The interests of the several princes and states of Europe consider'd, with respect to the succession of the crown of Spain, and the titles of the several pretenders thereto examin'd
         Defoe, Daniel, 1661?-1731.
      
       
         
           1698
        
      
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         A37429
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             The interests of the several princes and states of Europe consider'd, with respect to the succession of the crown of Spain, and the titles of the several pretenders thereto examin'd
             Defoe, Daniel, 1661?-1731.
          
           [4], 32 p.
           
             [s.n.],
             London :
             1698.
          
           
             Attributed to Daniel Defoe. Cf. Wing.
             Reproduction of original in Yale University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Kings and rulers -- Succession.
        
      
    
     
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           THE
           INTERESTS
           Of
           the
           several
           Princes
           and
           States
           of
           Europe
           ,
           With
           respect
           to
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           
             Crown
             of
             Spain
          
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           INTERESTS
           Of
           the
           Several
           Princes
           and
           States
           of
           Europe
           Consider'd
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           SUCCESSION
           OF
           THE
           
             Crown
             of
             Spain
          
           .
           AND
           THE
           TITLES
           of
           the
           several
           Pretenders
           thereto
           ,
           Examin'd
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           in
           the
           Year
           M
           DC
           XC
           VIII
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           The
           Interests
           of
           the
           Several
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           SPAIN
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           THE
           present
           Indisposition
           of
           the
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           seems
           to
           put
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Europe
           into
           a
           Consternation
           :
           The
           Apprehension
           the
           most
           Judicious
           Persons
           have
           of
           a
           Breach
           in
           the
           short
           Tranquility
           this
           part
           of
           the
           World
           has
           enjoy'd
           ,
           makes
           the
           Concern
           be
           very
           just
           :
           For
           they
           who
           know
           how
           ill
           we
           are
           able
           to
           enter
           upon
           a
           Second
           War
           ,
           and
           what
           deep
           Incisions
           the
           Last
           has
           made
           into
           the
           soundest
           Members
           of
           the
           Confederacy
           ,
           have
           good
           reason
           to
           be
           very
           chary
           of
           the
           present
           Peace
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           our
           Adversaries
           have
           felt
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           We
           ;
           and
           't
           is
           reasonable
           to
           suppose
           ,
           have
           as
           little
           need
           of
           another
           ,
           as
           they
           had
           real
           need
           of
           the
           Peace
           .
           But
           what
           we
           know
           of
           that
           is
           but
           suppos'd
           ;
           what
           we
           feel
           ,
           we
           are
           sensible
           and
           sure
           of
           .
           Besides
           ,
           the
           Case
           here
           would
           exceedingly
           differ
           ;
           for
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Spain
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           were
           it
           rightly
           managed
           ,
           is
           the
           Richest
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Largest
           Government
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           is
           a
           thing
           so
           valuable
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           presum'd
           there
           is
           no
           Monarch
           in
           Christendom
           ,
           were
           he
           in
           the
           King
           of
           
           France's
           stead
           ,
           but
           would
           push
           for
           it
           at
           the
           extremest
           hazard
           .
           And
           the
           present
           King
           of
           France
           has
           never
           given
           the
           World
           any
           reason
           to
           expect
           he
           will
           omit
           the
           Addition
           of
           such
           
           a
           Trophy
           to
           his
           Glory
           ,
           especially
           when
           he
           has
           so
           high
           Pretensions
           to
           the
           Claim
           .
        
         
           In
           this
           Case
           it
           seems
           very
           proper
           to
           enquire
           a
           little
           into
           the
           present
           Prospect
           of
           Affairs
           ,
           as
           they
           respect
           the
           several
           Interests
           of
           the
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           ,
           and
           what
           probable
           Effects
           the
           Decease
           of
           his
           Catholick
           Majesty
           may
           have
           ,
           as
           to
           
             Peace
             ,
             War
             ,
             and
             Trade
          
           ;
           that
           from
           thence
           we
           may
           judge
           what
           we
           ought
           to
           expect
           from
           such
           an
           Event
           .
        
         
           To
           come
           at
           a
           full
           understanding
           of
           the
           Case
           in
           hand
           ,
           't
           is
           necessary
           to
           take
           a
           short
           View
           of
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           Royal
           Family
           of
           Spain
           ,
           and
           enquire
           who
           has
           the
           fairest
           Claim
           ,
           in
           case
           of
           the
           Demise
           of
           the
           present
           King.
           
        
         
           The
           House
           of
           Austria
           have
           had
           an
           undoubted
           Possession
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ;
           and
           Charles
           the
           Fifth
           being
           chosen
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           ,
           enjoy'd
           a
           Sovereignty
           of
           the
           largest
           Extent
           ,
           perhaps
           that
           ever
           any
           One
           Prince
           in
           the
           World
           had
           under
           his
           Government
           :
           For
           he
           had
           at
           once
           the
           Empire
           of
           Germany
           ,
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           Hungary
           and
           Bohemia
           ,
           of
           
             Spain
             ,
             Naples
          
           ,
           and
           Sicily
           ;
           all
           the
           present
           
             United
             Provinces
          
           under
           the
           States
           of
           Holland
           ;
           all
           Flanders
           ,
           with
           the
           Countries
           of
           
             Luxemburgh
             ,
             Franche
             Comte
          
           ,
           and
           Burgundy
           ;
           the
           Dukedom
           of
           Milan
           ,
           the
           Islands
           of
           
             Sardinia
             ,
             Corsica
             ,
             Majorca
          
           and
           Minorca
           ,
           with
           a
           boundless
           Empire
           in
           Mexico
           and
           Peru
           ;
           besides
           a
           multitude
           of
           Petty
           Sovereignties
           ,
           Dukedoms
           ,
           and
           Principalities
           .
           All
           this
           Vast
           Dominion
           ,
           
             the
             Empire
             of
          
           Germany
           
             and
             its
             Dependancies
             excepted
          
           ,
           descended
           to
           his
           Son
           Philip
           ;
           who
           added
           to
           it
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           England
           and
           Ireland
           ,
           by
           his
           Marriage
           with
           Queen
           Mary
           ;
           but
           that
           unhappy
           Match
           neither
           raising
           him
           any
           Children
           ,
           
           nor
           keeping
           him
           in
           any
           long
           Possession
           of
           this
           Crown
           ,
           he
           lost
           it
           by
           her
           Death
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           next
           Reign
           ,
           lost
           the
           Low-Countries
           also
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           long
           War
           so
           impoverish'd
           his
           own
           Kingdom
           ,
           that
           it
           never
           recovered
           it
           to
           this
           hour
           .
           After
           his
           Decease
           ,
           he
           left
           his
           Kingdoms
           to
           his
           Son
           Philip
           ,
           and
           he
           to
           Philip
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           Father
           of
           the
           present
           Charles
           the
           Second
           ,
           who
           has
           yet
           no
           Children
           .
        
         
           Philip
           the
           Fourth
           left
           One
           Son
           and
           Two
           Daughters
           ;
           the
           Eldest
           Daughter
           ,
           
             Maria
             Teresia
          
           ,
           was
           married
           to
           the
           present
           French
           King
           ,
           and
           was
           Mother
           to
           the
           present
           Dauphin
           of
           France
           ;
           and
           in
           case
           of
           the
           Death
           of
           the
           present
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           the
           Dauphin
           of
           France
           is
           Heir
           Apparent
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ,
           and
           to
           all
           its
           Dominions
           ;
           and
           ,
           one
           Clause
           excepted
           ,
           has
           an
           Unquestion'd
           Title
           to
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           said
           Kingdoms
           .
        
         
           But
           in
           answer
           to
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           Dauphin
           ,
           't
           is
           objected
           ,
           That
           at
           the
           Marriage
           of
           Lewis
           the
           Fourteenth
           of
           France
           ,
           with
           
             Maria
             Teresia
          
           of
           Spain
           aforesaid
           ,
           his
           Most
           Christian
           Majesty
           ,
           with
           all
           the
           Princes
           of
           the
           Blood
           ,
           did
           by
           a
           Writing
           under
           their
           Hands
           and
           Seals
           ,
           ratified
           and
           exchang'd
           on
           the
           Borders
           ,
           and
           firm'd
           by
           their
           Solemn
           Oath
           at
           Fonterabia
           ,
           in
           the
           Year
           1659
           ,
           renounce
           and
           relinquish
           all
           Right
           or
           Title
           ,
           Claim
           and
           Pretensions
           for
           himself
           or
           his
           Successors
           ,
           which
           they
           or
           any
           of
           them
           had
           or
           should
           have
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           any
           Alliance
           from
           the
           said
           Marriage
           .
        
         
           The
           Spanish
           Ministers
           of
           State
           who
           foresaw
           the
           possibility
           of
           a
           Claim
           upon
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           from
           the
           Children
           of
           that
           Match
           ,
           took
           all
           the
           care
           imaginable
           to
           bind
           His
           most
           Christian
           Majesty
           from
           so
           much
           as
           a
           Pretension
           to
           it
           ,
           and
           to
           that
           end
           made
           the
           Words
           of
           that
           Oath
           as
           full
           ,
           and
           the
           Ceremony
           of
           Making
           and
           Exchanging
           it
           ,
           as
           Solemn
           and
           as
           Publick
           as
           possible
           .
        
         
         
           How
           far
           His
           Most
           Christian
           Majesty
           will
           think
           himself
           bound
           by
           such
           an
           Oath
           ,
           time
           must
           determine
           .
           I
           know
           't
           is
           Argued
           ,
           that
           the
           Dauphin
           and
           his
           Sons
           can
           be
           no
           way
           obliged
           by
           an
           Oath
           made
           by
           their
           Father
           or
           Grandfather
           before
           they
           were
           born
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           Father
           could
           only
           relinquish
           for
           himself
           ,
           but
           not
           for
           them
           ,
           on
           whom
           the
           Right
           of
           Succession
           devolv'd
           long
           after
           the
           Oath
           of
           their
           Father
           :
           That
           the
           Inheritance
           was
           a
           Natural
           Right
           to
           them
           ,
           which
           their
           Predecessors
           had
           no
           power
           to
           dispense
           with
           ;
           and
           therefore
           they
           are
           no
           way
           concern'd
           in
           the
           Oath
           of
           Renunciation
           ,
           but
           ought
           to
           Succeed
           ,
           as
           if
           no
           such
           Oath
           had
           been
           taken
           .
        
         
           Though
           much
           might
           be
           said
           on
           this
           Point
           ,
           it
           being
           not
           the
           Design
           of
           this
           Paper
           ,
           I
           shall
           only
           Note
           this
           ;
           That
           whether
           the
           Oath
           by
           which
           His
           Most
           Christian
           Majesty
           Renounced
           the
           said
           Succession
           be
           binding
           to
           the
           Dauphin
           and
           his
           Sons
           or
           no
           ;
           this
           is
           certain
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           effectually
           binding
           to
           the
           King
           himself
           ,
           if
           there
           be
           any
           such
           thing
           as
           a
           binding
           Force
           in
           the
           Obligation
           of
           the
           most
           solemn
           and
           sacred
           Oaths
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           Now
           if
           the
           Obligation
           be
           so
           sacred
           as
           to
           the
           Most
           Christian
           King
           himself
           ,
           't
           is
           most
           certain
           the
           Dauphin
           or
           his
           Sons
           will
           never
           be
           Kings
           of
           Spain
           ,
           if
           the
           said
           Most
           Christian
           King
           be
           so
           just
           to
           his
           Obligation
           as
           not
           to
           aid
           and
           assist
           them
           in
           pushing
           at
           the
           Succession
           .
        
