             conceived
             of
             this
             cause
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             better
             then
             publick
             Expostulation
             of
             Necessity
             :
             for
             what
             Commonwealth
             or
             Kingdom
             can
             be
             without
             Tributes
             ?
             
               Nulla
               quies
               gentium
               sine
               armis
               ,
               nec
               arma
               sine
               stipendiis
               ,
               nec
               stipendia
               sine
               Tributis
               haberi
               queunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             second
             Remedy
             against
             Hate
             for
             Impositions
             is
             to
             make
             moderate
             Levies
             and
             rare
             .
             For
             as
             Tiberius
             the
             Emperor
             was
             wont
             to
             say
             ,
             a
             Sheep
             should
             be
             fleeced
             not
             flead
             :
             
               Qui
               nimis
               emungit
               ,
               elicit
               sanguinem
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             also
             to
             eschew
             the
             Offence
             of
             People
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             the
             Prince
             to
             have
             a
             vigilant
             Eye
             on
             Informers
             ,
             Promoters
             ,
             and
             such
             fiscal
             Ministers
             ,
             whose
             Cruelty
             and
             covetous
             Proceedings
             do
             oft-tentimes
             occasion
             great
             Hate
             ;
             but
             this
             mischief
             may
             be
             ,
             though
             hardly
             ,
             encountred
             ,
             either
             by
             choosing
             honest
             Officers
             ,
             or
             (
             proving
             otherwise
             )
             not
             only
             to
             remain
             them
             but
             to
             use
             them
             as
             Spunges
             :
             
               Exprimendi
               post
               quam
               biberint
            
             .
             Suet.
             
          
           
             In
             all
             Impositions
             or
             Taxations
             ,
             no
             Cruelty
             or
             Force
             ought
             to
             be
             used
             ,
             the
             second
             cause
             to
             kindle
             Hate
             :
             and
             to
             meet
             with
             that
             mischief
             ,
             nothing
             is
             better
             than
             to
             proceed
             moderately
             ,
             and
             without
             Extremity
             :
             
               Ne
               Boves
               ipsos
               ,
               mox
               agros
               ,
               postremo
               corpora
               servitio
               aut
               poenae
               tradant
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             fourth
             Remedy
             is
             the
             Princes
             own
             Parsimony
             ,
             not
             giving
             so
             largely
             to
             private
             Persons
             as
             thereby
             to
             be
             forced
             to
             take
             from
             the
             Multitude
             :
             
               Magnae
               opes
               non
               tam
               multa
               capiendo
               ,
               quam
               haud
               multa
               perdendo
               ,
               quaeruntur
               .
            
             Maecaenas
             .
          
           
           
             The
             last
             help
             against
             Hate
             is
             in
             Taxation
             to
             proceed
             equally
             ,
             indifferently
             ,
             and
             without
             Favor
             or
             Respect
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             Assessors
             of
             Taxes
             may
             be
             elected
             of
             the
             meaner
             fort
             of
             People
             :
             
               Populis
               maximam
               fidem
               rerum
               suarum
               habet
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Touching
             Censure
             ,
             which
             we
             numbred
             amongst
             the
             causes
             whereof
             Hate
             is
             conceived
             ,
             much
             needeth
             not
             to
             be
             spoken
             ,
             because
             the
             same
             is
             discontinued
             ,
             or
             rather
             utterly
             forgotten
             ;
             yet
             doth
             it
             seem
             a
             thing
             necessary
             ,
             being
             a
             certain
             Observation
             and
             Controlement
             of
             such
             evil
             Manners
             and
             Disorders
             ,
             as
             were
             not
             by
             Law
             corrigible
             ;
             these
             Officers
             were
             of
             the
             Romans
             called
             
               Magistri
               pudoris
               &
               modestiae
            
             .
             Livi.
             
          
           
             To
             the
             Function
             of
             Censures
             these
             two
             things
             are
             anciently
             subject
             Manners
             ,
             and
             Excess
             ;
             under
             Manners
             I
             comprehend
             Wantonness
             ,
             Drunkenness
             ,
             Dicing
             ,
             Brawling
             ,
             Perjury
             ,
             and
             all
             such
             Lewdness
             as
             Modesty
             condemneth
             .
             These
             Disorders
             were
             anciently
             punished
             by
             the
             discretion
             of
             Censors
             in
             all
             Ages
             and
             Sexes
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             Idleness
             might
             be
             generally
             avoided
             .
             
               Universa
               
               plebs
               habeat
               negotia
               sua
               ,
               quibus
               a
               malo
               publico
               detineatur
               .
            
             Salust
             .
          
           
             Excess
             includeth
             Riotousness
             ,
             expence
             of
             Money
             ,
             Prodigal
             House-keeping
             ,
             Banquetting
             and
             Superfluity
             in
             Apparel
             ,
             which
             things
             are
             the
             Mothers
             of
             many
             Mischiefs
             .
             It
             also
             seemeth
             in
             some
             sort
             perilous
             to
             the
             Prince
             that
             the
             Subject
             should
             exceed
             either
             in
             Covetize
             or
             Consuming
             :
             
               Nemo
               nimis
               excedat
               ,
               five
               amicorum
               copia
               ,
               sine
               opum
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             The
             Punishment
             inflicted
             upon
             these
             sorts
             of
             Offenders
             ,
             were
             either
             Ignominy
             ,
             or
             Pecuniary
             Punishments
             :
             
               Censoris
               judicium
               damnato
               nihil
               affert
               nisi
               ruborem
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             and
             chiefest
             means
             to
             remove
             these
             Inconveniences
             ,
             is
             the
             Princes
             own
             Example
             ,
             whose
             Life
             being
             well
             censured
             ,
             easily
             reduceth
             others
             to
             order
             .
             
               Vita
               principis
               censura
               perpetua
            
             .
             Plin.
             
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             Those
             Disorders
             may
             be
             taken
             away
             without
             danger
             ,
             if
             the
             Censures
             do
             proceed
             by
             degrees
             and
             leasurely
             ;
             for
             the
             Nature
             of
             Man
             may
             not
             suddenly
             be
             altered
             .
             
               Vitia
               quaedam
               tollit
               facilius
               princeps
               ,
               si
               eorum
               sit
               patiens
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
           
             These
             are
             the
             chiefest
             Rules
             whereby
             to
             eschew
             Hate
             ;
             but
             impossible
             it
             is
             for
             any
             Prince
             or
             Minister
             utterly
             to
             avoid
             it
             ;
             for
             being
             himself
             good
             ,
             he
             incurreth
             the
             Offence
             of
             all
             bad
             Folk
             ,
             if
             he
             be
             Evil
             ,
             Good
             Men
             will
             hate
             him
             ;
             this
             Danger
             therefore
             Wise
             and
             Vertuous
             Princes
             have
             little
             regarded
             ;
             because
             Hate
             may
             be
             gained
             as
             well
             by
             good
             as
             evil
             Doing
             :
             
               Odia
               qui
               nimium
               timet
               ,
               regnare
               nescit
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             One
             other
             means
             to
             remove
             this
             Error
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             reward
             the
             good
             and
             well
             deserving
             Subjects
             ;
             for
             no
             Man
             can
             think
             him
             Cruel
             ,
             that
             for
             love
             to
             Vertue
             useth
             Austerity
             ;
             which
             will
             appear
             ,
             when
             he
             bestoweth
             Bountifully
             on
             the
             Good
             :
             
               Praemio
               &
               poena
               Respublica
               continetur
            
             .
             Solon
             .
          
           
             The
             other
             Vice
             which
             indangereth
             the
             State
             of
             Princes
             ,
             we
             call
             Contempt
             ,
             being
             a
             certain
             base
             and
             vile
             Conceit
             ,
             which
             entereth
             into
             the
             Subjects
             ,
             Strangers
             or
             Servants
             ,
             of
             the
             Prince
             and
             his
             Proceedings
             ;
             for
             the
             Authority
             of
             a
             King
             may
             be
             resembled
             to
             the
             Powers
             of
             Mans
             Mind
             ,
             whereunto
             the
             Hands
             ,
             the
             Feet
             ,
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             do
             by
             consent
             obey
             :
             
             
               Vires
               imperii
               in
               consensu
               obedientium
               sunt
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             The
             Causes
             of
             Contempt
             do
             proceed
             chiefly
             from
             the
             Form
             of
             Government
             ,
             Fortune
             ,
             or
             the
             Prince's
             Manners
             ;
             the
             Form
             of
             Government
             becometh
             Contemptible
             ,
             when
             the
             Prince
             ,
             desiring
             to
             be
             thought
             Merciful
             ,
             ruleth
             rather
             Pitifully
             than
             Justly
             ;
             which
             manner
             of
             Proceeding
             taketh
             away
             all
             Reverence
             in
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             in
             lieu
             thereof
             ,
             entereth
             Liberty
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             a
             certain
             Boldness
             to
             offend
             :
             
               Facult
               as
               faciendi
               quod
               cuilibet
               visum
               ,
               non
               potest
               comprimere
               ingenitam
               singulis
               hominibus
               pravitatem
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Also
             to
             be
             Mutable
             ,
             Irresolute
             ,
             Light
             and
             Inconsiderate
             in
             bestowing
             the
             Honors
             and
             Offices
             of
             State
             ,
             maketh
             the
             Prince
             Contemptible
             :
             
               Qui
               praesentibus
               fruitur
               ,
               nec
               in
               longius
               consultat
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             But
             if
             Contempt
             be
             caused
             by
             Fortune
             ,
             or
             as
             may
             be
             said
             more
             reasonably
             ,
             by
             Destiny
             ,
             and
             that
             those
             Friends
             do
             fail
             ,
             who
             ought
             in
             Duty
             to
             defend
             the
             Prince
             and
             his
             Authority
             ,
             then
             is
             there
             small
             hope
             to
             eschew
             Contempt
             :
             
               Fato
               obnoxia
               virtus
            
             .
             Plaut
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Prince's
             Manners
             do
             breed
             Contempt
             ,
             when
             he
             yieldeth
             his
             Affections
             to
             Sensuality
             and
             Sloth
             ,
             or
             if
             he
             incur
             the
             Suspition
             of
             Simplicity
             ,
             Cowardise
             ,
             or
             any
             such
             Vice
             ,
             unworthy
             the
             Dignity
             he
             beareth
             :
             Common
             People
             do
             sometimes
             also
             disesteem
             the
             Prince
             for
             external
             and
             light
             causes
             ,
             as
             Deformity
             of
             Person
             ,
             Sickness
             or
             such
             like
             :
             
               Mos
               vulgi
               est
               ,
               fortuita
               &
               externa
               ad
               culpam
               trahere
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XX.
            
             Of
             Diffidence
             and
             Dissimulation
             in
             the
             Management
             of
             State
             Affairs
             .
          
           
             ALbeit
             roundness
             and
             plain
             dealing
             be
             most
             worthy
             Praise
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             private
             Persons
             ;
             yet
             because
             all
             Men
             in
             their
             Actions
             do
             not
             so
             proceed
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             Wise
             Men
             and
             Princes
             ,
             above
             others
             ,
             at
             occasions
             to
             Semble
             and
             Dissemble
             ;
             for
             as
             in
             all
             Actions
             a
             Prince
             ought
             to
             be
             Slow
             and
             Advised
             ;
             so
             in
             Consent
             and
             Believing
             ,
             Haste
             and
             Facility
             
             is
             most
             dangerous
             ;
             and
             though
             Credulity
             be
             rather
             an
             Error
             than
             a
             Fault
             ,
             yet
             for
             Princes
             it
             is
             both
             Unfit
             and
             Perilous
             .
             Wherefore
             it
             importeth
             them
             to
             be
             defended
             with
             this
             Caution
             ,
             
               Nihil
               credendo
               ,
               atque
               omnia
               cavendo
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Notwithstanding
             he
             must
             not
             shew
             himself
             Diffident
             or
             Distrustful
             utterly
             ;
             but
             as
             I
             wish
             he
             should
             not
             over-slightly
             believe
             all
             Men
             ,
             so
             ought
             he
             not
             for
             small
             causes
             distrust
             every
             Man
             :
             
               Multi
               fallere
               docuerunt
               ,
               dum
               timent
               falli
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Dissimulation
             is
             as
             it
             were
             begotten
             by
             Diffidence
             ,
             a
             Quality
             in
             Princes
             of
             so
             great
             Necessity
             ,
             as
             moved
             the
             Emperor
             Tiberius
             to
             say
             ,
             
               Nescit
               regnare
               ,
               qui
               nescit
               dissimulare
               .
            
          
           
             The
             Necessity
             of
             Dissimulation
             is
             chiefly
             to
             be
             used
             with
             Strangers
             and
             Enemies
             ;
             it
             also
             sheweth
             a
             certain
             Discretion
             in
             Magistrates
             ,
             sometimes
             to
             disguise
             with
             Friends
             when
             no
             Offence
             doth
             thereof
             follow
             :
             
               Doli
               non
               sunt
               doli
               ,
               nisi
               astu
               colas
               .
            
             Plaut
             .
          
           
             This
             kind
             of
             Craft
             ,
             albeit
             in
             every
             Mans
             Conceit
             not
             praisable
             ,
             is
             nevertheless
             tolerable
             ,
             and
             for
             Princes
             and
             Magistrates
             (
             the
             same
             being
             used
             to
             
             good
             ends
             )
             very
             necessary
             .
             But
             those
             Cunnings
             which
             are
             contrary
             to
             Vertue
             ,
             ought
             not
             of
             Honest
             Men
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             neither
             dare
             I
             commend
             Adulation
             and
             Corruption
             ,
             though
             they
             be
             often
             used
             in
             Court
             ,
             and
             are
             of
             some
             Learned
             Writers
             allowed
             :
             
               Decipere
               pro
               moribus
               temporum
               ,
               prudentia
               est
               .
            
             Plin.
             
          
           
             By
             great
             Subtilty
             and
             Frauds
             ,
             contrary
             to
             Vertue
             and
             Piety
             ,
             I
             mean
             Perjury
             and
             Injustice
             ,
             which
             though
             all
             Men
             in
             Words
             detest
             ,
             yet
             in
             Deeds
             are
             used
             of
             many
             ,
             perswading
             themselves
             ,
             by
             Cavillations
             and
             Sophistications
             ,
             to
             excuse
             the
             Impiety
             of
             their
             False
             Oaths
             ;
             as
             it
             is
             written
             of
             
               Lysander
               ,
               Pueros
               talis
               ,
               viros
               juramentis
               circumvenire
               solebat
               .
            
             Plut.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXI
            
             .
             Of
             War
             Defensive
             and
             Invasive
             ;
             with
             Instructions
             touching
             Laws
             of
             Arms
             ,
             Soldiers
             and
             Military
             Discipline
             .
          
           
             THE
             Art
             Military
             is
             of
             all
             other
             Qualities
             most
             necessary
             for
             Princes
             ,
             for
             without
             it
             they
             cannot
             be
             defended
             ;
             force
             of
             Men
             only
             sufficeth
             not
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             governed
             by
             Council
             ,
             and
             Martial
             Wisdom
             :
             
               Duo
               sunt
               quibus
               resp
               .
               servatur
               ;
               in
               hostes
               fortitudo
               ,
               &
               domi
               concordia
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Military
             knowledge
             concerneth
             War
             ,
             and
             every
             War
             is
             either
             Forreign
             or
             Domestical
             .
             Touching
             Forreign
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             considered
             when
             it
             must
             be
             begun
             ,
             how
             to
             continue
             it
             ,
             and
             when
             to
             be
             ended
             ;
             to
             begin
             War
             ,
             a
             Prince
             is
             to
             take
             heed
             that
             the
             Cause
             be
             Just
             ,
             and
             the
             Enterprise
             advisedly
             entred
             into
             :
             
               Sunt
               enim
               &
               belli
               sicut
               pacis
               jura
               ,
               justeque
               ea
               non
               minus
               ac
               fortiter
               gerere
               debes
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
           
             The
             Laws
             of
             Arms
             are
             in
             all
             Common-weales
             to
             be
             duly
             observed
             ;
             for
             to
             enter
             Fight
             rashly
             and
             without
             respect
             to
             Reason
             ,
             were
             Beastly
             ;
             also
             to
             Kill
             or
             Slay
             would
             work
             no
             better
             Effect
             ,
             than
             that
             all
             Nations
             should
             without
             Mercy
             Murder
             one
             another
             :
             
               Barbaro
               ritu
               coedem
               coede
               ,
               &
               sanguinem
               sanguine
               expiare
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             No
             War
             therefore
             is
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             such
             as
             is
             Just
             ;
             and
             in
             every
             Just
             War
             these
             three
             things
             are
             to
             be
             looked
             into
             (
             viz.
             )
             That
             the
             Author
             be
             of
             Authority
             ,
             That
             the
             Cause
             be
             Good
             ,
             and
             the
             End
             Just
             ;
             for
             in
             all
             States
             ,
             the
             Prince
             ,
             or
             they
             in
             whom
             the
             Sovereignty
             resteth
             ,
             are
             the
             Just
             Authors
             of
             War
             ;
             others
             have
             no
             such
             Authority
             :
             
               Si
               quis
               privatim
               sine
               publico
               scito
               ,
               pacem
               bejumve
               fecerit
               ,
               capitale
               esto
               .
            
             Plato
             .
          
           
             Wars
             are
             of
             two
             sortt
             ;
             Defensive
             and
             Offensive
             ;
             the
             one
             to
             Resist
             ,
             the
             other
             to
             Invade
             ;
             against
             Defence
             nothing
             can
             be
             said
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             Natural
             and
             Necessary
             .
             
               Est
               non
               modo
               justum
               sed
               etiam
               necessarium
               cum
               vi
               vis
               illat
               a
               defenditur
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Defensive
             War
             is
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             either
             to
             defend
             thine
             own
             ,
             or
             thy
             Friends
             ;
             for
             it
             
             is
             reason
             that
             every
             one
             should
             keep
             securely
             that
             which
             to
             him
             appertaineth
             ;
             and
             therewith
             also
             by
             Arms
             to
             defend
             the
             Liberty
             of
             Country
             ,
             Parents
             and
             Friends
             :
             
               Nullum
               bellum
               a
               civitate
               suscipitur
               nisi
               aut
               pro
               fide
               aut
               pro
               salute
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             The
             like
             reason
             leadeth
             us
             to
             assist
             and
             protect
             Friends
             ;
             for
             the
             common
             Obligation
             of
             Humane
             Society
             doth
             so
             require
             :
             
               Qui
               enim
               non
               obsistit
               si
               potest
               ,
               injuriae
               ,
               tam
               est
               in
               vitio
               ,
               quam
               si
               parentes
               aut
               patriam
               ,
               aut
               socios
               deserat
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Invasion
             is
             also
             just
             and
             allowable
             ,
             but
             not
             ever
             ;
             for
             whoso
             hath
             been
             robbed
             ,
             or
             spoiled
             of
             his
             Lands
             or
             Goods
             ,
             may
             lawfully
             seek
             Repossession
             by
             Force
             ;
             yet
             so
             as
             before
             any
             Force
             be
             used
             ,
             he
             first
             civilly
             seek
             Restitution
             ,
             wherein
             if
             Justice
             be
             denied
             ,
             then
             is
             the
             use
             of
             Arms
             necessary
             :
             
               Justum
               bellum
               quibus
               necessarium
               ;
               &
               pia
               arma
               quibus
               nulla
               nisi
               in
               armis
               relinquitur
               spes
               .
            
             Liv.
             
          
           
             Likewise
             Invasion
             is
             lawful
             against
             Barbarians
             ,
             whose
             Religion
             and
             Impiety
             ought
             to
             be
             abhorred
             ,
             chiefly
             if
             they
             be
             Potent
             and
             apt
             to
             offend
             ;
             for
             the
             cause
             of
             such
             War
             is
             Compulsion
             and
             Suppression
             of
             Evil
             :
             
               Cui
               licentia
               
               iniquitatis
               eripitur
               ,
               utiliter
               vincitur
               .
            
             August
             .
          
           
             Finally
             ,
             To
             conclude
             this
             matter
             of
             Invasion
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             That
             no
             Revenge
             ,
             no
             desire
             of
             Honor
             or
             Empire
             ,
             are
             any
             lawful
             Causes
             of
             War
             ;
             but
             the
             intent
             thereof
             ought
             to
             be
             directed
             only
             to
             Defence
             and
             Security
             :
             For
             Wise
             Men
             do
             take
             Arms
             to
             win
             Peace
             ,
             and
             in
             hope
             of
             Rest
             they
             endure
             Travel
             :
             
               It
               a
               bellum
               suscipiatur
               ut
               nihil
               aliud
               quam
               pax
               quaesit
               a
               videatur
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Having
             said
             somewhat
             against
             unjust
             War
             ,
             let
             us
             speak
             of
             Temerity
             and
             unadvised
             War
             ,
             an
             Enterprise
             worthy
             discommendation
             :
             
               Omnes
               bellum
               sumunt
               facile
               ,
               agerrime
               desinunt
               ;
               nec
               in
               ejusdem
               potestate
               initium
               &
               finis
               est
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             A
             wise
             I
             rince
             therefore
             ought
             neither
             to
             undertake
             any
             unlawful
             Invasion
             ,
             nor
             without
             sober
             and
             mature
             Deliberation
             enter
             into
             any
             War
             ,
             as
             he
             that
             is
             unwilling
             to
             offend
             ,
             yet
             of
             Courage
             enough
             to
             defend
             :
             
               Nec
               provoces
               bellum
               ,
               nec
               timeas
               .
            
             Plin.
             
          
           
             To
             make
             War
             three
             things
             are
             required
             ,
             Money
             ,
             Men
             and
             Arms
             ;
             and
             to
             maintain
             a
             War
             ,
             Provision
             and
             Council
             ,
             are
             needful
             :
             Therefore
             a
             wise
             Prince
             ,
             
             before
             he
             begins
             a
             War
             ,
             doth
             carefully
             consider
             what
             Forces
             and
             charge
             thereunto
             belongeth
             :
             
               Diu
               apparandum
               est
               bellum
               ,
               ut
               vincas
               melius
               .
            
             Pub.
             
          
           
             Above
             all
             other
             Provisions
             ,
             care
             must
             be
             had
             ,
             that
             Bread
             be
             not
             wanting
             ;
             for
             without
             it
             neither
             Victory
             nor
             Life
             can
             be
             looked
             for
             :
             
               Qui
               frumentum
               necessariumque
               commeatum
               non
               praeparat
               ,
               vincitur
               sine
               ferro
               .
            
             Vegetius
             .
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             It
             behoveth
             a
             Prince
             always
             to
             have
             Arms
             in
             readiness
             ,
             I
             mean
             ,
             Harness
             ,
             Horses
             ,
             Weapons
             ,
             Artillery
             ,
             Engines
             ,
             Powder
             ,
             and
             every
             other
             thing
             necessary
             either
             for
             Service
             on
             Horse
             or
             Foot
             :
             We
             may
             add
             hereunto
             Ships
             ,
             and
             Shipping
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             with
             every
             Furniture
             of
             Offence
             or
             Defence
             ;
             for
             these
             Preparations
             make
             a
             Prince
             formidable
             ,
             because
             no
             Man
             dare
             do
             or
             attempt
             Injury
             to
             that
             King
             or
             People
             ,
             where
             Preparation
             is
             ever
             ready
             to
             revenge
             :
             
               Qui
               desiderat
               pacem
               ,
               praeparat
               bellum
               .
            
             Cass.
             
          
           
             By
             Men
             we
             mean
             a
             Multitude
             of
             Subjects
             armed
             ,
             trained
             to
             defend
             or
             offend
             :
             These
             are
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             Captains
             and
             Soldiers
             ;
             and
             Soldiers
             are
             either
             Footmen
             or
             Horse-men
             ;
             the
             one
             of
             great
             use
             in
             the
             
             Champion
             ,
             the
             other
             in
             Mountainous
             places
             ;
             also
             for
             defence
             or
             assault
             of
             Towns
             or
             Grounds
             fortified
             most
             necessary
             ,
             and
             consequently
             meet
             for
             Service
             in
             all
             places
             ,
             which
             moved
             Tacitus
             to
             say
             ,
             
               Omne
               in
               pedite
               robur
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             For
             sudden
             Service
             ,
             Horses
             do
             seem
             most
             meet
             ,
             and
             the
             Execution
             of
             any
             Enterprise
             is
             by
             them
             most
             speedily
             performed
             :
             Nevertheless
             the
             Actions
             of
             Foot-men
             do
             seem
             most
             certainly
             executed
             ,
             chiefly
             if
             they
             be
             well
             armed
             ,
             and
             skilfully
             lead
             ;
             for
             so
             Experience
             hath
             of
             late
             time
             proved
             ;
             besides
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             of
             less
             Expence
             and
             of
             greater
             number
             :
             
               In
               universum
               aestimanti
               plus
               in
               pedite
               robur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Having
             thus
             proved
             ,
             that
             both
             Horse
             and
             Foot
             be
             necessary
             ,
             let
             us
             remember
             ,
             that
             unless
             they
             be
             serviceable
             ,
             great
             Numbers
             are
             to
             small
             purpose
             :
             
               Manibus
               opus
               est
               bello
               ,
               non
               multis
               nominibus
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             To
             make
             Soldiers
             serviceable
             ,
             consisteth
             in
             good
             Choice
             and
             good
             Discipline
             ;
             the
             one
             at
             this
             day
             little
             regarded
             :
             
               Emunt
               militem
               ,
               non
               legunt
            
             .
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Soldiers
             ought
             to
             be
             elected
             out
             of
             the
             most
             honest
             and
             able
             Number
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             
             and
             every
             Company
             composed
             of
             Men
             known
             one
             to
             the
             other
             ;
             for
             thereby
             they
             are
             made
             the
             more
             Confident
             :
             But
             hereof
             is
             small
             heed
             taken
             ,
             for
             commonly
             they
             are
             
               Purgament
               a
               urbium
               suarum
            
             .
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Touching
             Discipline
             ,
             it
             seemeth
             that
             thereof
             the
             external
             Form
             ,
             and
             not
             the
             certain
             Substance
             ,
             is
             observed
             :
             For
             as
             in
             former
             Ages
             Soldiers
             endeavored
             to
             be
             Vertuous
             and
             Modest
             ,
             so
             now
             they
             rather
             study
             to
             excel
             in
             Riot
             than
             in
             Martial
             Knowledge
             :
             
               Exercitus
               lingua
               quam
               manu
               promptior
               ,
               praedator
               est
               sociis
               ,
               &
               ipsa
               praeda
               hostiam
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             For
             as
             much
             as
             Soldiers
             are
             made
             good
             by
             Election
             and
             Choice
             ,
             it
             seemeth
             that
             the
             Foundation
             and
             Ground
             of
             Service
             consisteth
             in
             the
             Discretion
             and
             Judgment
             of
             those
             that
             have
             Authority
             to
             make
             Election
             ;
             yet
             will
             we
             add
             ,
             that
             they
             must
             be
             chosen
             of
             Natural
             Subjects
             ,
             for
             Strangers
             are
             Covetous
             ,
             and
             consequently
             Corruptible
             ;
             they
             are
             also
             Mutinous
             and
             Cowardly
             :
             Their
             Custom
             likewise
             is
             to
             Rob
             ,
             Burn
             and
             Spoil
             both
             Friends
             and
             Foes
             ,
             and
             to
             consume
             the
             Princes
             Treasure
             :
             
               Ossa
               vides
               regum
               vacuis
               exsucta
               medullis
               .
            
             Juven
             .
          
           
           
             But
             the
             Native
             Soldier
             is
             Faithful
             and
             Obedient
             ,
             Resolute
             in
             Fight
             ,
             Loving
             to
             his
             Country
             ,
             and
             Loyal
             to
             his
             Prince
             :
             
               Gentes
               quae
               sub
               regibus
               sunt
               ,
               pro
               Deo
               colunt
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Native
             Soldiers
             are
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             (
             viz.
             )
             They
             that
             be
             in
             continual
             Pay
             ,
             and
             they
             that
             are
             trained
             ready
             to
             serve
             ,
             but
             do
             notwithstanding
             attend
             their
             own
             private
             Affairs
             ,
             until
             they
             be
             called
             :
             The
             first
             are
             for
             all
             Princes
             necessary
             :
             
               In
               pace
               decus
               ,
               in
               bello
               praesidium
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Of
             this
             sort
             no
             great
             number
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             eschew
             Disorder
             ,
             as
             also
             to
             save
             Expences
             .
             The
             second
             kind
             of
             Foot
             Soldiers
             are
             to
             be
             levied
             in
             Villages
             ,
             as
             People
             more
             patient
             of
             Pains
             ,
             and
             fit
             for
             the
             Wars
             ;
             yet
             so
             judiciously
             disposed
             as
             the
             Citizens
             :
             
               Odio
               praesentium
               &
               non
               cupidine
               mutationis
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Touching
             the
             number
             of
             these
             extraordinary
             Soldiers
             ,
             that
             must
             be
             referred
             to
             Discretion
             :
             
               Bellum
               parare
               ,
               simul
               &
               aerario
               parcere
               .
            
          
           
             To
             conclude
             ,
             I
             say
             these
             numbers
             of
             ordinary
             and
             extraordinary
             Foot
             ought
             to
             be
             according
             to
             the
             number
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             not
             inserting
             any
             Gentlemen
             ;
             for
             Service
             on
             Horse-back
             is
             to
             them
             only
             
             proper
             :
             
               Alas
               rusticis
               non
               tribuo
               ;
               in
               nobilitatem
               &
               in
               divites
               haeo
               a
               pauperibus
               onera
               inclines
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             The
             most
             certain
             Notes
             whereby
             to
             conceive
             the
             Disposition
             of
             Men
             fit
             to
             become
             Soldiers
             ,
             are
             these
             Five
             ,
             The
             Country
             where
             they
             are
             Born
             ,
             their
             Age
             ,
             Proportion
             of
             Body
             ,
             their
             Quality
             of
             Mind
             ,
             and
             their
             Faculty
             .
             Touching
             ,
          
           
             First
             ,
             Their
             Country
             ,
             it
             is
             a
             thing
             apparently
             proved
             ,
             that
             Mountainous
             Regions
             ,
             or
             Barren
             places
             ,
             and
             Northern
             Habitations
             ,
             do
             breed
             Wits
             well
             disposed
             to
             the
             War
             :
             
               Locorum
               asperit
               as
               hominum
               quoque
               ingenia
               durat
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             The
             Age
             most
             apt
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             was
             anciently
             observed
             to
             be
             about
             eighteen
             Years
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             Romans
             used
             :
             
               Facilius
               est
               ad
               virtutem
               instruere
               novos
               milites
               ,
               quaem
               revocare
               praeteritos
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             The
             Stature
             of
             a
             Soldier
             ought
             to
             be
             observed
             :
             Marius
             liked
             best
             the
             longest
             Bodies
             ;
             Pyrrhus
             preferred
             large
             and
             well
             proportioned
             Men
             ;
             but
             Vegetius
             in
             his
             Choice
             ,
             rather
             esteems
             Strength
             than
             Stature
             :
             
               Utilius
               est
               fortes
               milites
               esse
               quam
               grandes
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
           
             Fourthly
             ,
             The
             Mind
             or
             Spirit
             of
             a
             Soldier
             ought
             to
             be
             considered
             ,
             for
             that
             Mind
             which
             is
             quick
             ,
             nimble
             ,
             bold
             and
             confident
             ,
             seemeth
             apt
             for
             War
             :
             He
             is
             also
             of
             good
             Hope
             ,
             that
             loveth
             Honor
             more
             than
             Ease
             or
             Profit
             :
             In
             brief
             ,
             
               Is
               qui
               nihil
               metuit
               nisi
               turpem
               famam
               .
            
             Sal.
             
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             It
             is
             to
             be
             marked
             in
             what
             Art
             or
             Faculty
             a
             Man
             hath
             been
             bred
             ;
             for
             it
             may
             be
             presumed
             that
             Fishers
             ,
             Fowlers
             ,
             Cooks
             ,
             and
             others
             trained
             up
             in
             Effeminate
             Arts
             ,
             are
             unfit
             for
             Martial
             Endeavor
             :
             And
             as
             these
             Men
             were
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             their
             Trade
             ,
             thought
             unmeet
             ,
             so
             in
             old
             time
             ,
             Slaves
             and
             Masterless-Men
             were
             repulsed
             from
             Arms
             ,
             as
             Persons
             Infamous
             :
             
               Sed
               nunc
               tales
               sociantur
               armis
               quaeles
               Domini
               habere
               fastidiunt
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             How
             Soldiers
             ought
             to
             be
             chosen
             ,
             these
             few
             words
             we
             have
             spoken
             ,
             may
             suffice
             .
             Let
             us
             therefore
             say
             somewhat
             of
             Discipline
             .
             Choice
             findeth
             out
             Soldiers
             ,
             but
             Discipline
             doth
             make
             and
             continue
             them
             fit
             for
             Service
             :
             
               Paucos
               viros
               fortes
               natura
               procreat
               ,
               bona
               institutione
               plures
               reddat
               industria
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
           
             Discipline
             is
             a
             certain
             severe
             Confirmation
             of
             Soldiers
             in
             
             their
             Valor
             and
             Vertue
             ,
             and
             is
             performed
             by
             four
             means
             ,
             Exercise
             ,
             Order
             ,
             Compulsion
             and
             Example
             .
             The
             two
             first
             appertain
             to
             Valor
             ,
             the
             third
             to
             Vertue
             ,
             the
             last
             to
             both
             :
             But
             of
             Exercise
             ,
             first
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             That
             a
             Soldier
             being
             chosen
             ought
             to
             be
             informed
             in
             Arms
             ,
             and
             used
             in
             Exercise
             and
             Action
             ;
             the
             word
             exercitium
             importeth
             nothing
             else
             :
             
               Exercitus
               dicitur
               ,
               quod
               melius
               fit
               exercitando
            
             Varro
             .
          
           
             Order
             consisteth
             in
             dividing
             ,
             disposing
             ,
             and
             placing
             of
             Men
             aptly
             on
             all
             Occasions
             to
             be
             commanded
             ,
             as
             the
             Leaders
             shall
             direct
             :
             This
             matter
             requireth
             a
             large
             Discourse
             ,
             and
             therefore
             I
             refer
             it
             to
             skilful
             Captains
             and
             Writers
             ,
             as
             
               Polybius
               ,
               Vegetius
               ,
               De
               la
               Nonne
               ,
            
             and
             others
             .
          
           
             Compulsion
             and
             Correction
             ,
             is
             that
             which
             bridleth
             and
             governeth
             the
             Manners
             of
             Soldiers
             ;
             for
             no
             Order
             can
             be
             observed
             amongst
             them
             ,
             unless
             they
             be
             Continent
             ,
             Modest
             and
             Abstinent
             ;
             for
             Continency
             is
             chiefly
             to
             be
             shewed
             in
             their
             Diet
             ,
             and
             moderate
             Desires
             :
             
               Degenerat
               
               a
               robore
               ac
               virtute
               miles
               assuetudine
               voluptatum
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Modesty
             of
             a
             Soldier
             is
             perceived
             by
             his
             Words
             ,
             Apparel
             and
             Actions
             :
             For
             to
             be
             a
             Vaunter
             ,
             or
             Vain-glorious
             Boaster
             ,
             is
             far
             unfit
             in
             him
             that
             professeth
             Honor
             or
             Arms
             ,
             seeing
             true
             Vertue
             is
             silent
             :
             
               Viri
               militiae
               nati
               ,
               factis
               magni
               ,
               ad
               verborum
               linguaeque
               certamina
               ,
               rudes
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Apparel
             of
             a
             Soldier
             sheweth
             Modesty
             ,
             if
             therein
             he
             do
             not
             exceed
             ;
             for
             albeit
             it
             fitteth
             well
             the
             Profession
             of
             Arms
             ,
             to
             be
             well
             armed
             and
             decently
             apparelled
             ;
             yet
             all
             Superfluity
             savoreth
             of
             Ignorance
             or
             Vanity
             :
             
               Horridum
               militem
               esse
               decet
               ,
               non
               coelatum
               auro
               argentoque
               sed
               ferro
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Abstinence
             is
             also
             fit
             for
             all
             Soldiers
             ;
             for
             thereby
             guided
             ,
             they
             refrain
             from
             Violence
             and
             Insolency
             ;
             by
             that
             Rule
             also
             they
             are
             informed
             to
             govern
             themselves
             civilly
             in
             the
             Country
             where
             they
             serve
             ,
             and
             likewise
             in
             their
             Lodgings
             :
             Never
             taking
             any
             thing
             from
             the
             Owner
             ,
             nor
             committing
             any
             Outrage
             :
             
               Vivant
               cum
               provincialibus
               jure
               civili
               ,
               nec
               insolescat
               animus
               qui
               se
               sensit
               armatum
               .
            
          
           
           
             The
             last
             mark
             of
             Discipline
             we
             called
             Example
             ,
             under
             which
             word
             is
             comprehended
             Reward
             and
             Punishment
             :
             For
             Men
             are
             rewarded
             whensoever
             they
             receive
             for
             any
             excellent
             or
             singular
             Service
             ,
             Honor
             or
             Riches
             :
             And
             for
             Evil
             ,
             they
             have
             their
             due
             when
             they
             taste
             the
             Punishment
             thereunto
             belonging
             :
             
               Necessarium
               est
               acrius
               ille
               dimicet
               ,
               quem
               ad
               opes
               &
               dignitates
               ordo
               militiae
               &
               imperatoris
               judicium
               consuevit
               evehere
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             Likewise
             as
             Gold
             and
             Glory
             belongeth
             to
             good
             and
             well
             deserving
             Soldiers
             ;
             so
             Punishment
             is
             due
             to
             those
             that
             be
             Vitious
             and
             Cowardly
             ;
             for
             nothing
             holdeth
             Soldiers
             in
             Obedience
             so
             much
             as
             the
             Severity
             of
             Discipline
             :
             
               Milites
               imperatorum
               potius
               quam
               hostem
               metuere
               debent
               .
            
             Veg.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXII
            
             .
             Of
             Generals
             and
             Commanders
             ,
             and
             their
             requisite
             Abilities
             in
             Martial
             Enterprises
             and
             Expeditions
             .
          
