An historical narration concerning heresie and the punishment thereof by Thomas Hobbes.
         Hobbes, Thomas, 1588-1679.
      
       
         
           1680
        
      
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             An historical narration concerning heresie and the punishment thereof by Thomas Hobbes.
             Hobbes, Thomas, 1588-1679.
          
           3-18 p.
           
             [s.n.],
             London :
             1680.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in the Harvard University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Heresy -- History.
           Offenses against religion.
        
      
    
     
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           AN
           Historical
           Narration
           Concerning
           HERESIE
           ,
           And
           the
           Punishment
           thereof
           .
        
         
           BY
           THOMAS
           HOBBES
           OF
           MALMSBVRY
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           in
           the
           Year
           1680.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           AN
           HISTORICAL
           NARRATION
           Concerning
           HERESIE
           ,
           And
           the
           PUNISHMENT
           thereof
           .
        
         
           THe
           word
           
             Heresie
          
           is
           Greek
           ,
           and
           signifies
           a
           taking
           of
           any
           thing
           ,
           and
           particularly
           the
           taking
           of
           an
           Opinion
           .
           After
           the
           study
           of
           Philosophy
           begun
           in
           
             Greece
             ,
          
           and
           the
           Philosophers
           disagreeing
           amongst
           themselves
           ,
           had
           started
           many
           Questions
           ,
           not
           onely
           about
           things
           Natural
           ,
           but
           also
           Moral
           and
           Civil
           ;
           because
           every
           man
           took
           what
           Opinion
           he
           pleased
           ,
           each
           several
           Opinion
           was
           called
           a
           
             Heresie
          
           ;
           which
           signified
           no
           more
           than
           a
           private
           Opinion
           ,
           without
           reference
           to
           truth
           or
           falshood
           .
           The
           beginners
           of
           these
           Heresies
           were
           chiefly
           
             Pythagoras
             ,
             Epicurus
             ,
             Zeno
             ,
             Plato
             ,
          
           and
           
             Aristotle
          
           ;
           men
           who
           as
           they
           held
           many
           Errours
           ,
           so
           also
           found
           they
           out
           many
           true
           and
           useful
           Doctrines
           ,
           in
           all
           kinds
           of
           Learning
           :
           and
           for
           that
           cause
           were
           well
           esteemed
           of
           by
           the
           greatest
           Personages
           of
           their
           own
           times
           ;
           and
           so
           also
           were
           some
           few
           of
           their
           Followers
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           rest
           ,
           ignorant
           men
           ,
           and
           very
           often
           needy
           Knaves
           ,
           having
           learned
           by
           heart
           the
           Tenets
           ,
           some
           of
           
             Pythagoras
             ,
          
           some
           of
           
             Epicurus
             ,
          
           some
           of
           
             Zeno
             ,
          
           some
           of
           
             Plato
             ,
          
           some
           of
           
             Aristotle
             ,
          
           and
           pretending
           to
           take
           after
           them
           ,
           made
           use
           thereof
           to
           get
           their
           Living
           by
           the
           teaching
           of
           Rich
           mens
           Children
           that
           happened
           to
           be
           in
           love
           with
           these
           famous
           Names
           .
           But
           by
           their
           ignorant
           Discourse
           ,
           sordid
           and
           ridiculous
           Manners
           ,
           they
           were
           generally
           despised
           ,
           of
           what
           Sect
           or
           Heresie
           soever
           they
           were
           ;
           whether
           they
           were
           
             Pythagoreans
             ,
          
           or
           
             Epicureans
             ,
          
           or
           
             Stoicks
          
           (
           who
           followed
           
             Zeno
          
           )
           or
           
             Academicks
          
           (
           Followers
           of
           
             Plato
          
           )
           
           or
           
             Peripateticks
          
           (
           Followers
           of
           
             Aristotle
             :
          
           )
           For
           these
           were
           the
           names
           of
           Heresies
           ,
           or
           (
           as
           the
           
             Latines
          
           call
           them
           )
           
             Sects
             ,
             à
             sequendo
             ,
          
           so
           much
           talkt
           of
           from
           after
           the
           time
           of
           
             Alexander
          
           till
           this
           present
           day
           ,
           and
           that
           have
           perpetually
           troubled
           or
           deceived
           the
           people
           with
           whom
           they
           lived
           ,
           and
           were
           never
           more
           numerous
           than
           in
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Church
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           Heresie
           of
           
             Aristotle
          
           was
           more
           predominant
           than
           any
           ,
           or
           perhaps
           than
           all
           the
           rest
           :
           nor
           was
           the
           name
           of
           Heresie
           then
           a
           disgrace
           ,
           nor
           the
           word
           Heretick
           at
           all
           in
           use
           ,
           though
           the
           several
           Sects
           ,
           especially
           the
           
             Epicureans
          
           and
           the
           
             Stoicks
             ,
          
           hated
           one
           another
           ;
           and
           the
           
             Stoicks
          
           being
           the
           fiercer
           men
           ,
           used
           to
           revile
           those
           that
           differed
           from
           them
           with
           the
           most
           despightful
           words
           they
           could
           invent
           .
        
         
           It
           cannot
           be
           doubted
           ,
           but
           that
           ,
           by
           the
           preaching
           of
           the
           Apostles
           and
           Disciples
           of
           Christ
           in
           
             Greece
          
           and
           other
           parts
           of
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ,
           full
           of
           these
           Philosophers
           ,
           many
           thousands
           of
           men
           were
           converted
           to
           the
           Christian
           Faith
           ,
           some
           really
           ,
           and
           some
           feignedly
           ,
           for
           factious
           ends
           ,
           or
           for
           need
           ;
           (
           for
           Christians
           lived
           then
           in
           common
           ,
           and
           were
           charitable
           :
           )
           and
           because
           most
           of
           these
           Philosophers
           had
           better
           skill
           in
           Disputing
           and
           Oratory
           than
           the
           Common
           people
           ,
           and
           thereby
           were
           better
           qualified
           both
           to
           defend
           and
           propagate
           the
           Gospel
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           doubt
           (
           I
           say
           )
           but
           most
           of
           the
           Pastors
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Church
           were
           for
           that
           reason
           chosen
           out
           of
           the
           number
           of
           these
           Philosophers
           ;
           who
           retaining
           still
           many
           Doctrines
           which
           they
           had
           taken
           up
           on
           the
           authority
           of
           their
           former
           Masters
           ,
           whom
           they
           had
           in
           reverence
           ,
           endeavoured
           many
           of
           them
           to
           draw
           the
           Scriptures
           every
           one
           to
           his
           own
           Heresie
           .
           And
           thus
           at
           first
           entred
           Heresie
           into
           the
           Church
           of
           Christ.
           Yet
           these
           men
           were
           all
           of
           them
           Christians
           ,
           as
           they
           were
           when
           they
           were
           first
           baptized
           :
           Nor
           did
           they
           deny
           the
           Authority
           of
           those
           Writings
           which
           were
           left
           them
           by
           the
           Apostles
           and
           Evangelists
           ,
           but
           interpreted
           them
           many
           times
           with
           a
           bias
           to
           their
           former
           Philosophy
           .
           And
           this
           Dissention
           amongst
           themselves
           ,
           was
           a
           great
           scandal
           to
           the
           Unbelievers
           ,
           and
           which
           not
           onely
           obstructed
           the
           way
           of
           the
           Gospel
           ,
           but
           also
           drew
           scorn
           and
           greater
           persecution
           upon
           the
           Church
           .
        