         
           The
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           ,
           who
           is
           the
           next
           Branch
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           ,
           is
           Heir
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           in
           case
           the
           Title
           of
           the
           said
           
             Maria
             Teresia
          
           be
           laid
           aside
           ,
           being
           the
           immediate
           Line
           of
           Ferdinand
           ,
           Son
           to
           Charles
           the
           V
           th
           ,
           King
           of
           Spain
           ;
           and
           not
           only
           so
           ,
           but
           his
           Issue
           has
           a
           Claim
           by
           Virtue
           of
           his
           Marriage
           with
           
           
             Margaret
             Teresia
          
           ,
           the
           Second
           Daughter
           of
           Philip
           the
           IV
           th
           ,
           by
           whom
           he
           had
           One
           Daughter
           ,
           who
           was
           Married
           to
           the
           present
           Duke
           of
           Bavaria
           .
        
         
           It
           may
           not
           be
           amiss
           to
           Answer
           here
           a
           Question
           which
           seems
           very
           naturally
           to
           be
           drawn
           from
           the
           Premises
           ,
           Viz.
           Why
           should
           the
           Spaniards
           make
           Provision
           to
           bar
           the
           Claim
           of
           the
           French
           by
           the
           Issue
           of
           a
           Daughter
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           Claim
           of
           the
           Emperor
           whose
           Right
           is
           also
           by
           the
           Issue
           of
           a
           Daughter
           .
        
         
           This
           is
           expresly
           Answered
           by
           the
           Preamble
           to
           that
           Treaty
           in
           these
           Words
           :
           
             Estant
             les
             Deux
             Couronnes
             si
             Grandes
             et
             si
             puissantes
             qu'
             elles
             ne
             puissent
             estre
             Reunies
             en
             Une
             seule
             et
             a
             fin
             que
             dez
             a
             present
             on
             previenne
             les
             Occasions
             d'une
             pareille
             jonction
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           
             Donques
             attendues
             les
             susdites
             justes
             raisons
             et
             Notamment
             de
             L'egalité
             qui
             se
             doit
             Conserver
             leurs
             Majestez
             accordent
             et
             arrestent
             par
             Contract
             et
             pacte
             Conventionnel
             entre
             elles
             qui
             aura
             Lieu
             force
             et
             Vigueur
             de
             la
             loy
             ferme
             et
             stable
             a
             tout
             jamais
             qui
             la
             serenissime
          
           Infante
           d'Espagne
           
             ni
             ses
             Enfans
             et
             leur
             descendants
             en
             quel
             degrè
             ils
             se
             puissent
             trover
             Voir
             a
             tout
             jamais
             ne
             puissent
             succeder
             es
             royaumes
             estats
             seigneuries
             et
             domination
             ,
          
           &c.
           
             qui
             appartiennent
             et
             appartiendront
             a
             sa
          
           Majesté
           Catholique
           
             tant
             dedans
             que
             dehors
             le
             royaums
          
           d'Espagne
           
             Non
             obstant
             toutes
             Loix
             ou
             Coutumes
          
           &c.
           
             aux
             quelles
             leurs
             Majestez
             derogent
          
           ,
           &c.
           In
           English
           thus
           :
           
             The
             Two
             Crowns
             being
             so
             great
             and
             so
             puissant
             that
             they
             cannot
             be
             united
             into
             One
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             that
             to
             the
             end
             that
             from
             this
             present
             all
             Occasion
             of
             such
             a
             Conjunction
             may
             be
             avoided
             ,
             therefore
             upon
             due
             consideration
             had
             of
             the
             aforesaid
             reasons
             ,
             especially
             that
             of
             Equality
             ,
             which
             ought
             to
             be
             preserved
             ;
             it
             is
             Accorded
             between
             both
             their
             Majesties
             ,
             and
             by
             Mutual
             Covenant
             and
             Contract
             Ordained
             ,
             which
             shall
             continue
             in
             the
             full
             force
             and
             vigor
             of
             a
             Law
             for
             ever
             ,
             
               That
               the
               most
               Serene
            
             Infanta
             
             of
             Spain
             ,
             
               her
               Children
               ,
               nor
               Descendants
               ,
               in
               what
               Degree
               soever
               ,
               shall
               never
               Succeed
               in
               the
               Kingdoms
               ,
               Signiories
               ,
               or
               Dominions
               ,
               which
               do
               or
               shall
               belong
               to
               his
            
             Catholick
             Majesty
             ,
             
               as
               well
               within
               as
               without
               the
               Kingdom
               of
            
             Spain
             ;
             
               notwithstanding
               any
               Law
               or
               Custom
               ,
               which
               hereby
               their
               Majesties
               do
               Abolish
               .
            
          
        
         
           'T
           is
           plain
           from
           this
           branch
           of
           the
           Contract
           ,
           that
           a
           Union
           between
           Spain
           and
           France
           has
           been
           accounted
           by
           both
           Nations
           an
           improper
           ,
           if
           not
           an
           impracticable
           thing
           .
           A
           Union
           with
           Germany
           has
           been
           known
           ,
           and
           is
           coherent
           enough
           ;
           but
           the
           Nature
           and
           Interest
           of
           the
           Two
           Crowns
           of
           Spain
           and
           France
           seem
           to
           have
           some
           particular
           Circumstances
           which
           would
           make
           a
           Union
           fatal
           to
           them
           both
           ;
           and
           therefore
           
             Don
             Lewis
             de
             Haro
          
           ,
           the
           great
           Minister
           of
           State
           for
           the
           Spaniards
           ,
           insisted
           on
           this
           Article
           with
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Zeal
           .
        
         
           I
           confess
           it
           seems
           to
           me
           that
           
             Don
             Lewis
             de
             Haro
          
           ,
           the
           Spanish
           Minister
           ,
           acted
           very
           different
           from
           the
           Character
           he
           had
           in
           other
           his
           Publick
           Management
           of
           the
           Affairs
           of
           Spain
           ;
           for
           he
           who
           past
           for
           one
           of
           the
           greatest
           Masters
           in
           Politicks
           of
           his
           Age
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           only
           man
           in
           all
           the
           Spanish
           Court
           ,
           who
           was
           thought
           to
           be
           a
           Match
           for
           Cardinal
           Mazarin
           in
           the
           Famous
           Peace
           of
           the
           Pyrennes
           ,
           was
           sure
           very
           ill
           read
           in
           the
           Maxims
           of
           Princes
           ,
           to
           think
           that
           a
           Treaty
           of
           Renunciation
           would
           ever
           be
           esteem'd
           of
           force
           enough
           to
           limit
           the
           Ambition
           of
           Future
           Times
           ,
           and
           to
           oblige
           Princes
           who
           were
           not
           then
           born
           .
           The
           Spaniards
           were
           never
           taken
           for
           a
           Credulous
           Nation
           ,
           and
           how
           they
           should
           come
           to
           be
           drawn
           into
           such
           a
           folly
           ,
           seems
           very
           unaccountable
           .
           No
           doubt
           
             Cardinal
             Mazarine
          
           ,
           who
           discover'd
           
           well
           enough
           the
           Event
           ,
           suffered
           the
           Spanish
           Plenipotentiaries
           to
           go
           on
           at
           their
           own
           rate
           ,
           and
           to
           call
           in
           the
           help
           of
           all
           the
           Civilians
           in
           the
           Two
           Kingdoms
           ,
           to
           make
           an
           Instrument
           of
           Renunciation
           ,
           knowing
           well
           enough
           that
           Titles
           to
           Crowns
           are
           generally
           disputed
           by
           the
           Sword
           ,
           not
           by
           Deeds
           and
           Instruments
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           Succession
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ,
           if
           ever
           it
           fell
           by
           the
           Demise
           of
           the
           Incumbents
           to
           the
           Heirs
           of
           that
           Marriage
           ,
           would
           receive
           very
           little
           Obstruction
           from
           so
           weak
           a
           Defence
           as
           the
           Paper
           of
           a
           Renunciation
           ;
           for
           we
           find
           Contracts
           and
           Writings
           of
           that
           Nature
           ,
           have
           very
           little
           effect
           against
           a
           Title
           to
           a
           Crown
           backt
           with
           an
           Army
           of
           50000
           men
           .
           The
           Spanish
           Ministers
           acted
           the
           parts
           of
           men
           of
           Honour
           indeed
           ,
           but
           not
           at
           all
           of
           Politicians
           .
        
         
           Why
           also
           that
           refin'd
           Politician
           should
           Marry
           the
           Eldest
           Daughter
           ,
           where
           the
           Succession
           should
           require
           so
           strict
           a
           Bar
           ,
           remains
           undetermined
           ;
           had
           he
           given
           the
           Infanta
           to
           the
           Emperor
           ,
           and
           the
           Younger
           Daughter
           to
           the
           King
           of
           France
           ,
           the
           Debate
           had
           been
           prevented
           ;
           but
           possibly
           other
           reasons
           might
           govern
           him
           ,
           which
           we
           cannot
           judge
           of
           at
           this
           distance
           of
           time
           ;
           and
           the
           Infanta
           being
           Married
           to
           the
           Most
           
             Christian
             King
          
           Six
           Years
           before
           the
           Younger
           Daughter
           was
           Married
           to
           the
           Emperor
           ,
           that
           Match
           might
           be
           made
           before
           a
           Marriage
           with
           the
           Emperor
           was
           in
           view
           .
        
         
           Upon
           the
           whole
           ,
           it
           appears
           by
           this
           short
           view
           of
           the
           Succession
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ,
           that
           the
           Two
           Daughters
           of
           Philip
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           are
           the
           Immediate
           Heirs
           of
           Charles
           the
           Second
           ,
           the
           present
           King
           ,
           in
           case
           he
           Dies
           without
           Issue
           ;
           the
           Eldest
           ,
           who
           marri'd
           the
           King
           of
           France
           ,
           has
           renounced
           her
           Claim
           for
           her self
           and
           her
           Posterity
           ;
           and
           the
           next
           Right
           must
           devolve
           upon
           the
           Second
           ,
           
           whose
           Title
           Descends
           to
           the
           Elector
           of
           Bavaria
           .
        
         
           I
           am
           also
           to
           observe
           that
           the
           pretence
           ,
           of
           
             the
             Children
             of
             the
             King
             of
          
           France
           ,
           
             not
             being
             bound
             by
             the
             Oath
             of
             their
             Father
             ,
             and
             therefore
             their
             Succession
             being
             clear
             ,
          
           seems
           fully
           answered
           thus
           .
        
         
           The
           Renunciation
           was
           not
           so
           much
           a
           Personal
           Deed
           of
           the
           present
           King
           of
           France
           and
           the
           Infanta
           of
           Spain
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           a
           mutual
           Compact
           between
           both
           Kingdoms
           pass'd
           by
           a
           Treaty
           of
           Peace
           ,
           and
           became
           a
           Law
           of
           each
           Country
           ,
           made
           so
           by
           a
           publick
           Instrument
           Sign'd
           by
           the
           Nobility
           on
           each
           side
           ,
           and
           agreed
           by
           a
           general
           Consent
           of
           the
           Plenipotentiaries
           of
           both
           Parties
           ,
           in
           the
           XXXIII
           d
           Article
           of
           the
           Pyrenean
           Treaty
           ,
           in
           these
           words
           :
        
         
           
             And
             to
             the
             end
             this
             Peace
             and
             Union
             ,
             Confederation
             and
             good
             Correspondence
             ,
             might
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             desired
             ,
             be
             so
             much
             the
             more
             firm
             ,
             lasting
             ,
             and
             indissolvible
             ,
             both
             the
             said
             Principal
             Ministers
             ,
             the
             Cardinal
             Duke
             ,
             and
             the
             Marquis
             Earl
             Duke
             ,
             by
             virtue
             of
             the
             special
             Power
             they
             have
             had
             for
             that
             end
             of
             the
             Two
             Lords
             and
             Kings
             ,
             have
             Concluded
             and
             Agreed
             in
             their
             Names
             ,
             the
             Marriage
             of
             the
             Most
          
           Christian
           
             King
             with
             the
             Serenis
          
           .
           Infanta
           
             the
             Lady
          
           Maria
           Teresia
           ,
           
             Eldest
             Daughter
             to
             the
          
           Catholick
           King
           ,
           
             and
             the
             same
             Day
             bearing
             the
             Date
             of
             these
             Presents
             ,
             have
             Made
             and
             Subscrib'd
             a
             particular
             Treaty
             ,
             whereunto
             they
             refer
             themselves
             touching
             the
             mutual
             Conditions
             of
             the
             said
             Marriage
             ,
             and
             the
             time
             of
             its
             Celebration
             ;
             which
             Treaty
             by
             it self
             ,
             and
             Capitulation
             of
             Marriage
             ,
             are
             of
             the
             same
             Force
             and
             Vigor
             with
             the
             present
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             Chiefest
             Part
             thereof
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             worthy
             as
             well
             as
             the
             greatest
             and
             most
             precious
             earnest
             of
             the
             surety
             of
             its
             duration
             .
          
        
         
         
           This
           makes
           it
           appear
           that
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Marriage
           was
           really
           a
           part
           of
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Peace
           ,
           and
           so
           became
           a
           publick
           Stipulation
           between
           the
           two
           Kingdoms
           ,
           and
           an
           Act
           of
           the
           generality
           ;
           so
           that
           not
           the
           King
           and
           Queen
           of
           France
           only
           personally
           ,
           but
           the
           very
           Kingdom
           of
           France
           did
           solemnly
           concern
           it self
           in
           the
           Renunciation
           of
           an
           Union
           of
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ,
           as
           a
           thing
           not
           fit
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           for
           the
           Reasons
           expresly
           set
           down
           in
           the
           Preamble
           quoted
           before
           .
        
         
           France
           having
           thus
           renounced
           the
           Crown
           ,
           and
           all
           Claim
           to
           the
           Kingdoms
           and
           Dominions
           of
           Spain
           ,
           the
           Second
           Daughter
           comes
           in
           with
           her
           Claim
           ;
           and
           
             Maria
             Teresia
          
           stands
           with
           respect
           to
           Spain
           ,
           as
           if
           she
           had
           dyed
           without
           Issue
           .
           The
           Second
           Daughter
           of
           Philip
           the
           Fourth
           ,
           was
           
             Margaret
             Teresia
          
           ,
           married
           to
           Leopold
           the
           Sixth
           ,
           present
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           ,
           by
           whom
           he
           had
           Three
           Sons
           and
           One
           Daughter
           ;
           which
           Daughter
           ,
           the
           Sons
           all
           dying
           young
           ,
           was
           married
           to
           the
           present
           Duke
           Elector
           of
           Bavaria
           ,
           and
           died
           in
           1691
           ,
           leaving
           him
           one
           Son
           ,
           to
           whom
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           descends
           by
           a
           plain
           and
           direct
           Title
           ,
           founded
           on
           the
           Renunciation
           agreed
           on
           by
           the
           Pyrenean
           Treaty
           .
        
         
           If
           the
           Son
           of
           this
           Princess
           dies
           without
           Issue
           ,
           the
           German
           Line
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           succeeds
           ,
           deriv'd
           from
           Ferdinand
           Brother
           to
           Charles
           the
           Fifth
           ,
           Son
           of
           Philip
           the
           First
           ,
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           who
           left
           Three
           Sons
           ,
        
         
           
             Maximilian
             ,
          
           
             Ferdinand
             ,
             and
          
           
             Charles
             .
          
        
         
           Maximilian
           succeeded
           his
           Father
           in
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           left
           it
           to
           Rodulph
           the
           Second
           ,
           his
           Son
           ;
           and
           he
           dying
           a
           Batchelor
           ,
           Matthias
           his
           Second
           Son
           succeeded
           in
           the
           Empire
           ;
           
           and
           he
           also
           dying
           without
           Children
           ,
           Ferdinand
           the
           Second
           Son
           of
           Ferdinand
           the
           First
           ,
           was
           chosen
           Emperor
           ,
           who
           had
           several
           Children
           ,
           but
           all
           died
           without
           Issue
           ;
           so
           the
           Family
           was
           preserv'd
           in
           Charles
           the
           Third
           Son
           of
           Ferdinand
           the
           First
           ,
           who
           among
           Fifteen
           Children
           had
           one
           Son
           ,
           Ferdinand
           the
           Third
           of
           the
           Family
           ,
           but
           as
           Emperor
           was
           known
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           Ferdinand
           the
           Second
           ,
           who
           was
           Father
           to
           the
           Emperor
           Ferdinand
           the
           Third
           ,
           and
           he
           to
           the
           present
           Emperor
           Leopold
           the
           Sixth
           of
           the
           Family
           ,
           but
           the
           first
           Emperor
           of
           the
           Name
           ,
           whose
           Eldest
           Son
           Joseph
           is
           King
           of
           Hungary
           ,
           and
           King
           of
           the
           Romans
           ;
           whose
           Right
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           is
           Clear
           and
           Unquestion'd
           ,
           still
           founded
           upon
           the
           former
           Renunciation
           .
        
         
           The
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           has
           also
           some
           Pretension
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ,
           as
           he
           is
           Great
           Grandson
           of
           
             Charles
             Emanuel
          
           ,
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           ,
           by
           Katherine
           ,
           Daughter
           to
           Philip
           the
           Second
           .
        
         
           The
           Titles
           being
           thus
           discuss'd
           ,
           we
           come
           to
           examine
           how
           the
           several
           Interests
           of
           the
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           stand
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           Succession
           ,
           in
           case
           his
           Catholick
           Majesty
           should
           dye
           .
        
         
           To
           begin
           with
           the
           Princes
           of
           Italy
           ;
           and
           first
           with
           Savoy
           :
           The
           Dukes
           of
           Savoy
           have
           always
           upheld
           their
           Fortunes
           by
           the
           Antipathies
           of
           the
           powerful
           Princes
           by
           whom
           they
           are
           environ'd
           ,
           the
           
             Emperor
             ,
             Spain
          
           ,
           and
           France
           ;
           either
           of
           them
           singly
           have
           had
           both
           Power
           and
           Will
           to
           crush
           the
           Savoyard
           ,
           but
           neither
           enduring
           to
           let
           the
           other
           seize
           him
           ,
           he
           has
           ever
           had
           a
           Protector
           of
           '
           the
           one
           ,
           when
           he
           has
           had
           an
           Invader
           of
           the
           other
           .
           T
           is
           true
           ,
           this
           has
           often
           made
           his
           Country
           the
           Seat
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           his
           very
           Capital
           City
           Turin
           has
           been
           alternately
           Garison'd
           by
           
             French
             ,
             Spaniards
          
           ,
           and
           Germans
           .
           
           The
           present
           Duke
           is
           entirely
           in
           the
           French
           Interests
           and
           in
           a
           fair
           way
           to
           leave
           his
           Dominions
           in
           the
           French
           Possession
           ,
           having
           married
           his
           Daughter
           to
           the
           Hopes
           and
           Fortune
           of
           France
           :
           But
           if
           he
           has
           yet
           any
           Sons
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           his
           Interest
           to
           have
           the
           Dutchy
           of
           Milan
           fall
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           who
           will
           then
           perfectly
           environ
           him
           in
           their
           own
           Territories
           :
           Princes
           may
           take
           this
           of
           that
           Party
           ,
           with
           respect
           to
           Wars
           foreign
           to
           their
           own
           Dominions
           ;
           but
           in
           their
           own
           particular
           Cases
           they
           are
           always
           governed
           by
           their
           Interests
           .
           If
           the
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           has
           any
           regard
           to
           the
           Succession
           of
           his
           own
           Family
           he
           cannot
           but
           know
           that
           if
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Spain
           falls
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           the
           Milanese
           does
           so
           also
           ;
           and
           he
           and
           his
           Successors
           are
           as
           absolutely
           in
           the
           power
           and
           at
           the
           dispose
           of
           the
           King
           of
           France
           ,
           as
           any
           Governor
           of
           a
           Province
           in
           his
           own
           Countrey
           ;
           and
           the
           powerful
           Assistance
           of
           the
           Spaniard
           is
           for
           ever
           sunk
           as
           to
           him
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           cannot
           consist
           with
           the
           Safety
           of
           the
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           to
           have
           the
           French
           possess
           Spain
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           the
           Emperor
           may
           assist
           him
           ,
           but
           the
           Grisons
           must
           be
           ask'd
           leave
           to
           admit
           Succours
           through
           their
           Countrey
           ;
           which
           though
           they
           do
           generally
           grant
           ,
           yet
           such
           an
           Aid
           is
           remote
           ,
           and
           the
           Motions
           of
           the
           Germans
           very
           slow
           :
           So
           that
           indeed
           to
           have
           the
           French
           possess'd
           of
           Spain
           ,
           is
           to
           put
           the
           Dukes
           of
           Savoy
           under
           an
           Absolute
           Dependance
           on
           the
           Power
           and
           Will
           of
           the
           Kings
           of
           France
           .
        
         
           The
           Dukes
           of
           
             Mantua
             ,
             Parma
          
           ,
           and
           Modena
           ,
           with
           the
           Republick
           of
           Genoa
           ,
           will
           be
           in
           little
           better
           condition
           ;
           for
           the
           Countries
           of
           
             Savoy
             ,
             Piedmont
          
           ,
           and
           Milan
           ,
           have
           always
           been
           a
           Frontier
           to
           them
           ,
           to
           defend
           them
           from
           the
           Insults
           of
           the
           French
           ;
           as
           may
           very
           well
           appear
           by
           the
           care
           they
           took
           this
           last
           War
           ,
           to
           get
           rid
           of
           the
           French
           Garison
           in
           Casal
           .
        
         
         
           In
           the
           South
           and
           East
           parts
           of
           Italy
           ,
           the
           Case
           will
           be
           little
           better
           ;
           for
           with
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           
             Naples
             ,
             Sicily
          
           ,
           and
           Sardinia
           ,
           become
           likewise
           French
           ;
           the
           first
           of
           which
           admits
           them
           into
           the
           heart
           of
           Italy
           ,
           where
           they
           may
           shake
           hands
           with
           the
           Venetians
           on
           one
           side
           the
           Great
           Duke
           of
           Tuscany
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           the
           Ecclesiastical
           Territories
           on
           〈◊〉
           other
           ;
           and
           the
           last
           gives
           him
           an
           entire
           Dominion
           over
           the
           whole
           Trade
           of
           the
           West
           part
           of
           the
           Mediterranean
           Sea.
           In
           a
           word
           ,
           the
           Spanish
           Dominions
           in
           Italy
           falling
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           would
           so
           involve
           the
           whole
           Country
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           lie
           wholly
           at
           his
           Mercy
           ,
           and
           depend
           entirely
           upon
           his
           Favour
           ;
           and
           whoever
           gives
           himself
           leave
           to
           consult
           the
           Histories
           of
           the
           Wars
           in
           Italy
           ,
           the
           many
           attempts
           made
           by
           the
           Kings
           of
           France
           to
           get
           but
           a
           footing
           in
           that
           Delicious
           Country
           ,
           may
           with
           ease
           conclude
           what
           use
           they
           would
           make
           of
           so
           advantageous
           a
           Seisure
           as
           this
           .
           Francis
           the
           First
           ,
           was
           the
           most
           eager
           Competitor
           with
           the
           Emperor
           Charles
           the
           Fifth
           ,
           for
           the
           Dominion
           of
           Italy
           ;
           and
           the
           Princes
           of
           Lombardy
           owe
           their
           present
           Establishment
           and
           Tranquility
           to
           the
           Success
           of
           the
           Emperor's
           Forces
           in
           that
           great
           Battel
           of
           Pavia
           ;
           for
           had
           King
           Francis
           gain'd
           that
           Battel
           ,
           't
           is
           more
           than
           probable
           he
           had
           united
           all
           the
           North
           of
           Italy
           to
           his
           Crown
           ;
           and
           this
           very
           humour
           of
           King
           Francis
           ,
           who
           was
           a
           Warlike
           and
           an
           Ambitious
           Prince
           ,
           was
           the
           very
           reason
           why
           he
           was
           not
           Elected
           Emperor
           in
           the
           stead
           of
           Charles
           the
           Fifth
           ,
           lest
           he
           should
           either
           slight
           or
           attempt
           the
           subduing
           of
           the
           Petty-States
           of
           the
           Empire
           ;
           though
           they
           mended
           not
           the
           matter
           ,
           the
           very
           same
           Design
           being
           afterwards
           formed
           by
           Charles
           the
           Fifth
           ,
           whom
           they
           Elected
           at
           that
           time
           .
           And
           thus
           't
           is
           in
           Italy
           now
           the
           petty
           Princes
           of
           Italy
           
           are
           neither
           willing
           nor
           able
           to
           injure
           France
           ,
           and
           are
           very
           well
           satisfied
           with
           being
           screen'd
           behind
           the
           Milanese
           by
           the
           Spaniard
           and
           Savoyard
           from
           an
           Irruption
           from
           France
           .
        