           
             OF
             Soldiers
             let
             this
             little
             suffice
             ,
             we
             will
             now
             speak
             of
             what
             Quality
             Chieftains
             and
             Leaders
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             for
             upon
             them
             dependeth
             the
             Welfare
             of
             whole
             Armies
             :
             
               Militaris
               turba
               sine
               duce
               ,
               corpus
               sine
               spiritu
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             A
             Chief
             or
             General
             in
             War
             ,
             is
             either
             of
             his
             own
             Authority
             Chief
             ,
             or
             a
             General
             that
             commandeth
             in
             the
             Name
             of
             another
             .
             Of
             the
             first
             sort
             are
             Emperors
             ,
             Kings
             and
             Princes
             ;
             of
             the
             other
             ,
             be
             their
             Deputies
             ,
             Lieutenants
             ,
             Colonels
             ,
             and
             indeed
             all
             general
             Commanders
             in
             the
             War
             :
             Now
             whether
             it
             be
             more
             Expedient
             that
             the
             Prince
             should
             command
             in
             Person
             or
             by
             Deputy
             ,
             divers
             wise
             Men
             have
             diversly
             thought
             ,
             therefore
             it
             may
             be
             thus
             distinguished
             ;
             if
             the
             War
             do
             then
             only
             concern
             some
             particular
             
             Part
             or
             Province
             ,
             then
             may
             the
             same
             be
             performed
             by
             a
             Lieutenant
             ;
             but
             if
             the
             whole
             Fortune
             of
             a
             Prince
             do
             thereupon
             depend
             ,
             then
             is
             he
             to
             command
             in
             his
             own
             Person
             and
             not
             otherwise
             :
             
               Dubiis
               bellorum
               exemplis
               summae
               rerum
               &
               imperii
               seipsum
               reservat
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             It
             therefore
             importeth
             the
             Prince
             sometimes
             by
             his
             own
             Presence
             ,
             sometimes
             by
             his
             Deputation
             to
             perform
             that
             Office
             ;
             but
             however
             occasion
             shall
             require
             ,
             it
             ever
             behoveth
             that
             one
             only
             Commander
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             (
             for
             Plurality
             of
             Chieftains
             doth
             rarely
             or
             never
             work
             any
             good
             Effect
             )
             yet
             with
             this
             Caution
             that
             he
             be
             of
             Experience
             ,
             and
             Wise
             :
             
               In
               bellica
               praefectura
               major
               aspectus
               habendus
               peritiae
               quam
               virtutis
               aut
               morum
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             The
             Qualities
             required
             in
             a
             Chiestain
             are
             these
             ,
             Skill
             ,
             Vertue
             ,
             Providence
             ,
             Authority
             and
             Fortune
             :
             By
             Skill
             we
             mean
             he
             should
             be
             of
             great
             Knowledge
             ,
             and
             long
             Experience
             ,
             or
             to
             make
             a
             sufficient
             Captain
             ;
             the
             Information
             of
             others
             ,
             or
             his
             own
             reading
             is
             not
             enough
             :
             
               Qui
               norit
               quis
               ordo
               agminis
               ,
               quae
               cura
               exploandi
               ,
               
               quantus
               urgendo
               trahendove
               bello
               modus
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Military
             Vertue
             is
             a
             certain
             Vigor
             or
             Force
             both
             of
             Body
             and
             Mind
             to
             exercise
             Soldiers
             as
             well
             in
             fained
             War
             as
             to
             fight
             with
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             and
             summarily
             a
             Captain
             ought
             to
             be
             
               Laboriosus
               in
               negotio
               ,
               fortis
               in
               periculo
               ,
               industrius
               in
               agendo
               ,
               celeris
               in
               conficiendo
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Next
             to
             Vertue
             we
             placed
             Providence
             as
             necessary
             in
             great
             Captains
             ;
             for
             being
             of
             such
             Wisdom
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             hazard
             nor
             commit
             more
             to
             Fortune
             than
             necessity
             shall
             inforce
             ;
             yet
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             Fools
             and
             vulgar
             Folks
             ,
             that
             commend
             or
             discommend
             Actions
             according
             to
             Success
             ,
             were
             wont
             to
             say
             ,
             
               Cunctatio
               servilis
               ,
               statim
               exequi
               ,
               Regium
               est
               .
            
             But
             advised
             and
             provident
             Captains
             do
             think
             ,
             
               Temeritas
               praeterquam
               quod
               stulta
               ,
               est
               etiam
               infelix
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Albeit
             Providence
             be
             the
             best
             mean
             of
             good
             Speed
             ,
             yet
             some
             Captains
             of
             that
             Quality
             and
             in
             Skill
             excelling
             ,
             have
             been
             in
             their
             Actions
             unlucky
             ,
             when
             others
             of
             less
             Sufficiency
             have
             marvellously
             prevailed
             ;
             we
             may
             therefore
             reasonably
             say
             with
             
               Cic.
               Quod
               olim
               Maximo
               ,
               Marcello
               ,
               
               Scipioni
               ,
               Mario
               &
               ceteris
               magnis
               Imperatoribus
               non
               solum
               propter
               virtutem
               ,
               sed
               etiam
               propter
               fortunam
               soepius
               imperia
               mandata
               ,
               atque
               exercitus
               esse
               commissos
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             We
             wished
             Authority
             to
             be
             in
             Chieftains
             ,
             for
             it
             greatly
             importeth
             what
             Opinion
             or
             Conceit
             the
             Enemy
             hath
             of
             such
             a
             Governor
             ,
             and
             likewise
             how
             much
             his
             Friends
             and
             Confederates
             do
             esteem
             him
             ;
             but
             the
             chief
             and
             only
             means
             to
             maintain
             Authority
             ,
             is
             Austerity
             and
             Terror
             :
             
               Dux
               Authoritatem
               maximam
               severitate
               sumat
               ,
               omnes
               culpas
               militares
               legibus
               vindicet
               ,
               nulli
               errantium
               credatur
               ignoscere
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             Also
             Experience
             hath
             proved
             ,
             that
             such
             Chieftains
             as
             were
             affable
             and
             kind
             to
             their
             Soldiers
             ,
             were
             much
             loved
             ,
             yet
             did
             they
             incur
             a
             Contempt
             ;
             but
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             those
             that
             commanded
             severely
             and
             terribly
             ,
             although
             they
             gained
             no
             good
             Will
             ,
             yet
             were
             they
             ever
             obeyed
             :
             
               Dux
               facitis
               inutilis
            
             .
             App.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXIII
            
             .
             Of
             Councils
             in
             War
             ,
             and
             Directions
             Tactick
             and
             Stratagematick
             ,
             with
             Advice
             how
             to
             make
             an
             honorable
             Peace
             .
          
           
             AFter
             Men
             found
             and
             framed
             fit
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             to
             small
             or
             no
             purpose
             shall
             they
             serve
             ,
             unless
             they
             be
             imployed
             by
             Wisdom
             or
             good
             Council
             :
             
               Mon
               minus
               est
               Imperatoris
               consilio
               quam
               vi
               persicere
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Council
             in
             War
             is
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             direct
             Council
             and
             indirect
             ;
             the
             first
             sheweth
             a
             plain
             and
             orderly
             course
             for
             proceeding
             ,
             as
             to
             lay
             hold
             on
             occasion
             ;
             for
             as
             in
             all
             other
             Humane
             Actions
             occasion
             is
             of
             great
             Force
             :
             
               Occasio
               in
               bello
               solet
               amplius
               juvare
               quam
               virtus
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             As
             Occasions
             presented
             are
             means
             of
             good
             Success
             ,
             so
             Fame
             worketh
             great
             Effects
             in
             the
             Wars
             ,
             therefore
             it
             behoveth
             a
             Captain
             to
             be
             Constant
             ,
             and
             not
             apt
             to
             believe
             the
             vain
             Rumors
             and
             Reports
             of
             Men
             :
             
               Male
               imperatur
               ,
               cum
               regit
               vulgus
               duces
               suos
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
           
             Confidence
             is
             also
             to
             be
             eschewed
             ,
             for
             no
             Man
             is
             sooner
             surprised
             ,
             than
             he
             who
             feareth
             least
             ;
             also
             Contempt
             of
             the
             Enemy
             hath
             been
             occasion
             of
             great
             Discomfitures
             ,
             therefore
             as
             a
             Captain
             ought
             not
             to
             fear
             ,
             so
             should
             he
             not
             contemn
             his
             Enemy
             :
             
               Nimia
               fiducia
               semper
               obnoxia
            
             .
             AEmyl
             .
          
           
             As
             Security
             ,
             and
             overmuch
             Estimation
             of
             our
             own
             Vertue
             or
             Valor
             is
             hurtful
             ,
             so
             doth
             it
             import
             every
             good
             Captain
             to
             be
             well
             informed
             ,
             not
             only
             of
             his
             own
             Forces
             but
             also
             of
             what
             Strength
             the
             Enemy
             is
             ;
             likewise
             it
             behoveth
             him
             to
             know
             the
             Situation
             of
             the
             Country
             ,
             and
             the
             Quality
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             with
             every
             other
             Circumstance
             .
             Moreover
             ,
             the
             Generals
             Honor
             and
             Capacity
             ought
             to
             be
             known
             ,
             with
             the
             Condition
             and
             Nature
             of
             the
             Enemy
             :
             
               Impetus
               acres
               cunctatione
               languescunt
               ,
               aut
               in
               perfidiam
               mutantur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Temerity
             in
             War
             is
             also
             dangerous
             ,
             for
             wise
             Captains
             were
             wont
             not
             to
             Enterprise
             any
             thing
             without
             Deliberation
             and
             good
             Opportunity
             ,
             unless
             they
             were
             thereunto
             by
             Necessity
             inforced
             :
             
               In
               rehus
               asperis
               &
               tenui
               spe
               ,
               fortissima
               quaque
               consilia
               tutissima
               sunt
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
           
             Some
             wise
             Men
             ,
             not
             Superstitiously
             but
             Discreetly
             ,
             do
             think
             prodigious
             Signs
             from
             Heaven
             ,
             or
             on
             Earth
             ,
             are
             not
             to
             be
             neglected
             ,
             neither
             are
             Dreams
             in
             time
             of
             War
             to
             be
             contemned
             :
             
               Nam
               amat
               benignitas
               numinis
               ,
               seu
               quod
               merentur
               homines
               ,
               seu
               quod
               tangitur
               eorum
               affectione
               ,
               his
               quoque
               rationibus
               prodere
               quae
               impendent
               .
            
             AEmi
             .
          
           
             A
             wise
             Captain
             will
             also
             wait
             Opportunities
             ,
             and
             spy
             out
             fit
             times
             when
             the
             Enemy
             is
             wearied
             ,
             or
             pretending
             fear
             ,
             draw
             him
             into
             danger
             ;
             which
             Advantages
             ,
             with
             many
             other
             ,
             are
             gained
             chiefly
             by
             observing
             of
             time
             :
             
               Quia
               si
               in
               occasionis
               momento
               ,
               cujus
               praetervolat
               opportunitas
               ,
               cunctatus
               paulum
               fueris
               ,
               nequicquam
               mox
               omissam
               querare
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Next
             the
             Observation
             of
             Time
             ,
             the
             Place
             is
             to
             be
             well
             considered
             ,
             whether
             it
             be
             for
             thine
             Advantage
             or
             thine
             Enemies
             :
             
               Amplius
               prodest
               locus
               saepe
               quam
               virtus
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             It
             importeth
             much
             ,
             that
             Men
             be
             well
             ordered
             ,
             trained
             ,
             and
             prepared
             for
             the
             Fight
             ;
             for
             the
             want
             of
             Art
             is
             cause
             of
             many
             Disadvantages
             ,
             and
             many
             times
             a
             small
             Supply
             of
             choice
             Soldiers
             
             on
             Horse-back
             or
             Foot
             ,
             doth
             seem
             to
             the
             Enemy
             very
             Terrible
             ;
             likewise
             a
             sudden
             Shout
             or
             Conceit
             hath
             amazed
             a
             whole
             Army
             :
             
               Milites
               vanis
               &
               inanibus
               ,
               magis
               quam
               justis
               formidinis
               causis
               moventur
               .
            
             Curt.
             
          
           
             Fourthly
             ,
             It
             were
             to
             good
             purpose
             ,
             that
             in
             ordering
             of
             Men
             for
             Fight
             ,
             Soldiers
             of
             one
             Country
             or
             Nations
             ,
             should
             be
             ranged
             together
             ,
             and
             above
             all
             ,
             to
             foresee
             that
             the
             least
             loss
             of
             Blood
             be
             among
             the
             Natural
             Subjects
             ,
             and
             so
             handle
             the
             Matter
             ,
             that
             the
             chief
             Slaughter
             light
             upon
             Strangers
             and
             Mercenaries
             :
             
               Ingens
               victoriae
               decus
               ,
               citra
               domesticum
               sanguinem
               bellanti
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Generals
             own
             Courage
             and
             lively
             Disposition
             to
             Fight
             ,
             will
             greatly
             animate
             the
             Multitude
             of
             Soldiers
             ,
             as
             a
             contrary
             Countenance
             or
             Appearance
             of
             Fear
             ,
             will
             exceedingly
             Amaze
             and
             Daunt
             :
             
               Necesse
               estad
               fugam
               parati
               sint
               ,
               qui
               ducem
               suum
               sentiunt
               desperare
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             It
             were
             also
             for
             thy
             great
             Advantage
             ,
             that
             the
             Forces
             should
             be
             ordered
             for
             the
             Fight
             ,
             before
             the
             Enemy
             be
             prepared
             .
          
           
           
             First
             ,
             For
             that
             thou
             maist
             the
             better
             perform
             ,
             what
             thou
             thinkest
             fit
             to
             be
             done
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             That
             thereby
             thine
             own
             Forces
             will
             thereof
             receive
             great
             Courage
             ,
             being
             readiest
             to
             assail
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             to
             begin
             the
             Fight
             :
             
               Plus
               animi
               est
               inferenti
               periculum
               ,
               quam
               propulsanti
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             After
             Victory
             it
             is
             not
             the
             best
             Policy
             to
             execute
             the
             Enemies
             with
             extream
             Cruelty
             ,
             but
             proceed
             Moderately
             ,
             for
             it
             shall
             suffice
             the
             Victory
             is
             thine
             :
             
               Clausis
               ex
               desperatione
               crescit
               audacia
               ,
               &
               cum
               spei
               nihil
               est
               ,
               sumit
               arma
               fermido
               .
            
             Veget.
             
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             I
             would
             advise
             that
             the
             General
             should
             be
             wary
             in
             his
             Actions
             ,
             and
             in
             every
             Enterprise
             to
             frustrate
             the
             Soldiers
             from
             Spoils
             and
             Pillage
             :
             
               Saepe
               obstitit
               vincentibus
               pravum
               inter
               ipsos
               certamen
               ,
               omisso
               hoste
               spolia
               consectanda
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Of
             direct
             Councils
             ,
             let
             that
             we
             have
             said
             suffice
             .
             We
             will
             now
             speak
             of
             Councils
             Indirect
             ,
             commonly
             called
             by
             the
             Greek
             Word
             ,
             Stratagems
             or
             
               Subtile
               Practices
            
             :
             Which
             manner
             of
             Proceeding
             ,
             hath
             been
             ,
             in
             times
             past
             ,
             of
             divers
             Grave
             Writers
             condemned
             :
             
               Vir
               nemo
               mentis
               altae
               clanculum
               velit
               occidere
               hostem
               .
            
             Eurip.
             
          
           
           
             Notwithstanding
             the
             Opinion
             of
             this
             ,
             and
             divers
             other
             Writers
             worthy
             Credit
             ,
             it
             seemeth
             reasonable
             ,
             and
             in
             Piety
             allowable
             ,
             that
             Stratagems
             and
             Subtilties
             may
             be
             used
             in
             the
             War
             ,
             yet
             with
             such
             Caution
             ,
             as
             the
             same
             may
             stand
             with
             Fidelity
             and
             Honor
             ;
             for
             Fraud
             being
             used
             ,
             contrary
             to
             Contracts
             and
             Agreements
             made
             with
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             is
             mere
             Treachery
             :
             As
             to
             Poyson
             him
             or
             her
             ,
             a
             Murtherer
             to
             kill
             him
             ,
             were
             plain
             Impiety
             :
             
               Faederatum
               injuste
               fallere
               ,
               impium
            
             .
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Also
             out
             of
             the
             War
             covertly
             to
             kill
             a
             particular
             Enemy
             by
             secret
             Assault
             or
             Practice
             ,
             is
             not
             warrantable
             ,
             either
             by
             Faith
             or
             Honor
             ;
             yet
             to
             use
             all
             Craft
             ,
             Cunning
             and
             Subtilty
             in
             open
             War
             ,
             is
             both
             allowable
             and
             praisable
             ;
             and
             so
             is
             thought
             by
             Christian
             Writers
             :
             
               Cum
               justum
               bellum
               suscipitur
               ,
               ut
               aperte
               pugnet
               quis
               aut
               ex
               insidiis
               ,
               nihil
               ad
               justitiam
               interest
               .
            
             Aug.
             
          
           
             The
             same
             is
             also
             approved
             by
             divers
             Authors
             of
             good
             Credit
             :
             
               Confice
               sive
               dolo
               seu
               stricto
               cominus
               euse
               .
            
             The
             same
             is
             also
             affirmed
             by
             
               Xenophon
               ,
               Reipsa
               nihil
               utilius
               in
               bello
               dolis
               .
            
          
           
           
             Thus
             having
             briefly
             touched
             what
             Counsels
             are
             required
             in
             War
             ,
             let
             us
             consider
             how
             Victory
             is
             to
             be
             used
             ,
             for
             the
             end
             of
             every
             good
             War
             is
             Peace
             ;
             to
             the
             enjoying
             whereof
             ,
             three
             things
             are
             required
             ,
             Wariness
             ,
             Mercy
             and
             Modesty
             ;
             because
             over-great
             Confidence
             may
             happily
             impeach
             the
             end
             of
             good
             Success
             :
             
               Res
               secundae
               negligentiam
               creant
            
             .
             Livi.
             
          
           
             I
             also
             wish
             the
             Victory
             to
             be
             handled
             Mercifully
             ,
             because
             all
             Conquests
             are
             in
             their
             own
             Nature
             cruel
             enough
             :
             And
             the
             Ire
             of
             Insolent
             Soldiers
             ,
             forces
             the
             Conquered
             to
             become
             Desperate
             :
             
               Gravissime
               mor
               sus
               irritate
               necessitatis
            
             .
             Curt.
             
          
           
             To
             proceed
             Modestly
             ,
             is
             also
             an
             honorable
             Quality
             in
             him
             that
             conquereth
             ;
             for
             in
             prosperous
             Fortunes
             ,
             Men
             do
             hardly
             refrain
             covetous
             and
             proud
             Doings
             ;
             yea
             ,
             some
             good
             and
             great
             Captains
             have
             in
             like
             cases
             forgotten
             what
             did
             best
             become
             them
             :
             
               In
               rebus
               secundis
               etiam
               egregii
               Duces
               insolescunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             After
             Victory
             followeth
             Peace
             :
             For
             if
             War
             did
             ever
             continue
             ,
             no
             State
             or
             Government
             could
             stand
             :
             Therefore
             how
             great
             ,
             or
             how
             long
             soever
             the
             War
             be
             ,
             the
             end
             must
             be
             Peace
             ;
             the
             name
             whereof
             
             is
             not
             only
             Sweet
             ,
             but
             also
             Comfortable
             :
             
               Pax
               una
               triumphis
               innumeris
               potior
            
             .
          
           
             Peace
             is
             not
             only
             good
             and
             profitable
             to
             him
             that
             is
             Victorious
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             those
             that
             are
             victored
             :
             
               Pacem
               reduci
               velle
               victori
               ,
               expedit
               ,
               victo
               necesse
               est
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Nevertheless
             until
             good
             and
             honorable
             Peace
             be
             offered
             ,
             Arms
             may
             not
             be
             laid
             aside
             :
             Wherein
             I
             wish
             Tully's
             Advice
             to
             be
             followed
             :
             
               Bellum
               gerendum
               est
               ;
               si
               bellum
               omittemus
               ,
               pace
               nunquam
               fruemur
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             In
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             ,
             two
             things
             must
             be
             considered
             :
             First
             ,
             That
             the
             Conditions
             be
             Honorable
             .
             To
             condescend
             to
             any
             Base
             Conditions
             ,
             is
             unto
             a
             Princely
             Mind
             not
             only
             great
             Indignity
             ,
             but
             also
             Intolerable
             :
             
               Cum
               dignitate
               potius
               cadendum
               ,
               quam
               cum
               ignominia
               serviendum
               .
            
             Plut.
             
          
           
             It
             also
             importeth
             ,
             the
             Peace
             should
             be
             simple
             ,
             true
             and
             unfeigned
             ;
             for
             all
             feigned
             and
             dissembling
             Amity
             is
             to
             be
             doubted
             :
             
               Pace
               suspect
               a
               tutius
               est
               bellum
               .
            
             Mithrid
             .
          
           
             The
             fittest
             Season
             to
             speak
             of
             Peace
             ,
             is
             either
             when
             the
             War
             beginneth
             ,
             or
             
             during
             the
             time
             that
             the
             Enemies
             be
             of
             equal
             Force
             ;
             for
             if
             the
             War
             continueth
             ,
             it
             must
             behove
             the
             Weaker
             to
             yield
             to
             Necessity
             :
             Not
             unlike
             the
             Ship-master
             ,
             who
             to
             save
             himself
             doth
             cast
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             his
             Loading
             into
             the
             Sea
             :
             
               Necessitati
               pare
               ,
               quam
               ne
               dii
               quidem
               superant
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Finally
             ,
             Having
             generously
             defended
             thy self
             ,
             and
             performed
             all
             things
             required
             in
             a
             magnanimous
             Captain
             ,
             and
             finding
             nevertheless
             thy
             Force
             insufficient
             ,
             it
             cannot
             be
             dishonorable
             to
             accept
             Peace
             .
             Wherefore
             laying
             aside
             Hatred
             and
             Hope
             ,
             which
             are
             but
             weak
             Supporters
             ,
             thou
             maist
             recommend
             thee
             and
             thine
             to
             the
             approved
             Discretion
             of
             an
             honorable
             Enemy
             :
             
               Victores
               secundae
               res
               in
               miserationem
               ex
               ira
               vertunt
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Now
             for
             as
             much
             as
             every
             Peace
             promiseth
             Rest
             and
             Quiet
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             the
             Victorious
             as
             to
             the
             Victored
             ;
             we
             may
             add
             thereunto
             ,
             that
             the
             Prince
             Victorious
             receiveth
             thereby
             Honor
             ,
             Profit
             and
             Security
             .
             For
             although
             his
             Happiness
             may
             occasion
             Hope
             of
             great
             Success
             ,
             yet
             in
             respect
             of
             Fortunes
             Mutability
             ,
             it
             shall
             be
             Good
             and
             Glorious
             to
             listen
             to
             Peace
             :
             
             
               Decorum
               principi
               est
               cum
               victoriam
               prope
               in
               manibus
               habeat
               ,
               pacem
               non
               abnuere
               ,
               ut
               sciant
               omnes
               te
               &
               suscipere
               juste
               bellum
               ,
               &
               finire
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             It
             seemeth
             also
             the
             more
             Honorable
             ;
             for
             who
             so
             is
             Victorious
             ,
             doth
             give
             Peace
             and
             not
             take
             it
             :
             He
             also
             sheweth
             himself
             Discreet
             by
             using
             a
             Moderation
             in
             Victory
             ,
             and
             no
             Extremity
             in
             Spoiling
             ,
             which
             our
             Wise
             and
             Godly
             Writers
             have
             commended
             :
             
               Pacem
               contemnentes
               ,
               &
               gloriam
               appetentes
               ,
               pacem
               perdunt
               &
               gloriam
               .
            
             Bern.
             
          
           
             Peace
             is
             also
             Profitable
             for
             the
             Victorious
             ,
             because
             continual
             War
             breedeth
             Weariness
             ,
             and
             of
             violent
             Proceeding
             Desparation
             and
             Peril
             cometh
             :
             
               Maximi
               &
               mortiferi
               morsus
               esse
               solent
               morientium
               bestiarum
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Likewise
             Peace
             is
             more
             assured
             than
             any
             Victory
             .
             Hope
             of
             the
             one
             is
             in
             thine
             own
             Power
             ;
             the
             other
             in
             the
             Hand
             of
             God
             :
             Add
             thereunto
             the
             force
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             which
             hath
             great
             power
             in
             all
             Humane
             Actions
             :
             
               In
               rebus
               secundis
               nihil
               in
               quenquam
               superbe
               ac
               violenter
               consulere
               decet
               ,
               nec
               praesenti
               credere
               Fortunae
               ,
               cum
               quid
               vesper
               ferat
               ,
               incertus
               sis
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
           
             Also
             Conditions
             of
             Peace
             ought
             to
             be
             reasonably
             and
             freely
             bestowed
             :
             For
             no
             People
             can
             live
             contented
             under
             such
             a
             Law
             as
             forceth
             them
             to
             loath
             the
             State
             wherein
             they
             are
             .
             
               Misera
               pax
               bello
               bene
               mutatur
            
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXIV
            
             .
             Of
             Civil
             War
             ,
             with
             the
             Causes
             and
             Remedies
             thereof
             .
          
           
             THE
             greatest
             and
             most
             grievous
             Calamity
             that
             can
             come
             to
             any
             State
             is
             Civil
             War
             ;
             for
             therein
             Subjects
             take
             Arms
             against
             their
             Prince
             or
             among
             themselves
             ,
             whereof
             followeth
             a
             Misery
             more
             Lamentable
             than
             can
             be
             described
             .
             
               Non
               aetas
               ,
               non
               dignitas
               quenquam
               protegit
               ,
               quo
               minus
               stuprà
               caedibus
               ,
               &
               caedes
               stupris
               misceantur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             Cause
             of
             Civil
             War
             proceedeth
             of
             Destiny
             ,
             for
             God
             in
             his
             own
             Divine
             Providence
             foreseeth
             many
             Years
             before
             ,
             that
             great
             and
             mighty
             Empires
             
             shall
             be
             ruined
             .
             
               In
               se
               magna
               ruunt
               :
               laetis
               hinc
               numina
               rebus
               Crescendi
               posuere
               modum
            
             —
             Lucan
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             Cause
             is
             ,
             Excess
             ,
             Riot
             ,
             and
             Dissolute
             Life
             ;
             for
             nothing
             breedeth
             Civil
             Fury
             so
             soon
             as
             over
             great
             Happiness
             ;
             also
             pompous
             Apparel
             ,
             Banquetting
             and
             prodigal
             Spending
             consumeth
             Riches
             ,
             and
             Plenty
             is
             turned
             into
             Poverty
             ;
             for
             by
             these
             means
             are
             Men
             brought
             into
             Desperation
             .
             
               Rapacissimo
               cuique
               ac
               perditiffimo
               ,
               non
               agri
               aut
               faenus
               sed
               sola
               instrumenta
               vitiorum
               manebunt
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Now
             to
             consider
             how
             Destiny
             might
             be
             eschewed
             ,
             were
             in
             vain
             :
             For
             such
             a
             Remedy
             no
             Wit
             or
             Wisdom
             can
             devise
             ,
             being
             the
             Decree
             of
             God
             ,
             no
             doubt
             it
             is
             inevitable
             .
             
               Ita
               fato
               placuit
               ,
               nullius
               rei
               eodem
               semper
               loco
               stare
               fortunam
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             exempt
             from
             the
             peril
             of
             Mutation
             ;
             the
             Earth
             ,
             Heavens
             ,
             and
             whole
             World
             is
             thereunto
             Subject
             .
             
               Certis
               eunt
               cuncta
               temporibus
               ;
               nasci
               debent
               ,
               crescere
               ,
               extingui
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             Touching
             the
             second
             Causes
             of
             Civil
             War
             some
             Remedies
             may
             be
             used
             ,
             because
             it
             proceedeth
             of
             Faction
             ,
             Sedition
             
             or
             Tyranny
             .
             I
             call
             Faction
             a
             certain
             Association
             of
             divers
             Persons
             combined
             to
             the
             Offence
             of
             others
             .
             It
             proceedeth
             often
             of
             private
             or
             publick
             Displeasure
             ,
             and
             more
             often
             of
             Ambition
             .
             
               Nemo
               eorum
               qui
               in
               Rep.
               versantur
               ,
               quos
               vincat
               ,
               sed
               a
               quibus
               vincatur
               ,
               aspicis
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             1.
             
             Factions
             are
             of
             two
             sorts
             ;
             for
             either
             they
             consist
             of
             many
             or
             of
             few
             Persons
             :
             both
             be
             dangerous
             ,
             but
             the
             former
             more
             apt
             to
             take
             Arms
             ;
             and
             that
             Party
             which
             proveth
             weakest
             ,
             prayeth
             Arms
             of
             Foreign
             Forces
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             other
             Faction
             wherein
             are
             fewer
             partakers
             ,
             be
             commonly
             great
             Personages
             or
             Men
             of
             more
             Importance
             than
             ordinary
             People
             ;
             and
             that
             proveth
             most
             Perilous
             and
             Bloody
             .
             
               Nobilium
               factiones
               trahunt
               ad
               se
               ,
               &
               in
               partes
               ,
               universum
               etiam
               populum
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             Albeit
             some
             wise
             Men
             have
             held
             Opinion
             that
             Factions
             are
             necessary
             ,
             yet
             cannot
             that
             conceipt
             be
             reasonably
             maintained
             ,
             unless
             it
             be
             upon
             Confines
             ,
             and
             in
             such
             places
             where
             Conspiracy
             is
             feared
             ,
             which
             Cato
             in
             his
             private
             Family
             used
             .
             
               Semper
               contentiunculas
               aliquas
               aut
               dissensum
               inter
               servos
               callide
               
               serebat
               ,
               suspectum
               habens
               nimiam
               concordiam
               orum
               ,
               metuensque
               .
            
             Plut.
             
          
           
             Factions
             against
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             are
             sometimes
             suppressed
             by
             forbidding
             Colors
             ,
             or
             unknown
             Bagdes
             to
             be
             worn
             ,
             also
             to
             inhibit
             Names
             or
             Watch-words
             of
             Mutinies
             is
             necessary
             ,
             which
             was
             Mecaenas
             Counsel
             to
             Augustus
             ;
             and
             Aristotle
             thinketh
             it
             fit
             that
             Laws
             should
             be
             made
             against
             the
             Factions
             of
             Noblemen
             .
             
               Nobilium
               contentiones
               &
               partes
               etiam
               legibus
               oportet
               prohibere
               conari
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             Another
             Cause
             of
             Civil
             War
             ,
             we
             call
             Sedition
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             sudden
             Commotion
             or
             Assembly
             of
             Common
             People
             against
             their
             Prince
             or
             his
             Magistrates
             :
             the
             Original
             of
             which
             Disorders
             may
             proceed
             of
             divers
             Causes
             ,
             but
             chiefly
             of
             Oppression
             .
             
               Imminentium
               periculocum
               remedium
               ,
               ipsa
               pericula
               arbitrari
               .
            
             Arist.
             
          
           
             Again
             ,
             Fear
             may
             be
             the
             occasion
             of
             Sedition
             ,
             as
             well
             in
             him
             that
             hath
             done
             Injury
             ,
             as
             in
             him
             that
             looketh
             to
             be
             injured
             ,
             and
             is
             desirous
             to
             prevent
             it
             before
             it
             cometh
             .
             It
             may
             proceed
             also
             of
             over
             great
             Mildness
             in
             
             Government
             .
             
               Non
               miseriis
               licentia
               sed
               licentia
               ,
               tantum
               concitum
               turbarum
               ,
               lascivire
               magis
               plebem
               quam
               saevire
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Sedition
             many
             times
             ariseth
             of
             Poverty
             ,
             or
             of
             the
             Artificers
             ,
             whose
             Arts
             are
             grown
             out
             of
             Use
             ,
             and
             Consequently
             no
             means
             whereof
             they
             can
             live
             .
             
               Semper
               in
               civitate
               ,
               quibus
               opes
               nullae
               sunt
               ,
               bonis
               invidem
               ,
               vetera
               odere
               ,
               nova
               expetunt
               ,
               odio
               rerum
               suarum
               mutari
               omnia
               student
               .
            
             Sab.
             
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             Sedition
             cometh
             of
             Tyranny
             ,
             Insolency
             ,
             or
             Mutinous
             Disposition
             of
             certain
             Captains
             ,
             Cavaliers
             ,
             or
             Ring-leaders
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             for
             albeit
             the
             Multitude
             is
             apt
             to
             Innovation
             ,
             yet
             doth
             it
             stand
             firm
             ,
             until
             some
             first
             Mover
             taketh
             the
             matter
             in
             hand
             .
             
               Multitudo
               omnis
               ,
               sicut
               mare
               ,
               per
               se
               immobilis
               .
            
             Livi.
             
          
           
             Of
             these
             Movers
             some
             are
             Ambitious
             ,
             who
             wanting
             other
             means
             to
             Aspire
             ,
             hope
             by
             practice
             of
             Sedition
             ,
             to
             compass
             their
             Designs
             ;
             or
             else
             they
             are
             Unthrifts
             ,
             who
             having
             consumed
             their
             own
             ,
             seek
             by
             Violence
             to
             possess
             themselves
             of
             other
             Mens
             :
             Or
             else
             they
             
             are
             vain
             and
             light
             Persons
             ,
             that
             without
             Cause
             or
             Reason
             ,
             attempt
             Innovation
             ,
             themselves
             know
             not
             for
             what
             .
             
               Non
               tam
               praemiis
               periculorum
               ,
               quam
               ipsis
               periculis
               loeti
               ,
               pro
               certis
               &
               olim
               partis
               ,
               nova
               ,
               ambiguae
               ancipitia
               maelunt
               .
            
          
           
             Thus
             having
             told
             the
             Causes
             of
             Sedition
             ,
             I
             wish
             the
             Remedies
             were
             prepared
             .
             
               Omne
               malum
               nascens
               facile
               opprimitur
               ,
               inveteratum
               fit
               plerumque
               robustius
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             way
             to
             suppress
             Sedition
             ,
             is
             Eloquence
             and
             excellent
             Perswasion
             ,
             which
             oft-tentimes
             worketh
             great
             Effects
             among
             the
             Multitude
             ;
             chiefly
             when
             it
             proceedeth
             from
             some
             Reverend
             and
             grave
             Person
             ,
             for
             his
             Wisdom
             and
             Integrity
             of
             Life
             honored
             :
             For
             the
             Prince
             himself
             is
             not
             to
             take
             Office
             in
             hand
             ,
             unless
             necessity
             so
             inforce
             :
             
               Integra
               autorit
               as
               principis
               majoribus
               remediis
               servetur
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             If
             Perswasion
             cannot
             prevail
             ,
             then
             Force
             must
             compel
             :
             But
             before
             such
             violent
             Proceedings
             ,
             Use
             ,
             Art
             and
             Cunning
             ,
             either
             to
             appease
             the
             People
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             to
             disunite
             them
             ;
             and
             rather
             if
             the
             Prince
             do
             offer
             fair
             and
             promise
             
             plausibly
             .
             
               Verba
               apud
               populum
               plurimum
               valent
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             It
             is
             lawful
             also
             in
             such
             Cases
             for
             Princes
             to
             use
             Subtilty
             ;
             and
             the
             same
             not
             prevailing
             ,
             to
             wash
             away
             the
             Stain
             thereof
             with
             Clemency
             :
             For
             when
             Arms
             laid
             down
             ,
             and
             every
             one
             yielded
             ,
             general
             Punishment
             were
             needless
             .
             
               Omnium
               culpa
               fuit
               ,
               paucorum
               sit
               poena
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             last
             Cause
             of
             Sedition
             we
             named
             Tyranny
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             certain
             violent
             Government
             ,
             exceediug
             the
             Laws
             of
             God
             and
             Nature
             .
             The
             difference
             between
             Kings
             and
             Tyrants
             is
             this
             ;
             the
             one
             imployeth
             Arms
             in
             defence
             of
             Peace
             ,
             the
             other
             useth
             them
             to
             terrifie
             those
             of
             whom
             his
             Cruelty
             hath
             deserved
             Hate
             .
             
               Auferre
               ,
               trucidare
               ,
               rapere
               ,
               falsis
               nominibus
               imperium
               ,
               at
               que
               ubi
               solitudinem
               fecerint
               ,
               pacem
               appellant
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             quality
             of
             Tyrants
             is
             to
             esteem
             Promoters
             more
             then
             good
             Ministers
             ,
             because
             those
             Men
             are
             the
             Scourge
             of
             infinite
             others
             .
             They
             are
             also
             Protectors
             of
             impious
             .
             Persons
             ,
             and
             stand
             in
             daily
             doubt
             of
             Noble
             and
             Virtuous
             
             Men.
             
               Nobilitas
               ,
               opes
               ,
               amissi
               gestique
               honores
               ,
               procrimine
               :
               Et
               ob
               virtutes
               certissimum
               exitium
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             Tyrants
             do
             also
             endeavor
             to
             suppress
             the
             knowledge
             of
             Letters
             and
             Civil
             Life
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             all
             Arts
             should
             be
             exiled
             ,
             and
             Barbarism
             introduced
             .
             
               Pellunt
               sapientiae
               professores
               ,
               &
               omnes
               bonas
               artes
               in
               exilium
               agant
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             These
             and
             such
             like
             ,
             be
             the
             Conditions
             of
             Tyrants
             ,
             who
             for
             the
             most
             part
             are
             deposed
             and
             slain
             ;
             for
             as
             Kings
             live
             long
             and
             deliver
             their
             Dominions
             to
             their
             Children
             and
             Posterity
             :
             So
             Tyrants
             being
             feared
             and
             hated
             of
             all
             Men
             ,
             cannot
             continue
             in
             their
             Estate
             .
          
           
             
               Adgenerum
               Cereris
               sine
               ceede
               &
               vulnere
               pauci
            
          
           
             
               Descendunt
               reges
               &
               sicca
               morte
               Tyranni
               .
            
             Juvin
             .
          
           
             The
             Remedies
             of
             these
             Mischiefs
             which
             proceed
             from
             the
             Violence
             of
             such
             a
             Prince
             ,
             are
             Persecution
             or
             Patience
             .
             Many
             generous
             Spirits
             have
             used
             the
             first
             ;
             perswading
             themselves
             rather
             
             to
             dye
             ,
             than
             endure
             the
             sight
             of
             a
             Tyrant
             .
             Also
             the
             Grecians
             did
             think
             it
             a
             Service
             acceptable
             to
             Murther
             the
             Person
             of
             such
             an
             impious
             Prince
             .
             
               Graeci
               homines
               deorum
               honores
               tribuebant
               iis
               qui
               Tyrannos
               necaverunt
               .
            
             Cic.
             
          
           
             Nevertheless
             ,
             in
             Christian
             Consideration
             ,
             the
             other
             Course
             is
             to
             be
             taken
             :
             Let
             Patience
             therefore
             incounter
             this
             mischief
             ;
             for
             seeing
             all
             Kings
             ,
             as
             well
             the
             bad
             as
             the
             good
             be
             sent
             by
             God
             ,
             they
             must
             be
             indured
             .
             
               Res
               est
               gravis
               occidere
               regalem
               stirpem
               .
            
             Homer
             .
          
           
             Persecution
             is
             not
             only
             perilous
             ,
             but
             for
             the
             most
             part
             infortunate
             :
             For
             therefore
             present
             Revenge
             is
             taken
             by
             that
             Prince
             that
             succeedeth
             .
             
               Facinoris
               ejus
               ultor
               est
               ,
               quisquis
               successerit
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             The
             Murther
             of
             Tyrants
             is
             also
             followed
             with
             many
             inconveniences
             worse
             than
             Civil
             War
             it self
             .
             
               Principes
               boni
               ,
               votis
               expetendi
               ,
               qualescunque
               tolerandi
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
           
             For
             as
             Fire
             ,
             Floods
             ,
             and
             other
             inevitable
             Plagues
             are
             necessarily
             to
             be
             suffered
             :
             So
             evil
             Princes
             in
             their
             Covetousness
             and
             Cruelty
             ought
             to
             be
             patiently
             indured
             ,
             because
             their
             Office
             is
             
             to
             command
             ,
             and
             Subjects
             must
             Obey
             .
             
               Indigna
               ,
               digna
               habenda
               sunt
               ,
               Rex
               quae
               facit
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
             And
             as
             it
             is
             the
             use
             of
             vulgar
             People
             to
             find
             Faults
             in
             the
             long
             Reign
             of
             Princes
             ;
             so
             the
             Ambition
             of
             great
             Subjects
             is
             desirous
             of
             Novelty
             .
             