         
           For
           remedy
           whereof
           ,
           the
           chief
           Pastors
           of
           Churches
           did
           use
           ,
           at
           the
           rising
           of
           any
           new
           Opinion
           ,
           to
           assemble
           themselves
           
           for
           the
           examining
           and
           determining
           of
           the
           same
           ;
           wherein
           ,
           if
           the
           Author
           of
           the
           Opinion
           were
           convinced
           of
           his
           Errour
           ,
           and
           subscribed
           to
           the
           Sentence
           of
           the
           Church
           assembled
           ,
           then
           all
           was
           well
           again
           :
           but
           if
           he
           still
           persisted
           in
           it
           ,
           they
           laid
           him
           aside
           ,
           and
           considered
           him
           but
           as
           an
           Heathen
           man
           ;
           which
           ,
           to
           an
           unfeigned
           Christian
           ,
           was
           a
           great
           ignominy
           ,
           and
           of
           force
           to
           make
           him
           consider
           better
           of
           his
           own
           Doctrine
           ;
           and
           sometimes
           brought
           him
           to
           the
           acknowledgment
           of
           the
           Truth
           .
           But
           other
           punishment
           they
           could
           inflict
           none
           ,
           that
           being
           a
           right
           appropriated
           to
           the
           Civil
           Power
           .
           So
           that
           all
           the
           punishment
           the
           Church
           could
           inflict
           ,
           was
           onely
           Ignominy
           ;
           and
           that
           among
           the
           faithful
           ,
           consisting
           in
           this
           ,
           that
           his
           company
           was
           by
           all
           the
           Godly
           avoided
           ,
           and
           he
           himself
           branded
           with
           the
           name
           of
           
             Heretick
          
           in
           opposition
           to
           the
           whole
           Church
           ,
           that
           condemned
           his
           Doctrine
           .
           So
           that
           
             Catholick
          
           and
           
             Heretick
          
           were
           terms
           relative
           ;
           and
           here
           it
           was
           that
           Heretick
           became
           to
           be
           a
           Name
           ,
           and
           a
           name
           of
           disgrace
           ,
           both
           together
           .
        
         
           The
           first
           and
           most
           troublesome
           Heresies
           in
           the
           Primitive
           Church
           ,
           were
           about
           the
           Trinity
           .
           For
           (
           according
           to
           the
           usual
           curiosity
           of
           Natural
           Philosophers
           )
           they
           could
           not
           abstain
           from
           disputing
           the
           very
           first
           Principles
           of
           Christianity
           ,
           into
           which
           they
           were
           baptized
           ,
           
             In
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Father
             ,
             the
             Son
             ,
             and
             the
             Holy
             Ghost
             .
          
           Some
           there
           were
           that
           made
           them
           allegorical
           .
           Others
           would
           make
           one
           Creator
           of
           Good
           ,
           and
           another
           of
           Evil
           ;
           which
           was
           in
           effect
           to
           set
           up
           two
           Gods
           ,
           one
           contrary
           to
           another
           ;
           supposing
           that
           causation
           of
           evil
           could
           not
           be
           attributed
           to
           God
           ,
           without
           Impiety
           .
           From
           which
           Doctrine
           they
           are
           not
           far
           distant
           ,
           that
           now
           make
           the
           first
           cause
           of
           sinful
           actions
           to
           be
           every
           man
           as
           to
           his
           own
           sin
           .
           Others
           there
           were
           that
           would
           have
           God
           to
           be
           a
           body
           with
           parts
           organical
           ,
           as
           Face
           ,
           Hands
           ,
           Fore-parts
           and
           Back-parts
           .
           Others
           ,
           that
           Christ
           had
           no
           real
           body
           ,
           but
           was
           a
           meer
           Phantasm
           :
           (
           for
           Phantasms
           were
           taken
           then
           ,
           and
           have
           been
           ever
           since
           ,
           by
           unlearned
           and
           superstitious
           men
           ,
           for
           things
           real
           and
           subsistent
           )
           .
           Others
           denied
           the
           Divinity
           of
           Christ.
           Others
           ,
           that
           Christ
           being
           God
           and
           Man
           ,
           was
           two
           Persons
           .
           Others
           confest
           he
           was
           one
           Person
           ,
           and
           withal
           that
           he
           had
           but
           one
           Nature
           .
           And
           a
           great
           many
           other
           Heresies
           arose
           from
           the
           too
           much
           adherence
           to
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           those
           times
           ,
           whereof
           
           some
           were
           supprest
           for
           a
           time
           by
           St.
           
           John's
           publishing
           his
           Gospel
           ,
           and
           some
           by
           their
           own
           unreasonableness
           vanished
           ,
           and
           some
           lasted
           till
           the
           time
           of
           
             Constantine
          
           the
           Great
           ,
           and
           after
           .
        
         
           When
           
             Constantine
          
           the
           Great
           (
           made
           so
           by
           the
           assistance
           and
           valour
           of
           the
           Christian
           Souldiers
           )
           had
           attained
           to
           be
           the
           onely
           
             Roman
          
           Emperour
           ,
           he
           also
           himself
           became
           a
           Christian
           ,
           and
           caused
           the
           Temples
           of
           the
           Heathen
           gods
           to
           be
           demolished
           ,
           and
           authorized
           Christian
           Religion
           onely
           to
           be
           publick
           .
           But
           in
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           his
           time
           ,
           there
           arose
           a
           Dispute
           in
           the
           City
           of
           
             Alexandria
             ,
          
           between
           
             Alexander
          
           the
           Bishop
           and
           
             Arius
          
           a
           Presbyter
           of
           the
           same
           City
           ;
           wherein
           
             Arius
          
           maintained
           ,
           first
           ,
           That
           Christ
           was
           inferiour
           to
           his
           Father
           ;
           and
           afterwards
           ,
           That
           he
           was
           no
           God
           ,
           alleadging
           the
           words
           of
           Christ
           ,
           
             My
             Father
             is
             greater
             than
             I.
          
           The
           Bishop
           on
           the
           contrary
           alleadging
           the
           words
           of
           St.
           
             John
             ,
             And
             the
             Word
             was
             God
          
           ;
           and
           the
           words
           of
           St.
           
             Thomas
             ,
             My
             Lord
             and
             my
             God.
          
           This
           Controversie
           presently
           amongst
           the
           Inhabitants
           and
           Souldiers
           of
           
             Alexandria
          
           became
           a
           Quarrel
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           cause
           of
           much
           Bloudshed
           in
           and
           about
           the
           City
           ;
           and
           was
           likely
           then
           to
           spread
           further
           ,
           as
           afterwards
           it
           did
           .
           This
           so
           far
           concerned
           the
           Emperours
           Civil
           Government
           ,
           that
           he
           thought
           it
           necessary
           to
           call
           a
           General
           Council
           of
           all
           the
           Bishops
           and
           other
           eminent
           Divines
           throughout
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Empire
           ,
           to
           meet
           at
           the
           City
           of
           
             Nice
             .
          
           When
           they
           were
           assembled
           ,
           they
           presented
           the
           Emperour
           with
           Libels
           of
           Accusation
           one
           against
           another
           .
           When
           he
           had
           received
           these
           Libels
           into
           his
           hands
           ,
           he
           made
           an
           Oration
           to
           the
           Fathers
           assembled
           ,
           exhorting
           them
           to
           agree
           ,
           and
           to
           fall
           in
           hand
           with
           the
           settlement
           of
           the
           Articles
           of
           Faith
           ,
           for
           which
           cause
           he
           had
           assembled
           them
           ,
           saying
           ,
           Whatsoever
           they
           should
           decree
           therein
           ,
           he
           would
           cause
           to
           be
           observed
           .
           This
           may
           perhaps
           seem
           a
           greater
           indifferency
           than
           would
           in
           these
           days
           be
           approved
           of
           .
           But
           so
           it
           is
           in
           the
           History
           ;
           and
           the
           Articles
           of
           Faith
           necessary
           to
           Salvation
           ,
           were
           not
           thought
           then
           to
           be
           so
           many
           as
           afterwards
           they
           were
           defined
           to
           be
           by
           the
           Church
           of
           
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           When
           
             Constantine
          
           had
           ended
           his
           Oration
           ,
           he
           caused
           the
           aforesaid
           Libels
           to
           be
           cast
           into
           the
           fire
           ,
           as
           became
           a
           wise
           King
           and
           a
           charitable
           Christian.
           This
           done
           ,
           the
           Fathers
           fell
           in
           
           hand
           with
           their
           business
           ,
           and
           following
           the
           method
           of
           a
           former
           Creed
           ,
           called
           now
           
             The
             Apostles
             Creed
             ,
          
           made
           a
           Confession
           of
           Faith
           ,
           
             viz.
             I
             believe
             in
             one
             God
             ,
             the
             Father
             Almighty
             ,
             maker
             of
             Heaven
             and
             Earth
             ,
             and
             of
             all
             things
             visible
             and
             invisible
             ,
          
           (
           in
           which
           is
           condemned
           the
           Polytheism
           of
           the
           Gentiles
           .
           )
           
             And
             in
             one
             Lord
             Iesus
             Christ
             the
             onely
             begotten
             Son
             of
             God
             ,
          
           (
           against
           the
           many
           sons
           of
           the
           many
           gods
           of
           the
           Heathen
           .
           )
           
             Begotten
             of
             his
             Father
             before
             all
             worlds
             ,
             God
             of
             God
             ,
          
           (
           against
           the
           
             Arians
             )
             Uery
             God
             of
             very
             God
             ,
          
           (
           against
           the
           
             Valentinians
             ,
          
           and
           against
           the
           Heresie
           of
           
             Apelles
             ,
          
           and
           others
           ,
           who
           made
           Christ
           a
           meer
           Phantasm
           .
           )
           
             Light
             of
             Light
             ,
          
           [
           This
           was
           put
           in
           for
           explication
           ,
           and
           used
           before
           to
           that
           purpose
           ,
           by
           
             Tertullian
             .
          
           ]
           
             Begotten
             ,
             not
             made
             ,
             being
             of
             one
             substance
             with
             the
             Father
             .
          
           In
           this
           again
           they
           condemn
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             Arius
             :
          
           for
           this
           word
           
             Of
             one
             substance
             ,
          
           in
           Latine
           
             Consubstantialis
             ,
          
           but
           in
           Greek
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           
             Of
             one
             Essence
             ,
          
           was
           put
           as
           a
           Touchstone
           to
           discern
           an
           
             Arian
          
           from
           a
           
             Catholick
             :
          
           And
           much
           ado
           there
           was
           about
           it
           .
           
             Constantine
          
           himself
           ,
           at
           the
           passing
           of
           this
           Creed
           ,
           took
           notice
           of
           it
           for
           a
           hard
           word
           ;
           but
           yet
           approved
           of
           it
           ,
           saying
           ,
           That
           in
           a
           divine
           Mystery
           it
           was
           fit
           to
           use
           
             divina
             &
             arcana
             Verba
          
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           divine
           words
           ,
           and
           hidden
           from
           humane
           understanding
           ;
           calling
           that
           word
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           divine
           ,
           not
           because
           it
           was
           in
           the
           divine
           Scripture
           ,
           (
           for
           it
           is
           not
           there
           )
           but
           because
           it
           was
           to
           him
           
             Arcanum
             ,
          
           that
           is
           ,
           not
           sufficiently
           understood
           .
           And
           in
           this
           again
           appeared
           the
           indifferency
           of
           the
           Emperour
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           had
           for
           his
           end
           ,
           in
           the
           calling
           of
           the
           Synod
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           the
           Truth
           ,
           as
           the
           Uniformity
           of
           the
           Doctrine
           ,
           and
           peace
           of
           his
           People
           that
           depended
           on
           it
           .
           The
           cause
           of
           the
           obscurity
           of
           this
           word
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           proceeded
           chiefly
           from
           the
           difference
           between
           the
           Greek
           and
           Roman
           Dialect
           ,
           in
           the
           Philosophy
           of
           the
           
             Peripateticks
             .
          
           The
           first
           Principle
           of
           Religion
           in
           all
           Nations
           ,
           is
           ,
           
             That
             God
             is
             ,
          
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           God
           really
           is
           Something
           ,
           and
           not
           a
           meer
           fancy
           ;
           but
           that
           which
           is
           really
           something
           ,
           is
           considerable
           alone
           by
           it self
           ,
           as
           being
           
             somewhere
             .
          
           In
           which
           sence
           a
           man
           is
           a
           thing
           real
           :
           for
           I
           can
           consider
           him
           
             to
             be
             ,
          
           without
           considering
           any
           other
           thing
           
             to
             be
          
           besides
           him
           .
           And
           for
           the
           same
           reason
           ,
           the
           Earth
           ,
           the
           Air
           ,
           the
           Stars
           ,
           Heaven
           ,
           and
           their
           parts
           ,
           are
           all
           of
           them
           things
           real
           .
           And
           because
           whatsoever
           is
           real
           here
           ,
           or
           there
           ,
           or
           in
           
           any
           place
           ,
           has
           Dimensions
           ,
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           Magnitude
           ;
           and
           that
           which
           hath
           Magnitude
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           visible
           or
           invisible
           ,
           is
           called
           by
           all
           the
           Learned
           
             a
             Body
             ,
          
           if
           it
           be
           finite
           ;
           and
           
             Body
          
           or
           Corporeal
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           infinite
           :
           it
           followeth
           ,
           that
           all
           real
           things
           ,
           in
           that
           they
           are
           
             somewhere
             ,
          
           are
           Corporeal
           .
           On
           the
           contrary
           ,
           Essence
           ,
           Deity
           ,
           Humanity
           ,
           and
           such-like
           names
           ,
           signifie
           nothing
           that
           can
           be
           considered
           ,
           without
           first
           considering
           there
           is
           an
           
             Ens
             ,
          
           a
           God
           ,
           a
           Man
           ,
           
             &c.
             
          
           So
           also
           if
           there
           be
           any
           real
           thing
           that
           is
           
             white
          
           or
           
             black
             ,
             hot
          
           or
           
             cold
             ,
          
           the
           same
           may
           be
           considered
           by
           it self
           ;
           but
           whiteness
           ,
           blackness
           ,
           heat
           ,
           coldness
           ,
           cannot
           be
           considered
           ,
           unless
           it
           be
           first
           supposed
           that
           there
           is
           some
           real
           thing
           to
           which
           they
           are
           attributed
           .
           These
           real
           things
           are
           called
           by
           the
           Latine
           Philosophers
           ,
           
             Entia
             subjecta
             ,
             substantiae
          
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           Greek
           Philosophers
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           .
           The
           other
           ,
           which
           are
           Incorporeal
           ,
           are
           called
           by
           the
           Greek
           Philosophers
           ,
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ;
           but
           most
           of
           the
           Latine
           Philosophers
           use
           to
           convert
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           into
           
             substantia
             ,
          
           and
           so
           confound
           real
           and
           corpororeal
           things
           with
           incorporeal
           ;
           which
           is
           not
           well
           :
           for
           Essence
           and
           substance
           signifie
           divers
           things
           .
           And
           this
           mistake
           is
           received
           ,
           and
           continues
           still
           in
           these
           parts
           ,
           in
           all
           Disputes
           both
           of
           Philosophy
           and
           Divinity
           :
           for
           in
           truth
           
             Essentia
          
           signifies
           no
           more
           ,
           than
           if
           we
           should
           talk
           ridiculously
           of
           the
           Isness
           of
           the
           thing
           that
           Is.
           
             [
             By
             whom
             all
             things
             were
             made
             .
             ]
          
           This
           is
           proved
           out
           of
           St.
           
             John
             ,
             cap.
          
           1.
           
             vers
             .
          
           1
           ,
           2
           ,
           3.
           and
           
             Heb.
             cap.
          
           1.
           
             vers
             .
          
           3.
           and
           that
           again
           out
           of
           
             Gen.
          
           1.
           where
           God
           is
           said
           to
           create
           every
           thing
           by
           his
           sole
           Word
           ,
           as
           when
           he
           said
           ,
           
             Let
             there
             be
             Light
             ,
             and
             there
             was
             Light.
          
           And
           then
           ,
           that
           Christ
           was
           that
           Word
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           beginning
           with
           God
           ,
           may
           be
           gathered
           out
           of
           divers
           places
           of
           
             Moses
             ,
             David
             ,
          
           and
           other
           of
           the
           Prophets
           .
           Nor
           was
           it
           ever
           questioned
           amongst
           Christians
           (
           except
           by
           the
           
             Arians
          
           )
           but
           that
           Christ
           was
           God
           Eternal
           ,
           and
           his
           Incarnation
           eternally
           decreed
           .
           But
           the
           Fathers
           ,
           all
           that
           write
           Expositions
           on
           this
           Creed
           ,
           could
           not
           forbear
           to
           philosophize
           upon
           it
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           them
           out
           of
           the
           Principles
           of
           
             Aristotle
             :
          
           which
           are
           the
           same
           the
           School-men
           now
           use
           ;
           as
           may
           partly
           appear
           by
           this
           ,
           that
           many
           of
           them
           ,
           amongst
           their
           Treatises
           of
           Religion
           ,
           have
           affected
           to
           publish
           Logick
           and
           Physick
           Principles
           according
           to
           the
           sense
           of
           
             Aristotle
          
           ;
           as
           
             Athanasius
             ,
          
           and
           
             Damascene
             .
          
           
           And
           so
           some
           later
           Divines
           of
           Note
           ,
           as
           
             Zanchius
             ,
          
           still
           confounding
           the
           Concret
           with
           the
           Abstract
           ,
           
             Deus
          
           with
           
             Deitas
             ,
             Ens
          
           with
           
             Essentia
             ,
             Sapiens
          
           with
           
             Sapientia
             ,
             Aeternus
          
           with
           
             Aeternitas
             .
          
           If
           it
           be
           for
           exact
           and
           rigid
           Truth
           sake
           ,
           why
           do
           they
           not
           say
           also
           ,
           that
           Holiness
           is
           a
           Holy
           man
           ,
           Covetousness
           a
           Covetous
           man
           ,
           Hypocrisie
           an
           Hypocrite
           ,
           and
           Drunkenness
           a
           Drunkard
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           is
           an
           Error
           ?
           The
           Fathers
           agree
           that
           the
           Wisdome
           of
           God
           is
           the
           eternal
           Son
           of
           God
           ,
           by
           whom
           all
           things
           were
           made
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           was
           incarnate
           by
           the
           Holy
           Ghost
           ,
           if
           they
           meant
           it
           in
           the
           Abstract
           :
           For
           if
           
             Deitas
          
           abstracted
           be
           
             Deus
             ,
          
           we
           make
           two
           Gods
           of
           one
           .
           This
           was
           well
           understood
           by
           
             Damascene
             ,
          
           in
           his
           Treatise
           
             De
             Fide
             Orthodoxâ
             ,
          
           (
           which
           is
           an
           Exposition
           of
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Creed
           )
           where
           he
           denies
           absolutely
           that
           
             Deitas
          
           is
           
             Deus
             ,
          
           lest
           (
           seeing
           God
           was
           made
           man
           )
           it
           should
           follow
           ,
           the
           Deity
           was
           made
           man
           ;
           which
           is
           contrary
           to
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           all
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Fathers
           .
           The
           Attributes
           therefore
           of
           God
           in
           the
           Abstract
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           put
           for
           God
           ,
           are
           put
           
             Metonymically
          
           ;
           which
           is
           a
           common
           thing
           in
           Scripture
           ;
           for
           Example
           ,
           
             Prov.
          
           8.28
           .
           where
           it
           is
           said
           ,
           
             Before
             the
             mountains
             were
             settled
             ,
             before
             the
             Hills
             was
             I
             brought
             forth
          
           ;
           the
           Wisdome
           there
           spoken
           of
           being
           the
           Wisdome
           of
           God
           ,
           signifies
           the
           same
           with
           the
           wise
           God.
           This
           kinde
           of
           speaking
           is
           also
           ordinary
           in
           all
           Languages
           .
           This
           considered
           ,
           such
           abstracted
           words
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           used
           in
           Arguing
           ,
           and
           especially
           in
           the
           deducing
           the
           Articles
           of
           our
           Faith
           ;
           though
           in
           the
           Language
           of
           God's
           eternal
           Worship
           ,
           and
           in
           all
           Godly
           Discourses
           ,
           they
           cannot
           be
           avoided
           :
           and
           the
           Creed
           it self
           is
           less
           difficult
           to
           be
           assented
           to
           in
           its
           own
           words
           ,
           than
           in
           all
           such
           Expositions
           of
           the
           Fathers
           .
           
             Who
             for
             us
             men
             and
             our
             Salvation
             came
             down
             from
             Heaven
             ,
             and
             was
             incarnate
             by
             the
             Holy
             Ghost
             of
             the
             Uirgin
          
           Mary
           ,
           
             and
             was
             made
             Man.
          
           I
           have
           not
           read
           of
           any
           exception
           to
           this
           :
           For
           where
           
             Athanasius
          
           in
           his
           Creed
           says
           of
           the
           Son
           ,
           
             He
             was
             not
             made
             ,
             but
             begotten
             ,
          
           it
           is
           to
           be
           understood
           of
           the
           Son
           as
           he
           was
           God
           Eternal
           ;
           whereas
           here
           it
           is
           spoken
           of
           the
           Son
           as
           he
           is
           man.
           And
           of
           the
           Son
           also
           as
           he
           was
           man
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           said
           he
           was
           begotten
           of
           the
           Holy
           Ghost
           ;
           for
           a
           woman
           conceiveth
           
           not
           but
           of
           him
           that
           begetteth
           ;
           which
           is
           also
           confirmed
           ,
           
             Mat.
          
           1.20
           .
           
             That
             which
             is
             begotten
             in
             her
             (
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             )
             is
             of
             the
             Holy
             Ghost
             .
             And
             was
             also
             Crucified
             for
             us
             under
          
           Pontius
           Pilate
           :
           
             He
             suffered
             and
             was
             buried
             :
             And
             the
             third
             day
             he
             rose
             again
             according
             to
             the
             Scriptures
             ,
             and
             ascended
             into
             Heaven
             :
             and
             sitteth
             on
             the
             right
             hand
             of
             the
             Father
             ;
             And
             he
             shall
             come
             again
             with
             Glory
             to
             judge
             both
             the
             Quick
             and
             the
             Dead
             .
             Whose
             Kingdome
             shall
             have
             no
             end
             .
          
           [
           Of
           this
           part
           of
           the
           Creed
           I
           have
           not
           met
           with
           any
           doubt
           made
           by
           any
           Christian.
           ]
           Hither
           the
           Council
           of
           
             Nice
          
           proceeded
           in
           their
           general
           Confession
           of
           Faith
           ,
           and
           no
           further
           .
        
         
           This
           finished
           ,
           some
           of
           the
           Bishops
           present
           at
           the
           Council
           (
           seventeen
           or
           eighteen
           ,
           whereof
           
             Eusebius
          
           Bishop
           of
           
             Caesarea
          
           was
           one
           )
           not
           sufficiently
           satisfied
           ,
           refused
           to
           subscribe
           till
           this
           Doctrine
           of
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           should
           be
           better
           explained
           .
           Thereupon
           the
           Council
           Decreed
           ,
           that
           whosoever
           shall
           say
           that
           God
           hath
           parts
           ,
           shall
           be
           Anathematized
           ;
           to
           which
           the
           said
           Bishops
           subscribed
           .
           And
           
             Eusebius
          
           by
           Order
           of
           the
           Council
           wrote
           a
           Letter
           ,
           the
           Copies
           whereof
           were
           sent
           to
           every
           absent
           Bishop
           ,
           that
           being
           satisfied
           with
           the
           reason
           of
           their
           subscribing
           ,
           they
           also
           should
           subscribe
           .
           The
           reason
           they
           gave
           of
           their
           Subscription
           was
           this
           ,
           
             That
             they
             had
             now
             a
             form
             of
             words
             prescribed
             ,
             by
             which
             ,
             as
             a
             Rule
             ,
             they
             might
             guide
             themselves
             so
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             violate
             the
             Peace
             of
             the
             Church
             .
          
           By
           this
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           no
           man
           was
           an
           Heretick
           ,
           but
           he
           that
           in
           plain
           and
           direct
           words
           contradicted
           that
           Form
           by
           the
           Church
           prescribed
           ,
           and
           that
           no
           man
           could
           be
           made
           
             an
             Heretick
             by
             Consequence
             .
          
           And
           because
           the
           said
           Form
           was
           not
           put
           into
           the
           body
           of
           the
           Creed
           ,
           but
           directed
           only
           to
           the
           Bishops
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           reason
           to
           punish
           any
           Lay-person
           that
           should
           speak
           to
           the
           contrary
           .
        
         
           But
           what
           was
           the
           meaning
           of
           this
           Doctrine
           ,
           
             That
             God
             has
             no
             parts
             ?
          
           Was
           it
           made
           Heresie
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           God
           ,
           who
           is
           a
           real
           substance
           ,
           cannot
           be
           considered
           or
           spoken
           of
           as
           
             here
             ,
          
           or
           
             there
             ,
          
           or
           any
           where
           ,
           which
           are
           parts
           of
           places
           ?
           Or
           that
           there
           is
           any
           real
           thing
           without
           length
           every
           way
           ,
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           which
           hath
           no
           Magnitude
           at
           all
           ,
           finite
           nor
           infinite
           ?
           Or
           is
           there
           any
           whole
           substance
           ,
           whose
           two
           halves
           or
           three
           thirds
           are
           not
           the
           same
           with
           that
           whole
           ?
           Or
           did
           they
           mean
           to
           condemn
           the
           Argument
           of
           
             Tertullian
             ,
          
           by
           which
           he
           confuted
           
           
             Apelles
          
           and
           other
           Hereticks
           of
           his
           time
           ;
           namely
           ,
           
             Whatsoever
             was
             not
             Corporeal
             ,
             was
             nothing
             but
             Fantasm
             ,
             and
             not
             Corporeal
             ,
          
           for
           Heretical
           ?
           No
           certainly
           ,
           no
           Divines
           say
           that
           .
           They
           went
           to
           establish
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             One
             individual
             God
             in
             Trinity
          
           ;
           to
           abolish
           the
           diversity
           of
           species
           in
           God
           ,
           not
           the
           distinction
           of
           
             here
          
           and
           
             there
          
           in
           substance
           .
           When
           St.
           
             Paul
          
           asked
           the
           
             Corinthians
             ,
             Is
             Christ
             divided
             ?
          
           he
           did
           not
           think
           they
           thought
           him
           impossible
           to
           be
           considered
           as
           having
           hands
           and
           feet
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           might
           think
           him
           (
           according
           to
           the
           manner
           of
           the
           Gentiles
           )
           one
           of
           the
           Sons
           of
           God
           ,
           as
           
             Arius
          
           did
           ;
           but
           not
           the
           only
           begotten
           Son
           of
           God.
           And
           thus
           also
           it
           is
           expounded
           in
           the
           Creed
           of
           
             Athanasius
             ,
          
           who
           was
           present
           in
           that
           Council
           ,
           by
           these
           words
           ,
           
             Not
             confounding
             the
             Persons
             ,
             nor
             dividing
             the
             Substances
          
           ;
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           God
           is
           not
           divided
           into
           three
           Persons
           ,
           as
           man
           is
           divided
           into
           
             Peter
             ,
             James
             ,
          
           and
           
             John
          
           ;
           nor
           are
           the
           three
           persons
           one
           and
           the
           same
           person
           .
           But
           
             Aristotle
             ,
          
           and
           from
           him
           all
           the
           
             Greek
          
           Fathers
           ,
           and
           other
           Learned
           Men
           ,
           when
           they
           distinguish
           the
           general
           Latitude
           of
           a
           word
           ,
           they
           call
           it
           Division
           ;
           as
           when
           they
           divide
           
             Animal
          
           into
           Man
           and
           Beast
           ,
           they
           call
           these
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           
             Species
          
           ;
           and
           when
           they
           again
           divide
           the
           
             species
          
           Man
           ,
           into
           
             Peter
          
           and
           
             John
             ,
          
           they
           call
           these
           
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
             〈◊〉
          
           ,
           
             partes
             individuae
             .
          
           And
           by
           this
           confounding
           the
           division
           of
           the
           substance
           with
           the
           distinction
           of
           words
           ,
           divers
           men
           have
           been
           led
           into
           the
           Error
           of
           attributing
           to
           God
           a
           Name
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           the
           name
           of
           any
           substance
           at
           all
           ,
           
             viz.
             Incorporeal
             .
          
        
         
           By
           these
           words
           ,
           
             God
             has
             no
             parts
             ,
          
           thus
           explained
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           part
           of
           the
           
             Creed
          
           which
           was
           at
           that
           time
           agreed
           on
           ,
           many
           of
           those
           Heresies
           which
           were
           antecedent
           to
           that
           first
           General
           Council
           ,
           were
           condemned
           ;
           as
           that
           of
           
             Menes
             ,
          
           who
           appeared
           about
           thirty
           years
           before
           the
           Reign
           of
           
             Constantine
             ,
          
           by
           the
           first
           Article
           ,
           
             I
             believe
             in
             one
             God
          
           ;
           though
           in
           other
           words
           it
           seems
           to
           me
           to
           remain
           still
           in
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Church
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           which
           so
           ascribeth
           a
           Liberty
           of
           the
           Will
           to
           Men
           ,
           as
           that
           their
           Will
           and
           Purpose
           to
           commit
           sin
           ,
           should
           not
           proceed
           from
           the
           Cause
           of
           all
           things
           ,
           God
           ;
           but
           originally
           from
           themselves
           ,
           or
           from
           the
           Devil
           .
           It
           may
           seem
           perhaps
           to
           some
           ,
           that
           by
           the
           same
           words
           the
           
             Anthropomorphites
          
           also
           were
           then
           Condemned
           :
           And
           certainly
           ,
           if
           by
           Parts
           
           were
           meant
           not
           persons
           Individual
           ,
           but
           Pieces
           ,
           they
           were
           Condemned
           :
           for
           Face
           ,
           Arms
           ,
           Feet
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           are
           pieces
           .
           But
           this
           cannot
           be
           ,
           for
           the
           
             Anthropomorphites
          
           appeared
           not
           till
           the
           time
           of
           
             Valens
          
           the
           Emperour
           ,
           which
           was
           after
           the
           Council
           of
           
             Nice
          
           between
           fourty
           and
           fifty
           years
           ;
           and
           was
           not
           condemned
           till
           the
           second
           General
           Council
           at
           
             Constantinople
             .
          
        
         
           Now
           for
           the
           Punishment
           of
           Hereticks
           ordained
           by
           
             Constantine
             ,
          
           we
           read
           of
           none
           ;
           but
           that
           Ecclesiastical
           Officers
           ,
           Bishops
           and
           other
           Preachers
           ,
           if
           they
           refused
           to
           subscribe
           to
           this
           Faith
           ,
           or
           taught
           the
           contrary
           Doctrine
           ,
           were
           for
           the
           first
           Fault
           Deprived
           of
           their
           Offices
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           second
           Banished
           .
           And
           thus
           did
           Heresie
           ,
           which
           at
           first
           was
           the
           name
           of
           private
           Opinion
           ,
           and
           no
           Crime
           ,
           by
           vertue
           of
           a
           Law
           of
           the
           Emperour
           ,
           made
           only
           for
           the
           Peace
           of
           the
           Church
           ,
           become
           a
           Crime
           in
           a
           Pastor
           ,
           and
           punishable
           with
           Deprivation
           first
           ,
           and
           next
           with
           Banishment
           .
        
         
           After
           this
           part
           of
           the
           Creed
           was
           thus
           established
           ,
           there
           arose
           presently
           many
           new
           Heresies
           ,
           partly
           about
           the
           Interpretation
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           partly
           about
           the
           Holy
           Ghost
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Council
           had
           not
           determined
           .
           Concerning
           the
           part
           established
           ,
           there
           arose
           Disputes
           about
           the
           Nature
           of
           Christ
           ,
           and
           the
           word
           
             Hypostasis
             ,
             id
             est
             ,
          
           Substance
           ;
           for
           of
           Persons
           there
           was
           yet
           no
           mention
           made
           ,
           the
           Creed
           being
           written
           in
           
             Greek
             ,
          
           in
           which
           Language
           there
           is
           no
           word
           that
           answereth
           to
           the
           
             Latine
          
           word
           
             Persona
             .
          
           And
           the
           Union
           ,
           as
           the
           Fathers
           called
           it
           ,
           of
           the
           Humane
           and
           Divine
           Nature
           in
           Christ
           ,
           
             Hypostatical
             ,
          
           caused
           
             Eutyches
             ,
          
           and
           after
           him
           
             Dioscorus
             ,
          
           to
           affirm
           ,
           there
           was
           but
           one
           Nature
           in
           Christ
           ;
           thinking
           that
           whensoever
           two
           things
           are
           united
           ,
           they
           are
           one
           :
           and
           this
           was
           condemned
           as
           
             Arianism
          
           in
           the
           Councils
           of
           
             Constantinople
          
           and
           
             Ephesus
             .
          
           Others
           ,
           because
           they
           thought
           two
           living
           and
           rational
           Substances
           ,
           such
           as
           are
           God
           and
           Man
           ,
           must
           needs
           be
           also
           two
           
             Hypostases
             ,
          
           maintained
           that
           Christ
           had
           two
           
             Hypostases
             :
          
           But
           these
           were
           two
           Heresies
           condemned
           together
           .
           Then
           concerning
           the
           Holy
           Ghost
           ,
           
             Nestorius
          
           Bishop
           of
           
             Constantinople
             ,
          
           and
           some
           others
           ,
           denied
           the
           Divinity
           thereof
           .
           And
           whereas
           about
           seventy
           years
           before
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Council
           ,
           there
           had
           been
           holden
           a
           Provincial
           Council
           at
           
             Carthage
             ,
          
           wherein
           it
           was
           Decreed
           ,
           that
           those
           Christians
           which
           
           in
           the
           Persecutions
           had
           denied
           the
           Faith
           of
           Christ
           ,
           should
           not
           be
           received
           again
           into
           the
           Church
           ,
           unless
           they
           were
           again
           baptized
           :
           This
           also
           was
           condemned
           ,
           though
           the
           President
           in
           that
           Council
           were
           that
           most
           sincere
           and
           pious
           Christian
           ,
           
             Cyprian
             .
          
           But
           at
           last
           the
           Creed
           was
           made
           up
           entire
           as
           we
           have
           it
           ,
           in
           the
           
             Calcedonian
          
           Council
           ,
           by
           addition
           of
           these
           words
           ,
           
             And
             I
             believe
             in
             the
             Holy
             Ghost
             ,
             the
             Lord
             and
             Giver
             of
             Life
             ,
             who
             proceedeth
             from
             the
             Father
             and
             the
             Son.
             Who
             with
             the
             Father
             &
             the
             Son
             together
             is
             Worshipped
             and
             Glorified
             .
             Who
             spake
             by
             the
             Prophets
             .
             And
             I
             believe
             one
             Catholick
             &
             Apostolick
             Church
             .
             I
             acknowledge
             one
             Baptism
             for
             the
             Remission
             of
             Sins
             .
             And
             I
             look
             for
             the
             Resurrection
             of
             the
             Dead
             ,
             and
             the
             Life
             of
             the
             World
             to
             come
             .
          
           In
           this
           addition
           are
           condemned
           ,
           first
           the
           
             Nestorians
          
           and
           others
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           ,
           
             Who
             with
             the
             Father
             and
             the
             Son
             together
             is
             worshipped
             and
             glorified
             :
          
           And
           secondly
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Council
           of
           
             Carthage
             ,
          
           in
           these
           words
           ,
           
             I
             believe
             one
             Baptism
             for
             the
             Remission
             of
             Sins
             :
          
           For
           one
           Baptism
           is
           not
           there
           put
           as
           opposite
           to
           several
           sorts
           or
           manners
           of
           Baptism
           ,
           but
           to
           the
           iteration
           of
           it
           :
           St.
           
             Cyprian
          
           was
           a
           better
           Christian
           than
           to
           allow
           any
           Baptism
           that
           was
           not
           in
           the
           Name
           of
           the
           Father
           ,
           Son
           ,
           and
           Holy
           Ghost
           .
           In
           the
           General
           Confession
           of
           Faith
           contained
           in
           the
           Creed
           called
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Creed
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           mention
           of
           
             Hypostasis
             ,
          
           nor
           of
           Hypostatical
           Union
           ,
           nor
           of
           Corporeal
           ,
           nor
           of
           Incorporeal
           ,
           nor
           of
           Parts
           ;
           the
           understanding
           of
           which
           words
           being
           not
           required
           of
           the
           Vulgar
           ,
           but
           only
           of
           the
           Pastors
           ,
           whose
           disagreement
           else
           might
           trouble
           the
           Church
           ;
           nor
           were
           such
           Points
           necessary
           to
           Salvation
           ,
           but
           set
           abroach
           for
           ostentation
           of
           Learning
           ,
           or
           else
           to
           dazle
           men
           ,
           with
           design
           to
           lead
           them
           towards
           some
           ends
           of
           their
           own
           .
           The
           Changes
           of
           prevalence
           in
           the
           Empire
           between
           the
           
             Catholicks
          
           and
           the
           
             Arians
             ,
          
           and
           how
           the
           great
           
             Athanasius
             ,
          
           the
           most
           fierce
           of
           the
           
             Catholicks
             ,
          
           was
           banished
           by
           
             Constantine
             ,
          
           and
           afterwards
           restored
           ,
           and
           again
           banished
           ,
           I
           let
           pass
           ;
           only
           it
           is
           to
           be
           remembred
           ,
           that
           
             Athanasius
          
           composed
           his
           Creed
           then
           ,
           when
           (
           banished
           )
           he
           was
           in
           
             Rome
             ,
             Liberius
          
           being
           Pope
           ;
           by
           whom
           ,
           as
           is
           most
           likely
           ,
           the
           word
           
             Hypostasis
             ,
          
           as
           it
           was
           in
           
           Athanasius's
           Creed
           ,
           was
           disliked
           :
           For
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Church
           could
           never
           be
           brought
           to
           receive
           it
           ,
           but
           instead
           thereof
           used
           their
           own
           word
           
             Persona
             .
          
           But
           the
           first
           and
           last
           
           words
           of
           that
           
             Creed
          
           the
           Church
           of
           
             Rome
          
           refused
           not
           :
           for
           they
           make
           every
           Article
           ,
           not
           only
           those
           of
           the
           body
           of
           the
           
             Creed
             ,
          
           but
           all
           the
           Definitions
           of
           the
           
             Nicene
          
           Fathers
           to
           be
           such
           ,
           as
           a
           man
           cannot
           be
           saved
           ,
           unless
           he
           believe
           them
           all
           stedfastly
           ;
           though
           made
           only
           for
           Peace
           sake
           ,
           and
           to
           unite
           the
           mindes
           of
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           whose
           Disputes
           were
           like
           to
           trouble
           the
           Peace
           of
           the
           Empire
           .
           After
           these
           four
           first
           General
           Councils
           ,
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Church
           grew
           up
           apace
           ;
           and
           either
           by
           the
           negligence
           or
           weakness
           of
           the
           succeeding
           Emperours
           ,
           the
           Pope
           did
           what
           he
           pleased
           in
           Religion
           .
           There
           was
           no
           Doctrine
           which
           tended
           to
           the
           Power
           Ecclesiastical
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           Reverence
           of
           the
           Clergy
           ,
           the
           contradiction
           whereof
           was
           not
           by
           one
           Council
           or
           another
           made
           Heresie
           ,
           and
           punished
           arbitrarily
           by
           the
           Emperours
           with
           Banishment
           or
           Death
           .
           And
           at
           last
           Kings
           themselves
           ,
           and
           Commonwealths
           ,
           unless
           they
           purged
           their
           Dominions
           of
           Hereticks
           ,
           were
           Excommunicated
           ,
           Interdicted
           ,
           and
           their
           Subjects
           let
           loose
           upon
           them
           by
           the
           Pope
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           to
           an
           ingenuous
           and
           serious
           Christian
           ,
           there
           was
           nothing
           so
           dangerous
           as
           to
           enquire
           concerning
           his
           own
           Salvation
           ,
           of
           the
           Holy
           Scripture
           ;
           the
           careless
           cold
           Christian
           was
           safe
           ,
           and
           the
           skilful
           Hypocrite
           a
           Saint
           .
           But
           this
           is
           a
           Story
           so
           well
           known
           ,
           as
           I
           need
           not
           insist
           upon
           it
           any
           longer
           ,
           but
           proceed
           to
           the
           Hereticks
           here
           in
           
             England
             ,
          
           and
           what
           Punishments
           were
           ordained
           for
           them
           by
           Acts
           of
           Parliament
           .
           All
           this
           while
           the
           Penal
           Laws
           against
           Hereticks
           were
           such
           ,
           as
           the
           several
           Princes
           and
           States
           ,
           in
           their
           own
           Dominions
           ,
           thought
           fit
           to
           enact
           .
           The
           Edicts
           of
           the
           Emperours
           made
           their
           Punishments
           Capital
           ,
           but
           for
           the
           manner
           of
           the
           Execution
           ,
           left
           it
           to
           the
           Prefects
           of
           Provinces
           :
           and
           when
           other
           Kings
           and
           States
           intended
           (
           according
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Church
           )
           to
           extirpate
           Hereticks
           ,
           they
           ordained
           such
           Punishment
           as
           they
           pleased
           .
           And
           the
           first
           Law
           that
           was
           here
           made
           for
           the
           punishments
           of
           Hereticks
           called
           
             Lollards
             ,
          
           and
           mentioned
           in
           the
           Statutes
           ,
           was
           in
           the
           fifth
           year
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           
             Richard
          
           the
           Second
           ,
           occasioned
           by
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             John
             Wickliff
          
           and
           his
           Followers
           ;
           which
           
             Wickliff
             ,
          
           because
           no
           Law
           was
           yet
           ordained
           for
           his
           punishment
           in
           Parliament
           ,
           
           by
           the
           favour
           of
           
             John
          
           of
           
             Gaunt
             ,
          
           the
           Kings
           Son
           ,
           escaped
           .
           But
           in
           the
           fifth
           year
           of
           the
           next
           King
           ,
           which
           was
           
             Richard
          
           the
           Second
           ,
           there
           passed
           an
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           to
           this
           effect
           ;
           That
           Sheriffs
           and
           some
           others
           should
           have
           Commissions
           to
           apprehend
           such
           as
           were
           certified
           by
           the
           Prelates
           to
           be
           Preachers
           of
           Heresie
           ,
           their
           Fautors
           ,
           Maintainers
           and
           Abettors
           ,
           and
           to
           hold
           them
           in
           strong
           Prison
           ,
           till
           they
           should
           justifie
           themselves
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           Holy
           Church
           .
           So
           that
           hitherto
           there
           was
           no
           Law
           in
           
             England
             ,
          
           by
           which
           a
           Heretick
           could
           be
           put
           to
           Death
           ,
           or
           otherways
           punished
           ,
           than
           by
           imprisoning
           him
           till
           he
           was
           reconciled
           to
           the
           Church
           .
           After
           this
           ,
           in
           the
           next
           Kings
           Reign
           ,
           which
           was
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           Son
           of
           
             John
          
           of
           
             Gaunt
          
           by
           whom
           
             Wickliffe
          
           had
           been
           favoured
           ,
           and
           who
           in
           his
           aspiring
           to
           the
           Crown
           had
           needed
           the
           good
           Will
           of
           the
           Bishops
           ,
           was
           made
           a
           Law
           ,
           in
           the
           second
           Year
           of
           his
           Reign
           ,
           wherein
           it
           was
           Enacted
           ,
           That
           every
           Ordinary
           may
           convene
           before
           him
           ,
           and
           imprison
           any
           person
           suspected
           of
           Heresie
           ;
           and
           that
           an
           obstinate
           Heretick
           shall
           be
           burnt
           before
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           next
           King's
           Reign
           ,
           which
           was
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Fifth
           ,
           in
           his
           Second
           year
           ,
           was
           made
           an
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           wherein
           it
           is
           declared
           ,
           that
           the
           intent
           of
           Hereticks
           ,
           called
           
             Lollards
             ,
          
           was
           to
           subvert
           the
           Christian
           Faith
           ,
           the
           Law
           of
           God
           ,
           the
           Church
           and
           the
           Realm
           :
           And
           ,
           that
           an
           Heretick
           convict
           should
           forfeit
           all
           his
           Fee-simple
           Lands
           ,
           Goods
           and
           Chattels
           ,
           besides
           the
           Punishment
           of
           Burning
           .
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           Five
           and
           Twentieth
           Year
           of
           King
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Eighth
           ,
           it
           was
           Enacted
           ,
           That
           an
           Heretick
           convict
           shall
           abjure
           his
           Heresies
           ,
           and
           refusing
           so
           to
           do
           ,
           or
           relapsing
           ,
           shall
           be
           burnt
           in
           open
           place
           ,
           for
           example
           of
           others
           .
           This
           Act
           was
           made
           after
           the
           putting
           down
           of
           the
           Pope's
           Authority
           :
           and
           by
           this
           it
           appears
           ,
           that
           King
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Eighth
           intended
           no
           farther
           alteration
           in
           Religion
           ,
           than
           the
           recovering
           of
           his
           own
           Right
           Ecclesiastical
           .
           But
           in
           the
           first
           year
           of
           his
           Son
           King
           
             Edward
          
           the
           Sixth
           was
           made
           an
           Act
           ,
           by
           which
           were
           repealed
           not
           only
           this
           Act
           ,
           but
           also
           all
           former
           Acts
           concerning
           Doctrines
           ,
           or
           matters
           of
           Religion
           ;
           So
           that
           at
           this
           time
           there
           was
           no
           Law
           at
           all
           for
           the
           punishment
           of
           Hereticks
           .
        
         
         
           Again
           ,
           in
           the
           Parliament
           of
           the
           first
           and
           second
           Year
           of
           Queen
           
             Mary
             ,
          
           this
           Act
           of
           1
           
             Edw.
          
           6.
           was
           not
           repealed
           ,
           but
           made
           useless
           ,
           by
           reviving
           the
           Statute
           of
           25
           
             Henr.
          
           8.
           and
           freely
           put
           it
           in
           execution
           ;
           insomuch
           as
           it
           was
           Debated
           ,
           Whether
           or
           no
           they
           should
           proceed
           upon
           that
           Statute
           against
           the
           Lady
           
             Elizabeth
             ,
          
           the
           Queens
           Sister
           .
        
         
           The
           Lady
           
             Elizabeth
          
           not
           long
           after
           (
           by
           the
           Death
           of
           Queen
           
             Mary
          
           coming
           to
           the
           Crown
           )
           in
           the
           fifth
           Year
           of
           her
           Reign
           ,
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           repealed
           in
           the
           first
           place
           all
           the
           Laws
           Ecclesiastical
           of
           Queen
           
             Mary
             ,
          
           with
           all
           other
           former
           Laws
           concerning
           the
           punishments
           of
           Hereticks
           ,
           nor
           did
           she
           Enact
           any
           other
           Punishments
           in
           their
           place
           .
           In
           the
           second
           place
           it
           was
           Enacted
           ,
           That
           the
           Queen
           by
           her
           Letters
           Patents
           should
           give
           a
           Commission
           to
           the
           Bishops
           ,
           with
           certain
           other
           persons
           ,
           in
           her
           Majesties
           Name
           ,
           to
           execute
           the
           Power
           Ecclesiastical
           ;
           in
           which
           Commission
           the
           Commissioners
           were
           forbidden
           to
           adjudge
           any
           thing
           to
           be
           Heresie
           ,
           which
           was
           not
           declared
           to
           be
           Heresie
           by
           some
           of
           the
           first
           four
           General
           Councels
           :
           but
           there
           was
           no
           mention
           made
           of
           General
           Councels
           ,
           but
           onely
           in
           that
           branch
           of
           the
           Act
           which
           Authorized
           that
           Commission
           ,
           commonly
           called
           
             The
             High
             Commission
          
           ;
           nor
           was
           there
           in
           that
           Commission
           any
           thing
           concerning
           how
           Hereticks
           were
           to
           be
           punished
           ,
           but
           it
           was
           granted
           to
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           declare
           or
           not
           declare
           ,
           as
           they
           pleased
           ,
           to
           be
           Heresie
           or
           not
           Heresie
           ,
           any
           of
           those
           Doctrines
           which
           had
           been
           Condemned
           for
           Heresie
           in
           the
           first
           Four
           General
           Councels
           .
           So
           that
           during
           the
           time
           that
           the
           said
           High
           Commission
           was
           in
           being
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           Statute
           by
           which
           a
           Heretick
           could
           be
           punished
           otherways
           ,
           than
           by
           the
           ordinary
           Censures
           of
           the
           Church
           ;
           nor
           Doctrine
           accounted
           Heresie
           ,
           unless
           the
           Commissioners
           had
           actually
           declared
           and
           published
           ,
           That
           all
           that
           which
           was
           made
           Heresie
           by
           those
           Four
           Councels
           ,
           should
           be
           Heresie
           also
           now
           :
           but
           I
           never
           heard
           that
           any
           such
           Declaration
           was
           made
           either
           by
           Proclamation
           ,
           or
           by
           Recording
           it
           in
           Churches
           ,
           or
           by
           publick
           Printing
           ,
           as
           in
           penal
           Laws
           is
           necessary
           ;
           the
           breaches
           of
           it
           are
           excused
           by
           ignorance
           :
           besides
           ,
           if
           Heresie
           had
           been
           made
           Capital
           ,
           or
           otherwise
           civilly
           punishable
           ,
           either
           the
           Four
           General
           
           Councels
           themselves
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           the
           Points
           condemned
           in
           them
           ▪
           ought
           to
           have
           been
           Printed
           or
           put
           into
           Parish-Churches
           in
           English
           ,
           because
           without
           it
           ,
           no
           man
           could
           know
           how
           to
           beware
           of
           offending
           against
           them
           .
        
         
           Some
           man
           may
           perhaps
           ask
           ,
           whether
           no
           body
           were
           Condemned
           and
           burnt
           for
           Heresie
           ,
           during
           the
           time
           of
           the
           High
           Commission
           .
        
         
           I
           have
           heard
           there
           w●re
           :
           but
           they
           which
           approve
           such
           executions
           ,
           may
           peradventure
           know
           better
           grounds
           for
           them
           then
           I
           do
           ;
           but
           those
           grounds
           are
           very
           well
           worthy
           to
           be
           enquired
           after
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           in
           the
           seventeenth
           year
           of
           the
           Reign
           of
           King
           
             Charles
          
           the
           First
           ,
           shortly
           after
           that
           the
           
             Scots
          
           had
           Rebelliously
           put
           down
           the
           Episcopal
           Government
           in
           
             Scotland
             ,
          
           the
           Presbyterians
           of
           
             England
          
           endeavoured
           the
           same
           here
           .
           The
           King
           ,
           though
           he
           saw
           the
           Rebels
           ready
           to
           take
           the
           Field
           ,
           would
           not
           condescend
           to
           that
           ;
           but
           yet
           in
           hope
           to
           appease
           them
           ,
           was
           content
           to
           pass
           an
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           for
           the
           abolishing
           the
           High
           Commission
           .
           But
           though
           the
           High
           Commission
           were
           taken
           away
           ,
           yet
           the
           Parliament
           having
           other
           ends
           besides
           the
           setting
           up
           of
           the
           Presbyterate
           ,
           pursued
           the
           Rebellion
           ,
           and
           put
           down
           both
           Episcopacy
           and
           Monarchy
           ,
           erecting
           a
           power
           by
           them
           called
           
             The
             Common-wealth
          
           by
           others
           the
           
             Rump
             ,
          
           which
           men
           obeyed
           not
           out
           of
           Duty
           ,
           but
           for
           fear
           ,
           nor
           was
           there
           any
           humane
           Laws
           left
           in
           force
           to
           restrain
           any
           man
           from
           Preaching
           or
           Writing
           any
           Doctrine
           concerning
           Religion
           that
           he
           pleased
           ;
           and
           in
           this
           heat
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           it
           was
           impossible
           to
           disturb
           the
           Peace
           of
           the
           State
           ,
           which
           then
           was
           none
           .
        
         
           And
           in
           this
           time
           it
           was
           ,
           that
           a
           Book
           called
           
             Leviathan
             ,
          
           was
           written
           in
           defence
           of
           the
           Kings
           Power
           ,
           Temporal
           and
           Spiritual
           ,
           without
           any
           word
           against
           Episcopacy
           ,
           or
           against
           any
           Bishop
           ,
           or
           against
           the
           publick
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Church
           .
           It
           pleas'd
           God
           about
           Twelve
           years
           after
           the
           Usurpation
           of
           this
           
             Rump
             ,
          
           to
           Restore
           His
           most
           Gracious
           Majesty
           that
           now
           is
           ,
           to
           his
           Fathers
           Throne
           ,
           and
           presently
           His
           Majesty
           restored
           the
           Bishops
           ,
           and
           pardoned
           the
           Presbyterians
           ;
           but
           then
           both
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           accused
           in
           Parliament
           this
           Book
           of
           Heresie
           ,
           when
           neither
           the
           Bishops
           before
           the
           War
           had
           declared
           what
           was
           
           Heresie
           ,
           when
           if
           they
           had
           ,
           it
           had
           been
           made
           void
           by
           the
           putting
           down
           of
           the
           High
           Commission
           at
           the
           importunity
           of
           the
           Presbyterians
           :
           So
           fierce
           are
           men
           ,
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           in
           dispute
           ,
           where
           either
           their
           Learning
           or
           Power
           is
           debated
           ,
           that
           they
           never
           think
           of
           the
           Laws
           ,
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           they
           are
           offended
           ,
           they
           cry
           out
           ,
           
             Crucifige
          
           ;
           forgetting
           what
           St.
           
             Paul
          
           saith
           ,
           even
           in
           case
           of
           obstinate
           holding
           of
           an
           Errour
           ,
           2
           
             Tim.
          
           2.24
           ,
           25.
           
           
             The
             servant
             of
             the
             Lord
             must
             not
             strive
             ,
             but
             be
             gentle
             unto
             all
             men
             ,
             apt
             to
             teach
             ,
             patient
             ,
             in
             meekness
             instructing
             those
             that
             oppose
             ,
             if
             God
             peradventure
             may
             give
             them
             repentance
             ,
             to
             the
             acknowledging
             of
             the
             truth
             :
          
           Of
           which
           counsel
           ,
           such
           fierceness
           as
           hath
           appeared
           in
           the
           Disputation
           of
           Divines
           ,
           down
           from
           before
           the
           Council
           of
           
             Nice
          
           to
           this
           present
           time
           ,
           is
           a
           Violation
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .