Taxes no charge in a letter from a gentleman, to a person of quality, shewing the nature, use, and benefit of taxes in this kingdom, and compared with the impositions of foreign states : together with their improvement of trade in time of war.
         Defoe, Daniel, 1661?-1731.
      
       
         
           1690
        
      
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             Taxes no charge in a letter from a gentleman, to a person of quality, shewing the nature, use, and benefit of taxes in this kingdom, and compared with the impositions of foreign states : together with their improvement of trade in time of war.
             Defoe, Daniel, 1661?-1731.
          
           [8], 28 p.
           
             Printed for R. Chiswell ...,
             London :
             1690.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Duke University Library.
             Attributed to Daniel Defoe by the Kress Lib. Cat.
             Table of contents: p. [7]-[8]
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Taxation -- Early works to 1800.
           Taxation -- Great Britain.
        
      
    
     
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             Taxes
             no
             Charge
          
           :
           IN
           A
           LETTER
           from
           a
           GENTLEMAN
           ,
           TO
           A
           PERSON
           of
           QUALITY
           .
        
         
           SHEWING
        
         
           The
           Nature
           ▪
           Use
           ,
           and
           Benefit
           of
           TAXES
           in
           this
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           compared
           with
           the
           Impositions
           of
           Foreign
           States
           .
        
         
           Together
           with
           their
           Improvement
           of
           TRADE
           in
           Time
           of
           WAR
           .
        
         
           LICENS'D
           ,
           Nov.
           11.
           1689.
           
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             R.
             Chiswell
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Rose
           and
           Crown
           in
           St.
           
           Paul's
           Church-Yard
           .
           MDCXC
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           PREFACE
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           UPON
           the
           receipt
           of
           the
           following
           Letter
           concerning
           the
           nature
           of
           Taxes
           ,
           and
           levying
           of
           Mony
           upon
           the
           Subject
           ,
           I
           immediately
           resolv'd
           to
           commit
           it
           to
           the
           Press
           ;
           as
           conceiving
           that
           it
           might
           be
           instrumental
           towards
           the
           removal
           of
           that
           
             popular
             Argument
          
           ,
           which
           the
           Mal-contents
           of
           the
           Age
           are
           so
           industrious
           to
           instil
           into
           the
           Minds
           of
           the
           common
           sort
           ▪
           viz.
           That
           frequent
           Taxes
           are
           an
           ins●pportable
           grievance
           and
           oppression
           to
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           this
           by
           so
           much
           they
           the
           more
           successfully
           propagate
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           't
           is
           a
           received
           Opinion
           among
           the
           Populace
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           either
           for
           want
           of
           parts
           ,
           or
           not
           accu●●om'd
           to
           serious
           reflections
           ,
           have
           not
           throughly
           consider'd
           this
           Affair
           ;
           whence
           't
           is
           come
           to
           pass
           ,
           that
           this
           vulgar
           Error
           has
           obtained
           so
           general
           a
           consent
           and
           approbation
           ,
           that
           it
           needs
           not
           to
           be
           much
           inculcated
           .
           This
           the
           disaffected
           Party
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           are
           sufficiently
           sensible
           of
           ,
           and
           therefore
           are
           not
           unactive
           in
           the
           establishment
           of
           an
           untruth
           ,
           which
           has
           the
           advantage
           of
           making
           a
           deep
           impression
           upon
           such
           ,
           whose
           byass'd
           and
           prejudicate
           sentiments
           render
           them
           fit
           Objects
           of
           their
           design
           :
           
             Sed
             dato
             ,
             &
             non
             concesso
             ,
          
           allowing
           ,
           but
           not
           granting
           ,
           that
           Taxes
           were
           really
           a
           burthen
           to
           the
           Nation
           ;
           yet
           if
           it
           be
           true
           that
           
             è
             malis
             
             minimum
          
           ,
           of
           two
           evils
           ,
           the
           least
           is
           to
           be
           chosen
           .
           It
           will
           thence
           follow
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           better
           for
           the
           Kingdom
           to
           have
           purchas'd
           its
           redemption
           from
           Popery
           and
           
             Arbitrary
             Power
          
           ,
           though
           at
           the
           price
           of
           some
           part
           of
           the
           Estates
           and
           Fortunes
           of
           the
           Subject
           ;
           rather
           than
           to
           have
           lost
           all
           at
           one
           throw
           ,
           by
           a
           Tyrannical
           Invasion
           upon
           their
           
             Religion
             ,
             Laws
          
           ,
           and
           Liberties
           .
           I
           presume
           that
           even
           some
           of
           those
           busie
           Agents
           who
           sow
           these
           seeds
           of
           Discord
           and
           Division
           among
           us
           ,
           would
           have
           been
           content
           to
           have
           bought
           their
           safety
           almost
           at
           any
           rate
           ,
           whilest
           the
           Storm
           was
           imminent
           ;
           and
           now
           that
           't
           is
           happily
           blown
           over
           ,
           and
           nothing
           appears
           at
           present
           ,
           but
           a
           
             s●rene
             Skie
          
           ,
           and
           
             fair
             Weather
          
           :
           Why
           should
           they
           either
           endeavour
           a
           reduction
           both
           of
           themselves
           and
           others
           to
           their
           former
           danger
           ,
           to
           which
           their
           turbulent
           devices
           do
           immediately
           tend
           ;
           or
           strive
           to
           create
           unreasonable
           dissatisfactions
           against
           so
           just
           an
           expedient
           ,
           as
           each
           ones
           discharging
           a
           
             few
             pence
          
           for
           an
           ensurance
           of
           the
           publick
           Peace
           ,
           and
           quiet
           settlement
           of
           the
           Nation
           ?
        
         
           'T
           is
           surely
           very
           unaccountable
           ,
           that
           those
           Men
           ,
           who
           discovered
           so
           great
           an
           alacrity
           and
           forwardness
           in
           opposing
           of
           
             Popish
             Tyranny
          
           and
           
             Arbitrary
             Power
          
           ,
           should
           now
           endeavour
           to
           enslave
           us
           under
           the
           same
           uneasie
           Yoke
           ;
           but
           with
           this
           additional
           aggravation
           to
           our
           former
           servitude
           ,
           that
           whereas
           we
           were
           then
           allowed
           some
           ,
           we
           must
           now
           
             make
             Brick
             without
             Straw
          
           .
           This
           seems
           so
           wild
           a
           notion
           of
           Obedience
           (
           the
           result
           of
           the
           
             Passive
             Doctrine
          
           )
           and
           that
           the
           chief
           Wheel
           in
           that
           unaccountable
           Engine
           of
           absolute
           Sover●ignty
           ,
           as
           is
           destructive
           of
           all
           Government
           ;
           inasmuch
           as
           't
           is
           utterly
           irreconcileable
           with
           the
           preservation
           ,
           and
           com●●n
           interest
           of
           humane
           Society
           .
           But
           these
           murmuring
           ,
           seditious
           Spirits
           ,
           after
           shamefully
           retracting
           from
           their
           early
           officiousness
           ,
           in
           their
           encouragement
           of
           the
           late
           Expedition
           of
           the
           then
           Prince
           of
           Orange
           ,
           are
           not
           content
           with
           a
           compleat
           enjoyment
           of
           their
           Properties
           ,
           under
           the
           even
           steerage
           of
           this
           great
           and
           skilful
           Pilot
           ,
           who
           so
           justly
           manages
           the
           Helm
           of
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           invade
           the
           Rights
           of
           any
           Man
           ;
           nor
           yet
           to
           retain
           their
           particular
           sentiments
           within
           their
           own
           breasts
           ,
           but
           they
           must
           needs
           vent
           and
           divulge
           them
           to
           others
           ,
           by
           which
           t●ey
           become
           
           the
           publick
           Incendiaries
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
           But
           as
           I
           cannot
           enough
           admire
           both
           the
           folly
           and
           ingratitude
           of
           these
           Men
           ,
           who
           strive
           to
           disseminate
           so
           poysonous
           a
           Contagion
           ;
           so
           have
           I
           not
           room
           left
           for
           wonder
           and
           surprize
           ,
           to
           observe
           divers
           innocent
           well-meaning
           Persons
           so
           unwarily
           catch'd
           and
           infected
           by
           it
           ,
           when
           not
           many
           
             Months
             ago
          
           ,
           their
           
             Lives
             ,
             Religion
             ,
             Liberties
          
           ,
           all
           that
           was
           dear
           or
           acceptable
           unto
           them
           ,
           lay
           apparently
           at
           stake
           .
           For
           which
           ,
           I
           pray
           ,
           do
           they
           account
           the
           more
           advantagious
           ,
           whether
           their
           ●roperties
           to
           be
           infring'd
           ,
           their
           Religion
           violated
           ,
           their
           Laws
           subverted
           ,
           their
           Estates
           confiscated
           ,
           and
           they
           ,
           with
           their
           Wives
           ,
           Children
           ,
           and
           Relations
           ,
           to
           be
           expos'd
           to
           the
           
             Fiery
             Tryal
          
           ,
           or
           to
           be
           seasonably
           freed
           from
           these
           amazing
           terrours
           ,
           ready
           to
           overwhelm
           them
           in
           a
           full
           carrere
           ,
           when
           they
           received
           a
           signal
           and
           miraculous
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           a
           gracious
           deliverance
           ,
           and
           that
           as
           much
           above
           their
           hopes
           ,
           as
           it
           has
           since
           appeared
           to
           be
           beyond
           their
           desert
           ?
        
         
           What
           would
           not
           every
           
             honest
             Man
          
           ,
           or
           
             good
             Christian
          
           ,
           have
           given
           at
           that
           time
           to
           have
           had
           that
           security
           under
           his
           own
           Vine
           ,
           and
           under
           his
           own
           
             Fig
             tree
          
           ,
           the
           liberty
           of
           his
           Religion
           ,
           the
           full
           enjoyment
           of
           his
           Property
           ,
           and
           an
           equal
           and
           just
           administration
           of
           the
           Laws
           ,
           which
           he
           now
           enjoys
           under
           the
           benign
           influence
           and
           protection
           of
           the
           present
           Government
           ?
           And
           then
           with
           what
           face
           can
           he
           deny
           to
           contribute
           his
           respective
           share
           ,
           and
           proportion
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           the
           assuring
           of
           his
           own
           particular
           right
           ,
           but
           also
           that
           of
           the
           general
           interest
           ,
           together
           with
           what
           is
           infinitely
           preserable
           to
           either
           ,
           the
           Protestant
           Religion
           in
           the
           three
           Kingdoms
           .
        
         
           All
           this
           ,
           and
           much
           more
           ,
           which
           might
           be
           offered
           ,
           and
           insisted
           upon
           (
           were
           not
           prolixity
           improper
           in
           a
           Preface
           ,
           espe●ially
           to
           so
           small
           a
           Discourse
           ,
           as
           is
           that
           of
           the
           following
           Letter
           )
           seems
           exceeding
           reasonable
           upon
           the
           former
           Hypothesis
           ,
           if
           Taxes
           were
           really
           a
           burthen
           and
           oppression
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           which
           the
           following
           Sheets
           do
           abundantly
           evince
           that
           they
           are
           not
           ,
           by
           shewing
           that
           they
           are
           so
           far
           from
           being
           a
           diminution
           of
           ,
           that
           they
           really
           add
           to
           the
           Trade
           and
           Riches
           of
           a
           State.
           
        
         
         
           This
           the
           Auth●r
           has
           fully
           prov'd
           from
           the
           opulent
           condition
           of
           those
           Countries
           where
           Taxes
           are
           most
           numerous
           ,
           and
           after
           several
           copious
           
             parallel
             instances
          
           deriv'd
           from
           
             Foreign
             Monarchies
          
           and
           Rep●blicks
           ,
           shewing
           their
           great
           advancement
           by
           Tax●s
           ,
           and
           frequent
           levies
           upon
           the
           Subject
           ,
           he
           undertakes
           to
           demonstrate
           the
           practicableness
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           equal
           advantage
           of
           the
           same
           to
           these
           Kingdoms
           .
           This
           I
           thought
           to
           be
           of
           such
           seasonable
           and
           publick
           importance
           ,
           in
           reference
           to
           the
           present
           state
           of
           affairs
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           order
           to
           the
           rectifying
           the
           afore
           mention'd
           general
           prejudice
           and
           mistake
           ,
           as
           to
           silencing
           of
           all
           intemperate
           and
           unreasonable
           murmurers
           against
           the
           proceedings
           of
           the
           
             Grand
             Council
          
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           in
           the
           methods
           taken
           for
           a
           supply
           of
           the
           Naval
           and
           Land-forces
           ,
           that
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           usher
           it
           into
           publick
           view
           ,
           as
           considering
           that
           if
           these
           Men
           who
           most
           inveigh
           against
           Taxes
           ,
           could
           be
           brought
           to
           believe
           ,
           that
           they
           naturally
           tend
           to
           the
           advantage
           and
           interest
           of
           the
           State
           ,
           and
           do
           really
           conduce
           to
           the
           enriching
           and
           improvement
           of
           it
           ;
           they
           must
           needs
           cease
           from
           their
           Seditious
           clamours
           against
           ,
           and
           Satyrical
           reflections
           upon
           the
           Government
           in
           this
           respect
           ;
           and
           that
           this
           would
           not
           be
           the
           sole
           advantage
           which
           would
           accrew
           from
           the
           clearing
           up
           of
           this
           mistake
           ,
           but
           that
           all
           honest
           and
           
             good
             Men
          
           will
           joyn
           more
           cordially
           than
           ever
           in
           their
           unanimous
           and
           chearful
           contributions
           to
           its
           support
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           made
           sensible
           ,
           that
           not
           only
           the
           common
           duty
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           that
           indispensable
           Obligation
           of
           a
           perpetual
           gratitude
           which
           they
           owe
           to
           their
           Deliverer
           ,
           and
           the
           
             nat●ral
             instinct
          
           of
           self-preservation
           ought
           to
           quicken
           and
           excite
           them
           thereunto
           ;
           but
           besides
           all
           this
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           really
           gainers
           by
           this
           co●rse
           ,
           and
           consequently
           what
           they
           expend
           upon
           that
           account
           ,
           does
           after
           a
           due
           circulation
           retu●n
           to
           them
           with
           a
           considerable
           improvement
           and
           a●gmentation
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             THE
             manner
             and
             use
             of
             Taxes
             among
             the
             Ancient
             
               Romans
               .
               Page
            
             1
             ,
             2
          
           
             Numerous
             Taxes
             a
             great
             advantage
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             of
             Venice
             .
             p.
             3
          
           
             —
             And
             to
             the
             
               United
               Provinces
               .
               ibid.
            
             
          
           
             The
             contrary
             shewn
             to
             be
             a
             great
             occasion
             of
             Poverty
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             Empire
             and
             
               Spain
               .
               p.
            
             4
          
           
             Portugals
             exceeding
             them
             in
             Taxes
             ,
             an
             occasion
             of
             its
             greater
             riches
             ,
             than
             either
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             The
             present
             state
             of
             France
             represented
             as
             to
             this
             particular
             .
             p.
             4
             ,
             5
          
           
             
               The
               method
               of
               imposing
               Taxes
               in
            
             Germany
             ,
             Spa●n
             ,
             France
             ,
             Mo●covy
             ,
             Florence
             ,
             Swe●eland
             ,
             Poland
             ,
             Denmark
             
               and
               the
               Common-wealth
               of
            
             Venice
             ,
             
               compared
               with
               that
               of
            
             England
             ,
             &c.
             p.
             5
             ,
             6
             ,
             7
             ,
             8
             ,
             9
          
           
             The
             use
             and
             employment
             of
             Taxes
             in
             other
             Kingdoms
             shewn
             to
             be
             different
             from
             those
             in
             this
             .
             p.
             9
          
           
             Taxes
             prov'd
             no
             Charge
             ,
             but
             a
             Gain
             ,
             both
             to
             the
             Publick
             and
             Private
             Interest
             ,
             from
             Seven
             Particulars
             .
             p.
             10
          
           
             I.
             From
             the
             Persons
             who
             pay
             the
             greatest
             share
             of
             them
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             II.
             From
             their
             use
             and
             circulation
             .
             p.
             11
          
           
             III.
             From
             their
             improvement
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             therein
             a
             description
             of
             the
             nature
             of
             Trade
             .
             p.
             11
             ,
             12
          
           
             IV.
             Fro●
             the
             Poors
             being
             employ'd
             by
             them
             .
             p.
             13
             ,
             14
          
           
             V.
             From
             their
             making
             Men
             of
             no
             use
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             profitable
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             p.
             15
          
           
             VI.
             From
             the●
             us●fu●n●ss
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ,
             for
             the
             encouragement
             of
             T●ade
             and
             Manufactories
             within
             the
             Kingdom
             .
             p.
             16
          
           
             VII
             .
             From
             their
             dispersing
             as
             much
             Treasure
             in
             the
             Nation
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ,
             as
             T●ade
             d●es
             in
             Peace
             .
             p.
             16
             ,
             17
          
           
             
             
               A
               late
               Paper
               Confuted
               ,
               entitled
            
             [
             Proposals
             humbly
             ●ffered
             to
             the
             Consideration
             of
             this
             present
             Parliament
             ,
             &c.
             ]
             p.
             20
          
           
             Of
             Taxes
             uneasie
             t●
             the
             S●bject
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             1.
             
             Such
             as
             are
             levy'd
             by
             way
             of
             Fees
             in
             Offices
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             By
             Poll
             Mony.
             p.
             21
          
           
             3.
             
             Benevolence
             .
             p.
             22
          
           
             4.
             
             Such
             as
             are
             impos'd
             for
             liberty
             in
             Religion
             .
             p.
             23
          
           
             5.
             
             Monop●lies
             .
             p.
             23
          
           
             6.
             
             Alterati●n
             in
             the
             value
             of
             Mony.
             p.
             24
          
           
             7.
             
             Raising
             Mony
             from
             Travellers
             ,
             as
             in
             Holland
             ,
             &c.
             ibid.
             
          
           
             Of
             Taxes
             accounted
             most
             adviseable
             in
             other
             Kingdoms
             .
             p.
             25
          
           
             1.
             
             Excise
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             Impositions
             on
             the
             
               Jews
               .
               p.
            
             26
          
           
             3.
             
             On
             Play-houses
             ,
             
               &c.
               ibid.
            
             
          
           
             4.
             
             A
             Tax
             of
             labour
             upon
             such
             Malefactors
             as
             we
             punish
             with
             Death
             :
             The
             reasonableness
             of
             this
             ,
             and
             the
             severi●y
             and
             unprofitableness
             of
             our
             own
             Law
             ,
             in
             this
             respect
             .
             p.
             26
             ,
             27
             ,
             28
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Taxes
           no
           Charge
           :
           IN
           A
           LETTER
           from
           a
           GENTLEMAN
           ,
           TO
           A
           Person
           of
           QUALITY
           .
        
         
           
             
               
                 Worthy
                 Sir
                 ,
              
            
             
               PUrsuant
               to
               my
               Promise
               ,
               at
               our
               late
               Conference
               ,
               I
               here
               present
               you
               with
               a
               short
               Essay
               ,
               concerning
               Taxes
               ,
               which
               I
               su●mit
               to
               y●ur
               private
               Censure
               ,
               and
               sh●ll
               〈◊〉
               limit
               you
               from
               sending
               it
               to
               the
               Press
               ,
               if
               in
               your
               Op●●io●
               it
               may
               prove
               serviceable
               to
               the
               Publick
               .
            
             
               That
               T●i●ute
               ,
               or
               as
               we
               now
               ca●l
               it
               ,
               
                 Customs
                 ,
                 Taxes
              
               ,
               &
               ●
               .
               were
               Originally
               a
               Mark
               of
               Servitude
               ,
               is
               evidenc'd
               by
               the
               Interrogatory
               of
               an
               infa●ible
               
                 Author
                 ,
                 Of
                 whom
                 do
                 the
                 princes
                 of
                 t●e
                 earth
                 take
                 tribute
                 ?
              
            
             
               But
               as
               Government
               became
               more
               humane
               ,
               the
               Sav●ge
               Exaction
               upon
               Strangers
               was
               less
               rigid
               ,
               and
               the
               Romans
               ,
               who
               were
               then
               Masters
               of
               Civil
               Government
               in
               the
               World
               ,
               sound
               it
               conducing
               to
               the
               Establishment
               of
               that
               overgrown
               ,
               and
               prodig●ous
               Empire
               ,
               to
               mak●
               every
               part
               of
               t●eir
               〈◊〉
               easie
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               and
               that
               in
               point
               of
               Taxes
               they
               should
               be
               universally
               equal
               ;
               which
               seems
               to
               be
               confirmed
               by
               that
               of
               August●s
               ,
               when
               he
               ordered
               all
               the
               World
               to
               be
               Taxed
               ;
               wherein
               we
               〈◊〉
               no
               exemption
               of
               a
               〈◊〉
               above
               ot●e●s
               .
               They
               were
               indeed
               invested
               in
               divers
               〈◊〉
               pr●viledges
               ,
               but
               in
               〈…〉
               
               Taxes
               ,
               we
               find
               the
               Wisdom
               of
               that
               Empire
               to
               make
               a
               distinction
               from
               any
               that
               were
               under
               their
               Conquest
               and
               Government
               .
            
             
               In
               imitation
               of
               whose
               equal
               ,
               and
               prudent
               conduct
               ,
               all
               su●ceeding
               Governments
               have
               been
               guided
               in
               tempering
               of
               th●ir
               co●q●ests
               ,
               and
               not
               as
               in
               the
               first
               Ages
               ,
               making
               both
               Persons
               and
               Estates
               the
               〈◊〉
               of
               Victory
               .
               By
               this
               means
               ,
               
                 Civilities
                 ,
                 Laws
              
               ,
               and
               Christianity
               have
               been
               propagated
               in
               the
               World
               with
               that
               advantagiou●
               success
               ,
               to
               which
               they
               could
               never
               have
               attain'd
               ,
               if
               conquest
               had
               been
               pursued
               ,
               and
               employ'd
               as
               in
               former
               Ages
               ,
               in
               all
               the
               i●humane
               acts
               of
               Slavery
               ,
               Violence
               and
               Rapine
               .
            
             
               The
               Romans
               were
               the
               first
               we
               read
               of
               ,
               that
               regularly
               paid
               their
               Armies
               :
               before
               them
               ,
               the
               Barbarians
               might
               sometimes
               divide
               the
               Spoil
               of
               their
               Enemies
               ,
               and
               other
               savage
               ways
               they
               had
               ,
               to
               satisfie
               their
               Herds
               of
               Men
               ,
               but
               no
               exact
               payments
               were
               in
               use
               ,
               until
               the
               Romans
               ;
               and
               for
               the
               maintenance
               and
               encouragement
               of
               so
               good
               a
               Gov●rnment
               ,
               they
               imposed
               Taxes
               ,
               that
               so
               in
               intervals
               of
               Peace
               ,
               their
               Armies
               might
               not
               be
               exposed
               to
               the
               nec●ssi●y
               of
               committing
               the
               like
               ravage
               ,
               they
               did
               in
               times
               of
               War
               ,
               and
               publi●k
               Hostility
               .
            
             
               They
               soon
               became
               Artists
               in
               Taxing
               the
               People
               ,
               inventing
               ways
               to
               bring
               in
               Mony.
               That
               of
               
                 Augustus
                 Caesar
              
               ,
               in
               Taxing
               the
               whole
               Empire
               ,
               seemed
               to
               be
               in
               the
               manner
               of
               a
               Poll
               with
               us
               .
               There
               was
               also
               a
               Tribute
               imposed
               upon
               Passengers
               ,
               going
               from
               place
               to
               place
               ,
               and
               a
               custom
               levy'd
               upon
               Goods
               and
               Merchandize
               .
            
             
               They
               had
               also
               an
               Art
               of
               raising
               Mony
               ,
               from
               Aliens
               ,
               upon
               the
               account
               of
               being
               admitted
               to
               the
               priviledge
               of
               Romans
               ;
               and
               many
               other
               ways
               ,
               and
               devices
               they
               had
               to
               advance
               Mony
               ,
               which
               if
               duly
               considered
               ,
               was
               the
               chief
               ,
               if
               not
               only
               reason
               why
               they
               were
               so
               fam'd
               in
               the
               World
               for
               good
               Government
               ,
               because
               that
               they
               paid
               their
               Army
               ,
               and
               Ministers
               of
               State
               so
               well
               ,
               that
               they
               lay
               not
               under
               the
               temptation
               of
               Violence
               or
               Bribery
               .
            
             
               I
               shall
               here
               come
               to
               a
               close
               in
               relation
               to
               Tax●s
               ,
               and
               impositions
               ,
               under
               the
               Heathen
               Roman
               Emperours
               ;
               and
               only
               in
               order
               to
               the
               making
               good
               my
               position
               ,
               That
               Taxes
               are
               no
               Charge
               ,
               infer
               from
               this
               done
               by
               the
               Ro●ans
               ,
               that
               
               't
               was
               none
               in
               their
               days
               ,
               inasmuch
               as
               it
               kept
               the
               People
               from
               violence
               ,
               and
               ravage
               of
               the
               Soldiers
               ,
               and
               the
               worse
               Exactions
               and
               Corruptions
               of
               
                 Civil
                 Magistrates
              
               .
            
             
               We
               will
               now
               make
               an
               Enquiry
               into
               the
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               Impositions
               of
               
                 Christian
                 Princes
              
               ,
               and
               then
               compare
               them
               with
               those
               of
               these
               Kingdoms
               .
            
             
               First
               ,
               Then
               let
               us
               look
               into
               the
               Impositions
               of
               Common-wealths
               ,
               the
               greatest
               and
               most
               antient
               is
               Venice
               .
               No●e
               will
               say
               that
               they
               are
               a
               poor
               State
               ,
               though
               all
               must
               own
               that
               they
               lie
               under
               heavy
               Taxes
               ,
               insomuch
               that
               't
               is
               believed
               in
               those
               Countries
               ,
               that
               the
               C●ristians
               under
               the
               Turks
               are
               subject
               to
               less
               Impositions
               ,
               than
               such
               as
               live
               under
               the
               Venetians
               ,
               where
               besides
               great
               Customs
               upon
               all
               Merchandize
               ,
               they
               pay
               Excise
               for
               every
               bit
               of
               Bread
               and
               Meat
               ,
               nay
               for
               the
               very
               Salt
               they
               eat
               ;
               and
               after
               all
               thi●
               ,
               the
               poorest
               Labourer
               pays
               his
               Poll-mony
               :
               and
               yet
               where
               is
               there
               a
               Richer
               People
               ?
               and
               no
               Government
               ,
               either
               Christian
               or
               Heath●n
               in
               the
               known
               World
               of
               such
               Antiquity
               ,
               and
               without
               charge
               ,
               though
               pester'd
               with
               continual
               Wars
               ,
               at
               one
               time
               for
               the
               space
               of
               Seven
               Years
               ,
               had
               all
               the
               
                 Christian
                 Princes
              
               in
               Europe
               in
               a
               League
               ,
               and
               War
               against
               them
               ,
               except
               England
               .
            
             
               We
               will
               mention
               the
               next
               Commonwealth
               in
               P●wer
               and
               Riche●
               ,
               the
               
                 Vnited
                 Provinces
              
               :
               I
               need
               not
               particularize
               their
               Taxes
               ,
               few
               there
               are
               of
               our
               Kingdoms
               ,
               but
               know
               them
               ,
               and
               that
               they
               are
               so
               great
               ,
               that
               't
               is
               believed
               the
               poorest
               labouring
               Man
               in
               Holland
               adds
               to
               their
               
                 Intrado●
                 four
                 pounds
                 Sterling
              
               a
               Year
               ,
               so
               great
               is
               the
               Excise
               on
               every
               ●●ing
               they
               eat
               or
               drink
               :
               besides
               upon
               the
               occasion
               of
               any
               War
               ,
               it
               is
               usual
               to
               raise
               the
               
                 fortieth
                 peny
              
               upon
               th●i●
               whole
               Esta●●s
               ;
               yet
               these
               People
               vye
               with
               all
               Nations
               in
               matter
               of
               Trade
               and
               Riches
               ,
               and
               '
               ●is
               matter
               of
               Controversie
               which
               of
               the
               two
               ,
               whether
               they
               or
               Venice
               ,
               in
               proportion
               to
               their
               extents
               of
               Land
               ,
               are
               the
               Richer
               .
               T●ey
               of
               Holland
               out-do
               them
               in
               their
               Common
               People
               as
               to
               Wealth
               and
               Coin.
               Now
               then
               it
               must
               be
               allowed
               that
               Taxes
               there
               do
               no
               harm
               ,
               since
               the
               very
               Peas●nts
               (
               Bores
               t●ey
               call
               them
               )
               are
               so
               Rich
               ,
               as
               frequently
               to
               give
               a
               Tun
               of
               Gold
               ,
               which
               is
               
                 Ten
                 thousand
                 pounds
              
               of
               
                 our
                 Mony
              
               ,
               in
               
                 Portion
                 with
                 their
                 D●ug●ters
              
               .
            
             
             
               The
               naming
               of
               these
               Two
               Commonwealths
               may
               serve
               for
               all
               under
               that
               distinction
               .
               I
               shall
               now
               come
               to
               Taxes
               under
               Monarchs
               .
               To
               nominate
               some
               few
               ,
               as
               instances
               to
               supply
               the
               r●st
               ,
               〈◊〉
               begin
               with
               the
               Empire
               ,
               where
               Taxes
               are
               generally
               low
               ,
               and
               consequently
               the
               People
               poor
               :
               for
               it
               will
               be
               so
               (
               as
               I
               shall
               hereafter
               demonstrate
               )
               where-ever
               the
               Rich
               Gentry
               ,
               and
               others
               have
               nothing
               to
               fetch
               Mony
               out
               of
               their
               Coffers
               ,
               but
               their
               own
               expence
               ;
               by
               which
               the
               Commonalty
               can
               have
               little
               opportunity
               to
               i●prove
               themselves
               .
            
             
               Spain
               follows
               much
               the
               steps
               of
               the
               Empire
               in
               their
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               although
               there
               are
               numerous
               causes
               assigned
               for
               the
               poverty
               of
               that
               part
               particularly
               under
               the
               name
               of
               Spain
               ;
               yet
               that
               of
               their
               irregular
               and
               uncertain
               Taxes
               do
               powerfully
               contribute
               to
               the
               indigent
               State
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               ;
               for
               that
               the
               Country
               cannot
               be
               Planted
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               Armies
               living
               upon
               the
               Spoyl
               of
               it
               ,
               not
               having
               a
               Penny
               pay
               for
               Six
               Months
               together
               ;
               by
               which
               means
               the
               Country
               feels
               little
               difference
               from
               the
               Conquest
               of
               their
               Enemies
               ,
               and
               the
               Quartering
               their
               own
               Forces
               .
            
             
               Portugal
               is
               more
               craving
               in
               its
               Taxes
               ,
               Impositions
               being
               heavy
               on
               Importations
               which
               are
               of
               the
               worst
               sort
               ;
               yet
               better
               than
               none
               :
               and
               seeing
               it
               raises
               a
               considerable
               Reven●e
               ,
               their
               Army
               and
               Officers
               of
               State
               are
               well
               paid
               ,
               and
               their
               Country
               much
               richer
               ,
               and
               more
               populous
               than
               Spain
               ,
               that
               borders
               upon
               them
               .
            
             
               I
               shall
               put
               a
               period
               to
               that
               part
               of
               my
               Discourse
               referring
               to
               the
               Taxes
               of
               
                 Foreign
                 Princes
              
               ,
               with
               that
               of
               France
               ,
               which
               is
               rather
               the
               abhorrence
               ,
               than
               example
               of
               any
               
                 Christian
                 Prince
              
               ;
               his
               Tyrannical
               Impositions
               being
               grown
               to
               an
               unlimited
               exaction
               upon
               all
               Men
               ,
               both
               Sacred
               and
               Civil
               and
               yet
               so
               ,
               if
               the
               barbarity
               of
               the
               thing
               could
               have
               been
               separated
               from
               the
               effect
               ,
               those
               unbounded
               Taxes
               would
               not
               have
               impoverished
               the
               Country
               ;
               if
               the
               Mony
               had
               not
               been
               spent
               out
               of
               his
               own
               Dominions
               in
               Foreign
               Conquests
               ,
               which
               rarely
               prove
               benefi●ial
               to
               the
               Country
               th●t
               invades
               .
            
             
             
               If
               we
               consider
               France
               ,
               in
               the
               beginning
               of
               their
               Invasions
               on
               their
               Neighbours
               ,
               we
               shall
               find
               them
               no●
               so
               Rich
               as
               they
               were
               
                 Sev●n
                 years
              
               after
               ,
               notwithstanding
               that
               great
               part
               of
               their
               Taxes
               were
               sent
               out
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               to
               raise
               Men
               ,
               and
               more
               spent
               in
               paying
               the
               Army
               in
               the
               Enemies
               Country
               ,
               and
               buying
               of
               Towns.
               Now
               ,
               at
               first
               view
               this
               may
               seem
               strange
               and
               unaccountable
               ,
               That
               Impositions
               upon
               a
               People
               ,
               and
               a
               great
               part
               of
               them
               carried
               out
               of
               their
               Country
               ,
               should
               make
               them
               thrive
               :
               Yet
               ,
               notwithstanding
               this
               seeming
               Paradox
               ,
               '
               ●is
               a
               certain
               Truth
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               sequel
               of
               the
               Discourse
               will
               be
               fully
               evident
               :
               And
               ,
               that
               France
               might
               have
               managed
               a
               War
               with
               all
               Europe
               ,
               and
               not
               have
               begger'd
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               as
               now
               it
               is
               ,
               if
               they
               had
               not
               destroy'd
               it
               by
               their
               fierce
               persecution
               of
               the
               Hugonots
               ;
               for
               that
               has
               evidently
               been
               the
               Ruin
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               .
               Whereas
               had
               the
               
                 French
                 ●rotestants
              
               been
               encouraged
               and
               maintained
               in
               their
               Rights
               and
               Religion
               ,
               they
               would
               have
               been
               their
               best
               and
               most
               loyal
               men
               ,
               both
               in
               Peace
               and
               War
               ;
               for
               so
               they
               prov'd
               in
               the
               Minority
               of
               this
               King
               ,
               in
               the
               general
               defection
               of
               France
               ;
               and
               had
               they
               been
               now
               possest
               of
               their
               Religion
               and
               Rights
               in
               France
               ,
               it
               is
               to
               be
               fear'd
               ,
               we
               had
               not
               so
               easily
               commanded
               the
               Seas
               ,
               most
               of
               the
               
                 French
                 Seamen
              
               being
               of
               that
               Profession
               .
            
             
               We
               now
               come
               to
               compare
               the
               Taxes
               of
               these
               Kingdoms
               with
               those
               of
               Foreign
               Princes
               ;
               and
               to
               save
               multiplying
               of
               words
               ,
               will
               reduce
               all
               under
               two
               Heads
               :
               First
               ,
               the
               Laws
               ,
               and
               manner
               of
               imposing
               Taxes
               upon
               their
               Subjects
               ;
               and
               ,
               Secondly
               ,
               the
               quantum
               and
               duration
               of
               such
               Taxes
               .
            
             
               For
               the
               First
               ,
               the
               Laws
               and
               Manner
               of
               Imposing
               Taxes
               ;
               that
               is
               as
               different
               as
               the
               Climates
               which
               they
               are
               under
               .
               I
               shall
               not
               trouble
               my self
               ,
               or
               the
               Reader
               ,
               with
               naming
               of
               all
               the
               Kingdoms
               in
               Europe
               ,
               but
               shall
               only
               instance
               some
               of
               the
               most
               considerable
               :
               in
               order
               whereunto
               ,
               I
               shall
               begin
               with
               
                 Germany
                 ▪
              
               the
               Impositions
               of
               which
               Country
               may
               be
               brought
               under
               two
               Heads
               ;
               that
               of
               the
               Tenure
               and
               Obligation
               of
               the
               Princes
               ,
               Nobility
               ,
               and
               Free
               Cities
               ,
               to
               furnish
               a
               certain
               number
               of
               Men
               in
               the
               Wars
               against
               the
               Turk
               .
            
             
             
               The
               Second
               ,
               by
               levying
               Money
               in
               the
               Dyets
               ,
               neither
               of
               which
               ,
               if
               compared
               with
               those
               of
               England
               ,
               can
               be
               thought
               easie
               .
               That
               of
               furnishing
               Men
               ,
               is
               little
               better
               than
               tyrannical
               in
               the
               Lords
               and
               Nobles
               ,
               who
               arbitrarily
               force
               thei●
               Tenants
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               Neighbours
               to
               compleat
               their
               numbers
               ,
               without
               any
               relief
               in
               the
               greatest
               abuse
               ,
               having
               none
               to
               make
               complaint
               or
               application
               to
               ,
               to
               redress
               their
               Grievances
               and
               Violent
               Usage
               .
               Then
               ,
               for
               their
               ●yets
               ,
               they
               are
               so
               few
               for
               the
               Commonalty
               ,
               and
               so
               much
               influenc'd
               and
               overpower'd
               by
               the
               predominant
               Interest
               of
               their
               Grandees
               ,
               that
               the
               Impositions
               can
               hardly
               be
               laid
               with
               any
               ●qual
               or
               just
               regard
               to
               ,
               or
               right
               consideration
               of
               the
               Poor
               .
            
             
               Taxes
               in
               Spain
               are
               yet
               more
               arbitrarily
               imposed
               ,
               the
               People
               having
               no
               Vote
               there
               ,
               but
               all
               the
               Duties
               laid
               in
               effect
               by
               the
               King
               and
               his
               Council
               :
               In
               some
               Cases
               they
               will
               advise
               with
               the
               Nobility
               and
               other
               Communities
               ,
               but
               't
               is
               no
               more
               than
               meer
               Complement
               ,
               or
               matter
               of
               form
               :
               for
               whatsoever
               the
               King
               and
               Council
               enact
               ,
               that
               they
               must
               acquiesce
               and
               agree
               to
               ;
               and
               the
               truth
               is
               ,
               it
               appears
               so
               by
               their
               irregular
               ,
               vexatious
               ,
               and
               yet
               most
               unprofitable
               way
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               in
               which
               they
               are
               much
               short
               ,
               and
               in●eriour
               to
               any
               Government
               in
               Europe
               .
            
             
               France
               makes
               a
               fair
               shew
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               and
               yet
               makes
               a
               better
               market
               for
               the
               King
               :
               He
               imposes
               Duties
               un●er
               th●
               pretence
               of
               the
               Parliaments
               of
               each
               Province
               laying
               it
               on
               the
               People
               ;
               but
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               't
               is
               only
               the
               King's
               Word
               that
               makes
               the
               Ordinance
               of
               Parliament
               :
               Not
               as
               here
               in
               England
               ,
               where
               it
               comes
               last
               to
               the
               King
               ,
               for
               the
               Royal
               Assent
               :
               But
               there
               the
               King
               sends
               the
               Parliament
               word
               ,
               t●at
               he
               will
               have
               so
               much
               Money
               ;
               and
               all
               the
               favour
               that
               they
               can
               obtain
               from
               him
               ,
               is
               ,
               to
               place
               it
               on
               such
               Commoditi●s
               ,
               or
               way●
               ,
               as
               they
               think
               most
               expedient
               .
            
             
               And
               ,
               't
               is
               not
               unworthy
               observation
               to
               remark
               ,
               T●at
               these
               Parliaments
               of
               France
               are
               in
               eff●ct
               no
               more
               than
               
                 Courts
                 of
                 Iudicature
              
               ,
               in
               Matters
               of
               Right
               betwixt
               man
               and
               man
               ,
               hearing
               and
               judging
               Causes
               ,
               and
               their
               Places
               bought
               from
               t●e
               King
               ,
               not
               elected
               by
               the
               People
               .
               So
               that
               from
               such
               Parliaments
               nothing
               can
               be
               expected
               but
               the
               King
               's
               Dict●tes
               .
            
             
             
               The
               great
               Duke
               of
               Muscovia
               is
               above
               all
               tyrannical
               in
               his
               ●mpositions
               ,
               charging
               on
               the
               Subject
               what
               he
               pleases
               ;
               and
               yet
               which
               is
               more
               oppressive
               to
               his
               People
               ,
               forestalls
               the
               chief
               Commodities
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               or
               what
               comes
               from
               others
               ,
               and
               sets
               what
               price
               he
               thinks
               sit
               upon
               them
               ,
               by
               which
               he
               destroys
               his
               own
               Merchants
               and
               Dealers
               ;
               and
               ,
               where
               other
               Kings
               make
               themselves
               and
               their
               Subjects
               rich
               ,
               by
               raising
               Money
               on
               them
               ,
               he
               makes
               himself
               Poor
               ,
               and
               his
               Subjects
               miserable
               Slaves
               ,
               barring
               them
               all
               Industry
               ,
               by
               shutting
               them
               out
               from
               Trade
               ,
               and
               agreeably
               to
               such
               Oppressions
               ,
               his
               vast
               Dominions
               are
               thinly
               planted
               ,
               and
               poor
               to
               a
               Prodigy
               ;
               and
               had
               they
               the
               liberty
               of
               seeing
               other
               Countries
               ,
               he
               would
               yet
               have
               a
               smaller
               Stock
               of
               Inhabitants
               :
               but
               he
               keeps
               what
               he
               has
               ,
               by
               making
               it
               Death
               for
               all
               the
               Kindred
               of
               such
               as
               go
               out
               of
               his
               Dominions
               without
               his
               Licence
               and
               Permission
               .
            
             
               Next
               to
               him
               in
               Arbitrary
               Impositions
               ,
               is
               the
               Duke
               of
               Florence
               ,
               who
               is
               not
               bounded
               in
               his
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               likewise
               ingrosses
               several
               Trades
               ,
               and
               sets
               what
               price
               he
               pleases
               upon
               his
               own
               Commodities
               ;
               by
               which
               his
               Country
               would
               also
               be
               made
               Poor
               ,
               but
               that
               he
               has
               the
               opportunity
               of
               other
               Help
               ,
               which
               the
               great
               Duke
               of
               Muscovia
               is
               not
               assisted
               with
               ,
               
                 (
                 viz.
              
               )
               a
               Country
               placed
               in
               the
               Garden
               of
               the
               World
               ;
               and
               by
               his
               making
               Legorn
               a
               Free
               Port
               ,
               made
               it
               the
               Centre
               of
               Trade
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               got
               the
               start
               of
               all
               Princes
               in
               Europe
               .
            
             
               The
               Kingdom
               of
               Swedel●nd
               has
               many
               Advantages
               of
               raising
               Money
               from
               the
               Country
               ,
               rather
               than
               People
               ,
               and
               yet
               they
               are
               not
               exempt
               from
               Taxes
               ;
               all
               which
               contributes
               to
               the
               inriching
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               ,
               which
               has
               little
               of
               Arts
               or
               Trade
               to
               improve
               it
               ,
               only
               that
               which
               Nature
               produces
               :
               and
               She
               indeed
               has
               been
               liberal
               to
               that
               great
               Kingdom
               ,
               in
               Min●s
               of
               all
               sorts
               ,
               though
               least
               of
               Gold
               or
               Silver
               ,
               but
               abounds
               in
               
                 Copper
                 ,
                 Tin
                 ,
                 Iron
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               of
               all
               which
               ,
               the
               King
               has
               a
               tenth
               ,
               as
               also
               of
               Cattel
               and
               Corn
               ;
               he
               has
               likewise
               the
               vast
               demeans
               of
               Bishops
               and
               Church-Lands
               ,
               out
               of
               which
               he
               only
               allows
               a
               small
               Competency
               to
               his
               own
               Bishops
               ;
               and
               a●ter
               all
               this
               ,
               he
               has
               liberty
               ,
               by
               the
               Laws
               of
               the
               Land
               ,
               to
               raise
               Money
               on
               the
               Subject
               ,
               in
               case
               of
               War.
               
            
             
             
               The
               King
               of
               Poland
               is
               restrain'd
               ,
               and
               can
               do
               nothing
               but
               by
               the
               〈◊〉
               of
               the
               Dy●t
               ;
               yet
               has
               by
               that
               ,
               Power
               (
               upon
               occasion
               of
               sudden
               Straits
               and
               Emergencies
               in
               War
               )
               to
               raise
               Money
               upon
               the
               People
               by
               his
               own
               Comman
               ,
               without
               assembling
               the
               Dyet
               .
            
             
               Denmark
               has
               a
               Provision
               for
               its
               support
               above
               any
               Kingdom
               in
               Europe
               ,
               God
               Almighty
               having
               (
               as
               it
               were
               )
               out
               of
               a
               particular
               Providence
               ,
               supplied
               that
               Kingdom
               out
               of
               its
               own
               production
               ,
               seeing
               there
               is
               little
               in
               it
               either
               of
               Arts
               or
               Nature
               .
            
             
               The
               Toll
               of
               the
               Sound
               is
               a
               considerable
               Revenue
               to
               the
               Crown
               ,
               and
               ,
               as
               before
               mentio●'d
               ,
               such
               as
               no
               Prince
               in
               Europe
               has
               the
               like
               ,
               for
               that
               in
               all
               other
               Kingdoms
               ▪
               Taxes
               are
               raised
               on
               themselves
               ;
               but
               this
               of
               the
               Toll
               front
               Ships
               passing
               the
               Sound
               ,
               is
               from
               Strangers
               ,
               that
               only
               pass
               by
               his
               Country
               ,
               and
               cannot
               reimburse
               themselves
               there
               :
               Whereas
               Duties
               imposed
               on
               Foreigners
               ,
               that
               bring
               in
               their
               Commodities
               to
               another
               Country
               ,
               is
               no
               more
               than
               laying
               it
               on
               themselves
               ,
               only
               with
               〈◊〉
               diff●rence
               ,
               That
               they
               make
               Foreigners
               the
               first
               Collectors
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               The
               other
               Duties
               on
               Denmark
               are
               not
               considerable
               ;
               that
               on
               Ca●●el
               which
               they
               sell
               in
               Germany
               ,
               is
               of
               most
               value
               ;
               as
               their
               Intrado
               is
               not
               great
               ,
               so
               is
               their
               Country
               poor
               .
            
             
               I
               need
               not
               mention
               the
               manner
               of
               laying
               Taxes
               in
               Common-wealths
               ,
               't
               is
               alwaies
               with
               the
               Consent
               of
               the
               People
               ,
               who
               are
               too
               apt
               to
               censure
               their
               Representatives
               ,
               if
               they
               give
               not
               satisfaction
               to
               the
               popul●ce
               .
            
             
               And
               ,
               not
               withstanding
               that
               of
               Venice
               is
               A●istocratical
               ,
               yet
               have
               they
               such
               numbers
               in
               their
               Senate
               ,
               that
               no
               Tax
               can
               be
               laid
               ,
               but
               for
               the
               good
               of
               the
               Common-wealth
               ,
               there
               being
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               
                 two
                 thousan●
                 five
                 hundred
              
               Gentlemen
               of
               Venice
               ,
               which
               are
               all
               of
               the
               Senate
               ;
               and
               although
               many
               of
               them
               are
               engaged
               in
               the
               Wars
               ,
               and
               Foreign
               Employments
               ,
               yet
               there
               can
               never
               be
               less
               ,
               if
               but
               one
               quarter
               of
               them
               ,
               than
               our
               great
               Council
               the
               Parliament
               .
            
             
               Thus
               I
               have
               given
               but
               a
               succinct
               account
               of
               the
               nature
               a●d
               imposition
               of
               Taxes
               in
               Foreign
               K●ngdoms
               ,
               which
               now
               in
               as
               few
               words
               let
               us
               compare
               ou●s
               with
               ,
               and
               we
               shall
               see
               how
               happy
               a
               People
               we
               are
               above
               the
               best
               of
               our
               N●ighbour●
               .
            
             
             
               And
               first
               ,
               let
               us
               consider
               who
               it
               is
               that
               lay
               Impositions
               upon
               us
               ;
               'T
               is
               Men
               chose
               by
               our selves
               .
            
             
               The
               difference
               indeed
               is
               great
               in
               the
               modus
               of
               our
               Taxes
               ,
               from
               other
               Kingdoms
               ,
               and
               also
               in
               the
               use
               of
               them
               .
               For
               the
               Modus
               in
               other
               Kingdoms
               ,
               they
               generally
               consider
               only
               the
               Nobility
               and
               Gentry
               ,
               that
               Impositions
               may
               not
               touch
               or
               affect
               them
               ,
               and
               care
               not
               how
               insupportable
               or
               grievous
               they
               are
               to
               the
               Commonalty
               :
               But
               with
               us
               the
               Taxes
               reach
               every
               man
               in
               proportion
               to
               his
               Quality
               and
               Expence
               .
            
             
               In
               other
               Kingdoms
               they
               place
               Taxes
               only
               to
               raise
               Money
               ,
               and
               have
               no
               regard
               to
               the
               Trade
               of
               their
               Kingdom
               ,
               that
               so
               their
               Taxes
               may
               not
               prejudice
               their
               Commerce
               .
               But
               in
               England
               care
               is
               alwaies
               had
               ,
               that
               Impositions
               may
               not
               impede
               our
               Trade
               and
               Manufactories
               .
            
             
               Now
               ,
               as
               to
               the
               Use
               and
               Employment
               of
               Taxes
               in
               other
               Kingdoms
               ,
               they
               also
               differ
               much
               from
               ours
               .
            
             
               In
               some
               Kingdoms
               〈◊〉
               are
               imposed
               to
               enslave
               the
               People
               ,
               and
               keep
               them
               poor
               ,
               as
               in
               Muscovy
               ;
               in
               other
               parts
               Taxes
               are
               laid
               to
               enrich
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               as
               in
               Poland
               ;
               in
               others
               ,
               to
               fill
               the
               Coffers
               of
               the
               Prince
               ,
               as
               in
               Florence
               .
            
             
               Whereas
               none
               of
               these
               Uses
               take
               up
               our
               Taxes
               ;
               they
               are
               with
               great
               Care
               and
               Caution
               lain
               out
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               same
               Law
               that
               raises
               them
               ,
               appropriated
               for
               a
               particular
               service
               ,
               and
               last
               no
               longer
               upon
               the
               People
               ,
               than
               the
               necessity
               of
               the
               Nation
               requires
               ;
               for
               that
               we
               never
               have
               Money
               raised
               ,
               but
               for
               the
               defence
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ;
               tho'
               as
               I
               shall
               shew
               in
               the
               close
               of
               this
               Discourse
               ,
               't
               would
               re●
               dound
               to
               the
               advantage
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               if
               there
               were
               more
               Taxes
               raised
               ,
               and
               these
               assigned
               to
               publick
               Uses
               in
               Peace
               as
               well
               as
               War.
               
            
             
               I
               shall
               now
               come
               to
               the
               chief
               design
               of
               this
               Discourse
               ,
               which
               is
               ,
               to
               demonstrate
               ,
               That
               
                 Taxes
                 are
                 no
                 Charge
              
               either
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               in
               general
               ,
               or
               to
               particular
               Persons
               ;
               but
               on
               the
               contrary
               a
               Gain
               to
               all
               .
            
             
               But
               to
               render
               this
               matter
               the
               more
               plain
               and
               intelligible
               ,
               I
               shall
               proceed
               after
               the
               following
               method
               .
            
             
               
                 I.
                 Shew
                 who
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 pay
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Taxes
                 .
              
               
                 
                 II.
                 What
                 Use
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 these
                 Taxes
                 ;
                 and
                 how
                 they
                 circulate
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
              
               
                 III.
                 How
                 Trade
                 is
                 improved
                 by
                 Taxes
                 .
              
               
                 IV.
                 That
                 the
                 Poor
                 are
                 imployed
                 by
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 V.
                 That
                 a
                 Sett
                 of
                 Men
                 of
                 no
                 use
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 are
                 by
                 Taxes
                 made
                 profitable
                 in
                 the
                 Common-wealth
                 .
              
               
                 VI.
                 That
                 Taxes
                 ,
                 especially
                 when
                 Trade
                 is
                 stopped
                 by
                 War
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 only
                 Remedy
                 to
                 keep
                 the
                 Trading
                 and
                 
                   Mechanick
                   hands
                
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 employed
                 .
              
               
                 VII
                 .
                 That
                 Taxes
                 will
                 enrich
                 the
                 Nation
                 ,
                 and
                 disperse
                 in
                 it
                 as
                 much
                 Treasure
                 ,
                 when
                 there
                 is
                 no
                 
                   Foreign
                   Trade
                
                 ,
                 as
                 when
                 't
                 is
                 open
                 .
              
            
             
               To
               begin
               then
               with
               the
               
                 First
                 Head
                 ,
                 Who
                 it
                 is
                 that
                 pay
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Taxes
                 :
              
               They
               are
               the
               worst
               Members
               in
               the
               
                 Common-wealth
                 (
                 viz.
              
               )
               The
               Extravagant
               and
               Debauch'd
               .
               The
               greatest
               Duties
               are
               ,
               or
               should
               be
               laid
               upon
               Commodities
               for
               Pleasure
               and
               Sumptuousness
               ,
               as
               
                 Silks
                 ,
                 Gold
              
               and
               
                 Silver
                 Lace
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               Now
               these
               are
               wore
               in
               the
               greatest
               Excess
               ,
               by
               the
               Extravagant
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               both
               Men
               and
               Women
               .
               A
               D●b●shee
               shall
               spend
               more
               out
               of
               an
               Estate
               of
               a
               
                 Thousand
                 pounds
                 a
                 year
              
               ,
               than
               a
               regular
               man
               will
               from
               the
               annual
               Income
               of
               five
               times
               that
               proportion
               ;
               and
               a
               Miss
               lay
               out
               more
               on
               Clothes
               than
               a
               Countess
               :
               So
               in
               the
               Excess
               to
               indulge
               the
               Belly
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               providing
               for
               the
               Back
               .
               The
               vast
               consumption
               of
               Wines
               and
               strong
               Liquors
               ,
               is
               by
               this
               sort
               of
               Men
               ;
               nay
               ,
               the
               poorest
               Debauch
               ,
               that
               can
               rise
               no
               higher
               than
               to
               Beer
               and
               Tabaco
               ,
               pays
               ten
               times
               as
               much
               in
               the
               year
               ,
               in
               proportion
               to
               his
               Income
               ,
               as
               the
               greatest
               Peer
               .
               'T
               will
               hardly
               gain
               belief
               ,
               that
               there
               is
               many
               of
               the
               meaner
               People
               ,
               Labourers
               and
               Mechanicks
               ,
               that
               by
               their
               Expence
               ,
               when
               they
               are
               (
               as
               too
               many
               be
               )
               extravagant
               ,
               pay
               to
               the
               publick
               Taxes
               above
               one
               tenth
               of
               their
               daily
               profit
               :
               As
               ,
               supposing
               that
               a
               labouring
               man
               
               may
               earn
               
                 Sixte●n
                 pounds
                 a
                 year
              
               ,
               he
               will
               expend
               ,
               though
               not
               very
               extraordinarily
               profuse
               ,
               one
               half
               of
               it
               in
               Drink
               and
               Tabaco
               ,
               upon
               which
               ,
               the
               Duty
               of
               Customs
               and
               Excise
               is
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               two
               pounds
               of
               the
               eight
               ,
               which
               he
               lays
               out
               in
               idle
               Expences
               .
               Now
               ,
               it
               would
               be
               vehemently
               decried
               and
               exclaimed
               against
               ,
               as
               the
               greatest
               Oppression
               upon
               the
               Poor
               imaginable
               ,
               if
               by
               a
               Poll
               or
               Land-Tax
               ,
               this
               man
               ,
               that
               vertually
               pays
               
                 Forty
                 Shillings
              
               ,
               should
               actually
               ,
               and
               above-board
               ,
               pay
               so
               many
               pence
               by
               the
               year
               .
            
             
               Thus
               we
               see
               ▪
               that
               most
               of
               the
               Duties
               and
               Impositions
               on
               the
               Kingdom
               light
               upon
               such
               as
               do
               least
               good
               with
               their
               Substance
               ;
               and
               since
               they
               imprudently
               fling
               it
               away
               upon
               their
               Extravagancies
               :
               't
               is
               certainly
               a
               Benefit
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               that
               there
               are
               Taxes
               ,
               to
               catch
               something
               out
               of
               it
               ,
               for
               the
               improvement
               of
               better
               disposed
               men
               ;
               as
               we
               shall
               see
               in
               the
               next
               Paragraph
               .
            
             
               The
               Second
               Particular
               is
               ,
               What
               use
               is
               made
               of
               these
               Taxes
               ;
               and
               how
               they
               circulate
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               :
               In
               order
               to
               which
               ,
               there
               are
               but
               two
               waies
               ,
               in
               which
               they
               are
               employed
               ;
               one
               is
               for
               the
               
                 King's
                 Court
              
               ,
               the
               other
               for
               Provisions
               of
               War
               ,
               in
               the
               maintenance
               of
               Naval
               and
               
                 Land
                 Forces
              
               .
               Now
               ,
               both
               these
               are
               as
               well
               the
               Employment
               of
               Trade
               and
               Artizans
               ,
               as
               they
               resolve
               into
               the
               Security
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               and
               the
               preservation
               of
               the
               Publick
               Peace
               .
               There
               is
               no
               Money
               which
               circulates
               so
               fast
               ,
               as
               that
               which
               comes
               into
               the
               hands
               of
               Seamen
               and
               Souldiers
               .
               Other
               men
               ,
               that
               get
               Money
               ,
               frequently
               lay
               it
               up
               ,
               and
               so
               it
               becomes
               of
               no
               use
               or
               benefit
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ;
               But
               ,
               Men
               that
               live
               by
               their
               Pay
               ,
               generally
               spend
               it
               faster
               than
               it
               comes
               in
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               the
               Money
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               like
               the
               Blood
               in
               the
               Veins
               ,
               has
               its
               regular
               ,
               circular
               motion
               ,
               and
               every
               Member
               in
               the
               Body
               is
               warm'd
               and
               refreshed
               by
               it
               ,
               which
               gives
               Life
               and
               Motion
               in
               the
               whole
               .
               And
               thus
               I
               presume
               ,
               this
               Second
               Instance
               of
               the
               Use
               of
               Taxes
               proves
               ,
               That
               they
               are
               of
               Advantage
               and
               Profit
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               .
            
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               How
               Trade
               is
               improved
               by
               Taxes
               .
               Upon
               this
               Head
               there
               is
               much
               to
               be
               said
               ;
               and
               first
               ,
               It
               will
               be
               requisite
               
               to
               say
               something
               of
               the
               nature
               of
               Trade
               ,
               how
               it
               affects
               the
               Kingdom
               ;
               for
               that
               Trade
               may
               in
               some
               Cases
               prejudice
               a
               Nation
               ,
               and
               make
               it
               poor
               ;
               as
               the
               Trade
               of
               Spain
               does
               that
               Kingdom
               .
               Trade
               may
               also
               effeminate
               and
               debauch
               a
               Country
               ,
               as
               it
               does
               Italy
               .
            
             
               Now
               ,
               't
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               we
               are
               not
               free
               from
               both
               these
               publick
               Mischiefs
               and
               Inconveniencies
               in
               England
               ;
               though
               our
               Fortune
               is
               such
               ,
               that
               being
               Islanders
               ,
               and
               Masters
               of
               one
               Commodity
               ,
               which
               no
               Kingdom
               has
               in
               that
               perfection
               as
               our selves
               ,
               which
               is
               Wool
               that
               hath
               put
               our
               People
               upon
               Manufactories
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               Treasure
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               and
               keeps
               our
               Exports
               to
               a
               ballance
               with
               our
               Imports
               ;
               otherwise
               this
               Kingdom
               would
               have
               been
               as
               Poor
               as
               Spain
               ,
               and
               as
               effeminate
               as
               Italy
               ;
               but
               the
               Employment
               of
               our
               milder
               sort
               in
               Manufactories
               at
               home
               ,
               and
               the
               more
               robust
               at
               Sea
               abroad
               ,
               keeps
               us
               a
               People
               in
               action
               ,
               and
               so
               preserv'd
               from
               the
               Luxury
               and
               Effeminateness
               of
               Italy
               ,
               and
               the
               Poverty
               of
               Spain
               .
               I
               need
               not
               spend
               time
               to
               prove
               how
               far
               we
               are
               tainted
               with
               the
               Mischiefs
               before
               mentioned
               .
               Our
               Trade
               with
               France
               ,
               in
               all
               Ages
               past
               ,
               sufficiently
               proves
               ,
               That
               a
               Kingdom
               may
               be
               made
               poor
               by
               Trade
               ;
               as
               we
               should
               have
               been
               by
               the
               vast
               treasure
               their
               
                 Linnens
                 ,
                 Wine
                 ,
                 Silks
                 ,
                 Toys
                 ,
              
               and
               Salt
               ,
               drew
               from
               this
               Kingdom
               ,
               if
               our
               other
               Commerce
               in
               the
               World
               ,
               had
               not
               ballanced
               our
               loss
               there
               .
            
             
               Nor
               are
               we
               free
               from
               the
               Effeminateness
               of
               Italy
               ,
               which
               I
               take
               to
               be
               the
               Returns
               of
               our
               Gentry's
               travels
               ,
               a
               mischief
               to
               be
               lamented
               ,
               rather
               than
               expected
               a
               Reformation
               of
               ,
               since
               we
               are
               arriv'd
               to
               that
               height
               of
               Vanity
               ,
               as
               to
               think
               that
               man
               not
               accomplished
               who
               is
               not
               become
               Master
               of
               the
               Delicacies
               of
               Italy
               ,
               and
               extravagant
               Modes
               of
               France
               .
            
             
               But
               to
               return
               to
               my
               Province
               ,
               How
               Trade
               is
               improved
               by
               Taxes
               ,
               for
               the
               Proof
               of
               which
               Assertion
               it
               seems
               plain
               ,
               That
               some
               Trade
               may
               impair
               a
               Kingdom
               ,
               and
               such
               Taxes
               and
               Impositions
               may
               abate
               by
               imposing
               such
               Duties
               as
               they
               cannot
               bear
               .
               So
               far
               then
               it
               will
               be
               allowed
               ,
               that
               they
               improve
               Trade
               ,
               as
               we
               commonly
               say
               ,
               
                 Saving
                 is
                 Gain
              
               ;
               so
               ,
               if
               we
               keep
               out
               a
               destructive
               Trade
               by
               Duties
               ,
               we
               may
               allow
               that
               an
               Improvement
               of
               our
               own
               .
            
             
             
               But
               to
               come
               nearer
               to
               the
               matter
               ;
               Taxes
               improve
               Trade
               by
               employing
               numbers
               of
               
                 idle
                 Men
              
               in
               Naval
               ,
               and
               Land-service
               ,
               that
               would
               otherwise
               be
               of
               no
               use
               ;
               but
               on
               the
               contrary
               a
               Pest
               ,
               and
               Charge
               to
               the
               Commonwealth
               .
               We
               seldom
               see
               any
               inlisted
               into
               the
               Army
               ,
               that
               are
               Men
               of
               Industry
               ,
               or
               Labour
               ;
               such
               persons
               are
               the
               Wens
               and
               Excrescencies
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               that
               de●orm
               ,
               but
               not
               strengthen
               the
               Body
               ;
               and
               these
               being
               paid
               by
               the
               Taxes
               of
               another
               sort
               of
               Creatures
               as
               (
               before
               I
               mention'd
               )
               are
               of
               no
               use
               in
               the
               State
               ;
               but
               to
               throw
               abroad
               the
               Treasure
               left
               them
               by
               their
               Fathers
               ,
               is
               virtually
               an
               improvement
               of
               Trade
               :
               for
               that
               all
               like
               the
               Rivers
               in
               the
               Sea
               ,
               terminate
               in
               the
               hands
               of
               Industry
               and
               Trade
               ;
               and
               perhaps
               ,
               if
               duly
               con●idered
               ,
               more
               Men
               ,
               and
               with
               more
               certain
               profit
               make
               Voyages
               within
               this
               Island
               upon
               this
               Fund
               ,
               than
               there
               do
               to
               most
               of
               our
               
                 Foreign
                 Trades
              
               .
               And
               in
               this
               place
               I
               must
               touch
               again
               upon
               the
               nature
               of
               Trade
               ,
               to
               shew
               that
               private
               hands
               may
               raise
               their
               Fortunes
               by
               a
               Trade
               ,
               that
               may
               yet
               be
               a
               loss
               to
               a
               Kingdom
               ,
               as
               in
               that
               of
               France
               ,
               already
               insisted
               upon
               ,
               many
               ,
               I
               was
               like
               to
               say
               ,
               too
               many
               have
               acquired
               great
               Estates
               by
               .
               Now
               all
               the
               hands
               empl●y'd
               in
               that
               Trade
               were
               no
               better
               than
               Robbers
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               in
               carrying
               away
               our
               Treasure
               ,
               as
               we
               use
               the
               Moors
               ,
               giving
               us
               Gold
               for
               Glass-●eads
               .
            
             
               There
               is
               another
               sort
               of
               Trade
               ,
               that
               though
               it
               may
               not
               immediately
               carry
               away
               any
               of
               the
               Stock
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               yet
               it
               does
               hurt
               in
               taking
               off
               Hands
               ,
               that
               might
               be
               employ'd
               to
               the
               advantage
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               .
               Now
               in
               both
               these
               the
               Trade
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               for
               so
               I
               will
               call
               it
               for
               the
               future
               ,
               has
               the
               advantage
               ,
               for
               that
               it
               carries
               nothing
               out
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               nor
               yet
               takes
               off
               hands
               that
               would
               be
               better
               employ'd
               ,
               but
               on
               the
               contrary
               takes
               away
               the
               disease
               of
               the
               Country
               ,
               idlers
               ,
               and
               makes
               'em
               at
               least
               so
               profitable
               ,
               as
               to
               spend
               Mony
               ,
               which
               they
               would
               not
               be
               able
               to
               do
               ,
               if
               the
               
                 Publick
                 Revenue
              
               were
               not
               their
               Stock
               .
            
             
               Fourthly
               ,
               The
               poor
               are
               employed
               by
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               are
               by
               that
               means
               taken
               off
               from
               being
               a
               Charge
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               ;
               many
               Men
               of
               broken
               Fortunes
               are
               brought
               into
               the
               Hospital
               of
               the
               Revenue
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               so
               accounted
               ,
               
               since
               't
               is
               generally
               fill'd
               with
               persons
               that
               are
               reduc'd
               to
               such
               necessities
               ,
               as
               qualifie
               them
               for
               Charity
               .
            
             
               This
               is
               one
               way
               ,
               that
               Taxes
               employ
               the
               Poor
               ,
               but
               not
               the
               main
               thing
               I
               mean
               ;
               which
               is
               ,
               That
               the
               Trade
               of
               Taxes
               employs
               the
               
                 poor
                 Artizans
              
               ,
               and
               Mechanicks
               ,
               and
               that
               in
               a
               greater
               measure
               ,
               than
               our
               Virginia
               ,
               and
               Plantation-trade
               ,
               we
               with
               so
               little
               reason
               so
               much
               boast
               of
               ,
               in
               these
               Kingdoms
               .
            
             
               By
               the
               Observations
               I
               have
               always
               made
               in
               my
               Traversing
               the
               World
               ,
               I
               find
               ,
               that
               those
               parts
               have
               been
               most
               opulent
               ,
               and
               the
               People
               safest
               ;
               that
               filled
               their
               own
               Hives
               and
               kept
               their
               Swarms
               at
               home
               .
               That
               little
               Commonwealth
               of
               Luca
               to
               me
               seems
               a
               pattern
               for
               all
               the
               Princes
               of
               Europe
               ,
               and
               is
               as
               practicable
               in
               the
               greatest
               Dominions
               ,
               as
               that
               little
               Sp●t
               ,
               whose
               Land
               and
               Cities
               (
               having
               Luna
               joyned
               to
               it
               )
               are
               all
               circumscribed
               within
               the
               limits
               of
               Six
               or
               
                 Seven
                 Miles
              
               square
               ;
               yet
               in
               that
               compass
               they
               are
               able
               to
               raise
               about
               
                 Twenty
                 thousand
                 Horse
              
               and
               Foot
               :
               a
               thing
               almost
               incredible
               ,
               but
               known
               by
               all
               that
               have
               travelled
               that
               way
               ,
               and
               were
               curious
               into
               such
               Enquiries
               .
            
             
               These
               People
               are
               of
               wonderful
               Industry
               ,
               and
               enrich
               themselves
               by
               their
               Manufactories
               ,
               which
               they
               go
               not
               abroad
               to
               seek
               a
               Market
               for
               ,
               but
               mind
               their
               Work
               at
               home
               ,
               and
               so
               become
               more
               considerable
               ,
               than
               those
               that
               spend
               their
               time
               in
               Travels
               ,
               being
               by
               their
               settl'd
               living
               ,
               able
               to
               afford
               their
               Commodities
               they
               make
               ,
               cheaper
               ,
               than
               the
               Genoese
               and
               Florentines
               ,
               their
               Neighbours
               .
            
             
               When
               I
               see
               in
               
                 Foreign
                 Parts
              
               ,
               how
               rich
               and
               powerful
               a
               little
               
                 Siegniory
                 ,
                 Commonwealth
              
               ,
               or
               State
               is
               made
               by
               husbanding
               their
               People
               ,
               I
               often
               lament
               the
               misfortunes
               of
               my
               
                 Native
                 Country
              
               ,
               that
               might
               certainly
               abound
               with
               the
               greatest
               ,
               and
               most
               formidable
               People
               in
               Europe
               ,
               if
               they
               followed
               their
               Steps
               .
               I
               have
               taken
               up
               some
               of
               your
               time
               in
               this
               Discourse
               of
               Trade
               ;
               which
               may
               seem
               Foreign
               to
               my
               Subject
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               yet
               I
               must
               be
               obliged
               to
               do
               it
               in
               all
               my
               
                 future
                 Arguments
              
               ,
               because
               Taxes
               both
               arise
               out
               of
               Trade
               ,
               and
               maintain
               Trade
               .
            
             
             
               To
               return
               then
               to
               where
               I
               left
               off
               ,
               That
               the
               poor
               are
               employed
               by
               them
               in
               their
               several
               Occupations
               :
               how
               many
               Thousands
               of
               Tradesmen
               have
               we
               ,
               that
               are
               supported
               by
               our
               Land
               and
               Sea-forces
               ,
               which
               could
               have
               no
               vent
               for
               their
               Commodities
               ,
               if
               they
               were
               not
               taken
               off
               at
               home
               ?
               
                 Saddles
                 ,
                 Bridles
                 ,
                 Sword●
                 ,
                 Guns
                 ,
              
               &c.
               have
               no
               Foreign
               Market
               ;
               yet
               these
               employ
               Thousands
               of
               Hands
               ,
               who
               are
               pay'd
               by
               Taxes
               .
            
             
               Fifthly
               ,
               There
               is
               a
               Set
               of
               Men
               ,
               who
               like
               Rats
               in
               a
               Cieling
               ,
               live
               upon
               Prey
               ,
               and
               do
               no
               good
               in
               a
               Commonwealth
               ,
               which
               these
               
                 Taxes
                 ferret
              
               out
               of
               their
               Holes
               ;
               Those
               impositions
               ,
               I
               mean
               ,
               which
               our
               Parliament
               has
               ,
               with
               great
               Wisdom
               ,
               now
               laid
               on
               Stocks
               by
               Pole
               :
               for
               nothing
               but
               Land-taxes
               will
               reach
               Vsurers
               and
               Misers
               ,
               who
               spend
               nothing
               but
               for
               the
               supply
               of
               the
               necessities
               of
               Nature
               .
               Now
               these
               Men
               are
               the
               Moths
               of
               the
               Country
               ,
               it
               being
               more
               mischievous
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               in
               general
               to
               hoo●d
               up
               Money
               ,
               than
               for
               Robbers
               to
               take
               it
               by
               force
               ;
               and
               though
               the
               Law
               protects
               these
               silent
               Thieves
               ,
               yet
               they
               are
               real
               Criminals
               ,
               that
               lock
               up
               the
               Tools
               of
               the
               Industrious
               ,
               many
               suffering
               through
               want
               ,
               that
               could
               be
               profitable
               both
               to
               themselves
               and
               others
               ,
               had
               they
               but
               Mony
               to
               set
               them
               at
               work
               .
               Usurers
               are
               by
               too
               many
               thought
               a
               Vermin
               in
               the
               Commonwealth
               ;
               I
               cannot
               but
               have
               a
               better
               opinion
               of
               them
               ,
               and
               think
               that
               the
               Pest
               and
               Plague
               of
               the
               Nation
               is
               a
               sort
               of
               pious
               Extortioners
               ,
               who
               declaim
               against
               Usury
               as
               unlawful
               Gain
               ,
               but
               will
               Buy
               for
               half
               Value
               any
               thing
               they
               can
               meet
               with
               from
               a
               Person
               in
               Extremity
               :
               and
               next
               unto
               these
               ,
               are
               such
               as
               adore
               their
               Bags
               ,
               and
               will
               upon
               no
               Terms
               part
               with
               these
               Deities
               :
               their
               Bags
               are
               no
               Thorough-fair
               ,
               only
               a
               way
               in
               ,
               but
               none
               out
               .
               These
               Men
               are
               by
               Taxes
               made
               against
               their
               wills
               small
               Benefactors
               to
               their
               Country
               ,
               and
               it
               were
               to
               be
               wished
               that
               our
               great
               and
               wise
               Council
               of
               the
               Nation
               would
               yet
               pursue
               them
               farther
               ,
               and
               lay
               a
               double
               imposition
               upon
               
                 Mony
                 locked
              
               up
               in
               Chests
               ,
               more
               than
               what
               is
               out
               at
               Vsury
               ,
               which
               being
               employed
               ,
               is
               on
               the
               duty
               it
               was
               made
               for
               ;
               but
               the
               other
               is
               in
               Captivity
               ;
               and
               the
               Paltroon
               should
               be
               punish'd
               for
               his
               Cruelty
               .
            
             
             
               
                 Sixthly
                 ,
                 Taxes
              
               ,
               especially
               in
               time
               of
               War
               ,
               are
               the
               only
               preservation
               of
               all
               Men
               employ'd
               in
               Trades
               and
               Manufactories
               ;
               and
               perhaps
               not
               much
               inferiour
               to
               Foreign
               Trade
               ,
               if
               in
               all
               respects
               considered
               :
               for
               as
               to
               what
               is
               spent
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               if
               it
               bring
               nothing
               in
               ,
               yet
               it
               carries
               nothing
               out
               ;
               and
               so
               far
               Taxes
               are
               profitable
               ,
               in
               that
               the
               Kingdom
               is
               not
               the
               poorer
               for
               Mony
               so
               raised
               ,
               and
               so
               spent
               ;
               and
               in
               times
               of
               War
               ,
               and
               prohibition
               of
               Trade
               abroad
               ,
               if
               Money
               were
               not
               raised
               by
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               that
               employed
               among
               our
               Mechanicks
               and
               Manufactories
               ,
               Men
               would
               be
               forc'd
               to
               seek
               their
               
                 bread
                 abroad
              
               ,
               and
               the
               loss
               of
               Men
               ,
               is
               the
               greatest
               misfortune
               that
               can
               befal
               a●
               Kingdom
               .
               The
               practice
               of
               the
               Dutch
               in
               burning
               their
               Spices
               when
               they
               have
               such
               quantities
               as
               would
               lower
               the
               Price
               ,
               might
               be
               something
               of
               direction
               in
               this
               case
               ,
               and
               seems
               a
               better
               Government
               to
               employ
               all
               our
               hands
               in
               time
               of
               War
               ,
               as
               fully
               in
               their
               Manufactories
               ,
               as
               ever
               they
               were
               in
               a
               
                 Free
                 Trade
              
               ,
               though
               when
               they
               were
               made
               ,
               they
               were
               burnt
               ,
               it
               being
               of
               dangerous
               consequence
               to
               discontinue
               Trade
               .
               There
               is
               no
               adjourning
               labour
               ,
               and
               Mechanical
               Arts
               in
               a
               few
               Months
               will
               either
               lose
               the
               Men
               ,
               or
               they
               their
               Trade
               by
               some
               other
               course
               of
               Life
               .
            
             
               Seventhly
               ,
               That
               Taxes
               make
               the
               Kingdom
               rich
               ,
               and
               in
               time
               of
               War
               disperse
               as
               much
               Mony
               in
               the
               Nation
               ,
               as
               Trade
               does
               in
               time
               of
               Peace
               .
            
             
               Here
               I
               must
               touch
               again
               upon
               Trade
               ,
               and
               enquire
               what
               Trade
               brings
               us
               in
               
                 Bullion
                 ,
                 Gold
              
               ,
               or
               Coin
               ;
               for
               we
               have
               some
               of
               all
               ,
               though
               considering
               the
               Value
               of
               our
               
                 Native
                 Commodities
              
               ,
               't
               is
               wonderful
               that
               we
               should
               have
               so
               little
               ;
               and
               that
               of
               those
               numerous
               Trades
               ,
               which
               our
               Navigation
               entitles
               us
               to
               ,
               that
               we
               should
               by
               carrying
               in
               our
               Ships
               ,
               our
               own
               Manufactories
               ,
               out
               of
               all
               those
               advantages
               add
               so
               little
               to
               the
               Treasure
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               and
               bring
               home
               no
               Bullion
               ,
               but
               by
               our
               Trade
               to
               Spain
               ,
               and
               some
               little
               from
               the
               Levant
               ,
               our
               
                 Guinea
                 Trade
              
               ,
               and
               for
               some
               years
               past
               ,
               Buckaneers
               in
               the
               West-Indies
               .
               But
               that
               which
               is
               our
               best
               Fund
               ,
               is
               the
               Trade
               of
               Spain
               and
               Portugal
               ;
               the
               former
               is
               made
               considerable
               to
               us
               by
               our
               
                 East-India
                 Commodities
              
               ,
               which
               
               fetch
               from
               Spain
               ,
               more
               than
               we
               send
               out
               in
               Specie
               ,
               though
               some
               believe
               the
               
                 East-India
                 Company
              
               does
               us
               hurt
               ,
               by
               carrying
               out
               the
               Gold
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               .
            
             
               Now
               then
               if
               the
               greatest
               part
               of
               our
               Trade
               consists
               in
               bringing
               in
               Commodity
               for
               Commodity
               ,
               then
               all
               the
               benefit
               o●
               that
               Trade
               is
               ,
               That
               it
               gives
               employment
               to
               our
               common
               People
               in
               their
               Mechanick
               Arts
               ;
               and
               if
               we
               can
               do
               that
               by
               our
               own
               expence
               at
               home
               ,
               't
               is
               more
               the
               profit
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               than
               by
               sending
               them
               abroad
               ;
               for
               that
               we
               avoid
               the
               hazard
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               and
               other
               accidents
               abroad
               :
               it
               seems
               then
               that
               Taxes
               do
               that
               ,
               since
               they
               issue
               forth
               Mony
               for
               payment
               of
               our
               Artizans
               ,
               and
               Mechanicks
               ,
               that
               are
               employed
               in
               making
               Commodities
               for
               our
               own
               use
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               same
               time
               enough
               for
               that
               Foreign
               Trade
               ,
               which
               furnishes
               us
               with
               Bullion
               :
               and
               by
               that
               it
               appears
               that
               we
               are
               much
               greater
               gainers
               by
               the
               Trade
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               than
               by
               all
               our
               Foreign
               Trade
               ,
               which
               brings
               in
               nothing
               but
               Commodity
               for
               our
               own
               expence
               .
               We
               see
               that
               the
               Care
               of
               our
               Parliament
               is
               ,
               to
               prevent
               the
               Importation
               of
               
                 Foreign
                 Commodities
              
               ,
               and
               to
               encourage
               that
               Commerce
               ,
               which
               brings
               us
               in
               Money
               for
               our
               own
               .
               This
               then
               is
               the
               surest
               Trade
               I
               know
               for
               that
               purpose
               ,
               of
               laying
               such
               impositions
               as
               may
               fetch
               out
               the
               
                 M●sers
                 hoords
              
               ,
               which
               are
               as
               remote
               and
               foreign
               to
               the
               employments
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               as
               those
               in
               the
               Mines
               at
               the
               Indies
               ;
               and
               I
               know
               no
               difference
               betwixt
               bringing
               Treasure
               out
               of
               an
               
                 Iron
                 Chest
              
               by
               a
               
                 good
                 Law
              
               ,
               and
               plowing
               the
               Seas
               by
               long
               and
               dangerous
               Voyages
               ;
               only
               the
               advantage
               seems
               greater
               ,
               by
               getting
               it
               from
               an
               Enemy
               at
               home
               ,
               than
               a
               Friend
               abroad
               .
               But
               undoubted
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               the
               Kingdom
               is
               as
               much
               increased
               in
               its
               
                 Common
                 Stock
              
               ,
               as
               is
               brought
               out
               from
               the
               
                 Mony'd
                 Men
              
               :
               it
               would
               exceed
               the
               limits
               of
               a
               Letter
               to
               evince
               what
               I
               am
               morally
               sure
               of
               ,
               that
               the
               Pole
               and
               Land-taxes
               ,
               passed
               this
               last
               Session
               ,
               has
               actually
               brought
               into
               the
               bank
               of
               Trade
               ,
               more
               
                 ready
                 Mony
              
               than
               came
               into
               th●
               Kingdom
               ,
               during
               the
               
                 late
                 Kings
                 unhappy
                 Reign
              
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               a
               
                 vulgar
                 error
              
               to
               believe
               that
               T●xes
               ,
               even
               to
               the
               
                 meanes●
                 Man
              
               is
               a
               Charge
               ,
               for
               that
               his
               Mite
               is
               with
               increase
               return'd
               by
               the
               expence
               of
               that
               ,
               which
               would
               never
               have
               seen
               day
               ,
               but
               by
               the
               force
               of
               a
               Law
               ;
               so
               that
               publick
               
               Taxes
               ,
               expended
               in
               our
               own
               Country
               ,
               may
               be
               accounted
               the
               poor
               and
               the
               
                 M●chanick's
                 bank
              
               ,
               by
               which
               they
               are
               employed
               ,
               and
               maintained
               :
               and
               as
               the
               meaner
               Sort
               have
               advantage
               by
               Taxes
               ,
               so
               have
               they
               of
               better
               quality
               :
               the
               Land-Lord
               has
               his
               Rent
               the
               better
               paid
               by
               the
               quick
               returns
               of
               Mony
               :
               the
               Merchants
               ,
               and
               other
               Traders
               ,
               find
               it
               in
               their
               payments
               ,
               and
               receipts
               ;
               the
               
                 Country
                 Farmer
              
               in
               the
               sale
               of
               his
               Corn
               and
               Cattle
               :
               for
               this
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               most
               Mens
               expence
               either
               in
               Cloaths
               or
               Food
               ,
               is
               according
               to
               their
               Mony
               or
               Fortune
               ,
               not
               Appetite
               or
               Vanity
               :
               many
               Men
               content
               ,
               or
               rather
               confine
               themselves
               to
               a
               Threepenny
               Ordinary
               ,
               that
               would
               spend
               Twelve
               Pence
               ,
               if
               they
               had
               it
               .
               So
               that
               after
               all
               the
               noise
               and
               clamour
               that
               is
               made
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               inveighing
               literally
               against
               the
               heavy
               Taxes
               ,
               which
               are
               on
               the
               Subject
               ;
               this
               unreasonable
               declaiming
               is
               made
               for
               them
               that
               no
               Man
               loves
               ,
               the
               griping
               Misers
               ,
               that
               hoord
               up
               Mony
               :
               for
               he
               indeed
               seems
               only
               aggrieved
               ,
               that
               pays
               out
               to
               support
               Trade
               ,
               in
               which
               he
               never
               had
               the
               Heart
               to
               do
               good
               ;
               and
               even
               this
               Man
               would
               be
               a
               gainer
               too
               by
               Taxes
               ,
               if
               he
               were
               not
               separate
               from
               humane
               Society
               ,
               and
               trusted
               neither
               God
               ,
               nor
               Man
               ;
               whatever
               he
               has
               to
               do
               in
               the
               World
               ,
               is
               to
               see
               that
               he
               runs
               no
               hazard
               in
               it
               ,
               and
               whoever
               he
               deals
               with
               must
               be
               sure
               to
               him
               ,
               though
               he
               cannot
               be
               so
               to
               himself
               .
               And
               besides
               this
               extream
               Earth-worm
               that
               hoords
               ,
               there
               is
               another
               Se●
               of
               Men
               that
               do
               little
               good
               in
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               and
               that
               is
               such
               as
               have
               more
               Mony
               by
               them
               ,
               than
               they
               can
               employ
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               would
               gladly
               put
               it
               out
               to
               Interest
               ,
               but
               cannot
               :
               These
               are
               less
               faulty
               than
               the
               former
               ,
               yet
               should
               be
               obliged
               to
               do
               some
               good
               with
               their
               Treasures
               ,
               and
               the
               best
               way
               seems
               to
               lay
               a
               round
               Tax
               upon
               that
               Mony.
               'T
               is
               with
               reason
               believed
               that
               there
               is
               now
               
                 ten
                 times
              
               the
               proportion
               of
               Mony
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               as
               was
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               
                 King
                 Iames
              
               the
               First
               ;
               yet
               not
               more
               stirring
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               but
               what
               is
               brought
               out
               by
               Customes
               and
               Duties
               ;
               then
               would
               it
               not
               be
               as
               beneficial
               to
               Trade
               by
               Taxes
               upon
               the
               Misers
               and
               Hoorders
               of
               Mony
               before-mentioned
               ,
               to
               fetch
               it
               out
               from
               them
               ,
               as
               with
               S●ips
               to
               get
               it
               from
               Foriegners
               :
               we
               have
               rich
               Mines
               at
               home
               that
               may
               keep
               
               us
               in
               full
               Trade
               these
               Ten
               Years
               ,
               if
               we
               had
               none
               abroad
               ;
               and
               nothing
               but
               such
               impositions
               as
               may
               supply
               the
               want
               of
               Trade
               ,
               can
               keep
               our
               Artizans
               and
               Manufactories
               together
               .
            
             
               Thus
               I
               have
               huddl'd
               together
               a
               mixt
               Discourse
               ,
               which
               I
               ●ear
               may
               be
               troublesome
               to
               collect
               ,
               and
               shape
               ,
               for
               your
               apprehension
               ;
               but
               your
               greater
               judgment
               will
               unite
               its
               incongruities
               :
               I
               can
               only
               justifie
               the
               matter
               to
               be
               in
               the
               main
               of
               it
               ,
               Collections
               from
               the
               practice
               and
               usage
               of
               other
               places
               ;
               for
               what
               relates
               to
               this
               Nation
               ,
               you
               are
               a
               better
               Iudge
               than
               I
               am
               ,
               who
               am
               guided
               by
               the
               practice
               of
               Trade
               ,
               and
               that
               is
               ,
               I
               doubt
               ,
               too
               often
               exploded
               by
               Ministers
               of
               State.
               
            
             
               I
               confess
               the
               Fatigues
               of
               Government
               ,
               are
               above
               the
               Conduct
               of
               a
               
                 Mercantine
                 head
              
               ,
               and
               therefore
               I
               acquiesce
               without
               much
               enquiry
               in
               to
               them
               ,
               only
               sit
               often
               down
               with
               doubtful
               conjectures
               of
               the
               issue
               of
               our
               present
               Affairs
               .
            
             
               I
               mean
               not
               of
               the
               present
               distractions
               which
               an
               inconsiderable
               number
               of
               
                 Mal
                 contents
              
               fling
               among
               us
               ,
               whose
               profession
               more
               immediately
               obliges
               them
               to
               the
               Characters
               of
               Peace-makers
               ,
               than
               it
               does
               other
               Christians
               :
               these
               will
               cease
               with
               the
               
                 Romish
                 Interest
              
               ,
               that
               masks
               it self
               under
               them
               ;
               but
               that
               which
               I
               fear
               ,
               is
               ,
               a
               distraction
               of
               the
               
                 Trades
                 ,
                 Manufactories
              
               ,
               and
               Industry
               of
               the
               Nation
               ,
               because
               I
               see
               none
               concerned
               for
               it
               .
               The
               Tumour
               of
               the
               times
               ,
               looks
               more
               like
               the
               ris●ing
               of
               a
               Camp
               ,
               than
               improvement
               of
               Trade
               and
               Commerce
               ;
               most
               Men
               in
               Court
               and
               City
               pursuing
               employments
               ,
               Civil
               or
               Military
               ,
               which
               I
               take
               to
               be
               an
               
                 ill
                 Omen
              
               ,
               and
               doubly
               to
               be
               blamed
               ;
            
             
               First
               ,
               For
               Men
               of
               Fortune
               and
               Employment
               in
               Trade
               ,
               to
               take
               away
               that
               which
               should
               be
               bread
               for
               the
               decay'd
               Man.
               
            
             
               And
               then
               ,
               Secondly
               ,
               It
               is
               mischievous
               to
               the
               Commonwealth
               to
               have
               Men
               that
               can
               employ
               themselves
               in
               it
               ,
               to
               be
               taken
               off
               from
               promoting
               the
               publick
               in
               their
               proper
               Station
               .
            
             
               Having
               thus
               run
               through
               the
               Nature
               and
               Vse
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               with
               the
               reasons
               that
               seem
               perswasive
               ,
               as
               to
               the
               great
               help
               they
               are
               to
               the
               support
               of
               this
               Kingdom
               ;
               you
               may
               
               perhaps
               expect
               I
               should
               say
               something
               of
               the
               way
               ,
               how
               Taxes
               may
               be
               most
               beneficially
               ,
               and
               easily
               layn
               ,
               but
               in
               that
               I
               am
               bar●'d
               by
               some
               impertinent
               pens
               ,
               who
               are
               every
               day
               printing
               their
               Follies
               ;
               to
               which
               is
               added
               an
               unaccountable
               boldness
               ,
               not
               to
               say
               more
               ,
               by
               their
               designing
               to
               direct
               the
               
                 Great
                 Council
              
               of
               the
               Nation
               .
               I
               could
               name
               several
               that
               have
               taken
               pains
               in
               this
               matter
               ,
               but
               omitting
               others
               ,
               I
               cannot
               but
               name
               a
               Paper
               I
               saw
               the
               
                 other
                 day
              
               ,
               Entituled
               ,
               
                 Proposals
                 humbly
                 offered
                 to
                 the
                 Consideration
                 of
                 this
                 present
                 Parliament
                 ,
                 being
                 a
                 soft
                 and
                 easie
                 way
                 for
                 raising
                 of
                 Mony
                 in
                 order
                 to
                 the
                 prepetual
                 maintaining
                 ,
                 and
                 defending
                 of
                 this
                 Kingdom
                 .
              
            
             
               The
               Author
               there
               tells
               you
               ,
               how
               the
               Nation
               shall
               be
               supported
               by
               a
               Miracle
               ;
               and
               if
               it
               were
               only
               so
               ,
               I
               might
               not
               think
               it
               impossible
               :
               but
               as
               our
               Faith
               must
               be
               
                 above
                 reason
              
               ,
               yet
               not
               against
               it
               ,
               so
               I
               think
               are
               miracles
               ;
               but
               perhaps
               that
               Gentleman
               has
               another
               fund
               for
               his
               Invention
               out
               of
               the
               Turks
               Opinion
               ,
               That
               Lunaticks
               and
               Idiots
               are
               inspired
               ,
               and
               such
               may
               be
               thought
               so
               ,
               that
               propose
               to
               break
               the
               most
               ancient
               Tenure
               of
               England
               ,
               and
               to
               raise
               up
               a
               Treasure
               ,
               which
               ,
               to
               use
               his
               
                 own
                 words
                 ,
                 No
                 body
                 ever
                 thought
                 of
                 before
              
               ;
               a
               Stock
               of
               honesty
               to
               pay
               Fleets
               and
               Armies
               ;
               he
               's
               only
               short
               in
               not
               proposing
               a
               way
               ,
               how
               to
               make
               that
               
                 Treasure
                 Sailable
              
               ;
               for
               he
               that
               has
               it
               ,
               will
               not
               part
               with
               it
               :
               and
               they
               who
               have
               it
               not
               ,
               are
               seldom
               in
               love
               with
               it
               ,
               nor
               will
               take
               it
               in
               payment
               without
               the
               
                 Gentleman's
                 token
              
               ,
               that
               found
               out
               this
               
                 unknown
                 Treasure
              
               .
            
             
               I
               beg
               pardon
               for
               this
               Digression
               ,
               which
               I
               make
               only
               to
               shew
               the
               cause
               ,
               why
               I
               am
               loth
               to
               crowd
               in
               among
               the
               Politicks
               ,
               as
               he
               that
               gives
               this
               advice
               to
               the
               Parliament
               often
               mentions
               .
            
             
               But
               though
               I
               dare
               not
               presume
               to
               direct
               the
               best
               and
               most
               pro●itable
               way
               of
               Taxes
               ;
               yet
               I
               will
               here
               name
               such
               as
               I
               think
               are
               not
               the
               most
               desireable
               ,
               and
               then
               mention
               such
               as
               in
               other
               parts
               of
               the
               World
               are
               thought
               most
               agreeable
               .
            
             
               For
               ,
               such
               as
               I
               take
               to
               be
               uneasie
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               and
               not
               most
               profitable
               to
               the
               State
               ,
               are
               ,
               First
               ,
               Those
               that
               are
               levied
               on
               the
               Subject
               by
               way
               of
               Fees
               in
               Offices
               .
               
               This
               ,
               that
               in
               its
               original
               was
               either
               to
               be
               a
               profit
               to
               the
               Crown
               ,
               in
               bringing
               in
               Money
               to
               the
               
                 King's
                 Exchequer
              
               ,
               or
               an
               ease
               to
               the
               Crown
               ,
               in
               saving
               the
               Charge
               of
               Salleries
               for
               Officers
               about
               the
               Law
               ,
               &c.
               is
               now
               become
               neither
               .
               Perhaps
               ,
               if
               an
               Estimate
               was
               made
               ,
               there
               would
               be
               ●ound
               some
               Millions
               Sterling
               raised
               in
               this
               Kingdom
               on
               Offices
               ,
               of
               which
               there
               comes
               not
               the
               
                 Thousandth
                 part
              
               into
               the
               
                 King's
                 Treasury
              
               ;
               nor
               ,
               that
               which
               is
               more
               strange
               ,
               not
               a
               Penny
               saved
               of
               the
               King's
               Charge
               in
               maintaining
               those
               Officers
               .
               Some
               have
               thousands
               a
               year
               in
               Fees
               and
               Perquisites
               ,
               that
               yet
               have
               a
               large
               Sallary
               from
               the
               King.
               
            
             
               Others
               have
               Offices
               ,
               whose
               Fees
               ,
               when
               first
               establisht
               ,
               would
               but
               afford
               an
               honest
               Livelihood
               to
               the
               Officer
               that
               o●●ficiated
               ;
               but
               in
               process
               of
               time
               't
               is
               advanced
               to
               
                 ten
                 times
              
               that
               value
               ,
               and
               now
               is
               managed
               by
               a
               Deputy
               ,
               perhaps
               for
               less
               than
               a
               
                 twentieth
                 part
              
               of
               the
               profit
               of
               the
               Office.
               This
               seems
               a
               grievous
               Tax
               ,
               and
               would
               be
               thought
               so
               ,
               if
               appropriated
               to
               any
               particular
               use
               of
               the
               Crown
               :
               As
               for
               example
               ;
               If
               the
               Parliament
               should
               give
               a
               certain
               Tax
               to
               the
               King
               ,
               for
               maintaining
               a
               War
               with
               France
               ,
               and
               this
               Tax
               ,
               contrary
               to
               expectation
               ,
               amounted
               to
               
                 five
                 times
                 ▪
              
               the
               Charge
               of
               that
               War
               ,
               would
               it
               be
               thought
               reasonable
               for
               the
               King
               to
               demand
               a
               farther
               Supply
               from
               the
               People
               ?
               Or
               rather
               ,
               Would
               it
               not
               be
               thought
               equal
               ,
               to
               ease
               the
               Subject
               of
               so
               much
               of
               that
               Tax
               ,
               as
               is
               surplus
               to
               the
               Charge
               .
            
             
               The
               Case
               seems
               Parallel
               in
               Offices
               ,
               and
               if
               enquired
               into
               ,
               there
               may
               be
               thought
               almost
               enough
               there
               to
               save
               the
               Kingdom
               from
               other
               Taxes
               ;
               but
               I
               would
               not
               be
               understood
               to
               invade
               any
               Mans
               Property
               .
               The
               wisdom
               of
               the
               Nation
               might
               find
               Expedients
               to
               do
               a
               general
               Good
               ,
               without
               a
               particular
               injury
               to
               any
               man.
               
            
             
               Secondly
               ,
               Poll
               Money
               seems
               an
               unequal
               and
               unprofitable
               Tax
               ;
               unequal
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               by
               a
               general
               way
               ,
               
                 all
                 Heads
              
               to
               pay
               alike
               ,
               the
               Cobler
               with
               the
               Lord
               ;
               and
               unprofitable
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               by
               distinction
               of
               Qualities
               :
               for
               that
               it
               gives
               great
               opportunity
               of
               Frauds
               in
               Collection
               ,
               and
               not
               without
               some
               in
               point
               of
               Estate
               and
               Quality
               ,
               broken
               men
               thinking
               
               it
               ,
               and
               too
               often
               affecting
               a
               Credit
               ,
               by
               being
               returned
               in
               the
               Poll-book
               of
               that
               value
               ,
               which
               in
               truth
               they
               may
               not
               be
               .
            
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               Such
               as
               are
               raised
               by
               Benevolence
               ,
               are
               the
               worst
               of
               Taxes
               ,
               and
               this
               of
               
                 Free
                 Gift
              
               is
               of
               double
               consideration
               .
               First
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               from
               the
               Subj●ct
               to
               the
               Prince
               ,
               and
               then
               as
               it
               is
               from
               the
               People
               one
               to
               another
               .
            
             
               Benevolence
               from
               the
               Subject
               to
               the
               Prince
               is
               dangerous
               ,
               in
               that
               it
               brings
               men
               under
               discrimination
               ;
               he
               that
               gives
               not
               largely
               ,
               perhaps
               beyond
               his
               ability
               ,
               will
               be
               looked
               upon
               as
               diss●ff●cted
               .
               And
               such
               is
               the
               unlimitedness
               of
               this
               way
               of
               taxing
               ,
               that
               Men
               have
               no
               Rule
               whereby
               they
               may
               be
               safe
               ,
               but
               shall
               ,
               it
               may
               be
               ,
               be
               compared
               to
               Men
               of
               twice
               their
               Estates
               ,
               or
               that
               which
               is
               worse
               ,
               with
               Sycophants
               ,
               Fools
               of
               the
               times
               ,
               who
               are
               extravagant
               in
               their
               Contributions
               to
               that
               Government
               ,
               which
               refunds
               them
               equally
               to
               their
               Service
               .
            
             
               That
               of
               Benevolence
               one
               to
               the
               other
               is
               a
               frequent
               Tax
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               and
               in
               my
               opinion
               one
               of
               the
               greatest
               Mistakes
               in
               our
               Government
               .
            
             
               There
               is
               nothing
               more
               common
               than
               this
               ,
               given
               by
               Authority
               ,
               for
               Losses
               by
               Five
               ,
               and
               other
               general
               Calamities
               .
               I
               seldom
               see
               it
               for
               Losses
               at
               Sea
               ,
               though
               they
               are
               yearly
               much
               greater
               than
               those
               by
               Fire
               .
               But
               to
               return
               ,
               this
               way
               of
               raising
               Money
               by
               Benevolence
               to
               relieve
               one
               another
               ,
               is
               a
               Tax
               on
               the
               best
               men
               ,
               and
               an
               impu●ity
               on
               the
               worst
               .
               Good
               men
               are
               apt
               to
               commiserate
               the
               Necessities
               of
               their
               Neighbours
               ,
               when
               bad
               men
               too
               often
               rejoice
               at
               them
               ,
               and
               seldome
               give
               any
               thing
               to
               relieve
               them
               ;
               't
               is
               God
               only
               that
               can
               regulate
               the
               Affections
               ;
               Man
               can
               compel
               the
               outward
               Conformity
               .
               And
               there
               seems
               in
               nothing
               a
               greater
               want
               of
               the
               aid
               of
               Government
               ,
               than
               in
               this
               of
               Payments
               to
               any
               publick
               use
               ,
               the
               want
               of
               which
               renders
               honest
               men
               a
               Sacrifice
               for
               uncharitable
               Misers
               .
            
             
               I
               have
               sometimes
               〈◊〉
               the
               Collection
               for
               the
               Poor
               at
               Church-doors
               no
               better
               ;
               for
               ,
               till
               all
               men
               be
               alike
               
                 virtu●us
                 o●
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               that
               can
               be
               no
               equal
               Levy
               that
               leaves
               
               Men
               at
               liberty
               .
               The
               Government
               are
               best
               Judges
               of
               what
               the
               Poor
               should
               receive
               ,
               and
               the
               Rich
               pay
               ;
               and
               if
               that
               were
               thought
               convenient
               ,
               it
               seems
               to
               me
               most
               equall
               ,
               where
               every
               one
               should
               give
               to
               the
               Relief
               of
               his
               distressed
               Neighbour
               ,
               according
               to
               his
               Worldly
               Substance
               ,
               not
               Christian
               Charity
               .
            
             
               Fourthly
               ,
               Impositions
               upon
               Men
               for
               their
               Religion
               ,
               seems
               no
               good
               way
               of
               Taxes
               .
               Indeed
               the
               truly
               conscientious
               Man
               will
               think
               that
               well
               bestow'd
               which
               purchases
               the
               Exercise
               of
               his
               Religion
               ,
               but
               that
               is
               no
               warrant
               for
               imposing
               it
               .
               We
               may
               say
               ,
               under
               the
               Gospel
               ,
               that
               which
               David
               could
               not
               under
               the
               L●w
               ,
               That
               
                 ●e
                 would
                 not
                 serve
                 God
                 with
                 that
                 which
                 cost
                 him
                 nothing
                 .
              
            
             
               I
               so
               much
               doubt
               my
               Judgment
               in
               my
               own
               Province
               ,
               that
               I
               dare
               not
               intrude
               into
               that
               Sacred
               one
               of
               Divinity
               :
               but
               think
               it
               allowable
               to
               take
               any
               choice
               of
               Opinions
               in
               this
               matter
               ,
               and
               with
               those
               I
               join
               that
               think
               no
               Errour
               in
               Fundamentals
               should
               be
               allowed
               in
               a
               Christian
               Church
               ,
               nor
               any
               difference
               in
               Circumstantials
               purchased
               by
               Money
               .
            
             
               
                 Fifthly
                 ,
                 Monopolies
              
               are
               an
               ill
               way
               of
               raising
               Money
               ;
               for
               any
               Set
               of
               People
               to
               have
               the
               particular
               selling
               of
               any
               Commodity
               ,
               or
               using
               any
               Arts
               ,
               though
               they
               pay
               a
               great
               Rent
               to
               the
               Government
               ,
               is
               yet
               a
               great
               Prejudice
               and
               Tax
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               where
               no
               Industry
               should
               be
               restrained
               .
            
             
               Yet
               I
               am
               of
               Opinion
               against
               them
               that
               think
               the
               
                 Turkey
                 ,
                 Hamborough
                 ,
                 ●ast-India
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Companies
               ,
               for
               Foreign
               Trade
               ,
               a
               Monopoly
               .
               The
               Ca●e
               is
               vastly
               differing
               ,
               and
               so
               far
               from
               hindering
               a
               
                 Publick
                 Good
              
               ,
               that
               they
               preserve
               those
               Trades
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               which
               would
               be
               torn
               to
               pieces
               by
               a
               con●used
               and
               general
               Trade
               :
               It
               was
               evident
               in
               the
               time
               ,
               when
               the
               
                 East
                 India
                 Trade
              
               was
               at
               large
               ;
               but
               this
               requires
               an
               ample
               Discourse
               of
               it self
               .
            
             
             
               Sixthly
               ,
               I
               take
               the
               Alteration
               in
               the
               value
               of
               Money
               to
               be
               a
               Tax
               ,
               and
               no
               good
               one
               .
               We
               are
               less
               afflicted
               with
               that
               than
               any
               People
               in
               the
               World
               ;
               yet
               some
               little
               touches
               we
               have
               had
               ,
               rather
               by
               accident
               than
               design
               ,
               so
               needs
               the
               less
               to
               be
               said
               on
               them
               ;
               but
               whereever
               't
               is
               used
               ,
               the
               Subject
               is
               the
               Sufferer
               ;
               for
               ,
               call
               Money
               what
               you
               will
               ,
               it
               has
               its
               Standard
               in
               the
               World
               ,
               and
               is
               no
               more
               than
               what
               other
               Nations
               account
               it
               ,
               according
               to
               its
               
                 Intrinsick
                 Value
              
               ,
               not
               what
               Name
               any
               King
               or
               Government
               gives
               it
               .
            
             
               Now
               ,
               if
               a
               Prince
               ,
               as
               the
               French
               often
               do
               ,
               raise
               Money
               in
               Name
               ,
               the
               Landlord
               and
               Officer
               ,
               that
               receive
               Fees
               and
               Pensions
               ,
               are
               the
               Losers
               .
               The
               Merchant
               and
               Tradesmen
               lose
               but
               once
               ,
               by
               as
               much
               as
               they
               have
               in
               their
               hands
               ,
               at
               first
               coming
               out
               of
               the
               Charge
               ;
               but
               those
               men
               of
               real
               Estates
               are
               Losers
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               it
               lasts
               ,
               for
               that
               they
               must
               take
               it
               for
               what
               the
               Government
               calls
               it
               ;
               but
               the
               Merchant
               and
               Tradesmen
               will
               not
               ,
               because
               they
               put
               a
               value
               upon
               their
               Commodities
               accordingly
               .
               If
               the
               Government
               makes
               twenty
               shillings
               three
               and
               twenty
               ,
               the
               Merchant
               will
               have
               
                 three
                 and
                 twenty
                 shillings
              
               for
               
                 twenty
                 shillings
              
               worth
               of
               Commodities
               :
               So
               that
               he
               must
               value
               it
               according
               as
               it
               bears
               with
               the
               
                 Intrinsick
                 Value
              
               ;
               for
               in
               proportion
               to
               that
               he
               buys
               and
               sells
               throughout
               the
               World
               ,
               however
               Kings
               and
               Governments
               give
               Names
               to
               their
               several
               Coins
               .
               So
               we
               see
               it
               in
               France
               and
               Holland
               ,
               where
               they
               reckon
               their
               Cash
               by
               Livres
               or
               Crowns
               ,
               and
               in
               Holland
               by
               Gilders
               ,
               and
               Pound
               Flemish
               ;
               yet
               still
               the
               Merchant
               rules
               himself
               by
               the
               Standard
               in
               England
               ,
               which
               is
               thought
               the
               best
               in
               Europe
               .
            
             
               Seventhly
               ,
               Raising
               Money
               from
               Travellers
               and
               Passengers
               over
               Bridges
               and
               through
               Cities
               ,
               as
               they
               do
               much
               in
               Holland
               ,
               seems
               an
               unequal
               Tax
               ,
               and
               subject
               to
               great
               Frauds
               .
               I
               take
               it
               to
               be
               unequal
               ,
               because
               generally
               't
               is
               the
               poorest
               and
               most
               industrious
               that
               are
               liable
               to
               it
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               it
               often
               reaches
               those
               that
               are
               travailing
               to
               find
               out
               Charity
               ,
               or
               labour
               for
               a
               Living
               .
               Now
               ,
               to
               exact
               from
               them
               ,
               before
               they
               have
               purcha●ed
               it
               ,
               is
               a
               Severity
               
               equal
               to
               that
               of
               making
               Brick
               without
               Straw
               or
               Stubble
               .
            
             
               'T
               is
               liable
               to
               great
               Frauds
               ,
               since
               '
               ●is
               impossible
               to
               have
               a
               check
               ;
               so
               that
               the
               Gatherers
               are
               under
               great
               temptations
               ,
               and
               the
               Collectors
               being
               men
               of
               mean
               quality
               ,
               are
               ap●er
               to
               be
               seduced
               .
            
             
               Those
               Taxes
               seem
               most
               beneficial
               to
               the
               Government
               which
               pass
               through
               few
               and
               most
               solvent
               hands
               .
               And
               ,
               as
               't
               is
               secure
               for
               the
               State
               ,
               so
               't
               is
               most
               easie
               for
               the
               People
               ;
               and
               the
               better
               that
               Impositions
               are
               collected
               ,
               the
               more
               are
               the
               People
               disburthened
               from
               new
               Levies
               .
            
             
               I
               sh●ll
               now
               come
               to
               shew
               what
               are
               thought
               in
               other
               Kingdoms
               most
               advisable
               ,
               and
               they
               are
               these
               .
            
             
               First
               ,
               That
               of
               Excise
               ,
               which
               is
               most
               used
               in
               the
               
                 Vnited
                 Provinces
              
               ,
               which
               we
               should
               here
               think
               intolerable
               ,
               to
               be
               laid
               on
               every
               Bit
               which
               we
               eat
               ;
               but
               there
               it
               is
               found
               useful
               ,
               and
               time
               has
               made
               it
               natural
               to
               the
               People
               ▪
               so
               in
               Venice
               and
               other
               parts
               .
               The
               great
               Duke
               of
               Florence
               does
               the
               same
               ,
               by
               raising
               most
               of
               his
               Revenue
               upon
               Consumptions
               in
               his
               own
               Dominions
               ,
               which
               indeed
               seems
               of
               all
               Taxes
               the
               most
               equal
               :
               for
               that
               no
               man
               by
               it
               can
               be
               said
               to
               be
               oppressed
               ,
               he
               being
               his
               own
               Assessor
               ,
               and
               pays
               but
               what
               he
               pleases
               ,
               according
               to
               his
               Expence
               :
               But
               laying
               it
               ,
               as
               they
               do
               in
               the
               
                 Vnited
                 Provinces
              
               ,
               upon
               the
               food
               of
               the
               Poor
               ,
               might
               be
               thought
               a
               Grievance
               .
               If
               that
               ,
               and
               one
               Defect
               more
               ,
               could
               be
               remedied
               ,
               there
               could
               be
               nothing
               said
               against
               this
               Tax
               ;
               and
               that
               is
               ,
               the
               Rich
               Miser
               (
               who
               starves
               his
               miserable
               Body
               )
               goes
               most
               free
               ;
               therefore
               ,
               as
               to
               him
               ,
               I
               have
               before
               given
               my
               Opinion
               ,
               how
               he
               might
               be
               reached
               .
            
             
               Where
               this
               Excise
               is
               most
               used
               ,
               Importations
               and
               Exportations
               are
               most
               eased
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               Trade
               is
               greatly
               improved
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               the
               Levies
               to
               the
               King
               or
               State
               much
               augmented
               ;
               for
               that
               the
               expence
               of
               those
               Merchants
               and
               Seamen
               that
               repair
               thither
               ,
               tho'
               
               they
               often
               sell
               nothing
               ,
               but
               come
               to
               see
               a
               Market
               ,
               is
               considerable
               .
            
             
               Secondly
               ,
               In
               other
               Countries
               Iews
               are
               particularly
               tax'd
               ,
               and
               for
               which
               there
               seems
               good
               reason
               ,
               for
               that
               no
               Tax
               hardly
               reaches
               them
               ,
               but
               like
               the
               Misers
               before
               spoken
               of
               ,
               they
               are
               indeed
               beyond
               them
               ,
               for
               that
               Excise
               toucheth
               not
               them
               ;
               they
               neither
               eat
               nor
               drink
               with
               Christians
               ;
               a
               few
               Eggs
               or
               Herbs
               are
               most
               of
               their
               Food
               ;
               live
               sordidly
               ,
               and
               spend
               little
               ;
               have
               no
               Lands
               or
               Rents
               to
               be
               reached
               by
               any
               Tax
               :
               Nor
               is
               their
               Trade
               profitable
               to
               a
               Kingdom
               ,
               or
               advantagious
               to
               the
               Revenue
               ,
               dealing
               most
               in
               
                 Bills
                 of
                 Exchange
                 ,
                 Iewels
              
               ,
               and
               
                 concealable
                 Commodities
              
               ,
               that
               pay
               no
               Duty
               .
            
             
               These
               men
               should
               be
               reached
               by
               a
               particular
               Tax
               ,
               and
               so
               made
               profitable
               to
               a
               Kingdom
               .
            
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               In
               some
               places
               the
               Government
               maintains
               Playhouses
               and
               Matters
               of
               Sport
               and
               Recreation
               ,
               paying
               the
               Actors
               Salaries
               ,
               and
               taking
               the
               profit
               into
               their
               Treasures
               :
               and
               in
               other
               parts
               ,
               as
               in
               Holland
               ,
               the
               Publick
               have
               one
               that
               takes
               part
               of
               what
               is
               given
               by
               Spectators
               ;
               so
               that
               they
               make
               a
               Gain
               out
               of
               that
               waste
               Money
               ,
               for
               no
               better
               can
               I
               term
               it
               .
               If
               a
               Calculation
               was
               made
               of
               all
               the
               Money
               spent
               in
               England
               ,
               by
               such
               Diversions
               ,
               it
               might
               be
               thought
               ,
               a
               round
               Sum
               might
               be
               raised
               to
               the
               King.
               Does
               it
               not
               seem
               an
               omission
               ,
               That
               a
               Playhouse
               which
               receives
               
                 twenty
                 thousand
                 pounds
                 a
                 year
              
               ,
               should
               pay
               nothing
               to
               the
               Publick
               ;
               when
               a
               Coffeehouse
               ,
               that
               receives
               not
               
                 one
                 thousand
                 per
                 annum
              
               ,
               pays
               
                 twenty
                 pounds
              
               ?
               And
               so
               it
               is
               in
               
                 Musick
                 houses
                 ,
                 Bear-gardens
              
               ,
               and
               Plays
               in
               
                 Fairs
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
            
             
               Fourthly
               ,
               In
               some
               parts
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               as
               
                 Italy
                 ,
                 France
              
               ,
               and
               Spain
               ,
               a
               Tax
               of
               Labour
               upon
               Malefactors
               condemns
               such
               as
               we
               here
               punish
               with
               Death
               ,
               to
               the
               Gall●es
               and
               Mines
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               Punishment
               of
               greater
               terror
               and
               longer
               example
               than
               Death
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               of
               profit
               to
               the
               Kingd●m
               I
               have
               often
               thought
               upon
               this
               particular
               ,
               and
               spent
               hours
               in
               debate
               
               with
               my self
               ,
               and
               therefore
               shall
               beg
               your
               patience
               ,
               if
               I
               trouble
               you
               with
               a
               tedious
               Harangue
               o●
               〈◊〉
               part
               of
               my
               Conceptions
               .
            
             
               I
               have
               enquired
               first
               into
               the
               Law
               of
               God
               ,
               then
               into
               that
               of
               other
               Kingdoms
               ,
               and
               find
               that
               we
               differ
               from
               both
               in
               our
               punishment
               for
               Felonies
               .
               The
               Law
               of
               Muses
               ,
               which
               is
               more
               severe
               than
               ours
               in
               many
               things
               ,
               (
               as
               that
               of
               Adultery
               and
               Disobedience
               to
               Parents
               ,
               the
               latter
               of
               which
               is
               by
               our
               Law
               not
               so
               penal
               as
               a
               broken
               Head
               )
               yet
               in
               Felonies
               n●t
               so
               extream
               as
               we
               are
               ;
               so
               far
               from
               making
               it
               Death
               ,
               as
               not
               to
               i●flict
               a
               Corporal
               Punishment
               .
               The
               restoring
               of
               four-fold
               was
               directed
               by
               the
               Great
               Judge
               of
               Heaven
               and
               Earth
               ;
               and
               if
               the
               Thief
               had
               nothing
               to
               make
               satisfaction
               with
               ,
               he
               was
               to
               be
               sold.
               But
               our
               Laws
               and
               Customs
               differ
               much
               ,
               when
               we
               punish
               the
               Kingdom
               for
               the
               fault
               of
               an
               evil
               Member
               .
               It
               will
               not
               be
               denied
               ,
               but
               that
               the
               Treasure
               of
               Men
               is
               of
               more
               value
               than
               that
               of
               Money
               .
            
             
               Now
               ,
               to
               take
               away
               the
               Life
               of
               a
               Man
               ,
               is
               in
               its
               proportion
               ,
               equal
               to
               a
               mans
               cutting
               off
               a
               Limb
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               sore
               .
               A
               Thief
               is
               a
               Diseased
               Member
               ,
               better
               to
               be
               cured
               than
               destroyed
               .
               'T
               will
               be
               thought
               an
               extravagant
               fancy
               ,
               yet
               to
               me
               it
               seems
               a
               real
               truth
               ,
               That
               a
               Thief
               is
               less
               mischievous
               to
               a
               Body
               Politi●k
               ,
               than
               a
               Miser
               ;
               for
               he
               only
               makes
               a
               wrong
               transferring
               of
               Riches
               ,
               the
               other
               (
               I
               mean
               the
               Miser
               )
               keeps
               all
               buried
               ,
               so
               that
               the
               Community
               is
               wronged
               by
               him
               ,
               and
               only
               particular
               Persons
               by
               the
               other
               ;
               and
               ,
               as
               the
               taking
               away
               the
               Life
               of
               a
               Man
               weakens
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               so
               does
               it
               injure
               the
               person
               robbed
               ;
               for
               that
               if
               the
               Thief
               were
               not
               able
               to
               pay
               ,
               then
               might
               he
               be
               sold
               ,
               and
               kept
               at
               work
               in
               Mines
               ,
               or
               other
               Penal
               Labour
               ,
               both
               for
               satisfaction
               to
               the
               Person
               injured
               ,
               and
               Corporal
               Punishment
               to
               the
               Offender
               :
               And
               ,
               it
               may
               be
               thought
               to
               be
               of
               more
               terror
               ,
               to
               have
               a
               Spectacle
               for
               many
               years
               labouring
               with
               a
               shaved
               Head
               in
               Chains
               ,
               than
               an
               Execution
               of
               half
               an
               hour
               ,
               that
               is
               oftentimes
               soon
               forott
               ●
            
             
             
               I
               have
               named
               but
               these
               four
               Heads
               for
               all
               the
               Foreign
               Use
               in
               Taxes
               ,
               because
               I
               do
               not
               remember
               amongst
               the
               〈◊〉
               waies
               they
               have
               ,
               any
               other
               practicable
               and
               profitable
               in
               these
               Kingdoms
               .
               The
               two
               later
               of
               these
               we
               do
               not
               use
               ;
               but
               I
               presume
               ,
               if
               they
               were
               taken
               into
               the
               consideration
               of
               better
               Heads
               than
               mine
               ,
               they
               might
               find
               a
               way
               to
               make
               something
               out
               of
               them
               :
               forasmuch
               as
               I
               am
               able
               to
               judge
               ,
               a
               great
               Revenue
               might
               be
               made
               to
               accrew
               to
               the
               Kingdom
               ,
               out
               of
               the
               Vermin
               of
               the
               Nation
               ,
               lewd
               Persons
               of
               both
               Sexes
               ,
               which
               now
               pass
               as
               if
               tolerated
               in
               their
               Enormities
               ;
               and
               only
               one
               Sett
               of
               them
               that
               the
               Law
               seems
               severe
               against
               ,
               punishing
               them
               with
               Death
               :
               which
               by
               so
               much
               appears
               to
               be
               the
               worse
               ,
               by
               how
               much
               we
               suppose
               nothing
               too
               rigo●ous
               for
               Offences
               against
               our selves
               ,
               and
               nothing
               too
               little
               or
               indulgent
               for
               Crimes
               committed
               against
               God.
               
            
             
               
                 I
                 am
                 ,
                 SIR
                 ,
                 Your
                 most
                 humble
                 Servant
                 .