               Praesens
               imperium
               subditis
               semper
               grave
            
             .
             Thucyd.
             
          
           
             To
             conclude
             ,
             we
             say
             that
             the
             best
             Remedy
             against
             Tyranny
             ,
             is
             Patience
             :
             For
             so
             long
             as
             Men
             are
             ,
             so
             long
             will
             Vices
             be
             .
             
               Regum
               ingenia
               toleranda
               ,
               neque
               usui
               crebrae
               mutationes
               .
            
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXV
            
             .
             A
             Collection
             of
             Political
             Observations
             (
             confirmed
             by
             Reason
             and
             Experience
             )
             advertising
             Princes
             ,
             Statesmen
             and
             private
             Persons
             how
             to
             demean
             themselves
             in
             all
             Fortunes
             and
             Events
             .
          
           
             TO
             the
             Perfections
             of
             Men
             ,
             Three
             things
             are
             necessarily
             required
             ;
             Nature
             ,
             Nurture
             and
             Use
             :
             The
             first
             giveth
             Capacity
             ,
             Aptness
             and
             Understanding
             ;
             which
             are
             Graces
             from
             Above
             .
             Nurture
             ,
             is
             Learning
             ,
             Knowledge
             ,
             Art
             ,
             or
             Order
             .
             Use
             ,
             is
             Practice
             ,
             Experience
             ,
             and
             orderly
             Observation
             ;
             whereof
             may
             be
             conceived
             ,
             that
             Nature
             alone
             sufficeth
             not
             ;
             nor
             can
             Nurture
             work
             any
             good
             effect
             ,
             where
             natural
             Aptness
             wanteth
             ;
             and
             they
             can
             frame
             no
             Perfection
             ,
             unless
             Experience
             be
             also
             conjoined
             .
             
               Nemo
               nascitur
               sapiens
               ,
               sed
               sit
               .
            
             Sen.
             
          
           
           
             Ambassadors
             ,
             Negotiants
             ,
             and
             generally
             all
             other
             Ministers
             of
             mean
             Fortune
             ,
             in
             Conversation
             with
             Princes
             and
             Superiors
             ,
             must
             use
             great
             respect
             ,
             shewing
             themselves
             rather
             Ceremonious
             than
             Presumptuous
             ,
             and
             acknowledge
             their
             Obligation
             great
             ,
             for
             the
             Favor
             and
             Grace
             ,
             they
             find
             in
             those
             which
             might
             command
             them
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             no
             wisdom
             ever
             to
             commend
             or
             discommend
             the
             Actions
             of
             Men
             by
             their
             Success
             ;
             for
             oft-tentimes
             some
             Enterprises
             attempted
             by
             good
             Counsel
             ,
             end
             unfortnately
             ;
             and
             others
             unadvisedly
             taken
             in
             hand
             ,
             have
             happy
             Success
             .
             Who
             so
             then
             commendeth
             inconsiderate
             Counsels
             for
             their
             fortunate
             Event
             ,
             thereby
             encourageth
             Men
             to
             jar
             and
             discomfort
             the
             wiser
             sort
             to
             speak
             what
             they
             know
             ,
             and
             by
             Experience
             have
             proved
             .
          
           
             In
             Actions
             publick
             ,
             and
             every
             other
             matter
             of
             great
             moment
             ,
             the
             beginning
             is
             well
             to
             be
             considered
             :
             For
             afterwards
             it
             lieth
             not
             in
             our
             power
             ,
             without
             dishonor
             to
             abandon
             what
             was
             begun
             .
          
           
           
             The
             time
             doth
             not
             always
             serve
             ,
             nor
             is
             apt
             occasion
             always
             offered
             to
             Enterprise
             what
             would
             ;
             yer
             who
             so
             doth
             expect
             every
             Opportunity
             ,
             shall
             either
             attempt
             nothing
             at
             all
             ,
             or
             if
             he
             do
             ,
             the
             same
             for
             the
             most
             part
             turneth
             to
             his
             own
             disadvantage
             .
          
           
             When
             any
             Resolution
             is
             taken
             ,
             either
             with
             over
             great
             haste
             ,
             or
             too
             much
             Affection
             ,
             seldom
             it
             receiveth
             good
             success
             :
             For
             he
             that
             doth
             the
             one
             ,
             hath
             no
             leisure
             to
             consider
             ;
             the
             other
             transporteth
             the
             Mind
             so
             as
             it
             cannot
             conceive
             more
             than
             that
             which
             presently
             presseth
             .
          
           
             To
             these
             we
             add
             others
             ,
             I
             mean
             some
             of
             them
             that
             have
             leisure
             ,
             and
             are
             void
             of
             Affection
             ,
             yet
             for
             want
             of
             natural
             Capacity
             ,
             or
             for
             continual
             Negligence
             in
             their
             doings
             ,
             never
             bring
             any
             thing
             well
             to
             pass
             .
          
           
             Who
             so
             desireth
             to
             be
             beloved
             in
             a
             Commonwealth
             ,
             must
             rest
             content
             with
             that
             which
             Men
             do
             give
             ,
             and
             the
             Laws
             allow
             him
             to
             take
             :
             So
             shall
             he
             neither
             incur
             Danger
             nor
             Envy
             :
             for
             indeed
             ,
             that
             which
             is
             taken
             or
             extorted
             from
             others
             ,
             and
             not
             that
             which
             is
             given
             ,
             doth
             make
             Men
             hated
             .
          
           
           
             Arms
             ,
             Laws
             and
             Religion
             ,
             may
             not
             in
             any
             well
             governed
             State
             be
             disjoined
             ;
             every
             one
             of
             them
             in
             particular
             maintaineth
             them
             all
             united
             .
          
           
             In
             Actions
             of
             War
             ,
             Courage
             and
             Conduct
             are
             of
             great
             Necessity
             ;
             yet
             all
             good
             Government
             consisteth
             in
             using
             the
             Virtues
             Moral
             ;
             and
             in
             handling
             the
             matter
             of
             Martial
             Policy
             ,
             it
             is
             fit
             to
             imitate
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             ancient
             and
             approved
             Captains
             .
          
           
             Among
             Mortal
             Men
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             more
             common
             than
             to
             believe
             the
             Estate
             of
             one
             Man
             to
             be
             better
             than
             another
             ;
             for
             hereof
             it
             cometh
             ,
             that
             every
             one
             endeavoreth
             rather
             to
             take
             from
             others
             with
             travel
             ,
             than
             to
             enjoy
             his
             own
             with
             rest
             .
          
           
             The
             state
             of
             Princes
             is
             good
             ,
             being
             well
             used
             ;
             so
             is
             the
             Fortune
             of
             private
             Men
             ,
             if
             therewith
             they
             be
             contented
             .
             The
             rich
             Man
             liveth
             happily
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             he
             useth
             his
             Riches
             temperately
             ;
             and
             the
             poor
             Man
             that
             patiently
             endureth
             his
             Wants
             ,
             is
             Rich
             enough
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             a
             Man
             is
             so
             dangerously
             distressed
             ,
             as
             either
             proceeding
             or
             standing
             ,
             he
             liveth
             in
             like
             peril
             ,
             then
             doth
             
             it
             behove
             him
             in
             any
             wise
             ,
             to
             resolve
             upon
             Action
             .
             The
             reason
             is
             ,
             that
             so
             long
             as
             nothing
             is
             done
             ,
             the
             same
             Accidents
             that
             caused
             his
             Dangers
             ,
             do
             still
             remain
             in
             their
             former
             force
             ;
             but
             if
             he
             endeavor
             to
             enterprise
             somewhat
             ,
             either
             he
             may
             meet
             with
             means
             to
             make
             him
             secure
             ,
             or
             at
             the
             hardest
             ,
             shew
             himself
             of
             so
             great
             Courage
             and
             Wit
             ,
             as
             he
             dare
             and
             can
             attempt
             a
             way
             to
             do
             it
             .
          
           
             It
             seemeth
             a
             thing
             of
             great
             difficulty
             ,
             or
             rather
             impossible
             for
             any
             Prince
             or
             Magistrate
             to
             eschew
             the
             evil
             speech
             and
             bad
             report
             of
             Men
             ;
             for
             if
             they
             be
             good
             and
             virtuous
             ,
             then
             they
             incur
             the
             backbiting
             of
             lewd
             Persons
             ;
             if
             evil
             ,
             then
             will
             all
             good
             Men
             exclaim
             against
             them
             .
          
           
             All
             Commonwealths
             ought
             to
             desire
             Peace
             ,
             yet
             it
             is
             necessary
             ever
             to
             be
             prepared
             for
             the
             War
             ;
             because
             Peace
             disarmed
             is
             weak
             ,
             and
             without
             Reputation
             :
             Therefore
             the
             Poets
             feign
             ,
             that
             Pallas
             the
             Goddess
             of
             Wisdom
             did
             always
             appear
             armed
             .
          
           
             Every
             Prince
             (
             well
             advised
             )
             ought
             to
             govern
             his
             Subjects
             and
             Servants
             in
             such
             sort
             ,
             that
             by
             his
             Affability
             and
             Virtue
             they
             may
             be
             induced
             rather
             to
             
             serve
             voluntarily
             ,
             then
             for
             Pay
             or
             hope
             of
             Preferment
             .
             For
             otherwise
             doing
             ,
             whensoever
             the
             Prince
             shall
             want
             means
             to
             pay
             ,
             the
             Subjects
             likewise
             will
             fail
             of
             good
             will
             to
             serve
             .
             But
             he
             that
             faithfully
             loveth
             ,
             doth
             neither
             in
             Prosperity
             become
             Arrogant
             ,
             nor
             in
             contrary
             Fortune
             retire
             ,
             or
             complain
             of
             the
             small
             favor
             he
             findeth
             :
             For
             (
             till
             death
             )
             Love
             and
             Life
             remain
             at
             the
             Princes
             Commandment
             .
          
           
             Where
             poor
             Men
             find
             Justice
             ,
             evil
             Men
             are
             punish'd
             ,
             Measures
             and
             Weights
             be
             just
             ,
             Youth
             well
             nurtured
             ,
             and
             old
             Folk
             free
             from
             Avarice
             ,
             there
             is
             the
             Commonwealth
             good
             and
             perfect
             .
          
           
             In
             War
             between
             Neighbors
             ,
             Neutrality
             is
             commendable
             ;
             for
             by
             that
             means
             we
             eschew
             many
             Troubles
             and
             great
             Expences
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             the
             Forces
             of
             either
             side
             be
             so
             equal
             in
             strength
             ,
             as
             we
             need
             not
             to
             fear
             the
             Victory
             of
             any
             :
             For
             so
             long
             their
             Discord
             is
             our
             Security
             ,
             and
             oft-tentimes
             offereth
             us
             means
             to
             increase
             our
             own
             State
             and
             Reputation
             .
          
           
             The
             chief
             Reasons
             to
             move
             War
             ,
             are
             ,
             the
             Justice
             of
             the
             Cause
             ,
             the
             Facillity
             of
             Success
             ,
             and
             the
             Profit
             of
             the
             Victory
             .
          
           
           
             In
             all
             Humane
             Actions
             it
             behoveth
             to
             accommodate
             the
             Council
             of
             Men
             unto
             present
             Necessity
             ,
             and
             never
             to
             expose
             Security
             to
             manifest
             Peril
             ,
             nor
             hope
             of
             that
             which
             without
             great
             Difficulty
             or
             Impossibility
             cannot
             be
             obtained
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             the
             Nature
             of
             Men
             ,
             having
             escaped
             one
             Extreme
             ,
             which
             by
             force
             they
             were
             constrained
             long
             to
             endure
             ,
             to
             run
             Headlong
             into
             the
             other
             Extreme
             ,
             forgetting
             that
             Vertue
             doth
             always
             consist
             in
             the
             mean.
             
          
           
             The
             Multitude
             is
             inclined
             to
             Innovation
             ,
             and
             easily
             induced
             by
             false
             Perswasion
             ,
             and
             consequently
             easily
             transported
             by
             Seditious
             Leaders
             .
          
           
             Men
             are
             naturally
             disposed
             to
             fear
             those
             things
             which
             threaten
             Danger
             and
             Terror
             ;
             yet
             unless
             these
             Perils
             ,
             by
             some
             new
             Accident
             ,
             be
             daily
             revived
             ,
             that
             Fear
             by
             little
             and
             little
             vanisheth
             ,
             and
             Security
             recovereth
             the
             place
             .
          
           
             Whoso
             findeth
             himself
             contemned
             ,
             or
             not
             respected
             ,
             becometh
             Discontent
             ;
             which
             Humor
             in
             generous
             Minds
             ,
             breedeth
             oftentimes
             Adventerous
             Imaginations
             ,
             whereof
             Audacious
             Attempts
             have
             followed
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             Persons
             of
             Authority
             
             and
             Reputation
             ;
             for
             he
             that
             hopeth
             no
             Good
             ,
             feareth
             no
             Evil
             :
             Yet
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             dangerous
             Enterprises
             ,
             the
             more
             they
             be
             thought
             upon
             ,
             the
             less
             Hope
             they
             give
             of
             good
             Success
             ,
             for
             which
             reason
             Conspiracies
             not
             suddenly
             executed
             ,
             are
             for
             the
             most
             part
             revealed
             or
             abandoned
             .
          
           
             All
             People
             do
             naturally
             imitate
             the
             Manners
             of
             their
             Prince
             ,
             and
             observing
             his
             Proceedings
             ,
             resolve
             to
             Hate
             or
             Love
             him
             :
             But
             if
             they
             happen
             once
             to
             Hate
             the
             Prince
             ,
             then
             his
             Doings
             ,
             Good
             or
             Evil
             ,
             are
             afterwards
             not
             Good
             ;
             but
             if
             at
             the
             beginning
             he
             gained
             the
             Love
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             then
             every
             bad
             Action
             is
             reputed
             a
             Vertue
             ;
             as
             though
             he
             could
             not
             be
             induced
             to
             do
             amiss
             without
             good
             Cause
             or
             Reason
             .
          
           
             Greatly
             are
             Princes
             deceived
             ,
             if
             in
             the
             Election
             of
             Ministers
             ,
             they
             more
             respect
             their
             own
             particular
             Affection
             ,
             than
             the
             Sufficiency
             of
             the
             Person
             elected
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             having
             conquered
             any
             new
             Dominion
             ,
             is
             thereby
             rather
             incumbered
             than
             strengthened
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             after
             well
             governed
             ;
             and
             seldom
             is
             it
             
             seen
             ,
             that
             a
             Principality
             ,
             by
             ill
             means
             gotten
             ,
             hath
             been
             long
             enjoyed
             .
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             Perfection
             of
             the
             whole
             Body
             ,
             soundness
             of
             Head
             only
             sufficeth
             not
             ,
             unless
             the
             other
             Members
             also
             do
             their
             Office
             ;
             even
             so
             it
             is
             not
             enough
             that
             a
             Prince
             be
             Faultless
             ,
             but
             it
             behoveth
             also
             that
             the
             Magistrates
             and
             Ministers
             should
             perform
             their
             Duty
             .
          
           
             Great
             Princes
             rarely
             resist
             their
             Appetites
             ,
             as
             for
             the
             most
             part
             private
             Men
             can
             ;
             for
             they
             being
             always
             honored
             and
             obeyed
             ,
             do
             seldom
             with
             Patience
             indure
             the
             want
             of
             any
             thing
             reasonable
             ,
             as
             being
             perswaded
             that
             what
             they
             desire
             is
             Just
             ,
             and
             that
             their
             Commandment
             hath
             power
             to
             remove
             all
             Difficulties
             .
          
           
             All
             Men
             are
             naturally
             
             good
             ,
             when
             no
             respect
             of
             Profit
             or
             Pleasure
             draws
             them
             to
             become
             Evil.
             But
             this
             Worlds
             Corruption
             ,
             and
             our
             Frailty
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             easily
             and
             often
             for
             our
             particular
             Interest
             we
             incline
             to
             the
             worst
             ;
             which
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             wise
             Law-makers
             found
             out
             Reward
             and
             Punishment
             ;
             the
             one
             to
             incite
             Men
             to
             Good
             ,
             the
             other
             to
             fear
             them
             from
             being
             Evil.
             
          
           
           
             A
             Tyrant
             indeavoreth
             to
             maintain
             his
             Estate
             by
             three
             means
             .
             First
             ,
             He
             practiseth
             to
             hold
             all
             Subjects
             in
             extreme
             Awe
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             basely
             minded
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             they
             should
             want
             Courage
             to
             take
             Arms
             against
             him
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             He
             kindleth
             Diffidence
             and
             Discord
             among
             the
             Great
             Men
             ;
             thereby
             to
             remove
             occasion
             of
             Conspiracy
             and
             Combination
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             He
             holdeth
             them
             Disarmed
             and
             Idle
             ,
             so
             as
             they
             neither
             know
             nor
             can
             attempt
             any
             thing
             against
             him
             .
          
           
             To
             govern
             ,
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             to
             hold
             Subjects
             in
             Love
             and
             Obedience
             ;
             for
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             end
             ,
             they
             ought
             not
             ,
             and
             in
             regard
             of
             the
             other
             they
             cannot
             attempt
             any
             thing
             contrary
             to
             the
             Governor's
             Will
             and
             their
             Duty
             .
          
           
             The
             Laws
             and
             Ordinances
             of
             a
             Common-weale
             made
             at
             the
             beginning
             thereof
             when
             Men
             were
             good
             ,
             do
             often
             prove
             unprofitable
             when
             they
             are
             become
             evil
             ;
             and
             therefore
             new
             Laws
             are
             made
             according
             to
             the
             Accidents
             which
             happen
             .
          
           
             The
             Discontent
             and
             Disorder
             of
             People
             is
             ever
             occasioned
             by
             the
             Inequality
             of
             their
             Goods
             ,
             because
             the
             Poorer
             sort
             would
             be
             made
             equal
             to
             the
             Rich
             ;
             but
             
             the
             Offence
             that
             grows
             among
             great
             Men
             is
             the
             desire
             of
             Honor
             ;
             for
             they
             being
             equal
             ,
             do
             endeavor
             to
             aspire
             to
             equal
             Authority
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             desireth
             ,
             by
             means
             of
             his
             Ambassador
             ,
             to
             deceive
             any
             other
             Prince
             ,
             must
             first
             abuse
             his
             own
             Ambassador
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             should
             do
             and
             speak
             with
             more
             Earnestness
             ,
             being
             indeed
             perswaded
             that
             the
             Intent
             and
             Meaning
             of
             his
             Master
             is
             Simple
             ,
             which
             happily
             would
             not
             ,
             were
             he
             privy
             that
             his
             Prince's
             Meaning
             were
             to
             Dissemble
             .
             This
             course
             is
             also
             commonly
             holden
             by
             those
             ,
             that
             by
             Imployment
             of
             a
             third
             Person
             ,
             would
             perswade
             any
             thing
             Feigned
             or
             False
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             Performance
             of
             Conditions
             of
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             ,
             or
             League
             of
             Amity
             ,
             the
             Promises
             ,
             Vows
             and
             Oaths
             of
             Princes
             are
             of
             great
             Effect
             ;
             and
             because
             Fidelity
             in
             a
             Man
             is
             not
             ever
             certain
             ,
             and
             time
             doth
             daily
             offer
             Occasions
             of
             Variation
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             Assurance
             so
             Secure
             and
             Good
             ,
             as
             to
             stand
             so
             prepared
             ,
             as
             the
             Enemy
             may
             want
             able
             means
             how
             to
             offend
             .
          
           
           
             To
             resolve
             in
             Matters
             Doubtful
             ,
             or
             answer
             Requests
             which
             we
             are
             not
             willing
             to
             grant
             ,
             the
             least
             offensive
             way
             is
             not
             to
             use
             direct
             Denial
             ,
             but
             by
             delays
             prolong
             the
             time
             ,
             and
             so
             in
             effect
             ,
             afford
             good
             Expectation
             .
          
           
             The
             old
             Proverb
             saith
             ,
             
               Magistratus
               virum
               ostendit
            
             ;
             which
             is
             no
             less
             true
             than
             Ancient
             ;
             for
             Men
             in
             such
             Fortune
             ,
             are
             occasioned
             not
             only
             to
             make
             proof
             of
             their
             Sufficiency
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             discover
             their
             Affections
             ;
             and
             the
             more
             their
             Greatness
             is
             ,
             the
             less
             respect
             they
             have
             to
             contain
             those
             Passions
             which
             are
             natural
             .
          
           
             Albeit
             great
             Troubles
             and
             continual
             Adversity
             seem
             Insupportable
             ,
             yet
             is
             there
             nothing
             more
             Dangerous
             ,
             than
             overmuch
             Prosperity
             ;
             and
             being
             pressed
             by
             new
             Appetites
             ,
             they
             disturb
             their
             own
             Security
             .
          
           
             In
             speaking
             of
             Occurrents
             doubtful
             ,
             it
             is
             always
             Wisdom
             to
             feign
             Ignorance
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             alledge
             that
             we
             believe
             them
             not
             ;
             for
             most
             commonly
             they
             are
             utterly
             untrue
             ,
             or
             far
             other
             than
             vulgarly
             is
             believed
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Actions
             of
             Men
             are
             commonly
             liked
             or
             disallowed
             according
             to
             the
             bad
             or
             good
             Success
             ;
             attributing
             that
             to
             Council
             which
             sometimes
             is
             due
             to
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             The
             Multitude
             of
             Men
             were
             wont
             to
             be
             more
             pleased
             with
             sudden
             than
             slow
             Resolutions
             ;
             and
             many
             times
             account
             those
             Enterprises
             Generous
             ,
             which
             are
             rashly
             and
             inconsiderately
             attempted
             .
          
           
             Great
             Difference
             there
             is
             between
             Subjects
             Desperate
             ,
             and
             others
             which
             are
             only
             Discontented
             ;
             for
             the
             one
             desire
             nothing
             but
             present
             Alteration
             ,
             which
             they
             endeavor
             with
             all
             Hazard
             ;
             the
             other
             wish
             for
             Innovation
             ,
             inciting
             any
             Motion
             or
             Practice
             ,
             because
             their
             Intent
             is
             to
             attend
             time
             ,
             and
             that
             occasion
             may
             present
             it self
             .
          
           
             A
             Benefit
             bestowed
             on
             him
             who
             thinketh
             himself
             greatly
             injured
             ,
             doth
             not
             suffice
             to
             raze
             the
             same
             out
             of
             his
             Memory
             ,
             chiefly
             if
             the
             Benefit
             be
             given
             at
             such
             time
             as
             no
             mere
             Motion
             ,
             but
             Necessity
             may
             seem
             the
             occasion
             thereof
             .
          
           
           
             That
             Peace
             ought
             to
             be
             desired
             ,
             which
             removed
             Suspition
             ,
             which
             assureth
             us
             from
             Peril
             ,
             which
             bringeth
             Quiet
             certain
             ,
             and
             acquitteth
             us
             of
             Expences
             ;
             but
             when
             it
             worketh
             contrary
             Effects
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             called
             a
             dangerous
             War
             ,
             covered
             with
             the
             name
             of
             Deceitful
             Trust
             ,
             not
             unlike
             a
             perilous
             Poyson
             ministred
             in
             lieu
             of
             a
             wholsome
             Medicine
             .
          
           
             The
             Effect
             of
             things
             ,
             and
             not
             External
             show
             ,
             or
             seeming
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             regarded
             ;
             yet
             it
             is
             credible
             what
             great
             Grace
             is
             gained
             by
             courteous
             Speech
             and
             Affability
             ;
             the
             reason
             whereof
             is
             ,
             as
             I
             suppose
             ,
             that
             every
             Man
             believeth
             he
             doth
             merit
             more
             than
             indeed
             he
             is
             worthy
             ,
             and
             consequently
             holdeth
             himself
             injured
             ,
             whensoever
             he
             findeth
             Men
             not
             to
             afford
             him
             like
             Estimation
             .
          
           
             Men
             ought
             in
             any
             wise
             ,
             to
             refrain
             to
             do
             or
             say
             any
             thing
             which
             may
             offend
             ,
             for
             which
             respect
             it
             were
             great
             Folly
             ,
             either
             in
             presence
             or
             absence
             ,
             to
             utter
             displeasing
             Speech
             ,
             unless
             necessity
             inforceth
             .
          
           
             The
             Matters
             whereof
             Counsellors
             are
             chiefly
             to
             consider
             ,
             are
             five
             ,
             The
             Prince's
             Revenue
             ,
             Peace
             and
             War
             ,
             
             Defence
             ,
             Traffick
             ,
             and
             what
             Laws
             are
             to
             be
             made
             .
          
           
             In
             giving
             Council
             divers
             things
             are
             to
             be
             observed
             ;
             but
             amongst
             them
             are
             two
             of
             most
             Importance
             :
             First
             ,
             It
             behoveth
             ,
             that
             he
             who
             is
             counselled
             should
             be
             Wise
             ;
             for
             seeing
             Counsel
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             a
             certain
             considerate
             Discourse
             of
             things
             to
             be
             done
             or
             not
             done
             ,
             if
             he
             who
             is
             to
             take
             Counsel
             be
             not
             of
             Discretion
             ,
             then
             will
             he
             refuse
             all
             good
             Advice
             offered
             ,
             and
             rather
             incline
             to
             that
             which
             his
             own
             Fancy
             affecteth
             ,
             because
             the
             want
             of
             Judgment
             draweth
             him
             to
             take
             Pleasure
             in
             vain
             things
             ;
             and
             as
             one
             incapable
             of
             what
             is
             good
             and
             true
             ,
             will
             follow
             that
             which
             is
             Evil
             and
             False
             :
             So
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             if
             he
             that
             giveth
             Counsel
             be
             not
             Faithful
             ,
             then
             will
             he
             a
             Thousand
             ways
             disguise
             and
             dissemble
             the
             Truth
             ,
             and
             consequently
             miscarry
             the
             Mind
             of
             him
             that
             is
             Counselled
             ;
             yea
             in
             the
             end
             utterly
             abuse
             him
             .
          
           
             The
             Affairs
             and
             Proceedings
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             are
             so
             variable
             ,
             and
             accompanied
             with
             so
             many
             Chances
             and
             Changes
             ,
             as
             impossible
             it
             seemeth
             to
             judge
             what
             is
             best
             ;
             theresore
             Experience
             informeth
             ,
             
             that
             the
             Conjectures
             of
             the
             most
             Wise
             ,
             prove
             vain
             and
             uncertain
             .
             I
             therefore
             mislike
             the
             Judgment
             of
             those
             Men
             ,
             that
             will
             let
             slip
             Opportunity
             of
             present
             Good
             (
             though
             it
             be
             small
             )
             for
             fear
             of
             a
             future
             Evil
             ,
             notwithstanding
             it
             be
             greater
             unless
             the
             Evil
             be
             very
             near
             at
             hand
             ,
             or
             certain
             .
             For
             if
             that
             do
             not
             follow
             which
             is
             feared
             ,
             then
             wilt
             thou
             repent
             to
             have
             omitted
             that
             which
             was
             desired
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             a
             general
             Opinion
             is
             conceived
             ,
             of
             the
             singular
             Vertue
             and
             Knowledge
             of
             any
             Man
             ,
             although
             he
             be
             indeed
             Ignorant
             ,
             and
             far
             unworthy
             that
             Account
             ,
             yet
             it
             is
             hard
             to
             remove
             such
             a
             settled
             Conceit
             :
             The
             Reason
             is
             ,
             That
             Men
             having
             at
             the
             first
             given
             Credit
             to
             common
             Report
             ,
             do
             make
             thereof
             so
             deep
             an
             Impression
             ,
             as
             afterwards
             ,
             without
             great
             Difficulty
             ,
             cannot
             be
             removed
             .
          
           
             The
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             ,
             Munition
             and
             Money
             ,
             may
             justly
             be
             called
             the
             Sinews
             of
             War
             ,
             yet
             of
             them
             the
             two
             first
             are
             more
             necessary
             ,
             for
             Men
             and
             Arms
             have
             means
             to
             find
             Money
             and
             Meat
             ;
             but
             Money
             and
             Meat
             cannot
             so
             easily
             find
             Soldiers
             and
             Swords
             .
          
           
           
             One
             wise
             General
             having
             but
             a
             Thousand
             Men
             ,
             is
             more
             to
             be
             feared
             and
             esteemed
             ,
             than
             twenty
             Commanders
             of
             equal
             Authority
             ;
             for
             they
             being
             commonly
             of
             divers
             Humors
             ,
             or
             judging
             diversly
             ,
             do
             never
             ,
             or
             very
             rarely
             ,
             what
             is
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             and
             consequently
             lose
             much
             time
             before
             any
             Resolution
             can
             be
             taken
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             of
             mean
             Force
             ,
             ought
             not
             in
             any
             wise
             to
             adventure
             his
             Estate
             upon
             one
             days
             Fight
             ;
             for
             if
             he
             be
             Victorious
             he
             gaineth
             nothing
             but
             Glory
             ;
             but
             if
             he
             lose
             ,
             he
             is
             utterly
             ruined
             .
          
           
             The
             most
             part
             of
             Men
             are
             delighted
             with
             Histories
             ,
             for
             the
             Variety
             of
             Accidents
             therein
             contained
             ;
             yet
             are
             there
             few
             that
             will
             imitate
             what
             they
             read
             ,
             and
             find
             done
             by
             others
             ;
             being
             perswaded
             that
             Imitation
             is
             not
             only
             hard
             but
             impossible
             ,
             as
             though
             the
             Heavens
             and
             Men
             were
             changed
             in
             their
             Motion
             ,
             or
             Order
             and
             Power
             ,
             which
             they
             anciently
             had
             .
          
           
             The
             Nature
             of
             Men
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             will
             not
             endeavor
             any
             thing
             Good
             ,
             unless
             they
             be
             forced
             thereunto
             ;
             for
             where
             Liberty
             aboundeth
             ,
             there
             Confusion
             and
             
             Disorder
             follow
             .
             It
             is
             therefore
             supposed
             ,
             that
             Hunger
             and
             Poverty
             make
             Men
             Industrious
             ;
             but
             good
             Laws
             inforce
             them
             to
             be
             Honest
             ;
             for
             if
             Men
             were
             of
             themselves
             good
             ,
             then
             Laws
             were
             needless
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             two
             kinds
             of
             Adulation
             :
             The
             first
             proceedeth
             from
             a
             Subtle
             Malice
             :
             The
             second
             cometh
             by
             an
             ordinary
             use
             of
             Conversation
             ;
             the
             one
             tendeth
             to
             Profit
             and
             Deceiving
             ;
             the
             other
             hath
             no
             farther
             Design
             ,
             than
             a
             Respect
             or
             Fear
             to
             offend
             ;
             whereunto
             the
             most
             Honest
             are
             in
             some
             sort
             bound
             .
             Whoso
             bindeth
             himself
             to
             Flattery
             ,
             doth
             thereby
             bewray
             his
             Intent
             ,
             either
             to
             gain
             ,
             or
             not
             to
             lose
             that
             he
             hath
             .
             For
             the
             Person
             flattered
             ,
             is
             always
             superior
             to
             him
             that
             doth
             Flatter
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             one
             as
             may
             in
             some
             sort
             stand
             him
             in
             stead
             .
             It
             may
             therefore
             be
             inferred
             ,
             that
             only
             Men
             of
             base
             and
             miserable
             Condition
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             cannot
             help
             or
             hurt
             ,
             be
             free
             from
             Flatterers
             .
             And
             contrariwise
             ,
             Magnanimous
             and
             Fortunate
             Folk
             ,
             proud
             Men
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             content
             themselves
             with
             their
             present
             Estate
             ,
             are
             seldom
             found
             to
             be
             Flatterers
             .
          
           
           
             Every
             wise
             Prince
             doth
             presuppose
             ,
             that
             Times
             of
             Trouble
             may
             come
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             such
             Occasions
             he
             shall
             be
             forced
             to
             use
             the
             Service
             of
             Men
             diversly
             qualified
             .
             His
             Study
             therefore
             is
             ,
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             so
             to
             entertain
             them
             ,
             as
             when
             those
             Storms
             arise
             ,
             he
             may
             rest
             assured
             to
             command
             them
             ;
             for
             whosoever
             perswades
             himself
             ,
             by
             present
             Benefits
             ,
             to
             gain
             the
             good
             Will
             of
             Men
             ,
             when
             Perils
             are
             at
             hand
             ,
             shall
             be
             deceived
             .
          
           
             In
             ancient
             times
             Princes
             and
             Governors
             were
             wont
             ,
             when
             Peace
             and
             Security
             were
             most
             like
             to
             continue
             ,
             to
             find
             or
             feign
             Occasions
             to
             draw
             their
             Subjects
             to
             Fear
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             Doubt
             might
             move
             them
             to
             be
             more
             careful
             of
             their
             own
             well-doing
             ;
             for
             well
             they
             knew
             it
             a
             general
             Defect
             in
             Men
             ,
             to
             be
             reachless
             ,
             and
             never
             willing
             to
             use
             Industry
             ;
             unless
             by
             necessity
             they
             were
             constrained
             .
          
           
             All
             Histories
             do
             shew
             ,
             and
             wise
             Politicians
             do
             hold
             it
             necessary
             ,
             that
             for
             the
             well
             governing
             of
             every
             Common-weal
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             to
             presuppose
             that
             all
             Men
             are
             Evil
             ,
             and
             will
             declare
             themselves
             so
             to
             be
             ,
             when
             occasion
             is
             offered
             ;
             for
             albeit
             
             some
             Inconvenience
             doth
             lye
             hid
             for
             a
             time
             ,
             it
             proceedeth
             from
             a
             covert
             occasion
             ,
             which
             for
             want
             of
             Experience
             ,
             was
             not
             found
             ,
             until
             Time
             the
             Mother
             of
             Truth
             discover
             it
             .
          
           
             Neutrality
             is
             always
             a
             thing
             Dangerous
             and
             Disallowable
             ,
             because
             it
             offendeth
             all
             Parties
             :
             He
             that
             is
             Strong
             looketh
             to
             be
             assisted
             in
             his
             Greatness
             ;
             and
             he
             that
             is
             Weak
             ,
             not
             being
             defended
             ,
             holdeth
             himself
             offended
             ;
             the
             one
             is
             not
             assured
             from
             Foes
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             holdeth
             no
             Friends
             .
          
           
             Albeit
             Neutrality
             procure
             present
             Quiet
             and
             Security
             ,
             during
             the
             Troubles
             of
             others
             ;
             yet
             after
             the
             same
             falleth
             out
             a
             Disadvantage
             ,
             because
             it
             entertaineth
             a
             certain
             Falseness
             ,
             and
             so
             in
             short
             space
             will
             be
             perceived
             ;
             not
             unlike
             those
             Men
             that
             borrow
             upon
             Usury
             ;
             for
             albeit
             they
             enjoy
             a
             certain
             time
             ,
             without
             Trouble
             or
             Charge
             ,
             yet
             the
             same
             being
             Spent
             ,
             and
             the
             day
             of
             Payment
             come
             ,
             they
             then
             feel
             the
             great
             Danger
             which
             their
             short
             Pleasure
             hath
             purchased
             .
          
           
             Whoso
             examineth
             all
             Humane
             Actions
             shall
             find
             ,
             that
             in
             eschewing
             one
             Inconvenience
             ,
             we
             presently
             incur
             another
             .
          
           
           
             As
             for
             Example
             ,
             if
             we
             endeavor
             to
             make
             our
             Dominions
             Mighty
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             to
             have
             the
             same
             fully
             replenished
             with
             People
             ,
             and
             well
             armed
             ,
             and
             so
             being
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             easily
             governed
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             if
             our
             Country
             be
             not
             well
             Peopled
             ,
             or
             Disarmed
             ,
             then
             it
             is
             easily
             holden
             in
             Obedience
             ;
             yet
             therewith
             so
             Weak
             ,
             that
             it
             can
             neither
             increase
             the
             Bounds
             thereof
             ,
             nor
             defend
             it self
             .
             It
             is
             therefore
             necessary
             ,
             in
             all
             our
             Deliberations
             ,
             to
             consider
             what
             Inconvenience
             is
             least
             ,
             and
             choose
             that
             as
             the
             best
             ;
             for
             to
             find
             all
             Perfect
             ,
             Void
             and
             Secure
             of
             Suspect
             or
             Imperfection
             ,
             is
             impossible
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             being
             instantly
             required
             to
             take
             part
             with
             other
             Princes
             ,
             the
             one
             being
             in
             Arms
             against
             the
             other
             ,
             if
             he
             deny
             both
             ,
             incurreth
             Suspicion
             of
             both
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             thought
             to
             have
             Secret
             Intelligences
             with
             one
             or
             both
             of
             them
             ;
             so
             as
             either
             of
             them
             shall
             account
             him
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             consequently
             he
             that
             proves
             Victorious
             will
             be
             revenged
             ;
             and
             the
             other
             holding
             him
             suspected
             ,
             will
             not
             acknowledge
             his
             Friendship
             .
          
           
           
             It
             is
             the
             use
             of
             Men
             to
             presume
             much
             upon
             their
             own
             Merit
             ,
             and
             seeing
             the
             Success
             of
             some
             others
             to
             be
             such
             ,
             as
             without
             Cause
             or
             Desert
             ,
             are
             aspired
             to
             Dignity
             thereby
             encouraged
             ,
             they
             promised
             to
             themselves
             the
             like
             :
             Nevertheless
             being
             entred
             into
             the
             course
             of
             their
             Design
             ,
             and
             finding
             many
             Crosses
             and
             Impeachments
             they
             do
             not
             a
             little
             repent
             their
             Overweening
             and
             Presumption
             ,
             but
             also
             many
             times
             utterly
             abandon
             their
             rash
             and
             unadvised
             Enterprize
             ;
             neither
             can
             I
             think
             ,
             that
             the
             Vertue
             or
             Sufficiency
             of
             any
             Man
             without
             the
             Favor
             of
             the
             Heavens
             ,
             can
             advance
             him
             ;
             for
             as
             the
             Poet
             saith
             ,
             
               Nec
               velle
               javat
               ,
               potiusve
               nocet
               ,
               si
               fata
               repugnant
               .
            
          
           
             Whoso
             serveth
             a
             Prince
             far
             from
             his
             Presence
             ,
             shall
             with
             great
             Difficulty
             content
             him
             .
             For
             if
             he
             commit
             any
             Error
             ,
             it
             shall
             be
             aggravated
             :
             Besides
             that
             ,
             the
             Instructions
             sent
             unto
             him
             cannot
             be
             particularly
             conceived
             ,
             because
             the
             State
             of
             wordly
             things
             doth
             daily
             alter
             .
             Also
             to
             serve
             aloof
             ,
             is
             a
             thing
             full
             of
             Danger
             and
             far
             from
             Reward
             ;
             which
             Inconvenience
             may
             for
             the
             most
             part
             be
             avoided
             by
             him
             that
             attendeth
             near
             to
             his
             Prince's
             Person
             .
          
           
           
             Let
             no
             Man
             that
             cometh
             to
             serve
             in
             Court
             ,
             assure
             himself
             by
             his
             Wisdom
             to
             be
             advanced
             or
             eschew
             all
             Encounters
             .
             Neither
             is
             he
             to
             bear
             himself
             so
             careless
             as
             to
             commit
             all
             to
             Fortune
             ,
             but
             be
             perswaded
             that
             this
             worldly
             Life
             is
             like
             to
             a
             Voiage
             by
             Sea
             ;
             wherein
             albeit
             Art
             with
             the
             favor
             of
             the
             Wind
             may
             do
             much
             ,
             yet
             can
             we
             not
             assure
             our selves
             to
             arrive
             safe
             in
             the
             Haven
             appointed
             ;
             for
             daily
             Experience
             doth
             shew
             ,
             that
             some
             strange
             Ships
             in
             the
             calmest
             Weather
             ,
             are
             drowned
             or
             impeached
             by
             the
             way
             ,
             when
             others
             much
             weaker
             and
             disarmed
             pass
             securely
             .
          
           
             Among
             Men
             worthy
             of
             Commendations
             ,
             those
             have
             merited
             best
             that
             first
             planted
             true
             Religion
             :
             next
             they
             that
             framed
             Kingdoms
             and
             Commonwealths
             ;
             the
             third
             place
             is
             due
             to
             such
             as
             have
             augmented
             or
             enlarged
             their
             Dominions
             ;
             lastly
             ,
             Learned
             Men
             deserve
             Fame
             and
             Memory
             :
             and
             as
             every
             of
             these
             are
             worthy
             of
             Fame
             and
             Honor
             ;
             so
             ought
             they
             to
             be
             accompted
             Infamous
             that
             introduce
             Atheism
             ,
             or
             the
             Subversion
             of
             Kingdoms
             ,
             or
             are
             become
             Enemies
             to
             Learning
             and
             Virtue
             .
          
           
           
             Whosoever
             taketh
             in
             hand
             to
             govern
             a
             Multitude
             either
             by
             way
             of
             Liberty
             ,
             or
             Principality
             ,
             and
             cannot
             assure
             himself
             of
             those
             Persons
             that
             are
             Enimies
             to
             that
             Enterprise
             ,
             doth
             frame
             a
             State
             of
             short
             Perseverance
             :
             yet
             true
             it
             is
             that
             such
             Princes
             be
             infortunate
             ,
             as
             for
             their
             own
             security
             are
             inforced
             to
             hold
             a
             course
             extraordinary
             ,
             and
             have
             the
             Multitude
             their
             Enemy
             ;
             for
             he
             that
             hath
             few
             Foes
             may
             with
             small
             dishonor
             be
             assured
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             is
             generally
             hated
             can
             by
             no
             means
             live
             assured
             ;
             and
             the
             more
             Cruelty
             he
             useth
             ,
             the
             weaker
             his
             Principality
             proveth
             .
          
           
             In
             commending
             another
             Man
             ,
             great
             Moderation
             is
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             for
             as
             contumely
             offendeth
             him
             against
             whom
             it
             is
             used
             ;
             so
             great
             praise
             ,
             besides
             that
             it
             is
             uttered
             with
             danger
             to
             his
             Judgment
             that
             speaketh
             it
             ,
             the
             same
             doth
             oft-ten-times
             offend
             him
             that
             heareth
             it
             .
             For
             Self-love
             which
             commonly
             possesseth
             Men
             ,
             causes
             the
             Good
             or
             Evil
             we
             hear
             ,
             to
             be
             measured
             with
             our
             own
             .
             And
             consequently
             every
             Man
             that
             is
             touched
             with
             like
             deserts
             and
             defects
             ,
             doth
             grow
             offended
             that
             his
             Commendation
             is
             not
             
             set
             forth
             ,
             and
             feareth
             lest
             his
             Imperfection
             should
             be
             discovered
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             often
             ,
             or
             rather
             ever
             seen
             ,
             that
             the
             force
             of
             Leagues
             not
             used
             in
             their
             first
             heat
             ,
             becomes
             cold
             ;
             because
             Suspition
             soon
             entereth
             ,
             which
             in
             short
             space
             will
             destroy
             whatsoever
             was
             concluded
             ,
             and
             may
             not
             without
             long
             time
             be
             rejoined
             .
          
           
             The
             power
             of
             Ambition
             which
             possesseth
             the
             Minds
             of
             Men
             ,
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             rarely
             or
             never
             suffereth
             them
             to
             rest
             :
             The
             reason
             thereof
             is
             ,
             That
             Nature
             hath
             framed
             in
             them
             a
             certain
             Disposition
             to
             desire
             all
             things
             ,
             but
             not
             to
             obtain
             them
             ;
             so
             as
             our
             Desires
             being
             greater
             than
             our
             Power
             ,
             therefore
             following
             Discontent
             and
             evil
             Satisfaction
             .
             Hereof
             also
             proceedeth
             the
             Variation
             of
             Fortune
             ;
             for
             some
             Men
             desiring
             to
             get
             ,
             and
             others
             fearing
             to
             lose
             that
             they
             had
             gotten
             ,
             do
             occasion
             one
             Man
             to
             injure
             another
             ,
             and
             consequently
             Publick
             Wars
             do
             follow
             ;
             by
             means
             whereof
             ,
             one
             Country
             is
             ruined
             ,
             and
             another
             inlarged
             .
          
           
             Princes
             of
             great
             Power
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             those
             that
             are
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             North
             ,
             having
             many
             Children
             ,
             were
             wont
             to
             
             be
             much
             inclined
             to
             the
             Wars
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             win
             unto
             themselves
             Honor
             ,
             as
             also
             to
             get
             Possessions
             for
             their
             Sons
             ;
             which
             manner
             of
             Proceedings
             did
             oft-tentimes
             remove
             such
             Disturbance
             as
             the
             Plurality
             of
             Brethren
             bringeth
             .
             These
             and
             other
             reasons
             induced
             Princes
             to
             attempt
             War
             against
             those
             Kingdoms
             ,
             which
             in
             cheir
             opinion
             seemed
             easily
             conquered
             ,
             or
             whereunto
             they
             can
             pretend
             little
             ;
             for
             by
             colour
             thereof
             they
             may
             the
             rather
             justifie
             their
             Proceedings
             .
          
           
             When
             a
             Prince
             deferreth
             to
             answer
             an
             Ambassador
             ,
             it
             proceedeth
             from
             some
             of
             these
             Respects
             ;
             either
             because
             he
             will
             take
             time
             to
             resolve
             himself
             of
             somewhat
             whereof
             he
             doubteth
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             intendeth
             covertly
             to
             deny
             that
             which
             is
             demanded
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             esteemeth
             not
             the
             Prince
             that
             doth
             demand
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             disdaineth
             the
             Person
             by
             whom
             the
             demand
             is
             made
             ,
             or
             else
             that
             he
             intendeth
             to
             hear
             from
             his
             own
             Ministers
             to
             be
             better
             resolved
             :
             Wherefore
             a
             discreet
             Negotiator
             ought
             in
             such
             cases
             to
             consider
             which
             of
             these
             Reasons
             move
             the
             Prince
             where
             he
             is
             employed
             ,
             to
             entertain
             him
             with
             delays
             ,
             and
             make
             his
             dispatch
             accordingly
             .
          
           
           
             The
             sufficiency
             of
             good
             Counsellors
             consistetd
             in
             fonr
             things
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             They
             ought
             to
             be
             wise
             and
             skilful
             how
             to
             handle
             their
             Affairs
             ,
             directing
             all
             doings
             to
             publick
             Commodity
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             To
             be
             just
             in
             their
             Proceedings
             ,
             giving
             to
             every
             one
             that
             which
             to
             him
             appertaineth
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             To
             be
             stout
             ,
             and
             void
             both
             of
             partial
             respects
             and
             fear
             .
          
           
             And
             lastly
             ,
             To
             be
             temperate
             and
             moderate
             in
             their
             Desires
             .
          
           
             Whoso
             desireth
             to
             govern
             well
             and
             securely
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             him
             to
             have
             a
             vigilant
             Eye
             to
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             great
             Princes
             ,
             and
             to
             consider
             seriously
             of
             their
             Designs
             :
             For
             it
             is
             matter
             of
             small
             difficulty
             to
             live
             in
             Peace
             with
             him
             who
             desireth
             our
             Amity
             ,
             and
             provideth
             for
             others
             that
             endeavor
             to
             offend
             us
             .
          
           
             The
             Intelligences
             that
             Princes
             study
             to
             attain
             ,
             are
             procured
             by
             divers
             means
             :
             Some
             are
             brought
             by
             report
             ,
             some
             vented
             by
             Conversation
             and
             Sounding
             ,
             some
             by
             means
             of
             Espials
             ;
             but
             the
             most
             sure
             and
             credibe
             Occurrents
             ,
             are
             those
             which
             come
             from
             Ambassadors
             ,
             chiefly
             
             those
             that
             either
             for
             the
             Greatness
             of
             their
             Prince
             ,
             or
             their
             own
             Virtue
             ,
             be
             of
             most
             Reputation
             .
             For
             those
             Men
             conversing
             daily
             with
             great
             Personages
             ,
             and
             pondering
             diligently
             their
             Manners
             ,
             Words
             ,
             Wisdom
             ,
             and
             the
             order
             of
             each
             Man's
             Proceedings
             ,
             yea
             ,
             of
             the
             Prince
             himself
             ,
             may
             with
             Commodity
             attain
             unto
             matters
             of
             great
             Importance
             sooner
             than
             they
             that
             are
             Writers
             of
             Rumors
             ,
             or
             that
             take
             upon
             them
             to
             Conjecture
             of
             things
             to
             come
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             a
             People
             is
             induced
             to
             commit
             so
             great
             an
             Error
             ,
             as
             to
             give
             Reputation
             to
             one
             only
             Man
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             should
             oppress
             all
             those
             great
             Men
             whom
             they
             hate
             ,
             they
             thereby
             give
             him
             opportunity
             to
             become
             their
             Prince
             ;
             and
             so
             being
             assisted
             with
             their
             Favor
             and
             Aid
             ,
             he
             may
             likewise
             extinguish
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Nobility
             ;
             and
             they
             being
             extirpated
             ,
             he
             will
             also
             endeavor
             to
             tyrannize
             over
             the
             People
             ,
             by
             whose
             help
             he
             aspired
             .
          
           
             So
             many
             as
             are
             not
             consenting
             to
             the
             Tyranny
             ,
             rest
             Enemies
             to
             the
             Person
             of
             the
             Tyrant
             ,
             who
             can
             by
             no
             means
             gain
             the
             Love
             of
             all
             .
             For
             impossible
             it
             is
             ,
             
             that
             the
             Riches
             of
             any
             Tyrant
             should
             be
             so
             great
             ,
             and
             the
             Honors
             he
             can
             give
             so
             many
             as
             may
             satisfie
             all
             .
             Hereof
             it
             cometh
             ,
             that
             those
             Tyrants
             that
             are
             favored
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             disfavored
             of
             the
             Nobles
             ,
             are
             most
             secure
             ;
             because
             their
             Tyranny
             is
             supported
             with
             a
             greater
             Strength
             (
             having
             the
             Multitude
             their
             Friends
             )
             then
             is
             the
             Tyrant
             whom
             the
             Humor
             of
             the
             Nobles
             only
             hath
             advanced
             .
          
           
             A
             dangerous
             thing
             it
             is
             in
             all
             Commonwealths
             by
             continual
             punishing
             ,
             to
             hold
             the
             Minds
             of
             Subjects
             in
             Suspition
             ;
             for
             Men
             ever
             fearing
             their
             Ruine
             ,
             will
             (
             without
             respect
             )
             determine
             to
             save
             themselves
             ,
             and
             as
             Men
             desperate
             ,
             attempt
             Innovation
             .
             All
             Capital
             Executions
             ought
             therefore
             to
             be
             executed
             suddenly
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             at
             one
             Instant
             ,
             so
             to
             assure
             the
             Minds
             of
             Men
             from
             further
             Molestations
             .
          
           
             The
             Intent
             of
             every
             Wise
             Prince
             that
             maketh
             War
             ,
             either
             by
             Election
             or
             Ambition
             ,
             is
             to
             gain
             and
             hold
             what
             is
             gotten
             :
             Also
             to
             use
             the
             matter
             so
             as
             thereby
             he
             may
             inrich
             himself
             ,
             and
             
             not
             impoverish
             his
             own
             People
             or
             Country
             .
          
           
             He
             that
             inlargeth
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             doth
             not
             always
             increase
             his
             Power
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             increaseth
             in
             force
             as
             well
             as
             in
             Dominion
             ,
             shall
             thereby
             grow
             great
             ;
             otherwise
             he
             gained
             no
             more
             than
             is
             shortly
             to
             be
             lost
             ,
             and
             consequently
             he
             ruineth
             himself
             :
             For
             who
             spends
             more
             in
             the
             War
             ,
             than
             he
             gains
             by
             Victory
             ,
             loseth
             both
             Labor
             and
             Cost
             .
          
           
             Every
             Prince
             and
             Commonwealth
             must
             above
             all
             things
             take
             heed
             ,
             that
             no
             Necessity
             how
             great
             soever
             ,
             do
             perswade
             him
             to
             bring
             into
             his
             Dominion
             any
             Auxiliary
             Soldiers
             ;
             because
             the
             hardest
             Conditions
             the
             Enemy
             can
             offer
             ,
             are
             more
             easie
             than
             is
             such
             a
             Resolution
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             sheweth
             his
             Ruine
             at
             hand
             ,
             whensoever
             he
             beginneth
             to
             break
             the
             Laws
             and
             Customs
             ,
             which
             are
             ancient
             and
             have
             been
             long
             time
             obeyed
             by
             the
             People
             of
             his
             Dominion
             .
          
           
             That
             Prince
             which
             careth
             to
             keep
             himself
             secure
             from
             Conspiracy
             ,
             ought
             rather
             to
             fear
             those
             to
             whom
             he
             hath
             done
             over-great
             Favors
             ,
             than
             them
             
             whom
             he
             hath
             much
             injured
             :
             For
             these
             want
             Opportunities
             ,
             the
             other
             do
             not
             ;
             and
             both
             their
             Desires
             are
             as
             one
             ;
             because
             the
             Appetite
             of
             Commanding
             ,
             is
             always
             as
             much
             or
             more
             than
             the
             desire
             of
             Revenge
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             a
             Prince
             discovers
             a
             Conspiracy
             ,
             he
             must
             well
             consider
             the
             quality
             thereof
             ,
             measuring
             the
             Force
             of
             the
             Conspirators
             with
             his
             own
             ;
             and
             finding
             them
             many
             and
             mighty
             ,
             the
             knowledge
             thereof
             is
             to
             be
             dissembled
             ,
             until
             the
             Princes
             Power
             be
             prepared
             to
             oppose
             them
             ;
             otherwise
             he
             hazardeth
             his
             own
             security
             .
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             by
             long
             Experience
             found
             better
             to
             send
             one
             General
             to
             an
             Army
             ,
             though
             he
             be
             of
             mean
             Sufficiency
             ,
             than
             to
             give
             the
             same
             Authority
             to
             two
             or
             more
             Excellent
             Personages
             with
             equal
             Commission
             .
          
           
             He
             that
             coveteth
             to
             be
             over-much
             loved
             ,
             oft-tentimes
             becomes
             contemptible
             ;
             and
             he
             that
             endeavoreth
             to
             be
             over-much
             feared
             ,
             is
             ever
             hated
             :
             And
             to
             hold
             the
             mean
             between
             them
             ,
             cannot
             be
             exactly
             done
             ,
             because
             Nature
             will
             not
             so
             permit
             .
          
           
           
             Whoso
             aspireth
             to
             any
             Dignity
             ,
             must
             resolve
             himself
             to
             endure
             the
             Envy
             of
             Men
             ,
             and
             never
             to
             be
             moved
             for
             any
             Offence
             conceived
             against
             him
             ,
             though
             they
             that
             be
             offended
             ,
             be
             his
             dear
             Friends
             :
             Neither
             shall
             he
             for
             the
             first
             affront
             or
             encounter
             ,
             relinquish
             his
             hope
             ;
             for
             he
             that
             constantly
             maketh
             head
             against
             the
             assault
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             shall
             after
             with
             Facility
             arrive
             where
             he
             designed
             .
          
           
             In
             giving
             Council
             to
             a
             Prince
             or
             Commonwealth
             ,
             and
             therefore
             desiring
             to
             eschew
             Danger
             and
             Offence
             ,
             no
             other
             mean
             is
             to
             be
             taken
             than
             that
             the
             Counsellor
             shall
             without
             Passion
             or
             Perswasion
             pronounce
             his
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             never
             to
             affirm
             any
             thing
             as
             a
             Resolution
             ,
             but
             with
             modesty
             to
             defend
             that
             he
             speaketh
             ;
             so
             as
             the
             Prince
             which
             follows
             his
             Advice
             ,
             may
             seem
             to
             do
             it
             voluntarily
             ,
             and
             not
             forced
             by
             the
             importunity
             of
             him
             that
             gave
             the
             Counsel
             .
          
           
             A
             discreet
             Captain
             being
             in
             the
             Field
             against
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             of
             whose
             Virtue
             he
             hath
             had
             no
             Proof
             ,
             ought
             first
             by
             light
             Skirmishes
             to
             feel
             of
             what
             Virtue
             he
             is
             ;
             and
             not
             to
             Enterprise
             any
             general
             
             Adventure
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             Terror
             or
             Fame
             should
             not
             daunt
             nor
             discourage
             his
             own
             Soldiers
             .
          
           
             Albeit
             Fraud
             be
             in
             all
             Actions
             detested
             ,
             yet
             is
             the
             same
             in
             Martial
             Enterprises
             commendible
             and
             glorious
             :
             For
             that
             Captain
             who
             compasseth
             his
             Designs
             by
             Wit
             or
             Stratagem
             ,
             is
             no
             less
             commended
             than
             he
             that
             Vanquisheth
             the
             Enemy
             by
             Violence
             and
             Force
             .
          
           
             In
             times
             of
             Extremity
             ,
             when
             Resolution
             must
             be
             taken
             for
             the
             having
             or
             utter
             Loss
             of
             the
             State
             ,
             then
             no
             regard
             is
             to
             be
             had
             of
             Justice
             or
             Injustice
             ,
             Mercy
             or
             Cruelty
             ,
             Honor
             or
             Ignominy
             ,
             but
             rather
             setting
             aside
             all
             Respects
             ,
             that
             course
             is
             to
             be
             followed
             which
             defended
             the
             Lives
             and
             Liberties
             of
             Men.
             
          
           
             Whoso
             desireth
             to
             know
             what
             will
             be
             hereafter
             ,
             let
             him
             think
             of
             that
             is
             past
             ;
             for
             the
             World
             hath
             ever
             been
             in
             a
             circular
             Revolution
             :
             Whatsoever
             is
             now
             ,
             was
             heretofore
             ,
             and
             things
             past
             or
             present
             are
             no
             other
             than
             such
             as
             shall
             be
             again
             :
             
               Redit
               orbis
               in
               orbem
            
             .
          
           
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             desireth
             to
             obtain
             any
             thing
             at
             the
             hand
             of
             another
             ,
             must
             if
             it
             be
             possible
             urge
             a
             sudden
             Answer
             ,
             and
             lay
             before
             him
             that
             is
             moved
             ,
             a
             Necessity
             to
             resolve
             presently
             ,
             giving
             him
             to
             understand
             that
             denial
             or
             delays
             may
             breed
             a
             perilous
             and
             sudden
             Indignation
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             more
             difficult
             ,
             doubtful
             and
             dangerous
             than
             to
             attempt
             Innovation
             :
             For
             he
             that
             taketh
             in
             hand
             an
             Enterprize
             of
             such
             quality
             ,
             maketh
             all
             those
             his
             Enemies
             which
             lived
             well
             under
             the
             old
             Order
             ,
             and
             findeth
             them
             cold
             Defenders
             that
             affect
             his
             Novelties
             ,
             which
             coldness
             proceedeth
             chiefly
             of
             Incredulity
             ;
             for
             Men
             are
             not
             easily
             induced
             to
             believe
             a
             new
             thing
             till
             Experience
             hath
             proved
             it
             to
             be
             good
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             no
             Art
             nor
             Knowledge
             so
             seemly
             and
             necessary
             for
             a
             Prince
             as
             the
             Art
             Military
             with
             the
             Ordinances
             and
             Discipline
             thereof
             :
             For
             that
             is
             the
             only
             Skill
             required
             in
             him
             that
             commandeth
             ,
             and
             such
             a
             Virtue
             as
             doth
             not
             only
             maintain
             them
             that
             are
             born
             Princes
             ,
             but
             often
             advanceth
             private
             Men
             to
             that
             Dignity
             .
          
           
           
             The
             deep
             Impressions
             which
             old
             Injuries
             make
             in
             the
             Minds
             of
             great
             Men
             cannot
             with
             new
             Benefits
             be
             razed
             out
             ;
             it
             is
             also
             to
             be
             remembred
             that
             Injuries
             be
             done
             all
             together
             :
             For
             they
             offend
             the
             less
             ,
             and
             will
             be
             forgotten
             the
             sooner
             ;
             but
             Benefits
             should
             by
             little
             and
             little
             be
             bestowed
             ,
             so
             shall
             the
             Memory
             of
             them
             long
             continue
             .
          
           
             A
             small
             pleasure
             or
             displeasure
             presently
             done
             ,
             doth
             move
             more
             than
             a
             great
             good
             turn
             bestowed
             in
             times
             past
             ;
             for
             the
             taste
             of
             things
             present
             doth
             make
             a
             deeper
             impression
             in
             the
             Minds
             of
             Men
             ,
             than
             doth
             the
             Memory
             of
             things
             past
             ,
             or
             expectation
             of
             things
             to
             come
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             small
             difficulty
             to
             sound
             the
             discontentment
             of
             other
             Men.
             For
             every
             one
             doth
             willingly
             tell
             the
             well
             and
             ill
             deserving
             of
             Friends
             ,
             and
             likewise
             how
             much
             or
             how
             little
             Foes
             can
             do
             ,
             if
             we
             have
             Patience
             to
             hear
             ,
             which
             Patience
             is
             the
             beginning
             of
             all
             good
             Speed
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             delighteth
             to
             speak
             much
             ,
             and
             hear
             little
             ,
             shall
             ever
             inform
             others
             more
             than
             himself
             can
             learn.
             
          
           
             Among
             other
             dangers
             which
             a
             Prince
             incurreth
             by
             being
             disarmed
             ,
             the
             greatest
             
             is
             ,
             that
             thereby
             he
             becometh
             contemptible
             ;
             for
             no
             comparison
             there
             is
             between
             Men
             armed
             and
             them
             that
             are
             disarmed
             :
             and
             no
             reason
             there
             is
             that
             he
             that
             is
             armed
             should
             yield
             Obedience
             to
             him
             that
             is
             disarmed
             ,
             neither
             is
             it
             like
             that
             a
             Prince
             disarmed
             can
             be
             secure
             from
             his
             own
             Subjects
             armed
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             Ignorant
             of
             Martial
             knowledge
             ,
             among
             other
             Misfortunes
             cannot
             be
             esteemed
             or
             trusted
             of
             his
             own
             Soldiers
             ;
             it
             behoveth
             him
             therefore
             as
             well
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             as
             War
             to
             exercise
             Arms
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             done
             by
             two
             means
             ;
             the
             one
             by
             Action
             of
             Body
             ,
             the
             other
             by
             Contemplation
             of
             Mind
             .
             The
             Body
             may
             be
             exercised
             in
             Hunting
             ,
             Hawking
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             Pastimes
             ;
             thereby
             to
             be
             made
             apt
             to
             endure
             Travel
             :
             his
             Mind
             likewise
             may
             be
             informed
             by
             Reading
             of
             Histories
             ,
             and
             the
             Consideration
             of
             Actions
             performed
             by
             excellent
             Captains
             ,
             observing
             the
             occasion
             of
             their
             Victories
             or
             Losses
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             may
             imitate
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             eschew
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             He
             that
             doth
             not
             as
             other
             Men
             do
             ,
             but
             endeavoureth
             that
             which
             ought
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             shall
             thereby
             rather
             incur
             
             Peril
             than
             Preservation
             ;
             for
             whoso
             laboureth
             to
             be
             sincerely
             Perfect
             and
             Good
             ,
             shall
             necessarily
             Perish
             ,
             living
             among
             Men
             that
             are
             generally
             Evil.
             
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             useth
             Liberality
             to
             his
             prejudice
             ,
             ought
             not
             to
             regard
             the
             Infamy
             of
             Miserable
             ,
             because
             his
             Parsimony
             will
             in
             time
             enable
             him
             to
             be
             Liberal
             ,
             and
             so
             may
             declare
             himself
             to
             be
             ,
             having
             by
             Parsimony
             increased
             his
             Power
             ,
             and
             therefore
             without
             imposing
             upon
             the
             People
             ,
             may
             defend
             himself
             from
             all
             such
             as
             will
             make
             War
             ;
             so
             shall
             he
             use
             Liberality
             to
             all
             them
             from
             whom
             he
             taketh
             nothing
             ,
             who
             are
             infinite
             ;
             and
             use
             Miserliness
             to
             those
             only
             to
             whom
             he
             giveth
             ,
             who
             are
             but
             few
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             that
             consumeth
             it self
             like
             to
             Librality
             ;
             for
             if
             it
             be
             long
             used
             ,
             it
             taketh
             away
             the
             means
             to
             continue
             it
             ,
             and
             consequently
             doth
             make
             Men
             poor
             and
             basely
             minded
             :
             Or
             else
             to
             eschew
             Poverty
             ,
             they
             shall
             be
             forced
             to
             Extortion
             and
             become
             Odious
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             better
             to
             incur
             the
             name
             of
             Covetous
             (
             which
             is
             a
             Scandal
             without
             
             hate
             )
             then
             with
             desire
             to
             be
             accounted
             Liberal
             ,
             deserve
             the
             Infamy
             of
             Oppression
             (
             an
             Ignominy
             accompanied
             with
             hatred
             .
             )
          
           
             A
             Prince
             ought
             to
             be
             slow
             in
             believing
             ,
             and
             advised
             in
             proceeding
             ;
             he
             should
             also
             beware
             not
             to
             make
             himself
             over
             much
             feared
             ,
             but
             in
             all
             his
             Actions
             shew
             great
             Wisdom
             tempered
             with
             Curtesie
             ;
             so
             shall
             not
             over
             much
             Confidence
             induce
             him
             to
             be
             careless
             ,
             nor
             over
             much
             diffidence
             render
             him
             intolerable
             .
          
           
             Whoso
             observeth
             ,
             shall
             see
             that
             Man
             offended
             ,
             less
             respect
             him
             whom
             they
             Love
             ,
             than
             him
             whom
             they
             fear
             .
             For
             Love
             is
             maintained
             by
             a
             certain
             reciproque
             Obligation
             ,
             which
             because
             Men
             are
             Evil
             ,
             useth
             to
             be
             by
             every
             occasion
             of
             Profit
             broken
             .
             But
             Fear
             is
             continued
             by
             a
             certain
             dread
             of
             Punishment
             which
             never
             faileth
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             holdeth
             in
             the
             Field
             an
             Army
             wherein
             are
             great
             numbers
             of
             Soldiers
             ,
             ought
             not
             to
             care
             though
             he
             be
             accompted
             Cruel
             :
             For
             without
             such
             an
             Opinion
             conceived
             ,
             he
             cannot
             keep
             his
             Forces
             united
             ,
             nor
             apt
             to
             attempt
             any
             Enterprize
             .
          
           
           
             Men
             for
             the
             most
             ,
             do
             use
             rather
             to
             judge
             by
             their
             Eyes
             ,
             than
             by
             their
             Hands
             ,
             for
             every
             one
             may
             see
             ,
             but
             few
             can
             certainly
             know
             .
             Every
             one
             seeth
             what
             thou
             seemest
             to
             be
             ,
             but
             few
             can
             understand
             what
             thou
             art
             indeed
             ;
             and
             these
             few
             dare
             not
             oppose
             themselves
             to
             the
             Opinion
             of
             many
             which
             have
             the
             Majesty
             of
             Estate
             to
             defend
             them
             .
             Also
             in
             the
             Actions
             of
             all
             Men
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             Princes
             ,
             from
             whom
             is
             no
             Appellation
             ,
             the
             End
             is
             ever
             observed
             .
             Machiavel
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             being
             forced
             to
             use
             the
             Condition
             of
             Beasts
             ,
             must
             among
             them
             make
             Choice
             of
             the
             Fox
             and
             the
             Lyon
             ;
             for
             the
             Lyon
             cannot
             take
             heed
             of
             Snares
             ,
             and
             the
             Fox
             is
             easily
             overcome
             by
             the
             Wolves
             :
             It
             behoveth
             him
             therefore
             to
             be
             a
             Fox
             to
             discover
             the
             Snares
             ,
             and
             a
             Lyon
             to
             terrifie
             the
             Wolves
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             newly
             advanced
             cannot
             observe
             those
             Rules
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             Cause
             that
             Men
             be
             accounted
             Good
             ;
             he
             being
             many
             Times
             constrained
             for
             defence
             of
             his
             State
             to
             proceed
             contrary
             to
             Promise
             ,
             contrary
             to
             Charity
             ,
             and
             all
             Vertue
             ;
             and
             consequently
             it
             behoveth
             him
             to
             have
             a
             Mind
             apt
             to
             Alteration
             ,
             as
             the
             Wind
             and
             
             Variation
             of
             Fortune
             shall
             direct
             ;
             yet
             ought
             he
             not
             to
             abandon
             the
             Good
             ,
             if
             so
             he
             can
             ,
             but
             be
             ready
             to
             use
             what
             is
             Evil
             ,
             if
             so
             he
             shall
             be
             inforced
             .
          
           
             Every
             Prince
             ought
             to
             have
             two
             Ears
             ,
             the
             one
             Intrinsick
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             Subjects
             ;
             the
             other
             Extrinsick
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             Forreign
             Potentates
             ,
             from
             whom
             he
             may
             be
             defended
             with
             Good
             Arms
             ,
             and
             Good
             Friends
             :
             Also
             Matters
             Intrinsick
             will
             ever
             stand
             well
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             all
             things
             abroad
             rest
             firm
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             is
             favoured
             of
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             need
             not
             to
             doubt
             Conspiracy
             ;
             but
             contrary
             wise
             ,
             where
             the
             People
             is
             generally
             Discontented
             and
             Hateth
             the
             Prince
             ,
             then
             may
             he
             reasonably
             doubt
             every
             Thing
             ,
             and
             every
             Person
             ;
             for
             no
             Man
             is
             so
             Poor
             ,
             that
             wanteth
             a
             Weapon
             wherewith
             to
             offend
             .
          
           
             When
             any
             Occasion
             is
             presented
             to
             have
             that
             thou
             desirest
             ,
             fail
             not
             to
             lay
             hold
             thereof
             ;
             for
             these
             Worldly
             Things
             do
             vary
             ,
             and
             that
             so
             suddenly
             ,
             as
             hard
             it
             is
             to
             assure
             our selves
             of
             any
             thing
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             already
             in
             Hand
             :
             On
             the
             other
             Side
             ,
             if
             any
             Trouble
             threaten
             thee
             ,
             defer
             it
             so
             long
             as
             thou
             mayest
             ;
             
             for
             Time
             may
             occasion
             some
             Accident
             to
             remove
             all
             Dangers
             .
          
           
             The
             Prince
             that
             doubteth
             the
             Fidelity
             of
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             must
             of
             Force
             build
             Fortresses
             ;
             but
             he
             that
             feareth
             Foreign
             Force
             more
             than
             his
             own
             People
             ,
             were
             better
             to
             leave
             them
             unbuilt
             .
             Howsoever
             it
             be
             ,
             that
             Prince
             that
             desireth
             generally
             to
             be
             Respected
             and
             Esteemed
             ,
             must
             perform
             some
             notable
             Enterprise
             ,
             and
             give
             Testimony
             of
             great
             Vertue
             and
             Valour
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             shall
             do
             well
             at
             all
             Times
             to
             be
             counselled
             so
             as
             no
             Man
             do
             presume
             to
             give
             Counsel
             but
             when
             the
             Prince
             doth
             ask
             it
             .
             It
             is
             also
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             That
             he
             who
             is
             not
             of
             himself
             Wise
             ,
             cannot
             be
             well
             counselled
             of
             others
             ,
             unless
             happily
             he
             yield
             to
             some
             Wise
             Men
             the
             Government
             of
             his
             whole
             Affairs
             .
             For
             Good
             Counsels
             from
             whomsoever
             they
             proceed
             ,
             shall
             be
             thought
             to
             come
             from
             the
             Prince
             ,
             and
             not
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             the
             Prince
             to
             proceed
             from
             the
             Counsel
             of
             others
             .
          
           
             He
             that
             taketh
             Delight
             to
             be
             Employed
             in
             Publick
             Affairs
             ,
             must
             by
             all
             Means
             endeavour
             to
             continue
             in
             such
             Services
             :
             For
             oft
             one
             Business
             dependeth
             on
             another
             ,
             
             whereunto
             the
             Florentine
             Proverb
             may
             be
             applied
             ,
             
               Di
               cosa
               ,
               nasae
               cosa
               ,
               &
               il
               tempole
               governa
               .
            
          
           
             Some
             Men
             have
             not
             only
             desired
             ,
             but
             also
             compassed
             Honour
             and
             Profit
             ;
             yet
             being
             in
             Possession
             of
             both
             ,
             were
             not
             therewith
             so
             satisfied
             ,
             as
             they
             hoped
             to
             be
             ;
             which
             being
             believed
             ,
             would
             happily
             extinguish
             the
             immeasurable
             Ambition
             wherewith
             many
             Men
             are
             possessed
             .
          
           
             By
             Experience
             I
             have
             learned
             ,
             That
             great
             Folly
             it
             is
             to
             account
             That
             Ours
             which
             we
             have
             not
             ,
             or
             spend
             presently
             in
             Hope
             of
             future
             Gain
             .
             Therefore
             Merchants
             ,
             during
             the
             Adventure
             of
             their
             Goods
             ,
             do
             not
             increase
             Domestical
             Expences
             ,
             but
             Fearing
             the
             Worst
             Assure
             what
             is
             in
             Hand
             .
          
           
             For
             such
             Men
             as
             have
             gained
             unto
             themselves
             Reputation
             and
             are
             accounted
             vertuous
             ,
             to
             maintain
             that
             Conceit
             ,
             and
             eschew
             Envy
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             better
             than
             a
             Life
             retired
             from
             daily
             Conversation
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             of
             the
             Multitude
             .
             
               Fugiat
               sapiens
               commercia
               vulgi
            
             .
          
           
             The
             End
             that
             moveth
             a
             Prince
             to
             make
             War
             ,
             is
             to
             Enrich
             Himself
             ,
             and
             Impoverish
             the
             Enemy
             :
             Neither
             is
             Victory
             
             desired
             for
             other
             Purpose
             than
             thereby
             to
             become
             the
             more
             Mighty
             ,
             and
             make
             the
             Enemy
             Weak
             :
             Consequently
             wheresoever
             thy
             Victory
             doth
             Impoverish
             thee
             ,
             or
             thy
             Gain
             therein
             doth
             Weaken
             thee
             ,
             it
             followeth
             that
             either
             thou
             pass
             or
             undergo
             that
             Mark
             whereunto
             the
             Intention
             of
             War
             was
             directed
             .
             And
             that
             Prince
             is
             by
             Victory
             Enriched
             ,
             that
             can
             Oppress
             the
             Enemies
             Power
             ,
             and
             become
             Master
             of
             his
             Goods
             and
             Possessions
             .
             And
             that
             Prince
             is
             by
             Victory
             Impoverished
             when
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             notwithstanding
             he
             be
             Victored
             ,
             can
             still
             Maintain
             himself
             ,
             and
             the
             Spoils
             and
             Possessions
             are
             not
             taken
             to
             the
             Use
             of
             the
             Prince
             Victorious
             ,
             but
             imparted
             unto
             his
             Soldiers
             .
             For
             then
             may
             he
             be
             thought
             in
             his
             own
             Losing
             Infortunate
             ,
             and
             in
             Victory
             Unhappy
             ;
             for
             if
             he
             be
             Vanquished
             ,
             then
             must
             he
             endure
             the
             Offence
             by
             Foes
             :
             And
             being
             Victorious
             shall
             be
             forced
             to
             abide
             the
             Wrong
             offered
             by
             Friends
             ;
             which
             as
             they
             be
             less
             Reasonable
             ,
             so
             are
             they
             also
             less
             supportable
             ,
             because
             he
             is
             still
             by
             Impositions
             forced
             to
             burthen
             the
             Subjects
             ,
             whereof
             may
             be
             inferred
             ,
             That
             the
             Prince
             ,
             having
             in
             him
             any
             Generosity
             ,
             cannot
             justly
             
             rejoyce
             at
             that
             Victory
             which
             causeth
             the
             Subject
             to
             lament
             .
          
           
             Who
             so
             desireth
             to
             obtain
             any
             thing
             ,
             hopeth
             to
             compass
             his
             Desire
             ,
             either
             by
             Intreaty
             ,
             Presents
             ,
             or
             Threatning
             ;
             for
             so
             shall
             he
             ,
             to
             whom
             the
             Request
             is
             made
             ,
             be
             moved
             either
             with
             Compassion
             ,
             Profit
             ,
             or
             Fear
             :
             Nevertheless
             ,
             with
             Covetous
             and
             Cruel
             Men
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             are
             in
             their
             Opinion
             Mighty
             ,
             none
             of
             these
             can
             prevail
             .
             And
             consequently
             in
             vain
             do
             they
             labour
             ,
             that
             go
             about
             by
             Suit
             to
             stir
             them
             to
             Pity
             ,
             by
             Gifts
             to
             gain
             them
             ,
             or
             by
             Threats
             to
             fear
             them
             .
          
           
             Who
             so
             is
             persuaded
             that
             any
             Common
             weal
             can
             continue
             disunited
             ,
             doth
             greatly
             deceive
             himself
             :
             True
             it
             is
             ,
             That
             some
             Divisions
             do
             maintain
             the
             Estate
             ,
             but
             other
             do
             indamage
             the
             same
             .
             They
             which
             do
             Harm
             ,
             are
             such
             as
             with
             Sects
             and
             Partakings
             be
             accompanied
             ;
             they
             which
             help
             without
             Sects
             and
             Partakings
             ,
             be
             maintained
             .
             A
             wise
             Governour
             therefore
             ,
             albeit
             he
             cannot
             so
             exactly
             foresee
             but
             some
             Enemies
             will
             arise
             in
             the
             State
             ,
             yet
             may
             he
             take
             Order
             that
             no
             Factions
             may
             thereby
             grow
             .
             It
             is
             therefore
             to
             be
             noted
             ,
             that
             the
             Citizens
             
             of
             every
             Estate
             ,
             may
             aspire
             to
             Reputation
             ,
             either
             by
             Private
             or
             Publick
             Means
             .
             Reputation
             by
             Publick
             Means
             ,
             is
             gained
             chiefly
             in
             the
             War
             ,
             either
             by
             obtaining
             Victory
             in
             some
             Battle
             ,
             or
             surprising
             of
             some
             City
             ;
             or
             else
             by
             performing
             some
             Ambassage
             diligently
             ,
             prosperously
             :
             But
             Private
             Reputation
             is
             gotten
             by
             doing
             Favour
             to
             this
             or
             that
             Man
             ,
             and
             protecting
             them
             from
             Magistrates
             ,
             giving
             them
             Mony
             ,
             advancing
             them
             unworthily
             to
             Honour
             and
             Office
             ;
             and
             by
             great
             Feasts
             ,
             entertaining
             the
             Multitude
             ;
             of
             which
             manner
             of
             Proceeding
             ,
             Sects
             ,
             Factions
             and
             Partakings
             do
             grow
             :
             And
             as
             Reputation
             thus
             gained
             is
             dangerous
             ,
             so
             the
             other
             without
             Faction
             is
             profitable
             ;
             because
             the
             same
             is
             founded
             on
             Common
             Welfare
             ,
             and
             no
             private
             Profit
             :
             And
             albeit
             among
             Citizens
             of
             this
             sort
             ,
             will
             oft
             arise
             great
             Hate
             ,
             yet
             wanting
             Followers
             for
             their
             particular
             Profit
             ,
             the
             State
             shall
             not
             be
             indangered
             ,
             but
             rather
             strengthned
             ;
             for
             every
             Man
             endeavouring
             to
             deserve
             well
             ,
             will
             hold
             himself
             within
             the
             Bounds
             of
             Civil
             Life
             ,
             and
             by
             Vertuous
             Merits
             labour
             to
             be
             advanced
             .
          
           
           
             To
             persuade
             or
             dissuade
             particular
             Persons
             ,
             is
             a
             Matter
             of
             no
             Difficulty
             :
             For
             if
             Words
             suffice
             not
             ,
             yet
             Authority
             will
             prevail
             :
             But
             hard
             and
             perilous
             it
             is
             to
             remove
             a
             False
             Opinion
             conceived
             by
             a
             whole
             Multitude
             ,
             for
             therein
             fair
             Speech
             and
             no
             Compulsion
             must
             be
             used
             .
          
           
             The
             best
             means
             which
             wise
             Captains
             can
             use
             to
             make
             their
             Soldiers
             resolute
             ,
             is
             to
             take
             from
             them
             all
             Hope
             ;
             which
             Resolution
             may
             also
             be
             increased
             with
             the
             Love
             of
             our
             Country
             and
             Confidence
             in
             the
             Captain
             :
             For
             Confidence
             groweth
             by
             the
             Valour
             of
             Men
             ,
             and
             Discipline
             in
             former
             Victories
             ,
             and
             Trust
             reposed
             in
             the
             Leader
             .
             The
             Love
             of
             our
             Country
             is
             Natural
             ,
             but
             the
             Affection
             we
             bear
             to
             the
             Captain
             ,
             proceedeth
             rather
             from
             his
             Vertue
             ,
             than
             the
             Benefits
             he
             hath
             bestowed
             .
             Necessity
             also
             may
             do
             much
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             that
             where
             no
             Choice
             is
             left
             ,
             but
             either
             overcome
             by
             Arms
             or
             dye
             in
             Desperation
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             of
             so
             great
             Force
             to
             hold
             an
             Army
             united
             ,
             as
             the
             Reputation
             of
             the
             Captain
             ,
             which
             proceedeth
             only
             from
             his
             Vertue
             ;
             for
             neither
             Dignity
             nor
             Authority
             without
             Valour
             can
             work
             that
             Effect
             .
          
           
           
             The
             first
             Care
             that
             a
             Captain
             must
             have
             ,
             is
             to
             hold
             his
             Soldiers
             well
             punished
             and
             paid
             ;
             for
             where
             Payment
             faileth
             ,
             Punishment
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             inflicted
             :
             And
             consequently
             no
             Reason
             it
             is
             to
             punish
             him
             for
             Robbery
             ,
             whom
             want
             of
             Pay
             enforceth
             to
             shift
             ;
             but
             where
             the
             Soldier
             is
             paid
             ,
             and
             not
             punished
             (
             offending
             )
             then
             will
             he
             ,
             without
             Respect
             ,
             become
             Insolent
             towards
             his
             Captain
             ;
             whereof
             ensue
             Mutinies
             ,
             Discord
             ,
             and
             utter
             Ruin.
             
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             Custom
             ,
             very
             honourable
             ,
             not
             to
             promise
             more
             than
             thou
             wilt
             assuredly
             perform
             :
             Yet
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             whosoever
             is
             denied
             (
             though
             justly
             )
             doth
             rest
             ill-contented
             ;
             for
             Men
             indeed
             are
             not
             governed
             by
             Reason
             :
             Otherwise
             it
             is
             for
             him
             that
             promiseth
             ;
             and
             so
             good
             Promises
             shall
             stand
             in
             stead
             of
             Performance
             :
             Besides
             that
             ,
             he
             may
             find
             Excuse
             enough
             ,
             because
             the
             most
             part
             of
             Men
             are
             so
             simple
             ,
             that
             fair
             Words
             alone
             have
             Power
             to
             abuse
             them
             ,
             chiefly
             when
             they
             proceed
             from
             a
             Person
             of
             Reputation
             and
             Authority
             .
             The
             best
             way
             ,
             therefore
             ,
             is
             not
             to
             promise
             precisely
             ,
             but
             entertain
             the
             Suitors
             with
             Answers
             
             general
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             good
             Hope
             :
             Yet
             not
             such
             as
             shall
             directly
             and
             absolutely
             bind
             .
          
           
             The
             greatest
             and
             most
             material
             Displeasures
             that
             use
             to
             arise
             between
             the
             Nobility
             and
             People
             ,
             are
             caused
             by
             the
             diversity
             of
             Humours
             ,
             the
             one
             labouring
             to
             command
             ,
             the
             other
             endeavouring
             not
             to
             obey
             ;
             so
             as
             all
             Troubles
             and
             Disorders
             in
             every
             Common-weal
             ,
             do
             thereof
             receive
             Nutriment
             .
          
           
             The
             City
             which
             is
             maintained
             rather
             by
             Factions
             than
             Laws
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             one
             Faction
             is
             become
             strong
             ,
             and
             without
             Opposition
             ,
             the
             same
             of
             necessity
             must
             be
             divided
             in
             it self
             :
             for
             those
             particular
             Causes
             which
             were
             at
             the
             first
             taken
             ,
             are
             not
             of
             Force
             enough
             to
             maintain
             it
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             the
             nature
             of
             Men
             not
             to
             endure
             any
             Discommodity
             ,
             unless
             Necessity
             do
             thereunto
             enforce
             them
             :
             Which
             may
             apparently
             be
             perceived
             by
             their
             Habitations
             ;
             for
             as
             the
             Fear
             of
             War
             draweth
             them
             to
             Places
             of
             Strength
             (
             for
             their
             Defence
             )
             so
             that
             Peril
             being
             past
             ,
             they
             do
             for
             the
             most
             part
             remove
             themselves
             to
             inhabit
             Countries
             of
             more
             Commodity
             and
             Profit
             .
          
           
           
             It
             may
             seem
             strange
             ,
             and
             no
             even
             Measure
             (
             yet
             approved
             by
             Experience
             )
             that
             where
             many
             offend
             ,
             few
             are
             punished
             .
             Also
             petty
             Errors
             are
             severely
             corrected
             ,
             but
             great
             and
             grievous
             Crimes
             be
             rewarded
             .
             In
             like
             manner
             ,
             where
             many
             receive
             Wrong
             ,
             few
             seek
             Revenge
             .
             For
             Injuries
             universal
             ,
             are
             with
             more
             Patience
             than
             particular
             Offences
             endured
             .
          
           
             All
             ,
             or
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             Men
             that
             have
             aspired
             to
             Riches
             or
             Power
             ,
             have
             attained
             thereunto
             either
             by
             Force
             or
             Fraud
             :
             And
             without
             they
             have
             by
             Craft
             or
             Cruelty
             gained
             ,
             to
             cover
             the
             foulness
             of
             their
             Fact
             ,
             they
             call
             Purchase
             as
             a
             Name
             more
             honest
             .
             Howsoever
             he
             ,
             that
             for
             want
             of
             Will
             or
             Wit
             useth
             not
             those
             Means
             ,
             must
             rest
             in
             Servitude
             and
             Poverty
             .
             The
             Reason
             thereof
             is
             ,
             That
             as
             Nature
             hath
             laid
             before
             Men
             the
             chief
             of
             all
             Fortunes
             ,
             so
             she
             disposes
             them
             rather
             to
             Rapine
             than
             honest
             Industry
             ,
             and
             more
             subject
             to
             bad
             than
             good
             Endeavours
             :
             Hereof
             it
             cometh
             ,
             that
             one
             Man
             eateth
             another
             ,
             and
             he
             that
             is
             weakest
             must
             always
             go
             to
             the
             worst
             .
          
           
           
             Where
             Necessity
             forceth
             ,
             Boldness
             is
             reputed
             Wisdom
             ,
             and
             in
             great
             Enterprises
             Peril
             is
             not
             to
             be
             made
             accompt
             of
             .
             For
             those
             Attempts
             that
             begin
             with
             Danger
             ,
             always
             end
             with
             Honour
             ,
             or
             Reward
             ;
             also
             from
             one
             Peril
             there
             is
             no
             way
             to
             escape
             ,
             but
             by
             entring
             into
             another
             .
          
           
             A
             wise
             Man
             ought
             not
             to
             desire
             to
             inhabit
             that
             Country
             where
             Men
             have
             more
             Authority
             than
             Laws
             :
             For
             indeed
             that
             Country
             deserves
             to
             be
             desired
             where
             every
             one
             may
             securely
             enjoy
             his
             own
             ;
             not
             that
             ,
             where
             with
             facility
             it
             may
             be
             taken
             away
             ;
             and
             that
             Friends
             for
             fear
             to
             lose
             their
             own
             ,
             are
             inforced
             to
             forsake
             them
             .
          
           
             Some
             Magistrates
             either
             by
             over
             great
             Zeal
             or
             Ignorance
             take
             a
             Course
             of
             Rigour
             ,
             which
             being
             for
             the
             present
             favoured
             ,
             they
             are
             ever
             the
             more
             imployed
             ,
             as
             Men
             meet
             to
             extirpate
             Inconveniences
             .
          
           
             But
             thereby
             the
             Subjects
             are
             often
             drawn
             into
             Desperation
             ,
             and
             consequently
             have
             recourse
             unto
             Arms
             ,
             as
             their
             uttermost
             Resuge
             .
             In
             this
             case
             a
             Wise
             Prince
             for
             appeasing
             the
             People
             is
             forc'd
             
             to
             disallow
             his
             Ministers
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             also
             to
             inflict
             publick
             Punishment
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             naturally
             suspicious
             ,
             and
             having
             about
             him
             Persons
             inclined
             to
             Envy
             ,
             is
             easily
             induced
             to
             mistrust
             those
             Men
             that
             have
             served
             him
             with
             most
             sufficiency
             :
             Which
             Danger
             they
             cannot
             eschew
             ,
             because
             they
             who
             are
             worthiest
             Commendation
             are
             oftentimes
             envied
             by
             such
             Persons
             as
             have
             access
             unto
             the
             Prince
             .
          
           
             Who
             so
             cannot
             endure
             both
             Envy
             and
             Hate
             ,
             must
             refrain
             to
             enterprise
             great
             Matters
             :
             For
             great
             Honours
             being
             desired
             of
             many
             ,
             it
             behoveth
             him
             that
             aspireth
             unto
             them
             ,
             to
             be
             for
             his
             Dignity
             envied
             ,
             and
             for
             his
             Authority
             hated
             ;
             which
             Authority
             ,
             albeit
             the
             same
             be
             well
             used
             ,
             yet
             they
             who
             hate
             or
             envy
             (
             persuading
             themselves
             it
             might
             be
             better
             handled
             )
             endeavour
             to
             oppress
             that
             Power
             ,
             as
             fearing
             it
             will
             be
             worse
             .
          
           
             Among
             other
             things
             which
             worketh
             the
             Inconveniences
             of
             Common
             weals
             ,
             Ambition
             and
             Desperation
             are
             chief
             ;
             of
             both
             ,
             Desperation
             is
             worst
             :
             For
             Ambition
             may
             attend
             Occasion
             ,
             Desperation
             will
             not
             ,
             as
             that
             cannot
             endure
             Delays
             .
             
             Historians
             desiring
             to
             write
             the
             Actions
             of
             Men
             ,
             onght
             to
             set
             down
             the
             simple
             Truth
             ,
             and
             not
             say
             any
             thing
             for
             Love
             or
             Hatred
             :
             Also
             to
             chuse
             such
             an
             Opportunity
             for
             writing
             as
             it
             may
             be
             lawful
             to
             think
             what
             they
             will
             ,
             and
             write
             what
             they
             think
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             rare
             Happiness
             of
             the
             Time.
             
          
           
             In
             commending
             or
             disallowing
             the
             Actions
             of
             Men
             ,
             it
             is
             a
             course
             very
             requisite
             to
             consider
             the
             Beginning
             ,
             the
             Proceeding
             ,
             and
             End
             :
             So
             shall
             we
             see
             the
             Reasons
             and
             Causes
             of
             things
             ,
             and
             not
             their
             bare
             Events
             only
             ;
             which
             for
             the
             most
             part
             are
             governed
             by
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             much
             Necessity
             ,
             that
             every
             Man
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             a
             Prince
             should
             in
             his
             first
             Actions
             ,
             give
             some
             Testimony
             of
             Vertue
             ;
             for
             falling
             at
             first
             into
             obloquie
             ,
             do
             he
             well
             or
             ill
             ,
             all
             isill-taken
             .
          
           
             The
             Custom
             of
             the
             Common
             People
             is
             to
             judge
             rather
             by
             their
             Eyes
             than
             by
             their
             Ears
             :
             Which
             is
             the
             cause
             they
             allow
             more
             of
             external
             Shew
             than
             inward
             Vertue
             :
             And
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             where
             excellency
             of
             Mind
             ,
             and
             Beauty
             of
             Body
             concur
             ,
             the
             Commendation
             due
             to
             such
             a
             Person
             is
             far
             the
             greater
             .
             
             
               Gratior
               est
               pulchro
               veniens
               e
               corpore
               virtus
               .
            
          
           
             A
             Prince
             or
             great
             Personage
             that
             constantly
             endureth
             Adversity
             ,
             deserveth
             great
             Praise
             :
             Yet
             greater
             Commendation
             is
             due
             to
             him
             that
             beareth
             himself
             modestly
             in
             his
             Happiness
             .
             For
             Miseries
             are
             oft
             born
             with
             Patience
             ,
             but
             Felicity
             corrupteth
             .
          
           
             To
             be
             descended
             of
             Princes
             ,
             or
             great
             Personages
             ,
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             meer
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             so
             to
             be
             esteemed
             :
             But
             Adoption
             proceedeth
             from
             the
             Judgment
             of
             Men
             ,
             therefore
             seemeth
             incorrupt
             ,
             and
             seldom
             abused
             .
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             long
             observed
             ,
             and
             is
             a
             Rule
             which
             rarely
             faileth
             ,
             that
             he
             shall
             be
             ever
             suspected
             of
             the
             Prince
             in
             possession
             ,
             whom
             Men
             account
             worthy
             to
             be
             a
             Prince
             in
             Reversion
             .
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             a
             Use
             very
             ancient
             to
             give
             Credit
             to
             Astrologers
             ,
             and
             other
             such
             Persons
             ,
             who
             by
             their
             Star-Learning
             or
             Blind
             Divination
             ,
             take
             upon
             them
             to
             tell
             of
             things
             to
             come
             .
             The
             Reason
             thereof
             is
             ,
             That
             the
             most
             part
             of
             Men
             believe
             that
             soonest
             which
             they
             least
             understand
             ;
             and
             if
             they
             see
             the
             Event
             of
             a
             Prediction
             ,
             
             though
             it
             happeneth
             by
             meer
             Chance
             to
             fall
             out
             according
             to
             that
             was
             premised
             ,
             thereupon
             they
             settle
             so
             firm
             an
             Impression
             ,
             as
             albeit
             many
             other
             fail
             ,
             yet
             the
             good
             Conceipt
             of
             their
             Cunning
             cannot
             be
             removed
             .
          
           
             Liberality
             is
             a
             Vertue
             which
             gaineth
             Love
             ,
             but
             much
             are
             they
             deceived
             whom
             Riot
             in
             lieu
             thereof
             abuseth
             .
             To
             cast
             away
             and
             consume
             is
             soon
             learned
             ,
             but
             to
             give
             in
             good
             Order
             few
             have
             the
             Skill
             .
          
           
             In
             Time
             of
             sudden
             Mutiny
             ,
             Conspiracy
             ,
             and
             Offence
             of
             People
             ,
             the
             wisest
             Resolution
             is
             not
             to
             oppose
             Force
             to
             prevent
             Fury
             ,
             but
             rather
             give
             Space
             for
             the
             Bad
             to
             amend
             ,
             and
             the
             Good
             to
             consent
             :
             For
             Treasons
             prevail
             on
             the
             sudden
             ,
             but
             good
             Council
             gathers
             Forces
             by
             Leisure
             .
          
           
             Mature
             Deliberation
             ought
             ever
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             but
             when
             Arms
             are
             to
             determine
             ,
             speedy
             Execution
             is
             the
             best
             :
             Because
             no
             Delay
             in
             that
             Enterprise
             is
             fit
             which
             cannot
             be
             commended
             before
             it
             be
             ended
             .
          
           
           
             Who
             so
             is
             pleased
             to
             observe
             the
             proceedings
             of
             Men
             in
             Authority
             ,
             shall
             observe
             that
             some
             of
             them
             hold
             a
             plain
             course
             without
             respect
             ;
             others
             projecting
             for
             time
             to
             come
             ,
             do
             forecast
             how
             to
             hold
             their
             present
             good
             fortune
             or
             at
             least
             to
             escape
             danger
             :
             For
             they
             mistrusting
             present
             Prosperity
             and
             fearing
             a
             change
             ,
             prepare
             beforehand
             some
             private
             Friends
             to
             oppose
             against
             publick
             hatred
             :
             Whereof
             may
             be
             inferred
             ,
             that
             no
             care
             is
             taken
             of
             Innocency
             ,
             but
             every
             one
             studieth
             how
             to
             pass
             without
             punishment
             .
          
           
             In
             Captains
             and
             all
             Military
             Commanders
             ,
             three
             things
             are
             required
             ,
             Vertue
             ,
             Discipline
             ,
             and
             Authority
             ;
             but
             in
             private
             Soldiers
             Obedience
             and
             Courage
             only
             sufficeth
             ;
             for
             by
             due
             obeying
             ,
             and
             no
             curious
             scanning
             the
             Leaders
             directions
             are
             maintained
             ;
             and
             the
             Army
             in
             danger
             is
             alwaies
             most
             valiant
             ,
             which
             before
             the
             danger
             is
             most
             quiet
             .
             Let
             the
             Soldier
             therefore
             be
             well
             armed
             and
             valiantly
             minded
             .
             To
             advise
             and
             direct
             must
             be
             the
             Captains
             care
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             no
             great
             moment
             ,
             yet
             always
             worthy
             the
             noting
             ,
             that
             any
             
             exterior
             Behaviour
             ,
             or
             Garment
             presenting
             Pride
             or
             Greatness
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             Persons
             lately
             advanced
             ,
             though
             no
             Man
             be
             thereby
             interessed
             or
             injured
             ,
             doth
             move
             in
             others
             a
             certain
             offence
             :
             For
             the
             nature
             of
             Man
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             beholdeth
             the
             new
             prosperity
             of
             others
             with
             an
             envious
             Eye
             ,
             and
             wisheth
             a
             moderation
             of
             Fortune
             no
             where
             so
             much
             as
             in
             those
             we
             have
             known
             in
             equal
             degree
             with
             our selves
             .
          
           
             In
             all
             Enterprises
             of
             War
             (
             if
             present
             necessity
             doth
             not
             otherwise
             require
             )
             Leisure
             and
             Deliberation
             ought
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             for
             often
             it
             sufficeth
             in
             lieu
             of
             Wisdom
             ,
             to
             take
             the
             advantage
             of
             other
             Mens
             folly
             .
          
           
             All
             Men
             that
             are
             to
             consider
             of
             great
             Actions
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             informed
             whether
             that
             which
             is
             undertaken
             be
             profitable
             for
             the
             Commonweal
             ,
             honourable
             to
             themselves
             ,
             and
             easie
             to
             be
             effected
             ;
             or
             at
             least
             not
             greatly
             difficult
             .
             Also
             he
             that
             persuadeth
             ,
             is
             to
             be
             examined
             whether
             besides
             bare
             Words
             and
             Counsel
             ,
             he
             will
             joyn
             his
             own
             Peril
             ;
             and
             if
             Fortune
             favour
             the
             attempt
             ,
             to
             whom
             the
             principal
             Glory
             shall
             redound
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Perils
             which
             accompany
             private
             Enterprises
             ,
             are
             far
             unlike
             to
             those
             which
             he
             doth
             enter
             that
             aspireth
             to
             Principality
             .
             For
             in
             private
             attempts
             a
             Man
             may
             pause
             or
             proceed
             as
             he
             will
             :
             But
             to
             him
             that
             aspires
             to
             Empire
             there
             remains
             no
             middle
             course
             ,
             but
             either
             by
             Victory
             to
             triumph
             as
             a
             Prince
             ;
             or
             being
             vanquished
             to
             endure
             death
             as
             a
             Traytor
             .
          
           
             Let
             no
             Man
             in
             his
             Prosperity
             ,
             give
             much
             credit
             to
             common
             Applause
             or
             Service
             ,
             assured
             by
             any
             of
             whom
             in
             meaner
             Fortune
             he
             hath
             had
             no
             experience
             ;
             for
             the
             base
             People
             are
             learned
             in
             no
             Lesson
             ,
             only
             without
             difference
             of
             Truth
             or
             Falshood
             to
             flatter
             Men
             in
             Authority
             ,
             and
             with
             Shouts
             and
             Words
             of
             great
             rejoycing
             make
             shew
             of
             great
             Affection
             .
          
           
             As
             overmuch
             haste
             is
             dangerous
             ,
             so
             too
             great
             delay
             oftentimes
             proveth
             disadvantagious
             ;
             for
             albeit
             consultation
             ought
             to
             forego
             action
             ,
             yet
             to
             Dispute
             long
             and
             in
             the
             end
             reject
             the
             advice
             of
             either
             side
             ,
             or
             take
             a
             middle
             course
             (
             which
             in
             cases
             of
             doubt
             and
             danger
             is
             worst
             )
             was
             ever
             accompted
             great
             discretion
             .
          
           
           
             There
             is
             no
             course
             more
             comely
             ,
             nor
             any
             resolution
             so
             well
             beseeming
             a
             wise
             Man
             ,
             having
             made
             proof
             of
             his
             own
             Vertue
             (
             and
             finding
             in
             Age
             no
             Fortune
             due
             to
             such
             effect
             )
             as
             to
             retire
             himself
             from
             the
             Court
             and
             Company
             ;
             for
             so
             shall
             he
             shun
             the
             Inconveniences
             of
             Contempt
             and
             the
             Discommodity
             of
             Travel
             (
             
               Jucunda
               senectuti
               otia
            
             )
             yet
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             whoso
             hath
             lived
             a
             Prince
             or
             governed
             as
             a
             publick
             Person
             ,
             cannot
             expect
             security
             in
             a
             private
             Estate
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             danger
             draweth
             near
             ,
             and
             terror
             is
             at
             hand
             ,
             all
             Men
             look
             about
             ,
             but
             none
             willingly
             adventure
             .
             For
             in
             such
             Cases
             every
             Man
             will
             give
             Council
             ,
             but
             few
             will
             take
             part
             of
             the
             peril
             .
          
           
             In
             Common-wealths
             where
             Sects
             or
             Partialities
             be
             ,
             the
             Leader
             of
             any
             side
             is
             able
             to
             kindle
             Civil
             War
             ;
             yet
             is
             he
             unable
             to
             moderate
             the
             Victory
             :
             For
             to
             stir
             up
             dissentions
             and
             troubles
             ,
             the
             worst
             Man
             most
             commonly
             bears
             the
             stroke
             ;
             but
             peace
             and
             quietness
             are
             not
             established
             but
             by
             Men
             of
             rare
             Gifts
             and
             excellent
             Vertue
             .
          
           
           
             It
             may
             seem
             strange
             and
             contrary
             both
             to
             courtesie
             and
             Christian
             profession
             ,
             that
             Men
             are
             far
             more
             mindful
             of
             Injuries
             done
             unto
             them
             ,
             than
             of
             benefits
             received
             by
             them
             .
             The
             reason
             thereof
             is
             ,
             that
             Thankfulness
             is
             accompted
             a
             burden
             ,
             but
             Revenge
             is
             sweet
             ,
             and
             reckoned
             a
             great
             gain
             .
          
           
             Of
             reconciled
             Foes
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             know
             that
             our
             harms
             were
             caused
             by
             their
             means
             ,
             we
             oft-times
             expect
             favour
             ,
             as
             persuaded
             that
             new
             Friendship
             will
             repair
             the
             loss
             of
             old
             displeasure
             :
             But
             the
             matter
             doth
             seldom
             so
             fall
             out
             ;
             for
             the
             quality
             of
             Man's
             nature
             is
             ever
             to
             hate
             those
             whom
             he
             hath
             hurt
             ,
             and
             love
             them
             whom
             he
             hath
             made
             beholding
             .
             
               Quos
               laeserunt
               oderunt
            
             .
             Tac.
             
          
           
             To
             common
             Persons
             and
             such
             as
             are
             ignorant
             in
             Matters
             of
             State
             ,
             every
             Taxation
             and
             Imposition
             seemeth
             heavy
             or
             superfluous
             ;
             yet
             the
             wiser
             sort
             know
             ,
             that
             the
             end
             of
             all
             publick
             endeavour
             is
             to
             confirm
             People
             in
             Peace
             ,
             and
             Peace
             cannot
             be
             maintained
             without
             Arms
             ,
             nor
             Arms
             without
             Pay
             ,
             nor
             Pay
             without
             Impositions
             .
          
           
           
             As
             fortunate
             Folk
             are
             envied
             ,
             so
             are
             the
             poor
             contemned
             ;
             which
             Rule
             reacheth
             also
             to
             Princes
             :
             The
             one
             lives
             in
             Plenty
             with
             War
             ,
             the
             other
             in
             Poverty
             with
             Peace
             .
             For
             seldom
             is
             it
             seen
             ,
             that
             those
             People
             are
             assaulted
             where
             nothing
             is
             to
             be
             gained
             ,
             and
             whose
             base
             Beings
             afford
             no
             other
             spoils
             than
             Blood
             and
             Beggery
             .
          
           
             Wisemen
             have
             observed
             that
             in
             matter
             of
             State
             ,
             and
             the
             managing
             thereof
             ,
             three
             Things
             are
             especially
             to
             be
             looked
             unto
             :
             The
             first
             is
             ,
             Occasion
             ;
             the
             second
             ,
             the
             Intentions
             of
             other
             Men
             ;
             the
             third
             ,
             our
             own
             Affection
             .
             For
             there
             is
             nothing
             that
             slippeth
             away
             so
             soon
             as
             Occasion
             ,
             nothing
             so
             difficult
             as
             to
             judge
             what
             an
             other
             Man
             intendeth
             ;
             nor
             any
             thing
             more
             nocent
             than
             our
             own
             immoderate
             desires
             .
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             ever
             a
             course
             observed
             by
             wise
             Princes
             ,
             but
             much
             more
             by
             Aristocracies
             and
             
               Popular
               States
            
             ,
             against
             Force
             and
             Fury
             of
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             to
             defend
             themselves
             with
             Silver
             and
             Gold.
             
          
           
             How
             much
             more
             it
             importeth
             all
             Princes
             to
             lead
             a
             vertuous
             Life
             ,
             and
             give
             
             daily
             example
             of
             Piety
             and
             Justice
             ,
             appears
             apparently
             in
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             the
             Roman
             Bishops
             ;
             who
             by
             the
             well-doing
             of
             some
             few
             of
             them
             at
             the
             first
             ,
             became
             greatly
             honoured
             ;
             but
             afterwards
             they
             became
             contemptible
             :
             For
             the
             Reverence
             which
             Men
             did
             bear
             to
             the
             sanctity
             of
             their
             Lives
             failing
             ,
             it
             was
             impossible
             of
             so
             contrary
             Manners
             and
             Examples
             to
             look
             for
             like
             effects
             .
          
           
             The
             success
             of
             the
             War
             chiefly
             dependeth
             on
             the
             Reputation
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             which
             declining
             ,
             the
             vertue
             also
             of
             the
             Soldiers
             faileth
             :
             Likewise
             the
             fidelity
             of
             the
             People
             decayeth
             ,
             and
             their
             Mony
             to
             maintain
             the
             War
             ,
             ceaseth
             ;
             contrarywise
             ,
             the
             Courage
             of
             the
             Enemy
             is
             increased
             ,
             they
             that
             stood
             doubtful
             become
             resolved
             ,
             and
             every
             difficulty
             augmenteth
             .
          
           
             The
             Authority
             which
             Princes
             give
             ,
             is
             chiefly
             in
             respect
             of
             Wisdom
             and
             Valour
             :
             Yet
             true
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             for
             the
             most
             part
             they
             account
             them
             the
             wisest
             Men
             that
             can
             best
             accommodate
             themselves
             to
             their
             Humour
             .
          
           
             The
             greatest
             Distress
             and
             Difficulty
             which
             can
             come
             to
             any
             Army
             ,
             doth
             
             proceed
             of
             these
             Causes
             :
             Want
             of
             Mony
             ,
             scarcity
             of
             Victuals
             ,
             hatred
             of
             People
             ,
             discord
             of
             Captains
             ,
             disobedience
             of
             Soldiers
             ,
             and
             their
             flying
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             either
             of
             necessity
             or
             free-will
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             or
             great
             Magistrate
             having
             long
             maintained
             the
             reputation
             of
             Wisdom
             and
             Vertue
             ,
             must
             take
             heed
             that
             no
             rash
             or
             dangerous
             Resolution
             do
             taint
             the
             Honourable
             Fame
             of
             his
             former
             Life
             :
             For
             to
             be
             transported
             with
             Anger
             against
             his
             own
             Profit
             ,
             is
             lightness
             ;
             and
             to
             esteem
             small
             dangers
             more
             than
             great
             ,
             is
             want
             of
             Judgment
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             or
             Person
             of
             great
             Estate
             ,
             must
             be
             wary
             not
             to
             inure
             the
             conceit
             of
             double
             dealing
             :
             For
             little
             Sincerity
             and
             Trust
             is
             looked
             in
             his
             Actions
             ,
             of
             whom
             there
             is
             an
             opinion
             of
             Craft
             and
             Falshood
             conceived
             .
          
           
             Experience
             hath
             always
             proved
             ,
             that
             whatsoever
             the
             most
             part
             of
             men
             desire
             ,
             rarely
             cometh
             to
             pass
             :
             The
             reason
             hereof
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             effects
             of
             Human
             Actions
             commonly
             depend
             on
             the
             will
             of
             a
             few
             ;
             and
             their
             Intentions
             ever
             differing
             from
             the
             greater
             number
             ,
             the
             end
             
             and
             success
             cannot
             be
             other
             than
             as
             pleaseth
             the
             few
             that
             are
             to
             direct
             them
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             more
             dangerous
             than
             to
             enterprise
             a
             War
             ,
             or
             other
             Actions
             of
             Importance
             upon
             popular
             persuasion
             ;
             for
             such
             expectations
             are
             vain
             ,
             and
             such
             designs
             fallible
             :
             Also
             the
             Fury
             of
             the
             Multitude
             is
             great
             ,
             when
             danger
             is
             little
             or
             far
             off
             ;
             but
             Perils
             growing
             great
             and
             near
             ,
             their
             Courage
             quaileth
             ,
             as
             they
             whose
             Passions
             have
             no
             Rule
             or
             Measure
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             strange
             to
             see
             how
             apt
             Men
             are
             to
             doubt
             displeasure
             threatned
             by
             Enemies
             ,
             chiefly
             when
             they
             draw
             near
             ;
             for
             the
             People
             do
             naturally
             over-much
             fear
             Dangers
             at
             hand
             ,
             and
             esteem
             less
             than
             is
             fit
             of
             things
             present
             :
             Also
             to
             make
             small
             account
             of
             those
             that
             are
             far
             from
             them
             ,
             because
             divers
             Remedies
             may
             be
             hoped
             as
             well
             by
             time
             ,
             as
             other
             accidents
             .
          
           
             The
             offensive
             Words
             or
             Answers
             of
             Indignation
             ,
             proceeding
             from
             great
             Princes
             ,
             ought
             never
             to
             admit
             displeasure
             into
             the
             Minds
             of
             them
             against
             whom
             they
             are
             spoken
             :
             For
             having
             by
             
             Speech
             uttered
             a
             great
             part
             of
             Choler
             ,
             the
             edge
             of
             their
             Deeds
             becomes
             the
             calmer
             ,
             and
             more
             easily
             appeased
             :
             Such
             is
             the
             condition
             of
             noble
             and
             generous
             Spirits
             .
          
           
             To
             judge
             right
             of
             other
             Mens
             merit
             ,
             seems
             of
             great
             difficulty
             ;
             for
             time
             and
             tryal
             is
             thereto
             required
             :
             Also
             it
             is
             not
             easie
             to
             answer
             the
             expectation
             of
             Men
             ,
             but
             oft-times
             inconsiderate
             ,
             and
             not
             measured
             in
             due
             proportion
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             part
             of
             great
             discretion
             to
             divide
             the
             seasons
             of
             Affairs
             and
             Vacations
             :
             For
             as
             it
             fitteth
             well
             a
             Prince
             or
             Person
             of
             Dignity
             in
             times
             of
             Audience
             and
             Judgment
             ,
             to
             be
             grave
             ,
             heedful
             ,
             and
             austere
             :
             So
             those
             Offices
             performed
             ,
             all
             shew
             of
             Authority
             and
             sad
             looks
             ought
             to
             be
             set
             apart
             ;
             for
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             neither
             courteous
             Behaviour
             shall
             detract
             from
             the
             Reverence
             due
             to
             his
             place
             ,
             nor
             severity
             diminish
             the
             Love
             which
             to
             his
             Behaviour
             appertaineth
             .
          
           
             Magistrates
             must
             look
             into
             all
             things
             ,
             but
             not
             exact
             all
             things
             to
             rigor
             .
             Light
             Faults
             may
             be
             pardoned
             ,
             but
             great
             Offences
             severely
             corrected
             ;
             yet
             not
             always
             
             proceeding
             to
             punishing
             ,
             but
             oft
             contented
             with
             Repentance
             .
             To
             be
             bitter
             in
             rebuking
             is
             also
             fit
             for
             a
             Magistrate
             ,
             shewing
             himself
             sowre
             to
             the
             bad
             ,
             and
             sweet
             to
             the
             good
             ;
             framing
             both
             Countenance
             and
             Condition
             according
             to
             the
             Merit
             of
             Men
             ,
             and
             be
             persuaded
             that
             it
             is
             more
             honest
             to
             offend
             ,
             than
             to
             hate
             .
          
           
             Soldiers
             must
             be
             encouraged
             in
             all
             Fortunes
             to
             stand
             resolved
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             be
             daunted
             with
             any
             passed
             misadvantage
             ;
             ever
             attending
             a
             Time
             and
             Opportunity
             of
             Revenge
             ;
             which
             commonly
             cometh
             to
             pass
             where
             Mens
             Minds
             are
             united
             :
             For
             common
             Danger
             must
             be
             repelled
             with
             Union
             and
             Concord
             .
          
           
             Among
             other
             Reasons
             wherewith
             Soldiers
             are
             encouraged
             ,
             Necessity
             and
             Distress
             doth
             oft
             inforce
             them
             :
             For
             as
             Men
             of
             Vertue
             perform
             the
             Actions
             of
             Arms
             for
             Honour
             ,
             so
             the
             Coward
             must
             do
             them
             for
             his
             Security
             .
          
           
             All
             Enterprises
             attempted
             by
             Arms
             ,
             are
             Honourable
             ;
             but
             those
             that
             are
             done
             in
             Countries
             remote
             ,
             are
             more
             praiseable
             :
             For
             the
             less
             they
             be
             in
             Knowledge
             ,
             the
             greater
             is
             the
             Glory
             to
             Archieve
             them
             .
          
           
           
             To
             be
             truly
             and
             faithfully
             loved
             ,
             is
             a
             thing
             greatly
             to
             be
             desired
             ;
             for
             Terror
             and
             Fear
             are
             weak
             Works
             of
             Affection
             :
             For
             they
             being
             taken
             away
             ,
             he
             that
             ceaseth
             to
             fear
             ,
             will
             soon
             begin
             to
             hate
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             that
             by
             Force
             are
             kept
             under
             ,
             obey
             with
             ill
             Will
             ;
             so
             they
             that
             govern
             without
             Line
             justly
             ,
             rule
             against
             Right
             .
          
           
             Some
             Men
             either
             deserving
             to
             be
             accounted
             of
             excellent
             Wisdom
             ,
             or
             singular
             in
             that
             Skill
             whereof
             they
             make
             Profession
             ,
             do
             ordinarily
             love
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             others
             ;
             taking
             that
             Advantage
             of
             their
             ill
             Success
             :
             Yet
             sure
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             Disaster
             and
             unhappy
             Event
             of
             some
             Actions
             ,
             proceed
             not
             of
             Disorder
             ,
             nor
             Human
             Imperfection
             ,
             but
             from
             a
             certain
             Fatal
             Fury
             ,
             which
             neither
             Counsel
             nor
             Constancy
             of
             Men
             can
             withstand
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             much
             difficulty
             ,
             or
             rather
             impossible
             for
             any
             Prince
             to
             maintain
             the
             Law
             ,
             Civil
             or
             Military
             ,
             without
             Severity
             :
             For
             where
             Men
             hope
             to
             be
             easily
             pardoned
             ,
             there
             are
             they
             apt
             to
             offend
             .
             Contrarily
             ,
             where
             Mens
             Actions
             are
             precisely
             fitted
             ,
             there
             do
             they
             live
             in
             
             over-great
             Aw
             ,
             and
             Hatred
             doth
             always
             accompany
             such
             Severity
             .
             The
             best
             course
             therefore
             is
             to
             punish
             Offences
             severely
             ,
             and
             reward
             vertuous
             Merits
             liberally
             ;
             so
             shall
             Fear
             be
             converted
             to
             reverend
             Respect
             ,
             and
             none
             have
             cause
             to
             complain
             :
             For
             as
             it
             lies
             in
             each
             Man's
             Power
             to
             shun
             offending
             ,
             so
             is
             it
             in
             their
             Power
             also
             to
             deserve
             well
             ,
             and
             merit
             Reward
             .
          
           
             Whosoever
             ,
             after
             mature
             deliberation
             ,
             hath
             resolved
             what
             Course
             to
             hold
             in
             the
             Action
             he
             hath
             in
             hand
             ,
             must
             not
             after
             repent
             ,
             or
             fear
             any
             Difficulty
             :
             For
             such
             Thoughts
             would
             break
             the
             Vigour
             of
             the
             Mind
             ,
             and
             impeach
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             that
             which
             was
             resolved
             .
             And
             albeit
             some
             Differences
             do
             happily
             arise
             ,
             yet
             must
             he
             believe
             that
             every
             other
             course
             would
             have
             been
             accompanied
             with
             the
             same
             or
             greater
             Impediments
             .
          
           
             Young
             Men
             for
             the
             warmness
             of
             their
             Blood
             ,
             and
             for
             not
             having
             before-time
             been
             deceived
             by
             Fortune
             ,
             more
             willingly
             enterprise
             Actions
             rather
             honourable
             than
             severe
             .
             But
             Old
             Men
             as
             well
             for
             that
             their
             Heat
             is
             cooled
             ,
             as
             also
             for
             having
             attempted
             many
             things
             in
             vain
             ,
             
             make
             choice
             of
             Enterprises
             severe
             ,
             rather
             than
             those
             that
             are
             followed
             with
             Fame
             and
             Glory
             .
          
           
             The
             greatness
             of
             one
             Prince
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             the
             Ruin
             and
             Distress
             of
             another
             :
             Likewise
             his
             Strength
             is
             the
             Weakness
             and
             Oppression
             of
             others
             .
          
           
             Some
             Conquests
             are
             of
             such
             Quality
             ,
             as
             albeit
             a
             victorious
             Captain
             merit
             triumphal
             Honour
             ;
             yet
             a
             modest
             refusal
             becomes
             his
             greater
             Glory
             .
          
           
             The
             Dignity
             of
             Magistrates
             is
             not
             assured
             without
             Arms
             ;
             for
             when
             Obedience
             faileth
             ,
             no
             other
             means
             is
             left
             to
             continue
             a
             People
             united
             .
          
           
             As
             willing
             Obedience
             in
             Subjects
             is
             the
             Prince's
             Strength
             ,
             so
             is
             the
             same
             their
             own
             Security
             :
             For
             as
             by
             the
             Princes
             Authority
             the
             People
             are
             governed
             ,
             so
             by
             their
             Consent
             he
             is
             maintained
             .
          
           
             Three
             things
             Men
             covet
             with
             immoderate
             Desire
             ,
             Lands
             ,
             Riches
             ,
             and
             Honours
             ;
             but
             as
             seldom
             they
             compass
             their
             full
             Content
             ,
             so
             are
             they
             for
             the
             most
             part
             to
             endure
             a
             Destiny
             far
             other
             than
             they
             wished
             .
          
           
             Strange
             it
             is
             ,
             yet
             by
             Experience
             proved
             true
             ,
             That
             in
             Time
             of
             Danger
             ,
             Fortune
             
             (
             or
             rather
             Destiny
             )
             so
             much
             amazeth
             the
             Judgment
             of
             Wise
             Men
             ,
             as
             seldom
             they
             conceive
             what
             Resolution
             is
             best
             to
             be
             taken
             .
          
           
             No
             great
             Free-City
             can
             long
             continue
             quiet
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             used
             to
             foreign
             Assaults
             :
             For
             wanting
             Foes
             without
             ,
             some
             inward
             Enmity
             will
             arise
             ,
             not
             unlike
             to
             strange
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             ,
             which
             being
             secure
             from
             external
             Injury
             ,
             are
             nevertheless
             by
             their
             own
             Poise
             oppressed
             .
          
           
             As
             every
             Pilot
             of
             ordinary
             Skill
             knoweth
             in
             calm
             and
             quiet
             Seas
             to
             direct
             the
             Course
             of
             his
             Ship
             ;
             so
             every
             Governor
             of
             Capacity
             doth
             understand
             how
             the
             Affairs
             of
             State
             are
             in
             peaceable
             Times
             to
             be
             handled
             :
             But
             when
             Tempests
             are
             ,
             and
             Subjects
             bent
             to
             Sedition
             ;
             the
             one
             requires
             an
             excellent
             Sailer
             ,
             the
             other
             the
             Aid
             of
             some
             excellent
             Wisdom
             .
          
           
             It
             oft
             happens
             ,
             that
             Publick
             Duty
             is
             opposite
             to
             private
             Friendship
             ;
             so
             as
             we
             are
             either
             forced
             to
             omit
             the
             Offices
             due
             to
             our
             Country
             ,
             or
             draw
             our
             dearest
             Friends
             into
             Danger
             :
             In
             which
             case
             we
             are
             to
             prefer
             publick
             Respect
             ,
             before
             particular
             Obligation
             .
          
           
           
             The
             nature
             of
             base
             People
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             either
             they
             obey
             slavishly
             ,
             or
             command
             insolently
             :
             For
             Liberty
             being
             the
             Mark
             whereat
             they
             aim
             ,
             is
             by
             them
             of
             that
             Quality
             ,
             neither
             moderately
             desired
             nor
             discreetly
             continued
             ;
             and
             always
             there
             are
             some
             seditious
             Leaders
             to
             be
             found
             ,
             who
             of
             Disorder
             are
             inclined
             to
             kindle
             the
             Ire
             and
             Offence
             of
             Ignorant
             People
             .
             
               Dux
               rebus
               motis
               ,
               facile
               invenitur
               .
            
             Salust
             .
          
           
             Experience
             hath
             oft
             proved
             ,
             That
             Men
             in
             best
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             esteem
             themselves
             most
             secure
             ,
             even
             then
             fall
             soonest
             into
             Disadventure
             ,
             because
             those
             Dangers
             unfeared
             be
             as
             it
             were
             contemned
             ,
             and
             not
             regarded
             .
          
           
             To
             enter
             needless
             Dangers
             ,
             was
             ever
             accounted
             Madness
             ;
             yet
             in
             Times
             of
             extream
             Peril
             and
             apparent
             Distress
             ,
             Bold
             and
             Hazardous
             Attempts
             are
             greatest
             Security
             .
          
           
             The
             divers
             Adventures
             which
             happen
             to
             Men
             ,
             may
             well
             inform
             ,
             That
             much
             better
             it
             is
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             Arms
             ,
             to
             be
             governed
             by
             Reason
             than
             by
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             A
             certain
             Peace
             is
             ever
             accounted
             better
             Security
             than
             Victory
             hoped
             or
             expected
             .
             
             
               Melior
               tutiorque
               certa
               pax
               quam
               sperata
               victoria
               .
            
             Liv.
             
          
           
             If
             to
             our
             Prosperity
             God
             were
             pleased
             to
             add
             the
             Grace
             of
             Wisdom
             ,
             we
             should
             thereby
             judge
             not
             only
             of
             what
             is
             past
             ,
             but
             also
             of
             all
             that
             can
             succeed
             hereafter
             .
          
           
             Rarely
             or
             never
             can
             we
             consider
             truly
             of
             worldly
             proceedings
             ,
             unless
             first
             we
             have
             felt
             the
             deceits
             of
             Fortune
             .
             Discord
             or
             Dissention
             in
             any
             State
             or
             City
             ,
             offers
             opportunity
             to
             such
             men
             as
             are
             ambitious
             to
             work
             their
             will
             :
             For
             the
             humor
             of
             Sects
             and
             Partialities
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             the
             weaker
             Faction
             doth
             ever
             chuse
             rather
             to
             call
             for
             aid
             of
             Strangers
             ,
             than
             yield
             to
             the
             Dominion
             of
             an
             adverse
             Party
             .
          
           
             Ancient
             Customs
             may
             not
             violently
             and
             suddenly
             be
             taken
             away
             .
             Fortune
             which
             altereth
             all
             things
             ,
             will
             by
             little
             and
             little
             wear
             them
             out
             of
             use
             .
          
           
             To
             be
             oft
             in
             fight
             ,
             and
             converse
             much
             with
             men
             ,
             breedeth
             a
             kinde
             of
             Satiety
             :
             therefore
             it
             behoveth
             persons
             of
             great
             Estate
             and
             Authority
             to
             be
             retired
             ,
             lest
             over-much
             familiarity
             should
             derract
             from
             the
             reverencc
             due
             to
             honorable
             Estate
             .
          
           
           
             The
             natures
             of
             men
             not
             content
             to
             live
             according
             to
             their
             Fortune
             and
             Birth
             ,
             are
             of
             all
             others
             most
             prone
             to
             Envy
             ;
             because
             they
             hate
             the
             vertue
             and
             welfare
             of
             all
             such
             as
             are
             in
             estimation
             above
             them
             .
          
           
             Great
             heed
             is
             to
             be
             taken
             ,
             that
             no
             Citizen
             or
             Subject
             ,
             be
             suffered
             to
             aspire
             to
             such
             greatness
             ,
             as
             cannot
             be
             forced
             to
             obey
             the
             Laws
             ;
             and
             no
             order
             there
             is
             of
             more
             necessity
             ,
             than
             that
             every
             man
             of
             what
             quality
             soever
             ,
             may
             be
             without
             respect
             accused
             and
             judged
             .
          
           
             For
             conservation
             of
             particular
             Greatness
             and
             Dignity
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             more
             noble
             and
             glorious
             ,
             than
             to
             have
             felt
             the
             force
             of
             every
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             the
             quality
             of
             wise
             men
             only
             ,
             to
             know
             how
             to
             use
             Prosperity
             ,
             and
             never
             to
             trust
             too
             much
             to
             the
             favors
             of
             present
             Happiness
             .
             A
             man
             well
             advised
             in
             his
             Prosperity
             ,
             beareth
             not
             himself
             towards
             others
             either
             proud
             or
             violent
             ;
             nor
             must
             he
             believe
             in
             his
             own
             present
             felicity
             ,
             for
             the
             Day
             knows
             not
             what
             the
             Night
             bringeth
             :
             He
             only
             is
             to
             be
             reputed
             a
             man
             ,
             whose
             mind
             cannot
             be
             puft
             up
             by
             prosperity
             ,
             nor
             
             dejected
             by
             any
             adverse
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             Men
             of
             Cholerick
             humor
             are
             easily
             moved
             with
             insolent
             Speeches
             ,
             but
             wise
             men
             laugh
             them
             to
             scorn
             .
          
           
             The
             way
             whereby
             a
             Prince
             eschues
             the
             hate
             of
             Subjects
             ,
             is
             ,
             not
             to
             take
             from
             them
             their
             Lands
             or
             Goods
             ;
             yet
             albeit
             the
             blood
             of
             some
             few
             be
             tainted
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             accompanied
             with
             Confiscation
             (
             which
             a
             Prince
             is
             rarely
             forced
             to
             use
             )
             it
             seldom
             causeth
             him
             to
             become
             odious
             .
          
           
             A
             Rule
             most
             cerain
             it
             is
             that
             he
             who
             commands
             any
             thing
             unpleasing
             ,
             must
             by
             severe
             means
             cause
             it
             to
             be
             observed
             ;
             and
             who
             desireth
             to
             be
             obeyed
             ,
             must
             know
             how
             to
             command
             :
             And
             he
             only
             knows
             how
             to
             command
             ,
             that
             doth
             compare
             his
             own
             force
             with
             those
             that
             are
             to
             obey
             ;
             wherein
             finding
             a
             proportion
             ,
             then
             he
             may
             boldly
             proceed
             ,
             otherwise
             forbear
             .
          
           
             In
             Actions
             of
             difficulty
             great
             courage
             is
             to
             be
             used
             ,
             and
             who
             so
             compasseth
             any
             thing
             by
             violence
             ,
             cannot
             maintain
             it
             by
             mildness
             ,
             nor
             command
             by
             affability
             :
             He
             therefore
             that
             is
             of
             nature
             soft
             ,
             should
             do
             best
             to
             refrain
             all
             extraordinary
             commands
             ,
             
             and
             in
             matters
             ordinary
             imploy
             the
             vertue
             of
             his
             mild
             spirit
             ;
             because
             ordinary
             punishments
             are
             not
             imputed
             to
             the
             Prince
             or
             his
             Magistrates
             ,
             but
             to
             the
             Laws
             and
             Ordinances
             of
             State.
             
          
           
             When
             Necessity
             presseth
             ,
             desperation
             is
             deemed
             Wisdom
             ,
             and
             generous
             Minds
             do
             not
             account
             of
             danger
             ,
             because
             those
             Attempts
             which
             begin
             with
             Peril
             ,
             do
             for
             the
             most
             part
             end
             with
             Glory
             .
          
           
             He
             that
             endeavours
             to
             be
             good
             among
             many
             that
             are
             evil
             ,
             or
             will
             uphold
             that
             which
             those
             labour
             to
             pull
             down
             of
             Force
             ,
             worketh
             his
             own
             undoing
             .
             All
             Common-wealths
             alter
             from
             order
             to
             disorder
             ,
             from
             disorder
             to
             order
             again
             ;
             for
             Nature
             having
             made
             all
             worldly
             Things
             variable
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             they
             have
             attained
             their
             utmost
             perfection
             and
             height
             ,
             they
             must
             descend
             ;
             so
             from
             good
             they
             fall
             back
             to
             evil
             ;
             and
             from
             evil
             they
             return
             to
             good
             .
             War
             begets
             Quiet
             ,
             Quiet
             Idleness
             ,
             Idleness
             Disorder
             ,
             Disorder
             Ruin
             ;
             likewise
             Ruin
             Order
             ,
             Order
             Vertue
             ,
             Vertue
             Glory
             and
             good
             Fortune
             .
          
           
           
             WiseMen
             have
             observed
             that
             Arms
             were
             before
             Learning
             ,
             and
             Captains
             before
             Philosophers
             ;
             for
             good
             and
             well
             regulated
             Armies
             having
             gained
             Victory
             ,
             established
             Rest
             and
             Security
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Study
             of
             Letters
             and
             Liberal
             Sciences
             ensued
             .
          
           
             That
             Country
             deserveth
             to
             be
             loved
             of
             all
             Men
             ,
             which
             loves
             all
             Men
             indifferently
             ,
             and
             not
             that
             Country
             which
             respecting
             the
             best
             part
             ,
             advanceth
             a
             few
             :
             No
             Man
             therefore
             is
             to
             be
             blamed
             ,
             if
             for
             such
             cause
             he
             desire
             rather
             to
             abandon
             than
             embrace
             his
             Country
             .
          
           
             Common-wealths
             are
             Bodies
             mixt
             ,
             yet
             have
             they
             of
             Bodies
             simple
             some
             resemblance
             :
             And
             as
             in
             these
             ,
             many
             Infirmities
             grow
             ,
             which
             without
             violent
             Medicines
             cannot
             be
             cured
             ;
             so
             in
             the
             other
             many
             Mischiefs
             arise
             ,
             which
             a
             good
             and
             godly
             Patient
             should
             offend
             to
             leave
             uncured
             ,
             though
             therein
             he
             use
             both
             force
             and
             fire
             .
          
           
             Those
             Wars
             be
             most
             just
             which
             are
             most
             necessary
             ;
             and
             those
             Arms
             are
             most
             merciful
             where
             no
             hope
             of
             help
             remains
             but
             in
             them
             only
             .
          
           
           
             In
             Actions
             which
             promise
             either
             publick
             Glory
             ,
             or
             private
             Honour
             ,
             Men
             may
             be
             reasonably
             persuaded
             to
             adventure
             life
             and
             living
             ,
             because
             great
             hope
             there
             is
             to
             die
             with
             Reputation
             ,
             or
             live
             to
             recover
             that
             Peace
             which
             War
             hath
             consumed
             :
             But
             where
             Men
             are
             no
             less
             oppressed
             by
             insolency
             of
             Commanders
             ,
             than
             by
             insolency
             of
             Foes
             ,
             there
             is
             the
             Calamity
             doubled
             ,
             and
             of
             two
             evils
             the
             danger
             of
             War
             seemeth
             least
             ;
             for
             that
             hath
             end
             ,
             the
             other
             is
             infinite
             .
          
           
             Who
             so
             persuades
             himself
             to
             be
             no
             less
             esteemed
             in
             evil
             than
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             is
             deceived
             :
             For
             promises
             made
             ,
             during
             distress
             ,
             are
             rarely
             performed
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             necessity
             continue
             .
          
           
             The
             intent
             of
             every
             Prince
             ,
             or
             other
             State
             that
             makes
             War
             ,
             is
             to
             enrich
             himself
             ,
             and
             impoverish
             the
             Enemy
             :
             Neither
             is
             Victory
             for
             other
             occasions
             sought
             ,
             nor
             the
             possessions
             of
             the
             Enemy
             to
             other
             end
             desir'd
             ,
             than
             to
             make
             themselves
             mighty
             ,
             and
             their
             Enemy
             weak
             .
             It
             follows
             then
             ,
             that
             so
             oft
             as
             the
             Victory
             impoverishes
             them
             ,
             or
             the
             gains
             weaken
             them
             ,
             either
             they
             pass
             or
             come
             short
             of
             that
             Mark
             whereat
             the
             War
             was
             aimed
             .
          
           
           
             Ancient
             and
             well-governed
             Common-wealths
             were
             wont
             by
             their
             Conquests
             to
             fill
             the
             Treasuries
             with
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             ,
             to
             give
             reward
             to
             Soldiers
             ,
             to
             spare
             the
             People
             from
             Tributes
             ,
             to
             make
             Triumphs
             and
             Publick
             Feasts
             :
             But
             in
             later
             times
             the
             Wars
             have
             used
             ,
             first
             ,
             to
             consume
             the
             Treasure
             ,
             and
             after
             impoverish
             the
             People
             without
             assuring
             them
             from
             their
             Enemies
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             or
             State
             that
             leaves
             promises
             unperformed
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             unexpected
             Impediments
             ,
             and
             for
             no
             ill
             intent
             ,
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             blamed
             :
             Neither
             are
             such
             accidents
             any
             just
             cause
             or
             colour
             why
             Friends
             should
             abandon
             their
             Confederates
             .
          
           
             Where
             Magistrates
             govern
             justly
             ,
             Subjects
             obey
             dutifully
             ;
             where
             private
             Persons
             grow
             rich
             ,
             and
             Princes
             enlarge
             their
             Empire
             ;
             there
             is
             the
             Common-wealth
             blessed
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             fortunate
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXVI
            
             .
             Maxims
             of
             State
             ,
             or
             Prudential
             Grounds
             and
             Polemical
             Precepts
             ,
             concerning
             all
             Estates
             ,
             and
             Forms
             of
             Policy
             in
             Times
             of
             Peace
             or
             War
             ,
             &c.
             confirmed
             by
             Select
             Narrations
             and
             Historical
             Parallels
             .
          
           
             ALL
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             State
             are
             builded
             either
             by
             People
             dwelling
             in
             or
             about
             the
             Place
             where
             they
             are
             builded
             ,
             or
             else
             they
             are
             made
             by
             Strangers
             :
             Of
             the
             first
             are
             Athens
             and
             Venice
             ,
             of
             the
             other
             Alexandria
             and
             Florence
             .
          
           
             The
             Fortune
             of
             every
             City
             builded
             ,
             and
             Vertue
             of
             the
             Builder
             ,
             appeareth
             by
             Choice
             of
             the
             Place
             ,
             and
             Quality
             of
             Laws
             :
             For
             as
             fertile
             Places
             occasion
             Men
             to
             be
             slothful
             ,
             unless
             by
             good
             laws
             they
             be
             forced
             to
             labour
             ,
             so
             Barrenness
             
             compels
             them
             to
             Industry
             ;
             which
             Reason
             induceth
             Wise
             Men
             to
             plant
             Habitations
             in
             either
             :
             Examples
             of
             the
             first
             are
             Ferrara
             and
             Rome
             ,
             of
             the
             second
             Ragusa
             and
             Genoa
             .
          
           
             All
             Laws
             whereby
             Commonwealths
             are
             governed
             were
             either
             made
             by
             some
             one
             excellent
             Man
             ,
             and
             at
             an
             instant
             ;
             or
             else
             they
             were
             ordained
             at
             sundry
             Times
             ,
             according
             to
             such
             Accidents
             as
             besel
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Laws
             of
             Sparta
             made
             at
             the
             beginning
             by
             Lycurgus
             ,
             the
             Laws
             of
             Rome
             at
             sundry
             Times
             .
          
           
             The
             Government
             of
             every
             City
             in
             Time
             becomes
             corrupt
             ;
             Principality
             changeth
             into
             Tyranny
             :
             The
             Optimacy
             is
             made
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             and
             the
             Popular
             Estate
             turns
             to
             licentious
             Disorder
             ;
             which
             Instability
             or
             Alteration
             moved
             some
             Law-makers
             to
             take
             Order
             that
             in
             the
             Government
             of
             their
             City
             there
             should
             be
             a
             Mixture
             of
             all
             three
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             Cause
             that
             the
             Policy
             of
             Sparta
             continued
             800
             Years
             ,
             when
             the
             Popular
             State
             of
             Athens
             endured
             not
             one
             hundred
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Laws
             of
             Sparta
             made
             by
             Lycurgus
             ,
             and
             the
             Laws
             of
             Athens
             by
             Solon
             .
          
           
           
             Whoso
             taketh
             in
             hand
             to
             frame
             any
             State
             or
             Government
             ,
             ought
             to
             presuppose
             that
             all
             Men
             are
             Evil
             ,
             and
             at
             occasions
             will
             shew
             themselves
             so
             to
             be
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Envy
             of
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             to
             the
             Nobles
             ,
             and
             their
             Insolency
             towards
             them
             appeared
             not
             so
             long
             as
             the
             Kings
             governed
             ;
             but
             the
             Tarquins
             being
             Banished
             ,
             Opportunity
             was
             thereby
             offered
             ,
             that
             the
             Malice
             of
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             became
             discovered
             .
          
           
             The
             divers
             Honours
             of
             the
             Nobility
             and
             People
             ,
             the
             one
             desiring
             to
             command
             ,
             the
             other
             not
             to
             obey
             ,
             are
             the
             Cause
             of
             continual
             Troubles
             ,
             unless
             some
             third
             Mean
             there
             be
             of
             more
             Authority
             than
             either
             ,
             to
             bridle
             the
             Force
             of
             both
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Kings
             in
             Rome
             expulsed
             ,
             forth
             with
             arose
             much
             Mutiny
             ,
             and
             could
             not
             be
             suppress'd
             till
             the
             
               Tribum
               Plebis
            
             were
             created
             ;
             whose
             Authority
             wrought
             the
             same
             effect
             which
             the
             Kings
             had
             done
             .
             Some
             States
             endeavour
             to
             enlarge
             their
             Dominions
             ,
             and
             some
             others
             labor
             only
             to
             maintain
             that
             Estate
             they
             antiently
             possessed
             .
             Example
             of
             the
             first
             was
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             ,
             of
             the
             second
             Sparta
             .
          
           
           
             All
             States
             desiring
             to
             live
             at
             Liberty
             ,
             think
             fit
             that
             every
             Man
             should
             be
             permitted
             to
             accuse
             any
             Citizen
             that
             offend
             eth
             ,
             which
             manner
             of
             proceeding
             works
             two
             excellent
             Effects
             :
             First
             ,
             That
             the
             People
             should
             not
             dare
             for
             Fear
             of
             accusing
             to
             attempt
             ought
             against
             the
             State
             ;
             or
             if
             they
             do
             ,
             they
             shall
             be
             presently
             and
             without
             Respect
             punished
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             by
             Liberty
             of
             accusing
             ,
             every
             Man
             hath
             Means
             to
             utter
             the
             Offence
             where
             with
             he
             can
             charge
             others
             ,
             which
             he
             could
             not
             ;
             unless
             it
             were
             lawful
             to
             take
             such
             an
             ordinary
             Course
             ,
             and
             consequently
             be
             driven
             to
             ways
             extraordinary
             ,
             particular
             Revenge
             ,
             or
             calling
             in
             Foreign
             Forces
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Coriolanus
            
             and
             
               Appius
               ,
               Claudius
            
             at
             
               Rome
               ,
               Lucanncve
            
             at
             
               Chinsi
               ,
               Francisco
               Valeri
            
             in
             Florence
             .
          
           
             As
             Accusations
             are
             in
             every
             State
             necessary
             ,
             so
             Slanders
             are
             dangerous
             ,
             and
             worthy
             of
             Punishment
             ;
             the
             Difference
             betwixt
             Accusations
             and
             Slanders
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             one
             is
             publickly
             performed
             before
             Magistrates
             ,
             with
             good
             Proofs
             and
             Witnesses
             to
             maintain
             the
             Truth
             of
             the
             Accusation
             ;
             but
             Slanders
             are
             as
             well
             publickly
             performed
             as
             dispersed
             in
             secret
             ,
             
             and
             Places
             of
             Repair
             ,
             without
             Witness
             and
             Justification
             ,
             so
             as
             every
             Man
             may
             be
             slandered
             ,
             but
             few
             are
             orderly
             accused
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Appius
               Claudius
            
             accused
             by
             
               L.
               Virginius
               ;
               Furius
               Camillus
            
             ,
             slandered
             by
             
               Manlius
               Capitolinus
            
             .
          
           
             The
             only
             means
             to
             suppress
             Slander
             is
             ,
             to
             give
             Authority
             to
             some
             Persons
             of
             Repute
             ,
             to
             compel
             every
             Slanderer
             to
             become
             an
             Accuser
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Accusation
             prove
             true
             ,
             then
             to
             reward
             the
             Accuser
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             not
             to
             punish
             him
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Manlius
            
             the
             Slanderer
             of
             Camillus
             for
             his
             untrue
             Information
             punished
             .
          
           
             A
             Rule
             most
             certain
             and
             assured
             it
             is
             ,
             That
             every
             Kingdom
             and
             State
             at
             the
             first
             well
             framed
             ,
             or
             after
             well
             informed
             ,
             doth
             take
             the
             Perfection
             thereof
             from
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             some
             excellent
             Man
             ,
             who
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             blind
             though
             in
             a
             Matter
             of
             great
             Moment
             he
             happily
             useth
             some
             extraordinary
             Violence
             or
             Proceedings
             ;
             for
             he
             that
             employeth
             Force
             to
             mend
             and
             not
             to
             mar
             ,
             deserves
             Commendation
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Romulus
               ,
               Lycurgus
               ,
               Cleomenes
            
             .
          
           
             There
             lives
             no
             Man
             so
             simple
             or
             wise
             ,
             so
             wicked
             or
             well-disposed
             ,
             but
             prefers
             
             those
             Persons
             that
             are
             praiseable
             before
             those
             that
             are
             blameable
             :
             Notwithstanding
             for
             that
             well-near
             all
             Men
             are
             beguil'd
             in
             discerning
             what
             indeed
             is
             Good
             ,
             deeming
             that
             Honourable
             which
             in
             Truth
             is
             otherwise
             :
             they
             suffer
             themselves
             either
             willingly
             or
             ignorantly
             to
             be
             carried
             into
             a
             Course
             which
             merits
             rather
             Infamy
             than
             Commendation
             .
             Example
             ,
             Every
             Man
             wisheth
             himself
             Timoleon
             ,
             or
             Agesilaus
             ,
             rather
             than
             Dionysius
             or
             Phalaris
             ;
             rather
             a
             Titus
             or
             Trajan
             ,
             than
             Caligula
             or
             Vitellius
             .
          
           
             Who
             reads
             Histories
             treating
             of
             great
             Actions
             shall
             perceive
             that
             good
             Princes
             indeed
             are
             more
             secure
             and
             better
             defended
             by
             the
             Love
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             Fidelity
             of
             Counsellors
             ,
             than
             were
             they
             that
             entertained
             many
             Legions
             and
             Men
             of
             War.
             Example
             ,
             Of
             all
             those
             Emperours
             which
             reigned
             after
             Caesar
             until
             Maximiinus
             ,
             the
             greatest
             number
             were
             for
             their
             Vices
             taken
             and
             slain
             ,
             only
             Galba
             and
             Pertinax
             excepted
             ,
             who
             were
             good
             Emperours
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             of
             great
             Knowledge
             both
             in
             Arms
             and
             Wisdom
             ,
             so
             firmly
             setleth
             the
             Foundation
             of
             Government
             ,
             as
             albeit
             his
             
             Successor
             be
             of
             the
             less
             Vertue
             ,
             yet
             may
             he
             be
             maintained
             even
             by
             the
             Memory
             of
             his
             Predecessor
             :
             But
             if
             it
             happen
             that
             the
             third
             Prince
             prove
             not
             more
             like
             the
             first
             than
             the
             second
             ,
             then
             all
             that
             is
             past
             goeth
             to
             Ruine
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Martial
             Valour
             of
             Romulus
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             Numa
             might
             govern
             safely
             in
             Peace
             :
             Which
             Tullus
             could
             not
             have
             done
             ,
             had
             he
             been
             unlike
             to
             Romulus
             ;
             nor
             should
             Bajazet
             Emperour
             of
             Turky
             have
             enjoyed
             the
             State
             of
             his
             Father
             Mahomet
             ,
             and
             left
             the
             same
             to
             his
             Posterity
             ,
             if
             Selim
             his
             Son
             had
             not
             been
             more
             like
             to
             his
             Grand
             -
             father
             than
             to
             Bajazet
             his
             Father
             .
          
           
             The
             Succession
             of
             two
             excellent
             Princes
             ,
             chiesly
             if
             they
             be
             of
             long
             life
             ,
             works
             wondrous
             Effects
             :
             The
             like
             is
             seen
             in
             Optimacies
             and
             Popular
             States
             ,
             where
             the
             Governours
             successively
             elected
             be
             Men
             of
             great
             Vertue
             and
             Understanding
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             first
             appeared
             in
             Philip
             of
             Macedon
             ,
             and
             Alexander
             his
             Son
             ,
             the
             second
             in
             the
             Consuls
             of
             Rome
             .
          
           
             In
             every
             State
             ,
             where
             Soldiers
             are
             not
             ,
             the
             Fault
             thereof
             proceeds
             from
             the
             Governours
             .
             Wise
             Princes
             were
             therefore
             
             wont
             even
             in
             Times
             of
             Peace
             to
             cause
             Warlike
             Exercises
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             for
             without
             them
             the
             most
             Warlike
             Nations
             become
             not
             only
             Ignorant
             in
             Martial
             Knowledge
             ,
             but
             also
             effeminate
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Pelopidas
               &
               Epaminondas
            
             in
             Thebes
             ,
             and
             King
             Tullus
             in
             Rome
             as
             well
             in
             Peaceable
             as
             Troublesome
             Times
             used
             the
             exercise
             of
             Arms.
             
          
           
             No
             Prince
             or
             State
             well
             advised
             ,
             hazards
             his
             whole
             Estate
             upon
             the
             Valour
             of
             some
             few
             Persons
             ,
             nor
             ought
             to
             Strength
             of
             strait
             Places
             ,
             where
             the
             Enemy
             is
             to
             pass
             .
             Example
             ,
             Tully
             King
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             Metius
             King
             of
             Alba
             ,
             condescended
             that
             three
             of
             their
             Nobility
             for
             either
             side
             ,
             chosen
             should
             enter
             Combate
             ,
             and
             that
             Nation
             which
             was
             Victorious
             should
             command
             the
             other
             .
             Francis
             the
             French
             King
             going
             to
             recover
             Lombardy
             ,
             was
             by
             the
             Switzers
             attended
             into
             two
             or
             three
             Places
             in
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             hoping
             there
             to
             repulse
             him
             ,
             but
             the
             King
             taking
             another
             way
             ,
             passed
             securely
             and
             prevailed
             .
          
           
             Every
             State
             well
             governed
             doth
             reward
             Men
             of
             good
             Merit
             ,
             and
             punish
             all
             Offenders
             ;
             and
             if
             any
             Person
             of
             good
             Desert
             shall
             wilfully
             be
             a
             Delinquent
             ,
             
             the
             same
             Man
             ought
             not
             withstanding
             his
             former
             service
             ,
             be
             punisht
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             same
             Horatio
             that
             in
             Combat
             gained
             the
             Victory
             against
             the
             Albani
             ,
             having
             insolently
             slain
             his
             own
             Sister
             ,
             was
             notwithstanding
             his
             egregious
             Act
             and
             the
             fresh
             memory
             thereof
             ,
             called
             into
             trial
             of
             his
             life
             ,
             and
             with
             great
             difficulty
             obtained
             Pardon
             :
             And
             Manlius
             who
             had
             with
             great
             Glory
             saved
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             for
             moving
             Sedition
             in
             Rome
             ,
             was
             after
             from
             the
             same
             cast
             down
             headlong
             .
          
           
             Every
             wise
             Man
             having
             performed
             any
             great
             service
             to
             his
             Prince
             or
             Country
             ,
             ought
             to
             be
             content
             with
             such
             recompence
             as
             it
             shall
             please
             the
             Prince
             or
             Country
             to
             bestow
             :
             Measuring
             the
             same
             according
             to
             the
             Power
             of
             the
             giver
             ,
             and
             not
             the
             merit
             of
             him
             that
             receiveth
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Horatius
               Cocles
            
             for
             having
             lost
             his
             Hand
             in
             defence
             of
             the
             Bridge
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             
               Mutius
               Scaevola
            
             suffering
             his
             Hand
             to
             be
             burnt
             for
             his
             attempt
             to
             kill
             King
             Porsenna
             ,
             were
             rewarded
             with
             a
             small
             Portion
             of
             Land
             ;
             and
             Manlius
             that
             defended
             the
             Capitol
             from
             the
             Galleys
             ,
             had
             no
             greater
             reward
             than
             a
             little
             measure
             of
             Meal
             .
          
           
           
             Ingratitude
             is
             a
             Vice
             so
             natural
             and
             common
             ,
             as
             not
             only
             private
             Persons
             ,
             but
             Princes
             and
             States
             also
             either
             through
             Covetousness
             or
             Suspition
             are
             therewith
             infected
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Vespasian
            
             proclaimed
             Emperor
             ,
             was
             chiefly
             aided
             by
             
               Antonius
               Primus
            
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             help
             prevailed
             against
             Vitellius
             ,
             in
             Reward
             of
             which
             Service
             Vespasian
             removed
             him
             from
             the
             Command
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             gave
             that
             honour
             to
             
               Mutianus
               .
               Consalvo
               Ferranoe
            
             having
             taken
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             from
             the
             French
             ,
             was
             first
             removed
             from
             his
             Command
             of
             the
             Castles
             and
             Soldiers
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             end
             brought
             into
             Spain
             ,
             where
             in
             disgrace
             he
             ended
             his
             Life
             .
             
               Collatinus
               Tarquinius
            
             who
             with
             the
             aid
             of
             Brutus
             suppressed
             the
             Tarquins
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             with
             him
             
               Pub.
               Valerius
            
             were
             banish'd
             for
             no
             other
             cause
             but
             for
             being
             of
             the
             name
             of
             Tarquin
             ,
             the
             other
             because
             he
             built
             a
             House
             upon
             Mount
             Coelio
             .
          
           
             All
             Errors
             that
             great
             Captains
             commit
             ,
             are
             either
             wilful
             or
             ignorant
             ,
             towards
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             of
             which
             Offenders
             to
             use
             greater
             lenity
             than
             the
             quality
             of
             their
             Offences
             deserves
             ,
             seemeth
             
             necessary
             :
             For
             Men
             of
             Honour
             suffer
             nought
             by
             the
             Infamy
             which
             evil
             Service
             doth
             bring
             .
             It
             is
             also
             to
             be
             considered
             that
             a
             great
             Captain
             being
             cumbred
             with
             many
             cares
             ,
             cannot
             proceed
             in
             his
             Actions
             couragiously
             ,
             if
             he
             stand
             in
             daily
             doubt
             to
             be
             punish'd
             for
             every
             error
             that
             hapneth
             .
             Example
             ,
             Sergius
             and
             Virginius
             were
             before
             Veio
             ,
             the
             one
             part
             of
             the
             Army
             on
             the
             one
             side
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             the
             other
             not
             far
             from
             the
             place
             .
             Sergius
             being
             assaulted
             by
             the
             Falisci
             was
             not
             aided
             by
             Virginius
             ,
             neither
             would
             he
             require
             his
             help
             ,
             such
             was
             the
             envy
             the
             one
             bare
             to
             the
             other
             ;
             and
             consequently
             their
             Offence
             is
             wilful
             and
             worthy
             of
             capital
             punishment
             .
             Likewise
             when
             Varro
             by
             his
             Ignorance
             ,
             received
             an
             overthrow
             by
             Hannibal
             at
             Cannae
             ,
             he
             was
             nevertheless
             pardoned
             and
             honourably
             welcomed
             home
             by
             the
             whole
             Senate
             .
          
           
             Whensoever
             an
             Inconvenience
             ariseth
             within
             or
             without
             the
             State
             ,
             it
             seems
             a
             Resolution
             more
             sure
             to
             dissemble
             the
             knowing
             thereof
             ,
             than
             to
             seek
             by
             sudden
             violence
             to
             suppress
             it
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Cosmo
               de
               Medices
            
             having
             gained
             extraordinary
             
             Reputation
             in
             Florence
             ,
             the
             Citizens
             imagined
             ,
             that
             to
             suffer
             the
             same
             to
             increase
             was
             dangerous
             ,
             and
             therefore
             they
             Banished
             him
             :
             Which
             extream
             Proceeding
             ,
             so
             offended
             the
             Friends
             of
             Cosme
             ,
             being
             the
             stronger
             ,
             as
             they
             forced
             the
             Citizens
             to
             revoke
             him
             ,
             and
             make
             him
             Prince
             of
             that
             City
             .
             The
             like
             hapned
             in
             Rome
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             for
             his
             Vertue
             ,
             much
             admired
             and
             followed
             ,
             became
             afterwards
             to
             be
             feared
             ;
             and
             they
             that
             feared
             ,
             not
             considering
             their
             force
             to
             be
             inferior
             to
             the
             power
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             endeavouring
             to
             oppress
             him
             ,
             were
             the
             occasion
             of
             his
             greater
             Glory
             .
          
           
             In
             every
             Republick
             ,
             an
             excessive
             Authority
             given
             to
             one
             or
             two
             Persons
             for
             long
             time
             ,
             proveth
             dangerous
             ,
             chiefly
             when
             the
             same
             is
             not
             restrained
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Dictatorship
             given
             to
             Caesar
             for
             life
             ,
             was
             an
             occasion
             to
             oppress
             the
             Liberties
             of
             the
             Romans
             .
             The
             same
             effect
             was
             before
             that
             time
             like
             to
             follow
             the
             Decemvirate
             ,
             by
             suffering
             
               Appius
               Claudius
            
             to
             prolong
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Dignity
             .
          
           
             The
             Ambition
             of
             Men
             is
             such
             ,
             as
             rarely
             they
             will
             obey
             when
             formerly
             they
             
             have
             commanded
             ;
             neither
             do
             they
             willingly
             accept
             of
             mean
             Office
             ,
             having
             before
             sate
             in
             higher
             place
             :
             Yet
             the
             Citizens
             of
             well-governed
             States
             ,
             did
             not
             refuse
             as
             well
             to
             obey
             as
             command
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Victory
             the
             Romans
             obtained
             against
             the
             
               Veienti
               ,
               Q.
               Fabius
            
             was
             slain
             ,
             having
             the
             year
             before
             been
             Consul
             :
             Nevertheless
             he
             then
             served
             in
             meaner
             place
             under
             
               C.
               Manilius
            
             ,
             and
             
               M.
               Fabius
            
             his
             own
             Brother
             then
             Consul
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             nothing
             more
             strange
             ,
             yet
             by
             experience
             proved
             true
             ,
             That
             Men
             in
             adverse
             Fortune
             be
             much
             grieved
             ,
             and
             in
             Prosperity
             also
             discontented
             ;
             which
             is
             the
             reason
             ,
             that
             not
             being
             forced
             to
             fight
             for
             necessity
             ,
             they
             will
             nevertheless
             contend
             for
             Ambition
             ;
             and
             that
             Humour
             doth
             as
             well
             possess
             those
             that
             live
             aloft
             ,
             as
             others
             whom
             Fortune
             holdeth
             down
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             People
             of
             Rome
             having
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             obtained
             to
             make
             themselves
             secure
             from
             oppression
             of
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             forthwith
             required
             ,
             That
             the
             Honour
             and
             Office
             of
             State
             might
             be
             also
             imparted
             unto
             them
             .
             The
             like
             Ambition
             moved
             them
             to
             have
             
             their
             part
             of
             Lands
             by
             force
             of
             
               Lex
               Agaria
            
             ,
             which
             was
             at
             last
             the
             overthrow
             of
             the
             Roman
             Liberty
             .
          
           
             It
             seemeth
             that
             People
             displeased
             with
             some
             Innovations
             hapned
             in
             the
             State
             ,
             do
             sometime
             without
             just
             Reasons
             complain
             of
             those
             that
             govern
             :
             Not
             unlike
             to
             a
             sick
             Man
             ,
             who
             deemeth
             that
             the
             Physician
             ,
             not
             the
             Fever
             ,
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             Grief
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             People
             of
             Rome
             were
             persuaded
             that
             the
             Ambition
             of
             Consuls
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             continual
             War
             ,
             therefore
             required
             that
             no
             more
             Consuls
             should
             be
             ;
             yet
             they
             were
             content
             that
             certain
             Tribunes
             should
             command
             with
             like
             Authority
             ;
             so
             was
             nothing
             altered
             in
             the
             Government
             ,
             but
             the
             Governors
             Title
             ,
             which
             alone
             did
             content
             them
             .
          
           
             Nothing
             can
             corrupt
             and
             alter
             the
             nature
             of
             Man
             so
             much
             ,
             or
             so
             soon
             as
             the
             immoderate
             desire
             of
             Honour
             ;
             in
             so
             much
             as
             Men
             of
             honest
             Minds
             and
             vertuous
             Inclinations
             are
             sometimes
             by
             Ambition
             ,
             drawn
             to
             abuse
             that
             Goodness
             whereunto
             they
             are
             inclined
             .
             
               Example
               ,
               Appius
               Claudius
            
             having
             lived
             long
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Multitude
             ,
             hoping
             by
             their
             aid
             to
             continue
             his
             Authority
             of
             
             the
             Decemviri
             in
             Rome
             ,
             became
             their
             Friend
             ,
             and
             disfavoured
             the
             Factions
             of
             great
             Men.
             Likewise
             
               Q.
               Fabius
            
             a
             Man
             of
             singular
             vertue
             ,
             being
             also
             called
             to
             that
             dignity
             by
             Appius's
             self
             ,
             adulterated
             his
             nature
             and
             became
             like
             unto
             him
             .
          
           
             Seldom
             or
             never
             is
             any
             People
             discontented
             without
             just
             cause
             ;
             yet
             if
             happily
             they
             be
             asked
             whereof
             their
             offence
             proceedeth
             ,
             many
             times
             for
             want
             of
             some
             fit
             Man
             to
             pronounce
             their
             grief
             ,
             they
             stand
             silent
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             at
             the
             death
             of
             Virginia
             ,
             were
             gathered
             together
             armed
             upon
             Mount
             Sacro
             ,
             and
             being
             asked
             by
             the
             Senate
             ,
             for
             what
             cause
             they
             so
             did
             ?
             No
             Answer
             was
             made
             ;
             until
             Virginio
             Father
             of
             the
             Virgin
             had
             procured
             ,
             that
             twenty
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             might
             be
             made
             to
             be
             as
             Head
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             confer
             with
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             A
             great
             Folly
             or
             rather
             meer
             Madness
             it
             seemeth
             to
             desire
             any
             thing
             ,
             and
             tell
             before-hand
             that
             the
             end
             and
             purpose
             of
             the
             desire
             is
             evil
             ;
             for
             thereby
             he
             sheweth
             Reason
             why
             it
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             granted
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             required
             of
             
             the
             Senate
             that
             Appius
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Decemviri
             should
             be
             delivered
             into
             their
             Hands
             ,
             being
             determined
             to
             burn
             them
             all
             alive
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             part
             of
             their
             Request
             seemed
             reasonable
             ,
             but
             the
             end
             thereof
             unreasonable
             .
          
           
             A
             course
             very
             dangerons
             it
             is
             in
             all
             States
             ,
             by
             continual
             accusing
             and
             punishing
             ,
             to
             hold
             the
             Subject
             in
             doubt
             and
             daily
             fear
             :
             For
             he
             that
             stands
             always
             looking
             for
             some
             trouble
             ,
             becometh
             careless
             and
             apt
             to
             attempt
             Innovation
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Decemviri
             being
             opprest
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             authorized
             in
             their
             place
             ,
             endeavoured
             daily
             to
             call
             in
             question
             the
             most
             part
             of
             the
             Decemviri
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Citizens
             also
             ,
             whereof
             great
             Inconveniences
             arose
             ,
             and
             much
             danger
             would
             have
             ensued
             ,
             had
             not
             a
             Decree
             propounded
             by
             
               M.
               Duillius
            
             been
             made
             ,
             that
             for
             one
             year
             no
             Roman
             Citizen
             should
             be
             accused
             .
          
           
             Strange
             it
             is
             to
             see
             how
             Men
             in
             seeking
             their
             own
             security
             ,
             lay
             the
             Injuries
             which
             they
             fear
             ,
             upon
             other
             Men
             ;
             as
             though
             it
             were
             necessary
             ,
             either
             to
             offend
             or
             to
             be
             offended
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             
             among
             themselves
             ,
             united
             and
             strong
             ,
             always
             endeavoured
             to
             offend
             the
             Nobles
             ;
             and
             the
             Nobles
             likewise
             being
             persuaded
             they
             were
             strong
             ,
             laboured
             to
             oppress
             the
             People
             :
             Which
             Humours
             were
             the
             cause
             of
             continual
             Troubles
             .
          
           
             To
             make
             estimation
             and
             choice
             of
             Men
             fit
             to
             govern
             ,
             the
             best
             course
             is
             to
             consider
             in
             particular
             ;
             otherwise
             it
             might
             be
             imagined
             ,
             that
             among
             the
             Multitude
             or
             meaner
             People
             ,
             they
             being
             the
             greatest
             number
             ,
             might
             be
             found
             some
             Persons
             of
             more
             perfection
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             People
             of
             Rome
             desiring
             that
             the
             Consulship
             might
             be
             given
             among
             them
             as
             Men
             of
             most
             Merit
             ,
             did
             by
             all
             means
             endeavour
             to
             obtain
             that
             Honour
             ;
             but
             being
             come
             to
             Election
             ,
             and
             every
             Mans
             Vertue
             particularly
             considered
             ,
             there
             could
             not
             be
             among
             the
             Multitude
             only
             one
             found
             fit
             for
             so
             great
             a
             place
             ;
             and
             therefore
             the
             People
             themselves
             consented
             ,
             that
             the
             Dignity
             should
             still
             remain
             as
             it
             was
             .
          
           
             To
             persuade
             a
             Multitude
             to
             any
             Enterprise
             ,
             is
             easie
             ,
             if
             that
             which
             is
             persuaded
             ,
             doth
             promise
             either
             Profit
             or
             Honour
             ;
             
             yet
             oft
             under
             that
             external
             apparence
             lies
             hid
             loss
             or
             disadvantage
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             persuading
             themselves
             that
             the
             slow
             Proceedings
             of
             
               Fabius
               Maximus
            
             in
             the
             War
             ,
             was
             both
             chargeable
             and
             cowardly
             ,
             required
             ,
             That
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Horse
             might
             direct
             the
             War
             ;
             which
             course
             had
             ruined
             Rome
             ,
             if
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             Fabius
             had
             not
             been
             .
             Likewise
             ,
             when
             Hannibal
             had
             divers
             years
             reigned
             in
             Italy
             ,
             one
             
               M.
               Centenius
               Penula
            
             ,
             a
             Man
             of
             base
             Birth
             ,
             yet
             a
             Soldier
             of
             some
             Repute
             ,
             undertook
             that
             if
             he
             with
             such
             Voluntiers
             as
             would
             follow
             him
             ,
             might
             have
             Authority
             to
             Fight
             ,
             he
             would
             within
             few
             days
             deliver
             Hannibal
             either
             alive
             or
             dead
             :
             Which
             Offer
             was
             by
             the
             Senate
             accounted
             rash
             ,
             yet
             for
             fear
             to
             offend
             the
             People
             ,
             granted
             ;
             and
             Penula
             with
             his
             Soldiers
             was
             cut
             in
             pieces
             .
          
           
             To
             appease
             a
             Mutiny
             or
             Tumult
             in
             any
             Camp
             or
             City
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             means
             more
             speedy
             or
             successful
             ,
             than
             if
             some
             Person
             of
             great
             Quality
             and
             Respect
             ,
             present
             himself
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             Wisdom
             lay
             before
             them
             the
             damage
             of
             their
             Discords
             ,
             persuading
             them
             to
             Peace
             
             and
             Patience
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Faction
             of
             the
             Frateschi
             and
             Arratiati
             in
             Florence
             ;
             the
             one
             ready
             to
             assault
             the
             other
             .
             
               Francisco
               Soderini
            
             ,
             Bishop
             of
             Voterra
             ,
             in
             his
             Episcopal
             Habit
             ,
             went
             between
             the
             Parties
             and
             appeased
             them
             :
             Also
             Count
             Egremont
             ,
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             his
             Wisdom
             and
             Presence
             ,
             supprest
             a
             great
             Mutiny
             in
             Antwerp
             ,
             between
             the
             Martinists
             and
             Papists
             .
          
           
             A
             People
             corrupted
             ,
             do
             rarely
             or
             never
             observe
             any
             Order
             or
             Ordinance
             ,
             unless
             by
             Force
             of
             some
             Prince's
             Power
             they
             be
             thereto
             inforced
             ;
             but
             where
             the
             Multitude
             is
             Incorrupt
             and
             Religious
             ,
             all
             things
             are
             done
             justly
             ,
             and
             without
             Compulsion
             .
             Example
             ,
             Camillus
             at
             the
             Victory
             against
             the
             Urienti
             ,
             vowed
             that
             the
             tenth
             part
             of
             the
             Pillage
             should
             be
             offered
             to
             Apollo
             ;
             but
             the
             Senate
             supposing
             that
             the
             People
             would
             not
             consent
             to
             so
             great
             a
             Contribution
             ,
             studied
             to
             dispense
             with
             that
             Vow
             ,
             and
             to
             please
             Apollo
             and
             the
             People
             also
             by
             some
             other
             Means
             :
             Whereat
             the
             People
             shewed
             themselves
             openly
             offended
             ,
             and
             willingly
             gave
             no
             less
             than
             the
             Sum
             formerly
             decreed
             .
             When
             the
             Free-Cities
             of
             Germany
             are
             occasioned
             to
             
             make
             Mony
             for
             any
             Publick
             Service
             ,
             the
             Magistrates
             impose
             one
             or
             two
             in
             the
             hundred
             on
             every
             City
             ,
             which
             done
             ,
             every
             one
             is
             sworn
             to
             lay
             down
             so
             much
             as
             in
             his
             own
             Conscience
             he
             is
             able
             ;
             and
             he
             with
             his
             own
             Hand
             ,
             no
             other
             Witness
             being
             present
             ,
             casteth
             the
             Mony
             into
             a
             Coffer
             prepared
             for
             the
             purpose
             ;
             which
             he
             would
             not
             ,
             if
             his
             own
             Conscience
             did
             not
             inforce
             him
             .
          
           
             When
             any
             extraordinary
             occasion
             happens
             to
             a
             City
             or
             Province
             ,
             some
             prodigious
             Voice
             is
             heard
             ,
             or
             some
             marvelous
             Sights
             are
             seen
             .
             Before
             
               T.
               Gracchus
            
             General
             of
             the
             Roman
             Army
             was
             betraid
             by
             
               Flavius
               Lucanus
            
             ,
             the
             Aruspices
             discovered
             two
             Serpents
             eating
             the
             Entrails
             of
             the
             Beasts
             sacrificed
             ;
             which
             done
             ,
             they
             vanish'd
             :
             Which
             Vision
             ,
             as
             they
             divined
             ,
             prognosticated
             the
             General
             's
             Death
             :
             Likewise
             
               F.
               Savanarola
            
             foretold
             the
             coming
             of
             King
             Charles
             VIII
             .
             into
             Italy
             :
             And
             
               M.
               Sedigitus
            
             ,
             when
             the
             Gauls
             first
             came
             towards
             Rome
             ,
             informed
             the
             Senate
             he
             heard
             a
             Voice
             much
             louder
             than
             any
             Man's
             ,
             crying
             aloud
             ,
             
               Galli
               veniunt
            
             .
          
           
             The
             multitude
             of
             base
             People
             is
             naturally
             audacious
             and
             apt
             to
             Innovation
             ;
             
             yet
             unless
             they
             be
             directed
             by
             some
             Persons
             of
             Reputation
             and
             Wisdom
             ,
             rarely
             do
             they
             joyn
             in
             any
             Action
             of
             great
             import
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             ,
             when
             their
             City
             was
             taken
             and
             sack'd
             by
             the
             Gauls
             ,
             went
             to
             Veio
             with
             determination
             to
             dwell
             there
             :
             The
             Senate
             informed
             thereof
             ,
             commanded
             ,
             That
             upon
             great
             Pain
             every
             Citizen
             should
             return
             to
             Rome
             ,
             whereat
             the
             People
             at
             first
             mocked
             ;
             but
             when
             every
             Man
             particularly
             within
             himself
             considered
             his
             own
             Peril
             ,
             all
             in
             general
             determined
             to
             obey
             the
             Magistrates
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Employment
             of
             Men
             for
             Service
             ,
             neither
             Age
             nor
             Fortune
             ought
             so
             much
             to
             be
             regarded
             as
             Vertue
             ;
             for
             young
             Men
             having
             made
             trial
             of
             their
             Valour
             ,
             soon
             become
             aged
             ,
             and
             thereby
             either
             unapt
             or
             unable
             to
             serve
             :
             Therefore
             well-governed
             Commonwealths
             ,
             preferred
             Military
             Vertue
             before
             any
             other
             respect
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Valerius
               Corvinus
            
             ,
             with
             others
             ,
             made
             Consul
             the
             three
             and
             twentieth
             Year
             of
             his
             Age
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             triumphed
             in
             his
             Youth
             .
          
           
             No
             wise
             or
             well-advised
             Prince
             or
             other
             State
             will
             undertake
             without
             excessive
             
             Forces
             to
             invade
             the
             Dominions
             of
             any
             other
             Prince
             ,
             unless
             he
             assure
             himself
             of
             some
             Friends
             there
             to
             be
             a
             Mean
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             a
             Gate
             .
             to
             prepare
             his
             Passage
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             by
             Aid
             of
             the
             Saguntines
             entred
             Spain
             ,
             the
             AEtoli
             called
             them
             into
             Greece
             ,
             the
             Hediai
             into
             France
             :
             Likewise
             the
             Palaeologi
             incited
             the
             Turk
             to
             come
             into
             Thrace
             ;
             and
             
               Ludovicus
               Sforza
            
             occasioned
             Charles
             the
             French
             King
             to
             come
             into
             Italy
             .
          
           
             A
             Republick
             desirous
             to
             extend
             the
             Bounds
             thereof
             ,
             must
             endeavour
             to
             be
             fully
             furnish'd
             with
             Inhabitants
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             done
             both
             by
             Love
             and
             Force
             :
             Love
             is
             gained
             by
             suffering
             Strangers
             to
             inhabit
             the
             City
             securely
             ;
             and
             Force
             compels
             People
             to
             come
             thither
             ,
             when
             other
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             near
             at
             hand
             be
             demolished
             or
             defaced
             :
             And
             impossible
             it
             is
             without
             this
             Order
             of
             proceeding
             .
             to
             enlarge
             any
             City
             or
             make
             the
             same
             of
             greater
             Power
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             to
             enlarge
             their
             City
             demolished
             Alba
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Towns
             ,
             and
             therewith
             also
             entertained
             all
             Strangers
             courteously
             :
             So
             as
             Rome
             grew
             to
             such
             greatness
             ,
             that
             the
             City
             only
             could
             arm
             six
             hundred
             and
             
             forty
             thousand
             Men
             ;
             but
             Sparta
             or
             Athens
             could
             never
             exceed
             twenty
             thousand
             ,
             for
             that
             Lycurgus
             had
             inhibited
             the
             access
             of
             Strangers
             .
          
           
             A
             Commonwealth
             that
             consumes
             more
             Treasure
             in
             the
             War
             ,
             than
             it
             profits
             in
             Victory
             ,
             seems
             to
             have
             rather
             hindred
             than
             honoured
             or
             inriched
             the
             State.
             A
             wise
             Captain
             therefore
             in
             his
             Actions
             ,
             ought
             as
             well
             to
             profit
             the
             Republick
             ,
             as
             to
             gain
             to
             himself
             Glory
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Consuls
             of
             Rome
             did
             seldom
             desire
             Triumph
             ,
             unless
             they
             returned
             from
             the
             War
             loaden
             with
             Gold
             ,
             Silver
             and
             other
             rich
             Spoils
             fit
             to
             be
             delivered
             into
             the
             Common
             Treasury
             .
          
           
             All
             Foreign
             Wars
             with
             Princes
             or
             other
             States
             taken
             in
             hand
             ,
             be
             either
             for
             Ambition
             or
             Desire
             of
             Glory
             ,
             or
             else
             for
             Necessity
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             for
             their
             Ambition
             conquered
             many
             Nations
             ,
             with
             intent
             only
             to
             have
             the
             Obedience
             of
             the
             People
             ;
             yet
             did
             they
             suffer
             them
             to
             hold
             Possession
             of
             their
             Houses
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             they
             were
             permitted
             to
             live
             only
             with
             their
             old
             Laws
             .
             Likewise
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             endeavoured
             to
             suppress
             many
             Princes
             for
             his
             Glory
             ,
             but
             
             did
             not
             disposses
             the
             People
             ,
             nor
             kill
             them
             .
          
           
             Otherwise
             it
             is
             where
             a
             whole
             Nation
             inforced
             by
             Famine
             or
             Fury
             of
             War
             ,
             abandon
             their
             own
             Dwellings
             ,
             and
             are
             forced
             to
             inhabit
             elswhere
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Goths
             and
             other
             People
             of
             the
             North
             invaded
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Provinces
             ,
             whereof
             their
             Alteration
             of
             Names
             did
             ensue
             ;
             as
             Illyria
             ,
             now
             called
             
               Slavonia
               ,
               England
            
             formerly
             named
             Britain
             .
          
           
             A
             common
             Conceit
             and
             Saying
             it
             is
             ,
             That
             Mony
             makes
             the
             War
             strong
             ,
             and
             is
             the
             Force
             and
             Sinews
             thereof
             ;
             as
             though
             he
             who
             hath
             most
             Treasure
             ,
             be
             also
             most
             mighty
             ;
             but
             Experience
             hath
             apparently
             shewed
             the
             contrary
             .
             Example
             ,
             After
             the
             Death
             of
             Alexander
             King
             of
             Macedon
             ,
             a
             multitude
             of
             Gauls
             went
             into
             Greece
             ,
             and
             being
             there
             arrived
             ,
             sent
             certain
             Ambassadors
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             who
             supposing
             to
             make
             them
             afraid
             of
             his
             Power
             ,
             shewed
             them
             his
             Treasure
             ,
             which
             wrought
             a
             contrary
             effect
             ;
             for
             the
             Gauls
             ,
             before
             desirous
             of
             Peace
             ,
             resolved
             then
             to
             continue
             the
             War
             ,
             in
             hope
             to
             win
             that
             mighty
             mass
             of
             Mony.
             Likewise
             Darius
             should
             
             have
             vanquished
             Alexander
             ,
             and
             the
             Greeks
             might
             have
             conquered
             the
             Romans
             ,
             if
             the
             richer
             Prince
             might
             ever
             by
             his
             Mony
             have
             prevailed
             .
          
           
             Every
             League
             made
             with
             a
             Prince
             or
             Republick
             remote
             ,
             is
             weak
             and
             rather
             aideth
             us
             with
             Fame
             than
             Effect
             ,
             and
             consequently
             deceiveth
             all
             those
             that
             in
             such
             amity
             repose
             Confidence
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Florentines
             being
             assaulted
             by
             the
             King
             of
             Naples
             and
             the
             Pope
             ,
             prayed
             Aid
             of
             the
             French
             King
             ;
             who
             being
             far
             distant
             ,
             could
             not
             in
             Time
             Succour
             them
             :
             And
             the
             Cedicini
             desiring
             Aid
             of
             the
             Capuani
             against
             the
             Samnites
             ,
             a
             People
             of
             no
             Force
             ,
             were
             deceived
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             whose
             People
             is
             well
             arm'd
             and
             train'd
             ,
             shall
             do
             better
             to
             attend
             his
             Enemy
             at
             Home
             ,
             than
             by
             Invasion
             to
             assault
             his
             Country
             :
             But
             such
             Princes
             whose
             Subjects
             are
             disarmed
             ,
             had
             need
             to
             hold
             the
             Enemy
             aloof
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             Age
             the
             Swisses
             ,
             being
             well
             armed
             ,
             may
             attend
             the
             War
             at
             Home
             ;
             but
             the
             Carthaginians
             and
             Italians
             being
             not
             so
             well
             furnished
             ,
             did
             ever
             use
             to
             seek
             the
             Enemy
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Plurality
             of
             Commanders
             in
             equal
             Authority
             ,
             is
             for
             the
             most
             part
             occasion
             of
             slow
             Proceeding
             in
             the
             War.
             Example
             ,
             There
             was
             at
             one
             Time
             in
             Rome
             created
             four
             
               Tribuni
               Militares
            
             with
             Authority
             of
             Consuls
             ,
             
               viz.
               T.
               Quintus
            
             after
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             
               Cajus
               Furius
               ,
               M.
               Posthumus
            
             ,
             and
             
               A.
               Cornelius
               Cassius
            
             ,
             amongst
             whom
             arose
             so
             much
             Diversity
             and
             Contrariety
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             as
             nothing
             could
             be
             done
             till
             their
             Authority
             ceased
             ,
             and
             
               M.
               AEmylius
            
             made
             Dictator
             .
          
           
             A
             Victory
             obtained
             by
             any
             great
             Captain
             with
             the
             Authority
             of
             his
             Prince's
             Commission
             ,
             Counsel
             ,
             and
             Directions
             ,
             ought
             ever
             to
             be
             imputed
             rather
             to
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             than
             the
             Valour
             of
             the
             Captain
             :
             Which
             made
             the
             Emperors
             of
             Rome
             to
             permit
             no
             Captains
             (
             how
             great
             soever
             his
             Victories
             were
             )
             to
             Triumph
             ,
             as
             before
             that
             time
             the
             Consuls
             had
             done
             ;
             and
             even
             in
             those
             Days
             a
             modest
             Refusal
             of
             Triumph
             was
             commended
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               M.
               Fulvius
            
             having
             gained
             a
             great
             Victory
             against
             the
             Tuscans
             ,
             was
             both
             by
             the
             Consent
             of
             the
             Senate
             and
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             admitted
             to
             Triumph
             ;
             but
             the
             Refusal
             
             of
             that
             Honour
             proved
             his
             great
             Glory
             .
          
           
             All
             they
             that
             from
             private
             Estate
             have
             aspired
             to
             Principality
             ,
             either
             by
             Force
             or
             Fraud
             be
             come
             thereunto
             ,
             unless
             the
             same
             be
             given
             ,
             or
             by
             Inheritance
             descended
             :
             Yet
             it
             is
             rarely
             seen
             ,
             that
             Force
             alone
             prevaileth
             ,
             but
             Fraud
             without
             Force
             oft-times
             sufficeth
             .
             Example
             ,
             Agathocles
             by
             such
             means
             became
             Prince
             of
             
               Syracusa
               ;
               John
               Galeazzo
            
             by
             abusing
             his
             Uncle
             Barnabas
             ,
             gained
             the
             Dominion
             of
             Lombardy
             ;
             and
             Cyrus
             circumvented
             Cyaxares
             his
             Mothers
             Brother
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             Craft
             aspired
             to
             Greatness
             .
          
           
             Sudden
             Resolutions
             are
             always
             dangerous
             ;
             and
             no
             less
             Peril
             ensueth
             of
             slow
             and
             doubtful
             Delays
             .
             Example
             ,
             When
             Hieron
             Prince
             of
             Syracuse
             died
             ,
             the
             War
             even
             then
             being
             in
             great
             Heat
             between
             the
             Romans
             and
             Carthaginians
             ,
             they
             of
             Syracusa
             consulted
             ,
             whether
             it
             were
             better
             to
             follow
             the
             Fortune
             of
             Rome
             or
             Carthage
             .
             In
             which
             Doubt
             they
             continued
             until
             Apollondies
             ,
             a
             chief
             Captain
             of
             Syracusa
             ,
             laid
             before
             them
             ,
             That
             so
             long
             Delay
             would
             make
             them
             hated
             both
             of
             Romans
             and
             Carthaginians
             .
             Likewise
             the
             
             Flcrentines
             being
             by
             Lewis
             the
             Twelfth
             required
             to
             give
             his
             Army
             Passage
             towards
             Naples
             ,
             mused
             so
             long
             upon
             an
             Answer
             ,
             that
             he
             became
             their
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             they
             forced
             to
             recover
             his
             Favour
             full
             dearly
             .
          
           
             To
             govern
             a
             State
             is
             nothing
             else
             but
             to
             take
             such
             Order
             as
             the
             Subjects
             may
             not
             ,
             or
             ought
             not
             to
             offend
             ;
             which
             may
             be
             done
             ,
             either
             by
             removing
             from
             them
             all
             means
             to
             disobey
             ,
             or
             by
             affording
             them
             so
             great
             Favours
             ,
             as
             reasonably
             they
             ought
             not
             to
             change
             their
             Fortune
             ;
             for
             the
             mean
             Course
             proveth
             Dangerous
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Latins
             being
             by
             the
             Valour
             of
             Camillus
             overcome
             ,
             yielded
             themselves
             to
             endure
             what
             Punishment
             it
             pleased
             the
             Romans
             to
             inflict
             .
          
           
             An
             Ingenious
             and
             Magnanimous
             Answer
             being
             made
             unto
             Wise
             Magistrates
             ,
             doth
             oft
             obtain
             both
             Pardon
             and
             Grace
             .
             Example
             ,
             When
             the
             Privernates
             had
             rebelled
             ,
             and
             were
             by
             Force
             constrained
             to
             return
             to
             the
             Obedience
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             they
             sent
             certain
             of
             the
             City
             unto
             Rome
             ,
             to
             desire
             pardon
             ;
             who
             being
             brought
             before
             the
             Senate
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Senators
             asked
             the
             Privernates
             ,
             what
             punishment
             themselves
             
             did
             think
             they
             had
             deserved
             :
             The
             same
             ,
             quoth
             they
             ,
             which
             Men
             living
             in
             Freedom
             ,
             think
             they
             are
             worthy
             of
             .
             Whereto
             the
             Consul
             thus
             replied
             ,
             
               Quid
               si
               poenam
               remittimus
               ?
               Qualem
               nos
               patem
               vobiscum
               habituros
               speremus
               ?
            
             The
             Privernates
             answered
             ,
             
               Si
               bonam
               dederitis
               ,
               &
               fidelem
               &
               perpetuam
               :
               Si
               malam
               ,
               haud
               diuturnam
               .
            
             Which
             Answer
             was
             thought
             to
             proceed
             from
             generous
             Men
             ,
             and
             therefore
             they
             were
             not
             only
             pardoned
             ,
             but
             also
             honoured
             and
             received
             into
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Roman
             Citizens
             .
          
           
             All
             Castles
             ,
             Fortresses
             ,
             and
             Places
             of
             Strength
             ,
             be
             made
             for
             Defence
             ,
             either
             against
             the
             Enemy
             or
             Subject
             :
             In
             the
             first
             Case
             they
             are
             not
             necessary
             ,
             in
             the
             second
             dangerous
             .
             For
             thereby
             the
             Prince
             may
             at
             his
             Pleasure
             take
             occasion
             to
             insult
             upon
             the
             Subject
             ,
             when
             much
             more
             seemly
             he
             might
             settle
             his
             Estate
             upon
             the
             Love
             and
             good
             Affection
             of
             Men.
             Example
             ,
             The
             Castle
             of
             Millan
             made
             by
             Duke
             
               Francisco
               Sforza
            
             ,
             incited
             his
             Heirs
             to
             become
             insolent
             ;
             and
             consequently
             they
             became
             odious
             ;
             which
             was
             also
             the
             cause
             that
             so
             soon
             as
             that
             City
             was
             assaulted
             ,
             the
             Enemy
             with
             facility
             did
             possess
             it
             .
          
           
           
             That
             Prince
             or
             Potentate
             which
             builds
             his
             Severity
             rather
             upon
             the
             Trust
             he
             hath
             in
             Fortresses
             ,
             than
             the
             Love
             of
             Men
             ,
             shall
             be
             deceived
             :
             For
             no
             Place
             is
             so
             strong
             ,
             as
             can
             long
             defend
             it self
             ,
             unless
             by
             the
             Love
             and
             Aid
             of
             Men
             it
             be
             in
             time
             of
             Necessity
             succoured
             .
             Example
             ,
             Pope
             Julio
             having
             drawn
             the
             Bentivoli
             out
             of
             Bologna
             ,
             built
             there
             a
             strong
             Castle
             ;
             the
             Governor
             thereof
             robbed
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             they
             therewith
             grieved
             ,
             in
             a
             short
             Time
             took
             the
             Castle
             from
             him
             .
             So
             after
             the
             Revolt
             of
             
               Genoa
               ,
               Lewis
            
             the
             Twelfth
             came
             to
             the
             Recovery
             thereof
             ,
             and
             builded
             there
             the
             strongest
             Fortification
             of
             Italy
             ,
             as
             well
             for
             Sight
             as
             the
             Circumstances
             inexpugnable
             .
             Nevertheless
             the
             Citizens
             rebelled
             ,
             and
             within
             sixteen
             Months
             the
             French
             were
             forced
             to
             yield
             the
             Castle
             and
             Government
             to
             
               Octavio
               Fragosa
            
             .
          
           
             To
             build
             Forts
             upon
             Places
             of
             Strength
             ,
             either
             for
             defence
             of
             our
             own
             ,
             or
             to
             hold
             that
             which
             is
             taken
             from
             others
             ,
             hath
             ever
             proved
             to
             small
             purpose
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             having
             supprest
             the
             Rebellion
             of
             the
             Latins
             and
             Privernates
             ,
             albeit
             they
             were
             People
             Warlike
             ,
             and
             lovers
             
             of
             Liberty
             ;
             yet
             to
             keep
             them
             Subject
             ,
             built
             there
             no
             Castle
             ,
             nor
             other
             Places
             fortified
             :
             And
             the
             Lacedemonians
             did
             not
             only
             forbear
             to
             fortifie
             the
             Towns
             they
             conquered
             ,
             but
             also
             left
             their
             chief
             City
             of
             Sparta
             unwalled
             .
          
           
             The
             Necessity
             or
             Use
             of
             Fortification
             is
             only
             upon
             Frontiers
             ,
             or
             such
             principal
             places
             where
             Princes
             make
             their
             Habitation
             ;
             to
             the
             end
             the
             Fury
             of
             sudden
             Assaults
             may
             be
             staid
             ,
             and
             Time
             for
             Succor
             entertained
             :
             Otherwise
             ,
             Example
             ,
             the
             Castle
             of
             Millan
             being
             made
             to
             hold
             the
             State
             in
             Obedience
             ,
             could
             not
             so
             do
             either
             for
             the
             House
             of
             Sforza
             or
             
               France
               .
               Guido
               Ubaldo
            
             ,
             Duke
             of
             Velin
             ,
             driven
             from
             his
             Dominion
             by
             
               Caesar
               Borgia
            
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             he
             recovered
             his
             Country
             ,
             caused
             all
             the
             Forts
             to
             be
             demolished
             :
             For
             by
             Experience
             he
             found
             the
             Love
             of
             Men
             was
             the
             surest
             Defence
             ,
             and
             that
             Fortifications
             prevailed
             no
             less
             against
             him
             than
             for
             him
             .
          
           
             The
             Causes
             of
             Division
             and
             Faction
             in
             every
             Commonweal
             proceed
             most
             commonly
             of
             Idleness
             and
             Peace
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             uniteth
             ,
             is
             Fear
             and
             War.
             Example
             ,
             The
             Vejenti
             and
             Elinsci
             having
             Intelligence
             
             of
             great
             Contention
             between
             the
             Nobility
             and
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             thought
             that
             a
             fit
             Opportunity
             to
             oppress
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             :
             But
             the
             Romans
             informed
             of
             such
             an
             Intention
             ,
             appeased
             all
             Domestick
             Anger
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             Valour
             of
             their
             Arms
             ,
             conducted
             by
             
               Gn.
               Manlius
            
             and
             
               M.
               Fabius
            
             ,
             defeated
             the
             Enemies
             Forces
             .
          
           
             The
             means
             to
             usurp
             an
             Estate
             disjoynted
             is
             ,
             first
             before
             Arms
             be
             taken
             ,
             to
             become
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             an
             Arbitrator
             or
             a
             Friend
             indifferent
             ;
             and
             after
             Arms
             be
             taken
             ,
             then
             to
             send
             moderate
             Aid
             to
             the
             weak
             Side
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             entertain
             the
             War
             between
             the
             Factions
             ,
             as
             also
             to
             consume
             the
             Strength
             both
             of
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             ;
             yet
             in
             no
             wise
             to
             employ
             any
             great
             Forces
             ,
             for
             thereby
             either
             party
             may
             discover
             the
             Intents
             to
             suppress
             them
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             City
             of
             Pistoia
             fallen
             into
             Division
             ,
             the
             Florentines
             took
             occasion
             sometimes
             to
             favor
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             the
             other
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             end
             both
             sides
             weary
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             voluntarily
             yielded
             to
             their
             Devotion
             .
             
               Philippo
               Viscount
            
             ,
             hoping
             sundry
             times
             by
             occasion
             of
             Faction
             to
             oppress
             the
             Florentines
             ,
             did
             often
             
             assault
             them
             with
             great
             Forces
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             Cause
             that
             they
             became
             reunited
             ;
             and
             consequently
             the
             Duke
             deceived
             of
             his
             Expectation
             .
          
           
             A
             great
             Wisdom
             it
             is
             to
             refrain
             Opprobrious
             and
             Injurious
             Speech
             :
             For
             as
             neither
             the
             one
             nor
             the
             other
             can
             any
             whit
             decrease
             the
             Enemies
             Force
             ,
             so
             doth
             it
             move
             him
             to
             greater
             Hate
             ,
             and
             more
             desire
             to
             offend
             .
             Example
             ,
             Gabides
             ,
             a
             General
             of
             the
             Persians
             having
             long
             besieged
             Amida
             ,
             became
             weary
             ,
             and
             preparing
             to
             abandon
             the
             enterprise
             ,
             raised
             his
             Camp
             ,
             which
             they
             of
             the
             City
             beholding
             ,
             began
             to
             revile
             the
             Persians
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             Walls
             reproved
             them
             of
             Cowardise
             ;
             which
             undiscreet
             Words
             so
             highly
             offended
             Gabides
             ,
             as
             thereupon
             he
             resolved
             to
             continue
             the
             Siege
             ,
             and
             within
             few
             days
             won
             the
             City
             .
             
               Tiberius
               Gracchus
            
             appointed
             Captain
             of
             certain
             Bands
             of
             Men
             ,
             whom
             for
             want
             of
             other
             Soldiers
             the
             Romans
             entertained
             ,
             proclaimed
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             That
             no
             Man
             ,
             upon
             Pain
             of
             Death
             ,
             should
             contumeliously
             call
             any
             Soldier
             Slave
             ,
             either
             in
             Earnest
             or
             Jest.
             
               Nam
               facetiae
               asperae
               quando
               nimium
               ex
               vero
               traxere
               ,
               acrem
               sui
               memoriam
               relinquunt
               .
            
             Likewise
             
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             having
             conquered
             well
             near
             all
             the
             East
             ,
             brought
             his
             Forces
             before
             Tyre
             ,
             they
             fearing
             Alexander's
             Fury
             ,
             offered
             upon
             honourable
             Considerations
             to
             yeild
             him
             Obedience
             ,
             only
             requiring
             ,
             that
             neither
             he
             nor
             any
             of
             his
             Forces
             should
             enter
             the
             City
             ,
             which
             motion
             after
             four
             Months
             Alexander
             accepted
             ,
             and
             so
             signified
             by
             his
             Ambassador
             ,
             who
             arriving
             at
             Tyre
             was
             by
             the
             proud
             Citizens
             slain
             ,
             whereat
             Alexander
             grew
             into
             Choler
             ,
             and
             being
             ready
             to
             forsake
             the
             Siege
             ,
             staid
             his
             Forces
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             end
             sacked
             the
             City
             and
             put
             the
             People
             to
             the
             Sword.
             
          
           
             A
             Prince
             or
             any
             other
             State
             being
             assaulted
             by
             an
             Enemy
             of
             far
             more
             puissance
             than
             himself
             ,
             ought
             not
             to
             refuse
             any
             honourable
             Compositions
             ,
             chiefly
             when
             they
             are
             offered
             ;
             for
             no
             Conditions
             can
             be
             so
             base
             ,
             but
             shall
             in
             some
             sort
             turn
             to
             Advantage
             and
             Honour
             of
             him
             that
             accepts
             them
             .
             Example
             ,
             Anno
             1512.
             certain
             Florentines
             procured
             great
             Forces
             of
             Spaniards
             to
             come
             thither
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             reposess
             the
             Medici
             then
             banish'd
             ,
             as
             also
             to
             sack
             the
             City
             ;
             promising
             that
             so
             soon
             as
             the
             Army
             of
             Spain
             did
             come
             
             into
             the
             Florentine
             Dominion
             ,
             the
             Faction
             of
             Medici
             would
             be
             ready
             armed
             to
             receive
             them
             .
             But
             the
             Spaniards
             being
             come
             ,
             found
             no
             Forces
             at
             all
             to
             joyn
             with
             them
             ;
             and
             therefore
             wanting
             Victual
             ,
             offered
             Composition
             .
             The
             Florentines
             finding
             the
             Enemy
             distressed
             grew
             insolent
             and
             refused
             Peace
             ,
             whereof
             followed
             the
             loss
             of
             Prato
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Inconveniences
             .
             The
             like
             happened
             to
             them
             of
             Tyre
             ,
             as
             before
             .
          
           
             The
             denial
             or
             delay
             of
             Justice
             desired
             in
             revenge
             of
             Injuries
             either
             publick
             or
             privately
             offered
             ,
             is
             a
             thing
             very
             dangerous
             to
             every
             Prince
             or
             other
             State
             ;
             for
             that
             the
             Party
             injured
             doth
             oft
             by
             indirect
             means
             ,
             though
             with
             hazard
             of
             his
             Country
             and
             himself
             ,
             seek
             satisfaction
             :
             Example
             ,
             The
             Complaint
             which
             the
             Galli
             made
             against
             the
             Fabii
             who
             sent
             Ambassadors
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             Tossani
             ,
             not
             being
             heard
             ,
             nor
             any
             punishment
             inflicted
             upon
             them
             for
             Fighting
             against
             the
             Law
             of
             Nations
             ,
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             the
             Galli
             were
             offended
             with
             the
             States
             ,
             whereof
             followed
             the
             sack
             of
             Rome
             ;
             and
             the
             delay
             of
             Justice
             in
             Philip
             of
             Macedon
             ,
             for
             not
             revenging
             the
             incestuous
             oppression
             
             of
             Attalus
             to
             Pausanias
             ,
             was
             the
             Motive
             to
             murther
             that
             King.
             
          
           
             Whoso
             endeavours
             the
             alteration
             of
             any
             State
             must
             of
             necessity
             proceed
             with
             all
             severity
             ,
             and
             leave
             some
             memorable
             Example
             to
             those
             that
             shall
             impugn
             the
             Ordinance
             of
             Government
             newly
             setled
             .
             Example
             ,
             When
             
               Junius
               Brutus
            
             had
             by
             his
             great
             Valour
             banish'd
             the
             Tarquins
             ,
             and
             sworn
             the
             People
             that
             no
             King
             should
             ever
             reign
             in
             Rome
             ;
             within
             short
             time
             after
             ,
             many
             young
             Nobles
             ,
             among
             whom
             was
             Brutus's
             Son
             ,
             impatient
             of
             the
             equality
             of
             the
             new
             Government
             ,
             conspired
             to
             recall
             the
             Tarquins
             ;
             but
             Brutus
             thereof
             informed
             ,
             caused
             his
             own
             Son
             not
             only
             to
             be
             condemned
             to
             death
             ,
             but
             was
             himself
             present
             at
             the
             Execution
             .
          
           
             As
             Health
             and
             soundness
             of
             the
             Hands
             ,
             Legs
             ,
             and
             other
             outward
             Members
             cannot
             continue
             Life
             ,
             unless
             the
             Heart
             and
             vital
             Spirits
             within
             be
             strong
             and
             firm
             ;
             so
             Fortifications
             and
             Frontier-defences
             do
             not
             prevail
             ,
             unless
             the
             whole
             Corps
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             and
             People
             be
             well
             armed
             :
             Example
             ,
             When
             the
             Emperor
             came
             into
             Italy
             ,
             and
             had
             with
             some
             difficulty
             
             past
             the
             confines
             of
             the
             Venetians
             well
             near
             without
             resistance
             ;
             his
             Army
             march'd
             to
             Venice
             ,
             and
             might
             doubtless
             have
             possest
             the
             City
             ,
             had
             it
             not
             been
             defended
             with
             Water
             .
             Likewise
             the
             English
             in
             their
             assault
             of
             France
             ,
             excepting
             a
             few
             Encounters
             on
             the
             Frontiers
             ,
             found
             no
             puissant
             resistance
             within
             the
             Realm
             .
             And
             Anno
             1513.
             they
             forced
             all
             that
             State
             ,
             and
             the
             King
             himself
             to
             tremble
             ,
             as
             oft
             before
             they
             had
             done
             ;
             but
             contrariwise
             the
             Romans
             knowing
             that
             Life
             lay
             in
             the
             Heart
             ,
             ever
             held
             the
             Body
             of
             their
             State
             strongest
             :
             For
             the
             nearer
             the
             Enemy
             approach'd
             Rome
             ,
             the
             better
             they
             found
             the
             Country
             armed
             and
             defended
             .
          
           
             The
             desire
             to
             command
             sovereignly
             is
             of
             so
             great
             Force
             ,
             as
             doth
             not
             only
             work
             in
             those
             that
             are
             in
             expectation
             of
             Principality
             ,
             but
             also
             in
             them
             that
             have
             no
             Title
             at
             all
             .
             Example
             ,
             this
             Appetite
             moved
             the
             Wife
             of
             
               Tarquinius
               Priscus
            
             contrary
             to
             all
             natural
             Duty
             to
             incite
             her
             Husband
             to
             murder
             her
             own
             Father
             Servius
             ,
             and
             possess
             his
             Kingdom
             ,
             as
             being
             persuaded
             it
             were
             much
             more
             honourable
             to
             be
             a
             Queen
             than
             to
             be
             the
             Daughter
             of
             a
             King.
             
          
           
           
             The
             violation
             of
             ancient
             Laws
             ,
             Orders
             and
             Customs
             ,
             under
             which
             People
             have
             long
             time
             lived
             ,
             is
             the
             chief
             and
             only
             Cause
             whereby
             Princes
             hazard
             their
             Estate
             and
             Royal
             Dignity
             .
             Example
             ,
             Albeit
             the
             deflowring
             of
             Lucrece
             was
             the
             occasion
             ,
             yet
             was
             it
             not
             the
             cause
             that
             moved
             the
             Romans
             to
             take
             Arms
             against
             Tarquin
             ;
             for
             he
             having
             before
             that
             fact
             of
             Sextus
             his
             Son
             ,
             governed
             Tyrannically
             ,
             and
             taken
             from
             the
             Senate
             all
             Authority
             ,
             was
             become
             odious
             both
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             Nobility
             and
             People
             ,
             who
             finding
             themselves
             well-governed
             ,
             never
             seek
             or
             wish
             any
             other
             liberty
             or
             alteration
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             desires
             to
             live
             secure
             from
             Conspiracy
             ,
             hath
             cause
             rather
             to
             fear
             those
             on
             whom
             he
             hath
             bestowed
             over-great
             Riches
             and
             Honors
             ,
             than
             those
             whom
             he
             hath
             greatly
             injured
             ;
             because
             they
             want
             Means
             to
             offend
             ;
             the
             other
             have
             many
             opportunities
             to
             do
             it
             :
             Example
             ,
             Perrenius
             the
             prime
             Favorite
             of
             Commodus
             the
             Emperor
             ,
             conspired
             his
             Death
             .
             Plautianus
             did
             the
             like
             to
             Severus
             ,
             and
             Sejanus
             to
             Tiberius
             ;
             for
             being
             advanced
             to
             so
             great
             Honors
             ,
             Riches
             and
             
             Offices
             ,
             as
             nothing
             remained
             desirable
             but
             the
             Imperial
             Title
             ,
             they
             conspired
             against
             the
             Persons
             of
             their
             Sovereigns
             in
             hope
             of
             the
             Dignity
             ;
             but
             in
             the
             end
             they
             endured
             that
             Punishment
             which
             to
             such
             Disloyalty
             and
             Ingratitude
             appertaineth
             .
          
           
             An
             Army
             which
             wants
             Experience
             ,
             albeit
             the
             Captain
             be
             expert
             ,
             is
             not
             greatly
             to
             be
             feared
             ;
             neither
             ought
             an
             Army
             of
             well-train'd
             Soldiers
             to
             be
             much
             esteemed
             ,
             whose
             Captain
             is
             ignorant
             .
             Example
             ,
             Caesar
             going
             into
             Africa
             against
             Afranius
             and
             Petraeus
             whose
             Army
             was
             full
             of
             old
             Soldiers
             ,
             said
             he
             feared
             them
             little
             ,
             
               Quia
               ibat
               ad
               exercitum
               sine
               duce
               .
            
             Contrariwise
             ,
             when
             he
             went
             to
             Pharsalia
             to
             encounter
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             said
             ,
             
               Ibo
               ad
               ducem
               fine
               exercitu
            
             .
          
           
             A
             Captain-General
             commanding
             an
             Army
             ought
             rather
             to
             govern
             with
             Curtesie
             and
             Mildness
             ,
             than
             with
             over-much
             Austerity
             and
             Severity
             .
             Example
             ,
             Q.
             and
             
               Appius
               Claudius
            
             being
             Consuls
             ,
             were
             appointed
             to
             govern
             the
             War.
             To
             Q.
             was
             allotted
             one
             Army
             which
             served
             very
             dutifully
             ;
             but
             Appius
             commanding
             the
             other
             with
             great
             Cruelty
             ,
             was
             by
             his
             
             Soldiers
             unwillingly
             obeyed
             .
             Nevertheless
             Tacitus
             seems
             of
             contrary
             Opinion
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               Plus
               Poena
               quam
               obsequium
               valet
            
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             to
             reconcile
             these
             different
             Conceits
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             that
             a
             General
             having
             power
             to
             command
             Men
             ,
             either
             they
             are
             Confederates
             or
             Subjects
             :
             If
             Confederates
             or
             Voluntaries
             ,
             he
             may
             not
             proceed
             to
             extream
             punishment
             ;
             if
             Subjects
             ,
             and
             his
             power
             absolute
             ,
             they
             may
             be
             governed
             otherwise
             ;
             yet
             with
             such
             respect
             ,
             as
             the
             insolence
             of
             the
             General
             inforce
             not
             the
             Soldiers
             to
             hate
             him
             .
          
           
             Honour
             may
             sometime
             be
             got
             as
             well
             by
             the
             loss
             as
             gaining
             of
             Victory
             .
             Every
             Man
             knoweth
             Glory
             is
             due
             to
             the
             Victor
             ,
             and
             we
             deny
             not
             the
             same
             Priviledge
             to
             the
             vanquished
             ,
             being
             able
             to
             make
             proof
             that
             the
             Loss
             proceeded
             not
             from
             his
             Default
             .
             Neither
             is
             it
             dishonourable
             to
             violate
             those
             Promises
             whereto
             the
             necessity
             or
             disadvantage
             of
             War
             inforceth
             .
             And
             forced
             Promises
             which
             concern
             a
             whole
             State
             ,
             are
             not
             binding
             ,
             and
             rarely
             or
             ever
             kept
             ,
             nor
             is
             the
             Breaker
             thereby
             to
             receive
             Disgrace
             .
             Example
             ,
             
             Posthumus
             the
             Consul
             having
             made
             a
             dishonourable
             Peace
             with
             the
             Samnites
             ,
             was
             by
             them
             with
             his
             whole
             Army
             sent
             home
             disarmed
             .
             Being
             arrived
             at
             Rome
             ,
             the
             Consul
             informed
             the
             People
             they
             were
             not
             bound
             to
             perform
             the
             base
             Conditions
             he
             was
             compelled
             to
             yield
             unto
             ;
             albeit
             ,
             he
             and
             those
             few
             that
             promised
             ,
             were
             bound
             to
             perform
             them
             .
             The
             Senate
             thereupon
             concluded
             to
             send
             him
             Prisoner
             to
             Samno
             ,
             where
             he
             constantly
             protested
             the
             Fault
             to
             be
             only
             his
             own
             ;
             wherefore
             the
             People
             by
             that
             Peace
             incurred
             no
             Dishonour
             at
             all
             :
             And
             Fortune
             so
             much
             favoured
             Posthumus
             ,
             as
             the
             Samnites
             were
             content
             presently
             to
             return
             him
             to
             Rome
             ;
             where
             he
             became
             more
             glorious
             for
             losing
             the
             Victory
             ,
             than
             was
             Pontius
             at
             Samno
             for
             having
             won
             the
             Victory
             .
          
           
             Wise
             Men
             have
             long
             observed
             ,
             That
             who
             so
             will
             know
             what
             shall
             be
             ,
             must
             consider
             what
             is
             past
             ;
             for
             all
             worldly
             Things
             hold
             the
             same
             course
             they
             had
             at
             first
             .
             The
             Reason
             is
             ,
             that
             as
             long
             as
             Men
             are
             possest
             with
             the
             same
             Passions
             with
             former
             Ages
             ,
             consequently
             of
             these
             doings
             the
             same
             effects
             ensue
             .
             Example
             ,
             
             The
             Almains
             and
             French
             have
             ever
             been
             noted
             for
             their
             Avarice
             ,
             Pride
             ,
             Fury
             and
             Infidelity
             ,
             and
             so
             in
             divers
             Ages
             ,
             experience
             hath
             proved
             even
             to
             this
             present
             :
             For
             perfidious
             Dealing
             the
             French
             have
             given
             sufficient
             proof
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             ancient
             times
             ,
             but
             also
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Charles
             VIII
             .
             who
             promised
             to
             render
             to
             the
             Florentines
             the
             Forts
             of
             Pisa
             ,
             but
             having
             divers
             times
             received
             Mony
             ,
             held
             them
             notwithstanding
             in
             possession
             .
             The
             Florentines
             found
             the
             like
             in
             the
             Almains
             ;
             for
             in
             the
             Wars
             of
             the
             Visconti
             ,
             Dukes
             of
             Milan
             ,
             they
             prayed
             aid
             of
             the
             Emperor
             ,
             who
             promised
             them
             great
             Forces
             ;
             in
             consideration
             whereof
             ,
             he
             was
             to
             receive
             of
             the
             Florentines
             one
             hundred
             thousand
             Crowns
             in
             Hand
             ,
             and
             as
             much
             more
             when
             his
             Army
             was
             arrived
             in
             Italy
             ,
             both
             which
             Payments
             were
             performed
             ;
             but
             as
             soon
             as
             the
             Emperor
             came
             to
             Verona
             he
             devised
             Cavillations
             of
             Unkindness
             whereupon
             he
             returned
             home
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             desirous
             to
             obtain
             any
             thing
             of
             another
             ,
             must
             if
             occasion
             so
             permit
             ,
             urge
             his
             Demand
             so
             earnestly
             and
             press
             for
             so
             sudden
             and
             present
             Answer
             ,
             as
             he
             
             who
             is
             prest
             may
             not
             have
             leisure
             to
             consider
             how
             to
             excuse
             himself
             in
             denial
             .
             Example
             ,
             Pope
             Julio
             endeavoured
             to
             drive
             out
             of
             Bologna
             all
             the
             Bentivoli
             ,
             in
             which
             Action
             he
             thought
             the
             aid
             of
             the
             French
             necessary
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Venetians
             should
             stand
             neutral
             ;
             and
             by
             divers
             Messengers
             did
             sollicite
             them
             to
             that
             Effect
             ;
             but
             not
             receiving
             any
             resolute
             Answer
             ,
             he
             thought
             fit
             with
             those
             few
             Forces
             he
             had
             to
             take
             his
             Journey
             to
             Bologna
             ,
             whereupon
             the
             Venetians
             advertised
             him
             they
             would
             remain
             neutral
             ,
             and
             the
             French
             King
             forthwith
             sent
             him
             Forces
             ,
             as
             fearing
             the
             Popes
             Indignation
             ;
             likewise
             the
             Tuscans
             having
             formerly
             desired
             aid
             of
             the
             Samnites
             against
             the
             Romans
             ,
             took
             Arms
             suddenly
             and
             obtained
             their
             request
             which
             the
             Samnites
             had
             before
             denied
             .
          
           
             When
             a
             Multitude
             offendeth
             ,
             all
             may
             not
             be
             punish'd
             ,
             because
             they
             are
             too
             many
             :
             To
             punish
             part
             and
             leave
             the
             rest
             unpunish'd
             ,
             were
             Injury
             to
             the
             Sufferers
             ;
             and
             to
             those
             that
             escape
             ,
             an
             Encouragement
             to
             offend
             again
             ;
             therefore
             to
             eschew
             all
             extremity
             ,
             mean
             Courses
             have
             been
             anciently
             used
             .
             Example
             ,
             
             When
             all
             the
             Wives
             of
             the
             Romans
             conspired
             to
             Poyson
             their
             Husbands
             ,
             a
             convenient
             number
             of
             them
             were
             punisht
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             suffered
             to
             pass
             :
             Likewise
             at
             the
             conspiracy
             of
             the
             Bacchanals
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Macedonian
             War
             ,
             wherein
             many
             thousands
             Men
             and
             Women
             had
             part
             ,
             every
             tenth
             person
             only
             was
             put
             to
             death
             by
             lot
             ,
             although
             the
             offence
             were
             general
             ;
             by
             which
             manner
             of
             punishing
             ,
             he
             that
             suffered
             ,
             complain'd
             on
             his
             fortune
             ;
             and
             he
             that
             escaped
             ,
             was
             put
             in
             fear
             ,
             that
             offending
             again
             ,
             the
             same
             punishment
             might
             light
             upon
             himself
             ,
             and
             therefore
             would
             no
             more
             offend
             .
          
           
             A
             Battel
             or
             great
             action
             in
             Arms
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             enterprised
             without
             special
             Commission
             or
             Command
             from
             the
             Prince
             ;
             otherwise
             the
             General
             incurs
             great
             danger
             .
             Example
             ,
             Papyrius
             the
             Dictator
             punisht
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Horse
             in
             the
             Roman
             Army
             ,
             for
             having
             fought
             without
             his
             consent
             ,
             although
             he
             had
             in
             battle
             slain
             20000
             Enemies
             without
             loss
             of
             200
             of
             his
             own
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             commended
             his
             Captain
             Silanus
             for
             having
             refrain'd
             to
             fight
             ,
             
             though
             with
             great
             advantage
             he
             might
             .
             Also
             count
             Egmont
             hazarded
             the
             favor
             of
             the
             King
             his
             Master
             for
             giving
             battel
             to
             Marshall
             
               de
               Thermes
            
             ,
             albeit
             he
             were
             victorious
             :
             for
             upon
             the
             success
             of
             that
             action
             the
             loss
             or
             safety
             of
             all
             the
             Low
             Countries
             depended
             .
          
           
             To
             govern
             without
             Council
             is
             not
             only
             dangerous
             in
             Aristocracies
             and
             Popular
             States
             ,
             but
             unto
             independent
             Princes
             an
             occasion
             of
             utter
             ruin
             .
             Example
             ,
             Hieron
             the
             first
             King
             of
             Sicily
             in
             all
             his
             proceedings
             used
             the
             advice
             of
             Counsels
             ,
             and
             lived
             fifty
             years
             prosperously
             in
             Peace
             ;
             but
             his
             grand-child
             succeeding
             ,
             refusing
             all
             Counsel
             lost
             his
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             was
             with
             all
             his
             Kinsfolk
             and
             Friends
             cruelly
             slain
             .
          
           
             In
             all
             Monarchies
             the
             Senate
             or
             privv-Council
             is
             or
             ought
             to
             be
             composed
             of
             persons
             of
             great
             dignity
             ,
             or
             Men
             of
             approved
             wisdom
             and
             understanding
             .
             Example
             ,
             In
             Polonia
             no
             Man
             is
             Counsellor
             unless
             he
             be
             a
             Palatine
             ,
             a
             Bishop
             ,
             a
             Castellan
             ,
             a
             Captain
             ,
             or
             such
             a
             one
             as
             hath
             been
             Ambassador
             :
             and
             in
             Turky
             the
             title
             of
             Counsellor
             is
             not
             given
             but
             only
             to
             the
             four
             Bassaes.
             The
             two
             Cadelesquires
             ,
             
             the
             twelve
             Beglerbegs
             ,
             and
             Kings
             Son
             ,
             who
             in
             his
             Fathers
             absence
             ,
             is
             as
             it
             were
             a
             President
             of
             the
             Divano
             or
             Senate
             .
          
           
             Many
             Princes
             Ancient
             and
             Modern
             have
             used
             to
             select
             out
             of
             their
             Council
             ,
             two
             or
             three
             ,
             or
             four
             at
             most
             ,
             to
             whom
             only
             they
             did
             impart
             their
             affairs
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Emperor
             Augustus
             had
             Maecenas
             and
             
               Agrippa
               ;
               Julius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             Q.
             Paedius
             and
             
               Cor.
               Balbus
            
             ,
             whom
             he
             only
             trusted
             with
             his
             Cipher
             and
             secrets
             ,
             being
             Counsellors
             of
             the
             Cabinet
             (
             as
             we
             now
             call
             them
             .
             )
          
           
             The
             alteration
             of
             old
             Laws
             ,
             or
             introduction
             of
             new
             ,
             are
             in
             all
             States
             very
             dangerous
             ,
             notwithstanding
             any
             appearance
             of
             profit
             or
             publick
             utility
             ,
             which
             moved
             wise
             Governours
             to
             decree
             ,
             that
             ancient
             Laws
             once
             established
             might
             never
             be
             called
             in
             question
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Athenians
             decreed
             that
             no
             Law
             should
             be
             propounded
             to
             the
             People
             without
             the
             consent
             of
             the
             Senate
             :
             the
             like
             use
             is
             observed
             in
             Venice
             ,
             where
             no
             Petition
             is
             preferred
             to
             the
             Senate
             but
             by
             advice
             of
             the
             Sages
             ;
             and
             among
             the
             Locrians
             the
             Custom
             
             was
             ,
             that
             whosoever
             presented
             any
             new
             Law
             to
             be
             confirmed
             ,
             should
             come
             with
             a
             Halter
             about
             his
             Neck
             ,
             and
             be
             therewith
             hanged
             if
             his
             request
             were
             rejected
             ;
             also
             Lycurgus
             to
             prevent
             the
             alteration
             of
             his
             Laws
             ,
             did
             swear
             the
             People
             of
             Sparta
             to
             observe
             them
             untilhis
             return
             ,
             and
             thereupon
             retired
             himself
             into
             voluntary
             exile
             ,
             with
             intent
             never
             to
             return
             .
          
           
             When
             necessity
             or
             good
             reason
             moves
             Innovation
             or
             Abolition
             of
             Laws
             ,
             a
             course
             more
             secure
             it
             is
             to
             do
             it
             rather
             by
             degrees
             than
             suddenly
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Romans
             finding
             the
             Laws
             of
             the
             twelve
             Tables
             unprofitable
             ,
             suffered
             them
             to
             be
             observed
             or
             neglected
             at
             discretion
             ,
             but
             would
             not
             publickly
             suppress
             them
             for
             fear
             of
             calling
             other
             Laws
             into
             contempt
             :
             so
             did
             they
             continue
             700
             years
             ,
             and
             were
             then
             cassed
             by
             Ebutius
             the
             Tribune
             .
             But
             Agis
             King
             of
             Lacedemon
             desirous
             to
             revive
             the
             Laws
             of
             Lycurgus
             ,
             long
             discontinued
             ,
             enforced
             all
             Men
             to
             bring
             in
             their
             evidence
             and
             writings
             to
             be
             cancelled
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             a
             new
             partition
             of
             Lands
             and
             Goods
             might
             be
             made
             ;
             which
             suddain
             
             and
             violent
             proceeding
             proved
             so
             fatal
             ,
             that
             it
             moved
             a
             dangerous
             sedition
             ,
             wherein
             he
             was
             disposed
             and
             with
             his
             Mother
             and
             Friends
             put
             to
             death
             ;
             which
             Example
             haply
             moved
             the
             Venetians
             not
             to
             attempt
             any
             thing
             against
             the
             Authority
             of
             
               Augustino
               Barberino
            
             their
             Duke
             :
             but
             after
             his
             death
             ,
             and
             before
             the
             Election
             of
             Lovedono
             ,
             the
             Signiory
             publisht
             new
             Ordinances
             detractive
             from
             the
             Ducal
             Authority
             .
          
           
             Whose
             hath
             won
             to
             himself
             so
             great
             Love
             and
             Affection
             ,
             as
             thereby
             to
             become
             master
             of
             the
             forces
             ,
             and
             at
             his
             pleasure
             commands
             the
             Subjects
             apt
             for
             Arms
             ,
             may
             also
             without
             right
             or
             title
             assure
             himself
             of
             the
             whole
             Estate
             .
             Example
             ,
             
               Hugh
               Capat
            
             a
             Subject
             to
             the
             Crown
             of
             France
             ,
             being
             greatly
             honoured
             by
             the
             Soldiers
             ,
             found
             means
             thereby
             to
             prevent
             
               Charles
               Duke
            
             of
             Lorrain
             of
             the
             Crown
             ,
             being
             right
             Heir
             by
             descent
             from
             Charlemain
             .
             And
             albeit
             the
             Families
             of
             the
             
               Paleologi
               ,
               Ebrami
            
             and
             Turcani
             be
             of
             the
             blood
             Royal
             and
             Right
             Heirs
             to
             the
             Turkish
             Empire
             ,
             when
             the
             Ottoman
             Line
             shall
             fail
             ;
             yet
             it
             is
             like
             that
             the
             chief
             Bassa
             having
             the
             love
             of
             the
             Janisaries
             
             will
             usurp
             the
             State
             ,
             because
             the
             Paleologi
             and
             other
             Competitors
             be
             far
             from
             the
             Turks
             person
             ,
             poor
             and
             without
             means
             to
             purchase
             the
             Soldiers
             favor
             .
          
           
             A
             Commander
             General
             in
             Arms
             ,
             ought
             upon
             pain
             of
             great
             punishment
             be
             enjoyned
             ,
             not
             to
             imploy
             or
             retain
             any
             forces
             longer
             than
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Commission
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Dictators
             of
             Rome
             were
             in
             this
             point
             so
             precise
             ,
             as
             never
             any
             of
             them
             dared
             to
             transgress
             the
             time
             prefixed
             ,
             till
             Caesar
             obtained
             that
             dignity
             should
             continue
             in
             him
             for
             life
             ;
             which
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             usurpation
             of
             the
             State.
             Also
             the
             Thebans
             commanded
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             General
             of
             their
             Army
             did
             hold
             his
             forces
             one
             day
             longer
             than
             the
             time
             prefixt
             ,
             he
             should
             thereby
             incur
             danger
             of
             death
             :
             which
             Justice
             was
             executed
             upon
             Epaminondas
             and
             Pelopidas
             .
          
           
             Banishment
             of
             great
             Lords
             ,
             or
             Citizens
             of
             great
             Reputation
             ,
             hath
             been
             in
             divers
             places
             diversly
             used
             :
             for
             in
             the
             one
             ,
             they
             were
             inforced
             only
             to
             absent
             themselves
             without
             further
             infliction
             ;
             in
             the
             other
             ,
             Banishment
             was
             accompanied
             with
             Confiscation
             ,
             a
             course
             of
             
             great
             danger
             .
             Example
             ,
             In
             
               Argos
               ,
               Athens
               ,
               Ephesus
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Cities
             of
             Greece
             ,
             the
             Citizens
             puissant
             in
             Friends
             ,
             Vertue
             or
             Riches
             ,
             were
             many
             times
             banish'd
             for
             Envy
             or
             Fear
             ,
             but
             never
             or
             very
             rarely
             forced
             to
             absent
             themselves
             longer
             than
             ten
             Years
             ;
             and
             that
             without
             loss
             of
             Goods
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             never
             any
             of
             them
             Warred
             against
             the
             Country
             :
             But
             Dion
             being
             banish'd
             Syracusa
             by
             
               Dionysius
               Junior
            
             ,
             and
             Coriolanus
             from
             Rome
             ,
             did
             make
             mighty
             Wars
             against
             their
             own
             Country
             .
             The
             like
             was
             done
             by
             the
             Medici
             in
             Florence
             .
          
           
             Honourable
             and
             Magnanimous
             Men
             were
             wont
             not
             only
             to
             enterprise
             great
             Acts
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             suffer
             patiently
             all
             Injuries
             which
             Foes
             or
             Fortune
             could
             expose
             them
             to
             :
             As
             resolved
             ,
             that
             no
             Calamity
             was
             so
             great
             as
             to
             make
             their
             Minds
             abject
             ,
             or
             to
             forget
             the
             Dignity
             appertaining
             to
             Persons
             vertuous
             :
             Example
             ,
             After
             the
             defeat
             of
             the
             Roman
             Army
             upon
             the
             River
             Allia
             ,
             the
             Galli
             persued
             the
             Victory
             even
             to
             Rome's
             Walls
             :
             Whither
             being
             come
             ,
             and
             finding
             the
             Gates
             open
             ,
             without
             any
             sign
             of
             Resistance
             they
             entred
             the
             Streets
             ,
             where
             
             all
             Honourable
             Palaces
             were
             also
             unshut
             ,
             which
             caused
             the
             Galli
             greatly
             to
             doubt
             .
             Nevertheless
             looking
             into
             the
             Houses
             ,
             they
             found
             in
             every
             of
             them
             a
             Senator
             set
             in
             a
             Chair
             of
             State
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             Hand
             a
             Rod
             of
             Ivory
             ;
             his
             Person
             was
             also
             vested
             with
             Robes
             of
             Dignity
             ,
             which
             Majestick
             spectacle
             did
             marvelously
             amate
             the
             Galli
             ,
             not
             having
             before
             that
             time
             seen
             any
             such
             Reverend
             Sight
             ;
             and
             therefore
             did
             not
             only
             refrain
             to
             offer
             Violence
             ,
             but
             highly
             admired
             the
             Roman
             Courage
             ,
             chiefly
             in
             that
             Fortune
             .
             Nevertheless
             at
             length
             a
             rude
             Gall
             hapned
             with
             his
             Hand
             to
             touch
             the
             white
             Beard
             of
             
               M.
               Papyrius
            
             ,
             whereat
             he
             taking
             great
             disdain
             struck
             him
             with
             his
             Rod
             ,
             in
             requital
             whereof
             the
             Barbarian
             slew
             Papyrius
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             example
             all
             the
             other
             Senators
             and
             persons
             of
             dignity
             were
             also
             slain
             .
          
           
             Albeit
             the
             knowledge
             and
             study
             of
             Letters
             be
             both
             commendable
             and
             necesssary
             in
             all
             well
             regulated
             States
             ;
             yet
             if
             under
             so
             honest
             pretence
             ,
             Idleness
             enter
             ,
             such
             Abuses
             most
             seasonably
             be
             foreseen
             and
             removed
             .
             Example
             ,
             When
             Deognis
             and
             Carneades
             ,
             two
             excellent
             Philosophers
             ,
             
             were
             sent
             Ambassadors
             from
             Athens
             to
             the
             Romans
             ,
             many
             of
             the
             Nobility
             that
             before
             disposed
             themselves
             to
             Arms
             ,
             allured
             with
             their
             Eloquence
             and
             marvelous
             Wisdom
             ,
             began
             with
             great
             Admiration
             to
             follow
             them
             :
             And
             in
             lieu
             of
             Arms
             ,
             turned
             their
             endeavours
             to
             the
             study
             of
             Letters
             ,
             which
             the
             wise
             Cato
             discerning
             ,
             procured
             the
             Senate
             to
             decree
             that
             (
             to
             eschew
             all
             Inconveniences
             which
             so
             honest
             Idleness
             might
             breed
             )
             no
             Philosophers
             should
             from
             thenceforth
             be
             received
             into
             Rome
             .
          
           
             The
             Honour
             due
             to
             Magistrates
             was
             anciently
             much
             regarded
             ,
             and
             contrariwise
             all
             irreverent
             and
             undutiful
             Behaviour
             with
             great
             Severity
             punish'd
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Censors
             of
             Rome
             degraded
             a
             Citizen
             only
             for
             having
             yawned
             loud
             in
             their
             Presence
             :
             And
             another
             called
             Vectius
             was
             slain
             in
             the
             Field
             ,
             for
             not
             doing
             due
             reverence
             to
             a
             Tribune
             when
             he
             past
             by
             him
             .
             It
             is
             also
             observed
             ,
             that
             the
             Son
             of
             
               Fab.
               Maximus
            
             when
             he
             was
             Censor
             ,
             meeting
             his
             Father
             on
             Horseback
             ,
             and
             seeing
             the
             Serjeans
             affraid
             to
             speak
             to
             him
             to
             dismount
             ,
             did
             himself
             Command
             him
             so
             to
             do
             ,
             which
             Command
             
             the
             Father
             cheerfully
             and
             willingly
             obeyed
             ,
             saying
             ,
             Domestick
             Power
             must
             give
             place
             to
             Publick
             Authority
             .
          
           
             Tyrannous
             Princes
             having
             incurred
             the
             universal
             Hate
             of
             People
             ,
             found
             no
             means
             so
             meet
             to
             preserve
             them
             from
             Popular
             Fury
             ,
             as
             to
             execute
             or
             deliver
             into
             their
             Hands
             their
             own
             chief
             Minions
             and
             intimate
             Counsellors
             .
             Example
             ,
             Tiberius
             delivered
             to
             the
             People
             his
             Fa
             vourite
             
               Seianus
               :
               Nero
               ,
               Tigellinus
               .
               Henry
            
             King
             of
             Swede
             committed
             to
             their
             Fury
             his
             best
             beloved
             Servant
             
               George
               Preston
               ;
               Caracalla
            
             caused
             all
             his
             Flatterers
             to
             be
             slain
             that
             had
             persuaded
             him
             to
             kill
             his
             Brother
             .
             The
             like
             was
             done
             by
             Caligula
             ,
             whereby
             he
             escaped
             himself
             .
          
           
             A
             Prince
             that
             rewards
             or
             pardons
             a
             Person
             that
             kills
             another
             Prince
             ,
             albeit
             by
             that
             means
             he
             is
             aspired
             to
             Soveraignty
             ,
             shall
             thereby
             both
             incur
             great
             Danger
             and
             Hate
             ,
             and
             encourage
             Men
             therein
             to
             attempt
             the
             like
             against
             himself
             .
             Therefore
             wise
             Princes
             have
             not
             only
             left
             such
             Services
             quite
             unrecompenced
             ,
             but
             also
             most
             severely
             punished
             
             them
             .
             Example
             ,
             The
             Emperor
             Sever●●
             put
             all
             those
             to
             death
             that
             consented
             to
             the
             Murder
             of
             Pertinax
             ;
             and
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             executed
             him
             that
             slew
             Darius
             ,
             as
             abhorring
             that
             Subject
             that
             would
             lay
             violent
             Hands
             on
             his
             Prince
             ,
             notwithstanding
             he
             were
             an
             Enemy
             .
             Likewise
             Uitellius
             put
             to
             death
             all
             the
             Murderers
             and
             Conspirators
             against
             Galba
             ;
             and
             Domitian
             Executed
             his
             Secretary
             Epaphroditus
             for
             the
             Murder
             of
             Nero
             ,
             although
             he
             instantly
             desired
             his
             aid
             .
          
           
             The
             vertuous
             and
             vitious
             Examples
             of
             Princes
             incite
             Subjects
             to
             imitate
             the
             same
             Qualities
             ;
             which
             Rule
             never
             or
             very
             rarely
             fails
             .
             Example
             ,
             Francis
             the
             First
             King
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             other
             Princes
             in
             divers
             Ages
             and
             Places
             ,
             had
             great
             esteem
             of
             Learned
             Men
             ;
             and
             forth
             with
             all
             the
             Princes
             ,
             Nobles
             ,
             Nobility
             and
             Clergy
             ,
             disposed
             themselves
             so
             earnestly
             to
             study
             ,
             as
             before
             that
             time
             had
             not
             been
             seen
             so
             many
             and
             so
             great
             a
             number
             of
             Learned
             Men
             ,
             as
             well
             in
             Tongues
             as
             Sciences
             .
             Contrariwise
             ,
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             ,
             otherwise
             a
             Prince
             of
             great
             Vertue
             ,
             by
             his
             immoderate
             use
             of
             Drinking
             ,
             did
             draw
             the
             greatest
             number
             of
             his
             
             Court
             and
             People
             also
             to
             delight
             in
             Drunkenness
             -
             The
             like
             effect
             followed
             the
             excessive
             Intemperance
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             King
             of
             Amasia
             .
          
           
             The
             last
             and
             not
             the
             least
             considerable
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             observe
             how
             great
             effects
             Devotion
             and
             Contempt
             of
             Human
             Glory
             worketh
             in
             the
             Minds
             not
             only
             of
             private
             Persons
             ,
             but
             of
             Kings
             and
             Princes
             also
             ,
             who
             have
             oft
             abandoned
             worldly
             Profit
             ,
             Honour
             and
             Pleasure
             ,
             to
             embrace
             the
             con
             templative
             retired
             Life
             .
             Example
             ,
             Ramirus
             King
             of
             
               Aragon
               ,
               Verecundus
            
             King
             of
             
               Spain
               ,
               Charlemain
            
             Son
             of
             
               Carolus
               Martellus
               ,
               Matilda
            
             Queen
             of
             
               France
               ,
               Amurath
            
             King
             of
             Turbay
             ,
             with
             many
             others
             .
             
               Imperio
               Maximus
               ,
               exemplo
               Major
            
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Books
           Printed
           for
           ,
           and
           sold
           by
           
             Joseph
             Watts
          
           at
           the
           Angel
           in
           St.
           Paul's
           Church-yard
           ,
           viz.
           
        
         
           THE
           History
           of
           Ireland
           from
           the
           Conquest
           thereof
           by
           the
           English
           to
           this
           present
           Time
           ,
           in
           two
           Parts
           :
           By
           the
           Honourable
           
             Richard
             Cox
          
           ,
           
             Esq
          
           one
           of
           the
           present
           Judges
           for
           that
           Kingdom
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           The
           Right
           Honourable
           the
           Marquis
           of
           Carmarthen's
           State
           of
           his
           Case
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           His
           Answer
           to
           the
           Examination
           of
           the
           State
           of
           his
           Case
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           His
           Answer
           to
           Sir
           
             Robert
             Howard's
          
           Book
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           His
           Reply
           to
           some
           Libels
           lately
           Printed
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           Tryal
           of
           the
           Lord
           
             Russel
             .
             Folio
          
           .
        
         
           Character
           of
           a
           Popish
           Successor
           .
           Folio
           .
        
         
           The
           World's
           Mistake
           in
           
             Oliver
             Cromwel
          
           :
           By
           
             Sl.
             Bethel
          
           ,
           
             Esq
          
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           Satyr
           against
           Hypocrites
           .
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           No
           Protestant
           Plot
           ,
           1st
           .
           2d
           .
           and
           3d.
           Parts
           .
           Quarto
           .
        
         
         
           Diarry
           of
           His
           Majesty's
           Expedition
           into
           
             England
             .
             Quarto
          
           .
        
         
           Hunton's
           Treatise
           of
           Monarchy
           ,
           in
           two
           Parts
           .
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           The
           Earl
           of
           Rochester's
           Funeral
           Sermon
           .
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           The
           Present
           Settlement
           Vindicated
           ,
           and
           the
           late
           Mis-government
           proved
           .
           Quarto
           .
        
         
           Rushworth's
           Historical
           Collections
           from
           1618.
           to
           1629.
           
        
         
           James's
           Corruption
           of
           Popish
           Father's
           Counsels
           ,
           
             &c.
             Octavo
          
           .
        
         
           The
           True
           Nature
           of
           the
           Divine
           Law
           ,
           
             &c.
             Octavo
          
           .
        
         
           Reformed
           Devotions
           ,
           in
           Meditations
           ,
           Hymns
           and
           Petitions
           ,
           for
           every
           Day
           in
           the
           Week
           .
           Twelves
           .
        
         
           The
           Excellent
           Woman
           described
           by
           her
           true
           Characters
           ,
           and
           their
           Opposites
           .
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           An
           Earnest
           Invitation
           to
           the
           Sacrament
           :
           By
           Dr.
           
             Glanvill
             .
             Twelves
          
           .
        
         
           At
           which
           Place
           may
           be
           had
           Acts
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           Proclamations
           ,
           Declarations
           ,
           Orders
           of
           King
           and
           Council
           ,
           Speeches
           in
           Parliament
           ;
           Choice
           Pamphlets
           ,
           both
           Ancient
           and
           New
           ;
           Tryals
           ,
           Narratives
           and
           Gazzetts
           .
        
         
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A57355-e1080
           
             *
             Commissions
             determine
             in
             presence
             of
             him
             that
             granted
             them
             .
          
           
             *
             So
             Henry
             the
             Fourth
             of
             France
             by
             putting
             his
             Courtiers
             to
             Board-wages
             was
             said
             to
             make
             Money
             with
             his
             Teeth
             .
          
           
             *
             The
             Author
             of
             the
             Epistle
             Dedicatory
             to
             the
             Dutchess
             of
             Suffolk
             ,
             prefix'd
             to
             Mr.
             Latimer's
             Sermons
             ,
             saith
             ,
             that
             Lawyers
             covetousness
             hath
             almost
             devoured
             England
             .
          
           
             Discipline
             .
          
           
             Tam
             bene
             quam
             male
             facta
             praemunt
             .
             Mart.