         
           France
           has
           several
           times
           been
           Master
           of
           a
           great
           part
           of
           
             Italy
             .
             Pepin
          
           ,
           and
           Charlemaign
           ,
           having
           Conquer'd
           the
           Longobards
           ,
           gave
           all
           the
           Ecclesiastical-Territory
           in
           Italy
           to
           the
           Chair
           ;
           and
           since
           that
           ,
           Italy
           has
           been
           often
           changing
           Masters
           ,
           and
           the
           Popes
           have
           as
           often
           been
           harass'd
           ,
           one
           while
           by
           the
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           ,
           and
           other
           while
           by
           the
           French
           and
           Spanish
           Power
           ;
           and
           to
           prevent
           the
           like
           for
           the
           future
           ,
           the
           constant
           Maxim
           of
           the
           Ecclesiastical
           Councils
           ,
           has
           been
           to
           keep
           a
           due
           Balance
           between
           those
           Three
           Powers
           ,
           that
           neither
           of
           them
           may
           be
           too
           powerful
           for
           one
           another
           ,
           and
           then
           he
           is
           sure
           the
           Peace
           of
           Italy
           shall
           not
           be
           disturb'd
           .
           In
           this
           case
           the
           ingenious
           Puffendorff
           in
           his
           Introduction
           to
           the
           History
           of
           Europe
           ,
           gives
           his
           Opinion
           thus
           :
           
             I
             am
             apt
             to
             believe
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             the
             Popes
             would
             be
             glad
             the
          
           Spaniards
           
             were
             driven
             out
             of
          
           Italy
           ,
           
             especially
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             of
          
           Naples
           ;
           
             but
             it
             is
             scarce
             to
             be
             supposed
             he
             should
             be
             able
             to
             do
             it
             in
             his
             own
             strength
             ;
             and
             to
             make
             use
             of
             the
          
           French
           
             would
             be
             to
             fall
             out
             of
             the
             Frying-pan
             into
             the
             Fire
             ;
             therefore
             all
             the
             Pope
             can
             do
             is
             to
             take
             care
             that
          
           Spain
           
             may
             not
             Encroach
             upon
             others
             in
          
           Italy
           ;
           
             and
             there
             is
             no
             question
             but
             if
             the
          
           Spaniards
           
             should
             attempt
             any
             such
             thing
          
           ,
           France
           
             and
             all
             the
             other
          
           Italian
           
             States
             would
             be
             ready
             to
             oppose
             their
             design
             ;
             neither
             can
             it
             be
             pleasing
             to
             the
             Pope
             ,
             if
             the
             King
             of
          
           France
           
             should
             get
             so
             much
             Footing
             in
          
           Italy
           ,
           
             as
             to
             be
             able
             to
             sway
             Matters
             there
             according
             to
             his
             pleasure
             ,
             which
             the
             Pope
             ought
             to
             prevent
             with
             all
             his
             might
             .
          
           If
           this
           be
           true
           ,
           what
           then
           can
           the
           Pope
           or
           any
           of
           the
           Italian
           Princes
           expect
           ,
           if
           the
           Spaniards
           and
           French
           should
           be
           united
           ,
           
           and
           Encroach
           upon
           them
           in
           one
           body
           ,
           they
           would
           effectually
           drive
           them
           all
           out
           of
           Italy
           whenever
           they
           pleased
           ?
           All
           the
           Refuge
           they
           could
           have
           ,
           would
           be
           the
           Empire
           ,
           which
           how
           able
           it
           would
           be
           to
           Cope
           with
           France
           ,
           in
           such
           a
           Case
           ,
           time
           only
           can
           determine
           .
           To
           me
           it
           seems
           more
           than
           probable
           ,
           that
           a
           Union
           of
           the
           Kingdoms
           of
           France
           and
           Spain
           would
           be
           an
           entire
           Reduction
           of
           whole
           Italy
           under
           the
           same
           Power
           ;
           for
           there
           is
           not
           that
           part
           of
           Italy
           which
           the
           Monarch
           of
           that
           Union
           would
           not
           really
           have
           some
           Dormant
           Pretension
           to
           ,
           either
           as
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           or
           King
           of
           France
           ,
           or
           King
           of
           Naples
           ,
           or
           Duke
           of
           Milan
           ,
           except
           the
           Territories
           of
           the
           Republick
           of
           Venice
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           them
           would
           not
           be
           entirely
           free
           neither
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           Country
           which
           is
           most
           nearly
           concern'd
           against
           this
           Union
           ,
           and
           in
           most
           danger
           from
           it
           ,
           is
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Portugal
           .
           As
           the
           Spaniard
           is
           now
           a
           poor
           and
           effeminated
           Nation
           ,
           Portugal
           is
           secured
           by
           its
           own
           strength
           .
           In
           the
           time
           that
           the
           Power
           of
           Spain
           was
           formidable
           to
           
             Europe
             ,
             Philip
          
           the
           Second
           no
           sooner
           Invaded
           Portugal
           ,
           than
           he
           subdued
           it
           ;
           for
           there
           is
           no
           Comparison
           between
           the
           Forces
           of
           the
           Two
           Kingdoms
           ;
           and
           had
           not
           the
           Spanish
           Power
           been
           broken
           by
           other
           fatal
           Losses
           against
           England
           and
           the
           Low-Countries
           ,
           I
           suppose
           't
           would
           not
           be
           improper
           to
           say
           Portugal
           had
           remain'd
           a
           Province
           of
           Spain
           to
           this
           day
           .
           In
           th
           year
           1640
           ;
           while
           Philip
           the
           Fourth
           was
           involv'd
           in
           several
           Troubles
           ,
           as
           in
           particular
           the
           Revolt
           of
           the
           Catalonians
           the
           Portuguese
           shook
           off
           the
           Spanish
           Government
           ,
           and
           set
           up
           John
           Duke
           of
           Braganza
           ;
           and
           yet
           even
           this
           Revolt
           had
           not
           been
           able
           to
           have
           been
           made
           good
           ,
           had
           not
           the
           French
           privately
           assisted
           them
           under
           the
           Command
           of
           Duke
           
           Scomberg
           ,
           by
           whose
           Conduct
           they
           won
           the
           famous
           Victory
           of
           
             Villa
             Vitiosa
          
           ;
           and
           yet
           after
           this
           ,
           had
           not
           the
           Diversion
           the
           French
           made
           in
           the
           Netherlands
           ,
           made
           the
           Spaniards
           willing
           to
           clap
           up
           a
           Peace
           with
           Portugal
           on
           any
           terms
           ,
           the
           Portuguese
           could
           not
           have
           held
           out
           .
           The
           Sum
           of
           all
           is
           this
           ,
           That
           Portugal
           is
           not
           able
           to
           support
           it self
           against
           Spain
           without
           a
           Foreign
           Assistance
           .
           Now
           if
           Spain
           and
           France
           Unites
           under
           one
           Power
           ,
           whenever
           that
           Power
           pleases
           to
           demand
           the
           Crown
           of
           Portugal
           ,
           it
           must
           and
           will
           be
           surrendred
           to
           it
           .
        
         
           Wherefore
           't
           is
           the
           Interest
           of
           Portugal
           by
           all
           possible
           means
           to
           prevent
           this
           Union
           ;
           what
           those
           means
           are
           ,
           I
           refer
           to
           its
           proper
           Head.
           
        
         
           The
           Swiss
           ,
           the
           Grisons
           ,
           and
           the
           City
           of
           Geneva
           ,
           are
           the
           next
           concern'd
           in
           this
           Affair
           :
           I
           know
           some
           are
           apt
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           the
           greatest
           loss
           the
           Swiss
           are
           like
           to
           have
           on
           this
           occasion
           ,
           will
           be
           want
           of
           Employment
           ,
           which
           they
           have
           always
           found
           in
           the
           Wars
           between
           France
           and
           Spain
           ;
           but
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           it
           might
           be
           answered
           by
           saying
           ,
           They
           may
           chance
           to
           find
           Employment
           enough
           in
           defending
           their
           own
           Countrey
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           not
           to
           be
           questioned
           but
           the
           King
           of
           France
           ,
           who
           would
           then
           be
           Lord
           of
           all
           the
           Countries
           Southward
           of
           the
           Grisons
           and
           Swiss
           ,
           would
           be
           very
           fond
           of
           making
           that
           Warlike
           People
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           both
           for
           the
           advantage
           of
           having
           a
           power
           to
           force
           them
           into
           his
           Armies
           ,
           and
           also
           of
           stopping
           the
           passage
           of
           the
           Germans
           that
           way
           into
           Italye
           ,
           and
           indeed
           the
           impossibility
           that
           seems
           to
           lie
           on
           the
           Swissers
           of
           maintaining
           their
           Neutrality
           ,
           makes
           it
           almost
           natural
           to
           believe
           the
           New
           Monarch
           will
           attempt
           all
           feasible
           methods
           to
           bring
           them
           
           over
           to
           him
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           only
           to
           anticipate
           the
           Germans
           and
           prevent
           their
           being
           Parties
           with
           the
           Emperor
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           true
           the
           Swiss
           are
           a
           Fighting
           People
           and
           not
           easily
           conquered
           ,
           and
           a
           Poor
           People
           not
           worth
           conquering
           ;
           there
           is
           nothing
           to
           be
           had
           from
           them
           but
           Blows
           and
           barren
           Mountains
           ;
           but
           yet
           the
           Reasons
           abovesaid
           would
           ,
           in
           case
           of
           such
           a
           Union
           as
           we
           speak
           of
           ,
           make
           it
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           the
           French
           to
           make
           themselves
           Masters
           of
           them
           ,
           cost
           what
           it
           would
           .
           'T
           is
           confess'd
           some
           of
           the
           most
           Powerful
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           have
           attempted
           the
           Swiss
           in
           vain
           ;
           as
           Leopold
           Archduke
           of
           Austria
           ,
           whom
           they
           defeated
           and
           kill'd
           at
           the
           Battel
           of
           
             Sempach
             ,
             Anno
          
           1444.
           
           And
           Charles
           Duke
           of
           Burgundy
           at
           the
           Battel
           of
           Granson
           was
           routed
           by
           the
           Switzers
           ,
           though
           he
           was
           a
           Gallant
           Soldier
           ,
           and
           had
           in
           his
           Army
           an
           100000
           Men
           ;
           and
           it
           would
           be
           a
           very
           difficult
           thing
           for
           the
           strongest
           Power
           of
           Europe
           to
           make
           a
           Conquest
           of
           them
           by
           Force
           ;
           but
           the
           present
           King
           of
           France
           has
           found
           other
           ways
           to
           Conquer
           ,
           besides
           downright
           Fighting
           ,
           and
           the
           Swiss
           who
           are
           a
           needy
           People
           ,
           may
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           be
           as
           easily
           divided
           as
           another
           Nation
           ,
           by
           the
           help
           of
           Money
           especially
           ,
           their
           Government
           being
           composed
           of
           two
           different
           Religions
           ;
           and
           each
           Party
           very
           positive
           and
           zealous
           in
           their
           own
           .
           If
           therefore
           the
           French
           and
           Spanish
           Monarchies
           should
           unite
           ,
           the
           Swiss
           may
           find
           it
           very
           difficult
           to
           maintain
           their
           Confederacy
           ,
           either
           from
           the
           Force
           or
           the
           Subtilty
           of
           their
           Great
           Neighbour
           :
           For
           in
           case
           of
           such
           a
           Union
           ,
           the
           Monarch
           of
           that
           Empire
           will
           presently
           see
           ,
           that
           to
           get
           the
           
             Swiss
             Cantons
          
           under
           his
           Power
           ,
           will
           be
           the
           first
           and
           most
           necessary
           work
           to
           employ
           his
           Politicks
           ;
           for
           it
           would
           be
           the
           only
           way
           to
           secure
           himself
           from
           any
           disturbance
           in
           his
           entire
           Reduction
           of
           Italy
           .
           So
           that
           it
           must
           be
           of
           the
           last
           Consequence
           to
           the
           
             Swiss
             Cantons
          
           ,
           
           to
           prevent
           such
           a
           mighty
           Union
           in
           Europe
           ,
           which
           seems
           to
           bring
           with
           it
           a
           necessity
           of
           involving
           them
           in
           a
           War
           with
           the
           most
           Invincible
           Power
           of
           Two
           united
           Monarchies
           ;
           in
           which
           War
           they
           must
           of
           necessity
           at
           last
           submit
           or
           be
           conquer'd
           ;
           for
           a
           Victory
           obtain'd
           by
           them
           ,
           could
           have
           no
           other
           Tendency
           ,
           than
           to
           make
           their
           Terms
           of
           Accord
           the
           easier
           ;
           which
           they
           must
           always
           be
           bound
           to
           preserve
           at
           the
           Price
           of
           a
           War
           ,
           whenever
           their
           Potent
           Neighbour
           please
           to
           impose
           upon
           them
           .
           As
           to
           Trade
           indeed
           ,
           the
           Swiss
           are
           not
           much
           concern'd
           ,
           because
           they
           Trade
           little
           but
           among
           themselves
           ,
           nor
           have
           no
           Sea-Port
           for
           Foreign
           Trade
           ,
           nor
           any
           Manufactures
           to
           export
           .
        
         
           The
           Empire
           of
           Germany
           is
           the
           next
           to
           be
           consider'd
           :
           The
           Conjunction
           of
           France
           and
           Spain
           seems
           to
           threaten
           Germany
           with
           a
           fatal
           and
           a
           bloody
           War
           ;
           the
           Frontiers
           of
           France
           and
           Spain
           united
           ,
           extend
           in
           length
           ,
           fronting
           the
           Limits
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           for
           a
           contiguous
           Range
           of
           near
           a
           Thousand
           Miles
           ,
           if
           the
           
             Swiss
             Grisons
          
           and
           the
           North-East
           part
           of
           Italy
           are
           included
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           of
           necessity
           to
           be
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           the
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           is
           not
           under
           an
           absolute
           necessity
           of
           quarrelling
           with
           this
           supposed
           Empire
           ;
           but
           the
           Circumstances
           of
           Italy
           ,
           which
           has
           so
           many
           Fiefs
           and
           Dependancies
           on
           the
           Empire
           in
           it
           ,
           are
           such
           ,
           that
           it
           seems
           impossible
           ,
           speaking
           of
           common
           Politicks
           ,
           that
           the
           French
           should
           possess
           the
           Spanish
           Dominions
           in
           Italy
           ,
           and
           not
           commence
           a
           War
           with
           the
           Emperor
           of
           Germany
           ;
           for
           the
           Italian
           Princes
           cannot
           subsist
           in
           Italy
           ,
           without
           being
           incroach'd
           upon
           in
           such
           a
           case
           ;
           and
           the
           only
           Prince
           they
           can
           have
           recourse
           to
           for
           Protection
           ,
           is
           the
           Emperor
           :
           Possibly
           it
           may
           be
           the
           truest
           Interest
           of
           the
           Emperor
           to
           lye
           still
           at
           this
           time
           ,
           and
           rather
           prosecute
           
           his
           Wars
           against
           the
           Turks
           with
           his
           utmost
           Vigor
           ,
           by
           which
           he
           gains
           an
           extraordinary
           Glory
           as
           well
           as
           Revenue
           ;
           and
           that
           being
           once
           happily
           finished
           ,
           he
           may
           be
           the
           better
           able
           to
           cope
           with
           such
           an
           United
           Power
           :
           For
           as
           he
           is
           now
           engaged
           in
           his
           Wars
           in
           Hungary
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           own'd
           that
           the
           Empire
           of
           Germany
           would
           be
           in
           very
           great
           danger
           ,
           and
           a
           very
           unequal
           Match
           to
           the
           French
           upon
           the
           Rhine
           .
           It
           is
           without
           question
           the
           present
           Interest
           of
           the
           Emperor
           to
           preserve
           his
           Peace
           ,
           because
           the
           Towns
           which
           are
           to
           be
           restored
           by
           the
           present
           Peace
           are
           not
           yet
           quitted
           by
           the
           French
           ;
           but
           that
           once
           done
           ,
           the
           Emperor
           might
           with
           the
           greater
           advantage
           preserve
           the
           Peace
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           transfer
           the
           War
           into
           Italy
           ,
           where
           the
           Germans
           always
           fight
           cheapest
           ,
           and
           the
           French
           dearest
           .
        
         
           The
           Emperor's
           Interest
           in
           this
           Affair
           lies
           distinguish'd
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           several
           parts
           of
           the
           Empire
           .
           The
           States
           of
           the
           
             Lower
             Saxony
          
           ,
           whose
           Troops
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           Swabian
           and
           Franconian
           Circles
           ,
           compose
           the
           Forces
           on
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           are
           maintain'd
           by
           Quota's
           at
           the
           Charge
           of
           the
           several
           Princes
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           Princes
           are
           an
           inexhaustible
           Magazine
           of
           Men
           and
           Money
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           well
           united
           are
           invincible
           as
           to
           the
           French.
           In
           Italy
           the
           Germans
           can
           maintain
           the
           War
           three
           parts
           in
           five
           cheaper
           than
           the
           French
           ,
           because
           the
           Feudatories
           of
           the
           Empire
           bear
           their
           proportion
           :
           But
           if
           the
           French
           by
           this
           Conjunction
           unite
           also
           the
           Italian
           Princes
           ,
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           War
           between
           the
           Emperor
           and
           the
           French
           is
           most
           probable
           to
           lye
           on
           the
           Frontiers
           of
           Bavaria
           ,
           or
           the
           Lower
           Parts
           of
           Austria
           and
           Bohemia
           ,
           the
           Emperor
           's
           Hereditary
           Dominion
           ,
           which
           indeed
           is
           the
           tenderest
           place
           the
           Emperor
           can
           be
           touch'd
           in
           .
        
         
         
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           that
           Germany
           united
           is
           a
           most
           formidable
           Empire
           ;
           but
           the
           present
           Condition
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           very
           much
           weakned
           by
           this
           last
           War
           ,
           and
           involved
           in
           a
           vigorous
           War
           against
           the
           Turks
           ,
           is
           such
           as
           renders
           it
           in
           but
           an
           ill
           Condition
           to
           engage
           in
           so
           bloody
           and
           expensive
           a
           War
           as
           this
           would
           be
           .
           'T
           is
           therefore
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Empire
           with
           all
           its
           Might
           ,
           by
           way
           of
           prevention
           ,
           to
           secure
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           ;
           that
           by
           such
           an
           addition
           the
           French
           Greatness
           might
           be
           curb'd
           and
           restrain'd
           ,
           and
           the
           French
           anticipated
           in
           all
           their
           vast
           and
           ambitious
           Designs
           upon
           Italy
           .
        
         
           The
           King
           of
           Poland
           seems
           to
           be
           the
           only
           Prince
           that
           will
           be
           easy
           at
           this
           Union
           ,
           and
           that
           only
           as
           it
           serves
           his
           present
           purpose
           ,
           by
           diverting
           the
           French
           from
           disturbing
           him
           in
           the
           peaceable
           Possession
           of
           his
           new-gotten
           Kingdom
           .
           The
           disorders
           of
           his
           Government
           seem
           to
           grow
           upon
           him
           ,
           and
           the
           Party
           of
           the
           Prince
           of
           Conti
           ,
           or
           the
           Cardinal
           Primate
           rather
           ,
           are
           only
           upheld
           by
           their
           expectation
           of
           Succors
           from
           France
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           dispossess
           the
           present
           King
           :
           Now
           this
           Union
           of
           France
           with
           Spain
           ,
           may
           be
           beneficial
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Poland
           ,
           only
           as
           it
           may
           divert
           the
           Court
           of
           France
           from
           raising
           and
           encouraging
           Rebellions
           and
           Disorders
           in
           his
           Affairs
           ,
           before
           he
           is
           well
           settled
           in
           his
           new-gotten
           Dominions
           :
           And
           yet
           the
           King
           of
           Poland
           will
           not
           approve
           of
           this
           Conjunction
           ,
           as
           a
           Friend
           to
           the
           French
           Interest
           ,
           nor
           any
           way
           ,
           but
           as
           he
           would
           be
           glad
           of
           any
           Circumstance
           that
           would
           divert
           the
           French
           from
           giving
           him
           disturbance
           in
           the
           particular
           Settlement
           which
           he
           has
           before
           him
           .
        
         
           The
           Dutch
           are
           the
           next
           State
           most
           concern'd
           in
           such
           a
           Conjunction
           ;
           were
           it
           not
           for
           Flanders
           the
           
           Dutch
           would
           have
           no
           manner
           of
           concern
           upon
           them
           ,
           but
           what
           respected
           Trade
           only
           ;
           of
           which
           by
           it self
           .
           But
           as
           they
           now
           stand
           with
           respect
           to
           the
           several
           Provinces
           of
           the
           
             Spanish
             Netherlands
          
           ,
           to
           have
           those
           large
           and
           populous
           Countries
           fall
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           would
           be
           of
           the
           most
           fatal
           Consequence
           to
           their
           Affairs
           of
           any
           other
           event
           that
           could
           possibly
           befal
           them
           .
        
         
           Their
           Territory
           is
           entirely
           encompass'd
           with
           the
           
             Flemings
             ,
             Legois
          
           ,
           and
           Germans
           ,
           and
           that
           subtle
           Government
           have
           at
           all
           times
           taken
           special
           care
           to
           keep
           off
           the
           Neighbourhood
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           and
           have
           ever
           so
           ordered
           the
           matter
           ,
           that
           they
           have
           had
           some
           or
           other
           strong
           Town
           of
           the
           Spaniards
           to
           stand
           between
           them
           and
           danger
           ;
           what
           they
           are
           to
           expect
           from
           the
           Neighbourhood
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           they
           have
           room
           enough
           to
           judge
           from
           their
           own
           sad
           Experience
           in
           1672
           ,
           when
           the
           French
           broke
           into
           the
           Bowels
           of
           their
           Country
           ,
           and
           like
           a
           Torrent
           bore
           down
           all
           before
           them
           ;
           if
           then
           the
           Spanish
           Low-Countries
           fall
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           as
           by
           such
           a
           Union
           they
           would
           immediately
           do
           ,
           the
           Dutch
           would
           be
           even
           Besieged
           by
           the
           French
           Power
           from
           the
           Mouth
           of
           the
           Scheld
           to
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           and
           have
           no
           Frontier
           but
           their
           own
           Towns
           ;
           and
           on
           the
           least
           breach
           between
           them
           and
           the
           French
           ,
           their
           own
           fruitful
           Countries
           which
           they
           have
           hitherto
           been
           so
           Chary
           of
           ,
           would
           become
           the
           Seat
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           and
           be
           impoverisht
           and
           over-run
           with
           the
           Numerous
           Armies
           of
           Franc.
           
        
         
           In
           a
           word
           ;
           It
           does
           not
           seem
           very
           probable
           that
           the
           Dutch
           can
           maintain
           their
           Commonwealth
           ,
           but
           will
           fall
           a
           certain
           Prey
           at
           some
           time
           or
           other
           ,
           to
           the
           overgrown
           Greatness
           of
           the
           French
           Monarchy
           ;
           for
           they
           have
           but
           two
           ways
           of
           supporting
           themselves
           ,
           by
           War
           
           or
           Peace
           ;
           the
           first
           must
           be
           Precarious
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           Absolute
           Will
           of
           the
           French
           ;
           and
           the
           last
           will
           be
           destructive
           to
           them
           .
           There
           is
           a
           vast
           difference
           between
           the
           Charge
           of
           a
           War
           maintain'd
           Abroad
           ,
           and
           the
           Desolations
           of
           a
           War
           brought
           Home
           to
           our
           own
           doors
           .
           While
           the
           Dutch
           maintain'd
           their
           Army
           ,
           and
           sent
           them
           into
           Flanders
           to
           Fight
           ;
           the
           War
           ,
           though
           it
           was
           long
           and
           very
           bloody
           ,
           yet
           was
           easy
           to
           them
           ;
           but
           to
           have
           the
           French
           Army
           in
           the
           Bowels
           of
           their
           Country
           ,
           leaves
           nothing
           but
           Ruin
           and
           Desolation
           behind
           ;
           witness
           the
           Rage
           of
           the
           French
           Armies
           at
           Swamerdam
           in
           the
           Years
           1672
           ,
           and
           1673.
           
        
         
           The
           Dutch
           by
           their
           hired
           Troops
           are
           a
           very
           powerful
           State
           ;
           but
           are
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           the
           worst
           of
           any
           Nation
           in
           the
           World
           to
           entertain
           a
           War
           in
           their
           own
           Dominion
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           so
           exceedingly
           dependant
           upon
           the
           openness
           and
           freedom
           of
           Trade
           ,
           which
           if
           it
           be
           once
           Obstructed
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           sure
           it
           must
           be
           by
           such
           a
           kind
           of
           a
           War
           ,
           they
           are
           presently
           impoverisht
           .
           The
           Uniting
           the
           
             Spanish
             Netherlands
          
           to
           France
           by
           this
           Succession
           ,
           would
           leave
           Holland
           in
           a
           manner
           quite
           naked
           of
           all
           its
           defence
           ,
           and
           exposed
           to
           the
           Will
           of
           the
           French
           ;
           for
           if
           Flanders
           be
           lost
           ,
           all
           the
           Blood
           and
           Treasure
           spent
           by
           the
           whole
           Confederacy
           in
           Three
           long
           and
           chargeable
           Wars
           ,
           for
           the
           rescuing
           Flanders
           out
           of
           the
           French
           hands
           ,
           would
           be
           lost
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           labour
           of
           the
           King
           of
           England
           and
           his
           Armies
           would
           be
           utterly
           lost
           .
        
         
           The
           Dutch
           are
           certainly
           exposed
           to
           the
           last
           degree
           ,
           and
           in
           so
           much
           danger
           of
           being
           absolutely
           subdued
           in
           such
           a
           case
           ,
           that
           I
           think
           they
           are
           concern'd
           in
           the
           highest
           degree
           ,
           to
           prevent
           ,
           if
           possible
           ,
           such
           an
           Union
           as
           that
           ,
           which
           would
           to
           them
           be
           the
           most
           fatal
           thing
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
         
           We
           come
           in
           the
           next
           place
           to
           examine
           how
           England
           stands
           with
           respect
           to
           such
           an
           Union
           ;
           England
           is
           not
           one
           jot
           less
           concern'd
           in
           the
           matter
           than
           Holland
           ;
           the
           King
           of
           England
           ,
           whose
           Hazards
           in
           Flanders
           may
           seem
           needless
           to
           those
           who
           understood
           no
           better
           ,
           has
           given
           sufficient
           .
           Testimony
           of
           his
           Opinion
           how
           much
           the
           safety
           of
           England
           depends
           upon
           maintaining
           the
           Frontier
           of
           Flanders
           as
           a
           Barrier
           for
           the
           Kingdom
           against
           the
           Insults
           of
           the
           French
           Nation
           :
           and
           indeed
           ,
           if
           nothing
           but
           the
           prodigious
           increase
           of
           the
           Naval
           Strength
           ,
           which
           France
           would
           attain
           by
           such
           an
           Union
           ,
           were
           considered
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           sufficient
           to
           make
           all
           the
           Northern
           parts
           of
           Europe
           join
           their
           Interest
           against
           it
           .
           I
           noted
           in
           the
           Article
           about
           the
           Dutch
           ,
           the
           naked
           Condition
           they
           would
           be
           in
           with
           respect
           to
           a
           War
           by
           Land
           ;
           but
           should
           the
           French
           once
           make
           themselves
           Masters
           of
           Flanders
           ,
           and
           of
           some
           of
           the
           Dutch
           Ports
           and
           Harbours
           in
           the
           Scheld
           ,
           or
           the
           Maez
           ,
           the
           addition
           of
           their
           Naval
           Strength
           would
           make
           them
           too
           great
           a
           Match
           for
           all
           Europe
           at
           Sea.
           
        
         
           The
           present
           Conjunction
           of
           the
           English
           and
           Dutch
           Fleets
           have
           not
           without
           great
           difficulty
           preserved
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           Sea
           during
           this
           War
           ;
           the
           Advantages
           gain'd
           by
           it
           are
           visible
           to
           the
           meanest
           understanding
           ;
           and
           I
           question
           whether
           it
           would
           be
           possible
           to
           maintain
           that
           Command
           in
           case
           of
           such
           a
           Union
           .
           The
           present
           growing
           greatness
           of
           the
           French
           Genius
           infus'd
           by
           vigorous
           Councils
           into
           the
           Spaniards
           ,
           may
           once
           again
           make
           them
           ,
           as
           they
           formerly
           were
           ,
           the
           most
           Powerful
           Nation
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           both
           at
           Land
           and
           Sea
           ;
           if
           then
           the
           French
           and
           Spaniard
           United
           ,
           should
           make
           themselves
           in
           proportion
           too
           strong
           at
           Sea
           for
           the
           English
           and
           Dutch
           ,
           they
           may
           bid
           very
           fair
           for
           a
           Universal
           Empire
           over
           this
           part
           of
           the
           World.
           
        
         
         
           Our
           Interests
           in
           the
           West-Indian
           Colonies
           of
           America
           ,
           come
           next
           into
           Consideration
           .
           'T
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           for
           the
           security
           of
           our
           Plantations
           ,
           whose
           extent
           is
           exceeding
           great
           ,
           that
           no
           Union
           be
           made
           between
           the
           French
           and
           Spanish
           Dominions
           ;
           otherwise
           the
           whole
           Trade
           from
           these
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           to
           both
           East
           and
           
             West
             Indies
          
           ,
           may
           lie
           at
           the
           mercy
           of
           the
           French
           :
           For
           England
           and
           Holland
           being
           Nations
           subsisting
           and
           depending
           wholly
           upon
           Trade
           and
           Foreign
           Negoce
           ,
           any
           Union
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           which
           shall
           be
           too
           strong
           for
           them
           at
           Sea
           ,
           may
           in
           the
           end
           reduce
           both
           those
           Nations
           to
           what
           Terms
           and
           what
           Subjection
           they
           please
           .
           And
           this
           leads
           us
           to
           the
           other
           great
           Consideration
           of
           this
           Union
           ,
           as
           it
           respects
        
         
           
             The
             Interest
             of
             Trade
             in
             the
             World.
             
          
        
         
           The
           Interest
           of
           Trade
           is
           the
           Interest
           of
           Nations
           :
           Peace
           is
           the
           end
           of
           War
           ,
           
             or
             at
             least
             ought
             to
             be
             so
             :
          
           Trade
           is
           the
           end
           of
           Peace
           ,
           and
           Gain
           is
           the
           end
           of
           Trade
           .
        
         
           The
           Trade
           of
           Europe
           is
           principally
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           
             English
             ,
             Dutch
          
           ,
           and
           Spaniards
           ;
           from
           the
           two
           former
           to
           the
           latter
           ,
           in
           Manufactures
           of
           their
           own
           Growth
           and
           Operation
           .
           The
           Spaniards
           ,
           who
           are
           a
           Nation
           that
           make
           the
           best
           Return
           in
           Trade
           of
           any
           Nation
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           
             namely
             ,
             Bullion
          
           ,
           may
           be
           said
           to
           suffer
           us
           to
           Trade
           with
           them
           ,
           rather
           than
           they
           to
           Trade
           with
           us
           :
           They
           are
           a
           subtle
           ,
           but
           a
           very
           slothful
           Nation
           ;
           they
           buy
           almost
           all
           their
           necessary
           things
           of
           Foreigners
           ,
           they
           have
           in
           a
           manner
           no
           Manufacture
           among
           them
           ,
           they
           hardly
           make
           their
           own
           Cloaths
           ;
           and
           in
           return
           ,
           the
           Growth
           of
           their
           Countrey
           ,
           as
           Wines
           ,
           Oyls
           ,
           and
           Fruits
           ,
           are
           brought
           back
           ,
           and
           the
           
           Overplus
           made
           up
           by
           Exchange
           ,
           supplied
           by
           the
           Bullion
           of
           their
           West-Indies
           .
        
         
           As
           a
           further
           demonstration
           of
           the
           ill
           husbandry
           of
           the
           Spaniards
           in
           Trade
           ,
           it
           appears
           that
           all
           the
           Trade
           carried
           on
           with
           them
           by
           the
           English
           and
           Dutch
           ,
           is
           carried
           on
           upon
           our
           own
           Stocks
           ;
           and
           some
           have
           ventured
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           the
           English
           Effects
           in
           Spain
           do
           not
           amount
           to
           less
           than
           50
           Millions
           
             sterl
             .
          
           ;
           which
           way
           of
           Trade
           has
           always
           been
           the
           greatest
           Ligament
           of
           the
           Peace
           between
           the
           English
           and
           Dutch
           ,
           and
           the
           Spaniard
           :
           For
           on
           the
           first
           occasion
           of
           a
           Rupture
           with
           these
           Countries
           ,
           the
           immediate
           course
           the
           Spaniard
           takes
           ,
           is
           to
           seize
           upon
           all
           the
           English
           or
           Dutch
           Merchants
           ,
           and
           confiscate
           their
           Effects
           ,
           which
           are
           always
           so
           considerable
           ,
           as
           that
           those
           Nations
           have
           no
           Equivalent
           to
           lay
           hold
           on
           by
           way
           of
           Reprisal
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           they
           have
           taken
           their
           Plate-Ships
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           plunder'd
           the
           Coast-Towns
           in
           the
           
             Spanish
             West-Indies
          
           ,
           which
           at
           best
           would
           be
           but
           a
           small
           Amends
           ,
           to
           the
           Seizure
           of
           the
           Effects
           of
           so
           many
           Merchants
           .
        
         
           Nay
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           only
           so
           ill
           Merchants
           as
           to
           suffer
           Strangers
           to
           engross
           their
           Trade
           ,
           but
           even
           those
           Strangers
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           Spaniards
           were
           neither
           able
           to
           manage
           ,
           nor
           fit
           to
           be
           trusted
           with
           Business
           ,
           employ
           all
           Agents
           ,
           Factors
           ,
           and
           Servants
           of
           their
           own
           ,
           sent
           over
           and
           resident
           among
           them
           ,
           with
           the
           same
           Methods
           :
           as
           they
           Plant
           amongst
           the
           most
           barbarous
           Nations
           of
           Africa
           ;
           and
           by
           this
           Method
           the
           Trade
           of
           Spain
           is
           so
           managed
           ,
           that
           whatever
           it
           be
           to
           the
           Spaniards
           themselves
           ,
           't
           is
           certainly
           a
           Trade
           exceeding
           gainful
           to
           the
           Merchants
           of
           these
           Countries
           in
           particular
           .
        
         
           1.
           
           As
           it
           occasions
           the
           Consumption
           of
           their
           Manufactures
           ,
           and
           from
           thence
           the
           Improvement
           of
           their
           
           Stocks
           at
           home
           ;
           by
           which
           the
           whole
           Countries
           are
           enrich'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Poor
           employ'd
           and
           supported
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           As
           it
           makes
           a
           Return
           of
           Bullion
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           greatest
           Advantage
           that
           can
           accrue
           to
           Trade
           ;
           for
           Manufactures
           exported
           ,
           and
           Bullion
           return'd
           ,
           make
           always
           an
           Account
           of
           Profit
           to
           the
           Publick
           Stock
           of
           a
           Nation
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           An
           Increase
           of
           Navigation
           ,
           and
           Encouragement
           to
           Seamen
           ;
           the
           Spaniards
           not
           only
           Trading
           with
           us
           all
           in
           our
           own
           Vessels
           ,
           but
           employing
           our
           Ships
           in
           their
           own
           Affairs
           from
           Port
           to
           Port
           ,
           in
           Italy
           especially
           .
        
         
           In
           case
           of
           a
           Union
           with
           France
           ,
           't
           is
           very
           probable
           the
           Channel
           of
           Trade
           to
           Spain
           may
           be
           entirely
           alter'd
           :
           The
           French
           are
           a
           busy
           Trading
           Nation
           themselves
           ,
           and
           are
           very
           apt
           to
           vye
           with
           the
           English
           and
           Dutch
           in
           their
           Manufactures
           :
           And
           to
           go
           no
           further
           ,
           when
           't
           is
           in
           their
           power
           to
           admit
           their
           own
           Merchants
           to
           import
           their
           Manufactures
           Custom-free
           ,
           while
           we
           shall
           pay
           23
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           't
           is
           easy
           to
           see
           that
           our
           Trade
           thither
           must
           dye
           .
        
         
           I
           know
           it
           will
           be
           objected
           here
           ,
           That
           the
           chief
           Export
           of
           English
           Manufactures
           is
           to
           Cadiz
           ,
           for
           the
           Trade
           by
           the
           Galeons
           to
           
             New
             Spain
             ,
             &c.
          
           ;
           and
           that
           if
           the
           French
           should
           by
           their
           Conjunction
           any
           way
           discourage
           that
           Trade
           ,
           it
           is
           but
           our
           opening
           a
           Correspondence
           from
           Jamaica
           to
           their
           West-Indies
           ,
           and
           we
           should
           be
           as
           great
           Gainers
           ,
           and
           the
           Trade
           from
           Spain
           by
           the
           Galeons
           ,
           be
           very
           much
           impair'd
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           Treaty
           of
           Commerce
           between
           the
           two
           Nations
           ,
           it
           is
           stipulated
           in
           particular
           ,
           
             That
             the
             King
             of
          
           England
           
             shall
             not
             permit
             any
             of
             his
             Subjects
             to
             Trade
             ,
             Correspond
             ,
             or
             Sail
             to
             or
             with
             any
             of
             the
             Subjects
             of
             his
             Catholick
             Majesty
             in
             the
          
           West-Indies
           :
           The
           reason
           was
           ,
           that
           the
           Trade
           from
           hence
           to
           Spain
           being
           so
           considerable
           by
           the
           way
           of
           Cadiz
           ,
           and
           the
           return
           so
           good
           ,
           
           keeping
           it
           in
           that
           Channel
           ,
           would
           be
           the
           only
           way
           to
           maintain
           that
           beneficial
           Negoce
           to
           advantage
           :
           Whereas
           supplying
           the
           Indies
           directly
           from
           England
           ,
           would
           be
           very
           prejudicial
           to
           the
           particular
           Trade
           of
           Spain
           it self
           ,
           the
           Navigation
           from
           Cadiz
           to
           the
           Havana
           ,
           and
           in
           general
           to
           the
           whole
           Trade
           .
        
         
           Now
           the
           most
           effectual
           Method
           of
           prohibiting
           this
           Trade
           ,
           has
           appear'd
           to
           be
           observing
           the
           Prohibition
           strictly
           at
           our
           Colonies
           and
           Islands
           in
           
             America
             ,
             Jamaica
          
           in
           particular
           :
           For
           did
           our
           Government
           give
           the
           Liberty
           to
           Trade
           from
           Jamaica
           to
           
             New
             Spain
          
           directly
           ,
           the
           Spaniards
           are
           so
           eager
           to
           Trade
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Precaution
           their
           own
           Government
           could
           use
           to
           prevent
           it
           ,
           would
           be
           to
           no
           purpose
           :
           And
           there
           is
           this
           reason
           to
           be
           given
           for
           it
           ;
           That
           the
           Sale
           from
           the
           English
           by
           the
           way
           of
           Jamaica
           is
           so
           much
           cheaper
           than
           that
           by
           way
           of
           Cadiz
           ,
           and
           yet
           our
           Merchants
           great
           Gainers
           too
           ,
           that
           the
           Spaniards
           of
           America
           will
           run
           all
           hazards
           to
           get
           our
           Goods
           on
           shore
           ,
           and
           coming
           off
           to
           us
           in
           Sloops
           and
           Canoes
           ,
           they
           Trade
           
             super
             altum
             mare
          
           ,
           bartering
           immediate
           Money
           for
           our
           Commodities
           at
           an
           extraordinary
           Rate
           .
        
         
           The
           reason
           is
           plain
           ;
           because
           Goods
           sent
           from
           England
           or
           Holland
           to
           Cadiz
           ,
           there
           paying
           Freight
           and
           Charges
           ,
           with
           a
           Custom
           of
           23
           
             l.
             per
             Cent.
          
           to
           the
           King
           of
           Spain
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           reshipt
           on
           board
           the
           Galeons
           ,
           paying
           a
           second
           Freight
           ,
           with
           some
           Indulto
           at
           their
           lading
           on
           board
           ,
           and
           again
           at
           their
           landing
           in
           America
           ,
           must
           of
           necessity
           be
           sold
           dearer
           than
           Goods
           brought
           directly
           from
           England
           .
        
         
           Now
           if
           the
           Prohibition
           on
           our
           side
           be
           but
           removed
           ,
           the
           Trade
           of
           Cadiz
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           respects
           English
           Goods
           ,
           would
           be
           ruined
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           acknowledg'd
           this
           would
           be
           very
           detrimental
           to
           the
           Spanish
           Trade
           ;
           but
           a
           Trade
           carried
           on
           by
           
           Stealth
           could
           be
           neither
           very
           durable
           ,
           nor
           very
           considerable
           ,
           and
           therefore
           could
           never
           amount
           to
           an
           Equivalent
           to
           the
           Loss
           of
           that
           great
           Branch
           of
           our
           Trade
           from
           England
           to
           Cadiz
           .
        
         
           Another
           Answer
           may
           be
           given
           as
           to
           the
           Damage
           of
           Trade
           ,
           That
           a
           Powerful
           Union
           between
           Holland
           and
           England
           ,
           for
           the
           Augmentation
           of
           their
           Naval
           Strength
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           preserve
           always
           the
           Command
           of
           the
           Seas
           ,
           will
           be
           effectual
           either
           to
           prescribe
           the
           French
           ,
           though
           they
           are
           united
           with
           the
           Spaniard
           ,
           within
           the
           Ancient
           Regulations
           of
           Trade
           ,
           or
           to
           prohibit
           their
           own
           Trade
           to
           their
           American
           Colonies
           ,
           nay
           ,
           even
           to
           take
           all
           America
           from
           them
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           say
           ,
           Spain
           indeed
           ,
           as
           now
           consider'd
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           Spaniards
           ,
           has
           but
           an
           inconsiderable
           Naval
           Power
           ;
           but
           Spain
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           must
           be
           otherwise
           consider'd
           .
        
         
           The
           French
           are
           a
           Nation
           who
           improve
           every
           thing
           to
           the
           utmost
           ;
           they
           are
           a
           diligent
           indefatigable
           people
           ;
           if
           it
           be
           possible
           to
           recover
           the
           Naval
           Power
           of
           Spain
           (
           as
           no
           doubt
           it
           is
           )
           ,
           they
           will
           recover
           it
           :
           And
           what
           a
           prodigious
           Extent
           of
           the
           Sea
           will
           they
           possess
           by
           a
           contiguous
           Coast
           from
           Dunkirk
           to
           the
           
           Streights-mouth
           ;
           (
           for
           I
           must
           suppose
           Portugal
           to
           be
           swallow'd
           up
           by
           them
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           avoided
           ,
           the
           Pretensions
           to
           that
           Crown
           are
           so
           great
           ,
           and
           the
           Power
           to
           oppose
           them
           so
           small
           ;
           )
           and
           from
           the
           
           Streights-mouth
           ,
           a
           few
           small
           Ports
           excepted
           ,
           quite
           to
           Loretto
           on
           the
           East
           side
           of
           Italy
           ,
           almost
           to
           Venice
           :
           They
           must
           be
           a
           more
           slothful
           People
           than
           the
           Spaniards
           ,
           if
           they
           do
           not
           make
           themselves
           the
           strongest
           Nation
           at
           Sea
           in
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           And
           if
           they
           are
           so
           ,
           no
           Trade
           can
           be
           secur'd
           to
           us
           ,
           but
           such
           as
           some
           particular
           advantage
           to
           themselves
           ,
           makes
           it
           their
           Interest
           to
           permit
           .
        
         
         
           In
           a
           word
           ,
           It
           seems
           to
           me
           that
           Trade
           in
           general
           will
           lie
           too
           much
           at
           the
           Mercy
           of
           the
           French
           ever
           to
           be
           of
           any
           Advantage
           to
           their
           Neighbours
           ,
           and
           I
           'll
           instance
           in
           one
           particular
           Trade
           ,
           in
           which
           at
           present
           we
           rival
           that
           Nation
           ,
           viz.
           the
           Newfoundland
           Fishing
           .
        
         
           We
           take
           our
           Fish
           on
           the
           Banks
           of
           Newfoundland
           ,
           and
           on
           the
           Coast
           of
           
             New
             England
          
           ,
           and
           the
           French
           do
           the
           like
           ;
           the
           Market
           is
           general
           ,
           and
           equal
           to
           both
           Nations
           ;
           if
           there
           be
           any
           advantage
           ,
           't
           is
           on
           the
           side
           of
           the
           English
           ;
           but
           if
           Spain
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           place
           where
           all
           this
           Fish
           is
           disposed
           of
           ,
           falls
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           't
           is
           but
           Prohibiting
           Fish
           ,
           excepting
           in
           their
           own
           Bottoms
           ,
           and
           all
           our
           Newfoundland
           Colonies
           must
           sink
           and
           be
           deserted
           ,
           and
           Three
           hundred
           Sail
           of
           Ships
           be
           at
           once
           unemployed
           .
        
         
           That
           such
           a
           Prohibition
           would
           be
           the
           consequence
           of
           such
           a
           Union
           ,
           is
           as
           natural
           as
           can
           be
           ,
           and
           no
           one
           could
           blame
           the
           French
           neither
           ,
           for
           we
           would
           do
           the
           same
           our selves
           .
        
         
           The
           Trade
           to
           Venice
           ,
           to
           Italy
           ,
           and
           to
           Turkey
           ,
           would
           have
           like
           Circumstances
           and
           Consequences
           ,
           for
           the
           French
           would
           keep
           the
           Key
           of
           the
           Mediterranean
           ,
           and
           they
           would
           be
           very
           much
           to
           blame
           if
           they
           let
           any
           pass
           the
           Streights
           Mouth
           without
           paying
           them
           such
           a
           Toll
           ,
           as
           that
           all
           those
           Trades
           should
           be
           managed
           by
           us
           under
           considerable
           disadvantage
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           not
           entirely
           lost
           .
        
         
           To
           speak
           of
           the
           Dutch
           ,
           whose
           Fishery
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           is
           the
           staple
           of
           their
           Navigation
           ,
           this
           Fishery
           depends
           as
           much
           upon
           their
           St.
           Ubies
           Fleet
           for
           Salt
           ,
           as
           the
           Brewers
           in
           London
           do
           upon
           the
           New-Castle
           Fleet
           for
           Coals
           :
           Should
           this
           Union
           of
           France
           and
           Spain
           succeed
           ,
           and
           Portugal
           be
           subdued
           ,
           't
           is
           in
           the
           power
           of
           the
           French
           to
           destroy
           all
           the
           Dutch
           Fishery
           ,
           by
           laying
           a
           
           great
           Duty
           on
           the
           Salt
           at
           St.
           Ubies
           ,
           while
           their
           own
           Subjects
           shall
           have
           it
           as
           before
           ;
           by
           which
           means
           the
           French
           shall
           bring
           their
           Herrings
           Cheaper
           to
           Market
           ,
           and
           consequently
           have
           all
           the
           Trade
           .
        
         
           The
           Instances
           which
           might
           be
           given
           of
           this
           nature
           are
           too
           many
           to
           be
           included
           in
           this
           short
           Discourse
           ,
           and
           too
           plain
           to
           need
           it
           ;
           a
           very
           mean
           capacity
           as
           to
           Trade
           may
           make
           a
           judgment
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           From
           the
           whole
           I
           take
           the
           freedom
           to
           draw
           this
           Conclusion
           ,
           that
           such
           a
           Union
           of
           Two
           such
           Powerful
           Monarchies
           as
           France
           and
           Spain
           ,
           would
           be
           very
           pernicious
           to
           the
           Trade
           of
           England
           and
           Holland
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           absolutely
           destructive
           to
           some
           branches
           of
           it
           in
           particular
           ;
           it
           would
           be
           hazardous
           to
           the
           Peace
           and
           Liberty
           of
           the
           Dutch
           ,
           and
           absolutely
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           Ballance
           of
           Power
           in
           Europe
           ;
           it
           would
           be
           fatal
           to
           the
           Princes
           of
           Italy
           ,
           the
           Cantons
           of
           Switzerland
           ,
           and
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           Portugal
           ;
           't
           would
           be
           very
           troublesome
           and
           uneasy
           to
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           would
           very
           much
           endanger
           the
           Liberty
           of
           Christendom
           .
        
         
           And
           if
           so
           ,
           then
           it
           must
           be
           the
           Interest
           of
           all
           the
           Princes
           of
           Europe
           to
           join
           their
           Forces
           with
           the
           utmost
           vigour
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           to
           prevent
           it
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           certainly
           the
           Interest
           of
           England
           and
           Holland
           to
           preserve
           the
           Freedom
           of
           their
           Commerce
           and
           their
           Empire
           of
           the
           Seas
           ;
           and
           I
           see
           no
           event
           in
           the
           World
           that
           is
           in
           the
           least
           probable
           to
           deprive
           'em
           of
           it
           but
           this
           ;
           no
           Union
           in
           the
           World
           but
           this
           can
           put
           any
           Prince
           or
           People
           ,
           or
           Confederacy
           in
           a
           condition
           so
           much
           as
           to
           dispute
           it
           with
           them
           ;
           France
           by
           it self
           cannot
           do
           it
           ,
           as
           has
           appear'd
           this
           last
           War
           ;
           Spain
           is
           in
           no
           probable
           Circumstances
           for
           it
           ;
           but
           France
           and
           Spain
           together
           seems
           to
           be
           plac'd
           in
           a
           Scituation
           for
           the
           Universal
           Government
           of
           Europe
           .
        
         
         
           'T
           is
           certainly
           the
           Interest
           of
           the
           Princes
           of
           Italy
           ,
           by
           all
           that
           is
           possible
           for
           them
           to
           do
           ,
           to
           prevent
           this
           Union
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           so
           plain
           from
           all
           the
           Histories
           of
           those
           Countries
           as
           to
           the
           Times
           when
           the
           French
           were
           Masters
           of
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           Italy
           ,
           that
           it
           needs
           no
           other
           demonstration
           .
        
         
           Portugal
           has
           nothing
           to
           protect
           her
           ,
           but
           the
           difference
           between
           those
           Two
           Nations
           ,
           as
           I
           noted
           of
           Savoy
           ,
           that
           when
           she
           is
           Opprest
           by
           one
           ,
           she
           may
           have
           Succour
           from
           the
           other
           ;
           for
           I
           think
           it
           can
           hardly
           be
           supposed
           that
           the
           French
           King
           would
           omit
           uniting
           that
           small
           Kingdom
           to
           his
           Empire
           ,
           having
           a
           kind
           of
           a
           Right
           to
           it
           by
           a
           former
           Possession
           .
        
         
           Germany
           has
           various
           Reasons
           to
           oppose
           this
           Union
           .
           First
           ,
           Because
           the
           real
           Right
           is
           in
           the
           Emperor
           or
           Duke
           of
           Bavaria
           ,
           or
           both
           ,
           rather
           than
           France
           ,
           if
           the
           Article
           of
           the
           Renunciation
           be
           good
           ,
           as
           no
           doubt
           it
           is
           .
           Now
           the
           Title
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           Spain
           being
           renounced
           before
           it
           was
           really
           a
           Title
           ,
           seems
           to
           take
           off
           all
           Pretences
           of
           Exception
           ;
           for
           the
           King
           of
           France
           did
           not
           quit
           a
           Title
           which
           he
           had
           ,
           but
           agreed
           to
           remain
           without
           a
           Title
           which
           he
           had
           not
           ;
           and
           the
           Renuncation
           was
           made
           by
           the
           Two
           Kings
           ,
           not
           by
           the
           Infanta
           only
           ,
           but
           by
           her
           Father
           too
           ;
           as
           appears
           by
           the
           particular
           Words
           of
           the
           Renunciation
           ,
           which
           are
           as
           follow
           :
           
             Placuit
             utrique
             Regi
             pactione
             instar
             legis
             semper
             valiturâ
             sancire
             ,
             ne
             unquam
             serenissima
             Infans
             Teresa
             ,
             aut
             posteri
             ejus
             ulli
             ,
             ad
             seros
             usque
             Nepotes
             ,
             quocunque
             gradu
             sint
             ,
             admittantur
             ad
             successionem
             ullam
             ,
             sive
             Regnorum
             ,
             sive
             Principatuum
             ,
             Provinciarum
             ,
             Ditionum
             ,
             Dominiorum
             quorumcunque
             Regis
             Catholici
             ,
             non
             obstante
             lege
             ulla
             ,
             consuetudine
             aut
             alis
             Jure
             in
             contrarium
             ,
             cui
          
           
           
             utriusque
             Regis
             authoritate
             plenissimè
             derogatur
             ,
             contemplatione
             dictae
             aequalitatis
             ,
             &
             publicae
             utilitatis
             quae
             inde
             emanatura
             speratur
             .
             It
             was
             consented
             to
             by
             both
             their
             Majesties
             ,
             and
             by
             them
             confirm'd
             ,
             that
             neither
             the
             most
             Serene
             Infanta
          
           Teresa
           ,
           
             nor
             any
             of
             her
             Issue
             or
             Posterity
             ,
             in
             what
             degree
             soever
             ,
             be
             admitted
             to
             succeed
             in
             any
             of
             the
             Kingdoms
             ,
             Dukedoms
             ,
             Provinces
             ,
             or
             Dominions
             of
             his
             Catholick
             Majesty
             ,
             any
             other
             Custom
             ,
             Constitution
             ,
             or
             Law
             to
             the
             contrary
             notwithstanding
             :
             So
             that
             if
             any
             such
             Custom
             or
             Constitution
             were
             ,
             it
             was
             by
             authority
             of
             both
             Kings
             absolutely
             annull'd
             and
             destroyed
             .
             And
             this
             only
             to
             adjust
             the
             Dominion
             of
             both
             Crowns
             ,
             so
             as
             each
             of
             them
             might
             receive
             an
             equal
             benefit
             by
             it
             .
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           'T
           is
           the
           Interest
           of
           Spain
           it self
           to
           oppose
           this
           Union
           ;
           for
           whereas
           it
           is
           not
           an
           addition
           of
           France
           to
           Spain
           ,
           but
           of
           Spain
           to
           France
           ,
           it
           changes
           it
           from
           a
           Soveraign
           Self
           dependant
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           one
           of
           the
           most
           powerful
           in
           the
           World
           to
           a
           Province
           of
           the
           French
           Empire
           ;
           to
           be
           subject
           to
           the
           Laws
           and
           Maxims
           of
           a
           Nation
           ,
           whose
           Genius
           and
           Tempers
           are
           as
           directly
           contrary
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           as
           Heat
           and
           Moisture
           ,
           as
           Light
           and
           Darkness
           ;
           't
           is
           Subjecting
           the
           Spanish
           Nation
           to
           a
           People
           for
           whom
           they
           have
           ever
           had
           a
           stated
           mortal
           aversion
           ,
           from
           whom
           they
           differ
           in
           every
           thing
           that
           Nature
           can
           contrive
           two
           opposite
           Constitutions
           to
           partake
           of
           ;
           differ
           in
           Complexion
           ,
           differ
           in
           Temper
           ,
           differ
           in
           Customs
           ,
           in
           Habits
           ,
           in
           Manners
           ,
           in
           every
           thing
           but
           Religion
           .
        
         
           To
           Conclude
           ;
           I
           firmly
           believe
           that
           to
           all
           this
           may
           be
           added
           ,
           That
           notwithstanding
           the
           French
           Greatness
           and
           Policy
           ,
           't
           is
           no
           difficult
           matter
           effectually
           to
           prevent
           this
           Union
           ,
           if
           His
           Catholick
           Majesty
           should
           dye
           ,
           
           and
           that
           without
           involving
           Europe
           in
           a
           new
           War
           ,
           unless
           the
           Most
           Christian
           King
           should
           resent
           any
           Preventive
           Methods
           to
           such
           a
           Degree
           ,
           as
           to
           declare
           War
           himself
           against
           the
           Confederates
           .
        
         
           How
           this
           may
           be
           done
           ,
           is
           not
           the
           business
           of
           this
           Paper
           ;
           nor
           is
           it
           an
           Affair
           proper
           for
           a
           Pamphlet
           .
           I
           doubt
           not
           but
           those
           Princes
           which
           God
           has
           plac'd
           at
           the
           Helm
           of
           Government
           in
           Europe
           ,
           understand
           both
           the
           Means
           and
           the
           Time
           for
           such
           a
           Work
           ,
           being
           no
           more
           without
           Council
           to
           Direct
           ,
           than
           without
           Power
           to
           Perform
           ;
           and
           to
           them
           I
           refer
           it
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .