The general history of the air designed and begun by the Honble. Robert Boyle ...
         Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.
      
       
         
           1692
        
      
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             The general history of the air designed and begun by the Honble. Robert Boyle ...
             Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.
          
           xii, 259, [1] p.
           
             Printed for Awnsham and John Churchill ...,
             London :
             1692.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Air -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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           THE
           General
           History
           OF
           THE
           AIR
           ,
           Designed
           and
           Begun
           BY
           THE
           honble
           
             ROBERT
             BOYLE
          
           Esq
           .
        
         
           IMPRIMATUR
           .
        
         
           June
           29.
           1692.
           
        
         
           
             Robert
             Southwell
          
           ,
           P.
           R.
           S.
           
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           Awnsham
           and
           
             John
             Churchill
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Black
           Swan
           in
           Pater-noster-Row
           ,
           near
           Amen-Corner
           .
        
         
           MDCXCII
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           Advertisement
           of
           the
           Publisher
           to
           the
           READER
           .
        
         
           THE
           Design
           of
           the
           following
           Papers
           the
           Author
           's
           own
           Preface
           will
           acquaint
           thee
           with
           .
           And
           though
           ,
           as
           thou
           wilt
           there
           see
           ,
           his
           Expectation
           of
           Assistance
           (
           in
           a
           Work
           too
           great
           for
           one
           single
           Man's
           Vndertaking
           )
           from
           others
           fail'd
           him
           ;
           yet
           I
           doubt
           not
           but
           his
           own
           Experiments
           and
           Collections
           would
           have
           made
           this
           Treatise
           much
           larger
           before
           it
           had
           been
           published
           ,
           had
           his
           Health
           allowed
           him
           Opportunity
           :
           But
           that
           permitting
           him
           not
           so
           much
           as
           to
           review
           these
           Papers
           ,
           or
           range
           them
           into
           that
           order
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           most
           advantageous
           ,
           thou
           art
           not
           to
           wonder
           ,
           if
           thou
           findest
           some
           Defects
           ,
           some
           Dislocations
           ,
           and
           other
           Faults
           in
           this
           Publication
           ,
           which
           the
           Author's
           last
           Hand
           would
           have
           prevented
           .
           The
           Negligence
           of
           Transcribers
           has
           let
           slip
           the
           Characters
           of
           Relators
           ,
           and
           Names
           and
           Places
           of
           Author's
           from
           whom
           several
           of
           the
           Particulars
           in
           the
           following
           Papers
           were
           taken
           :
           Nor
           could
           it
           be
           hoped
           that
           the
           Authors
           own
           Memory
           (
           were
           he
           in
           a
           State
           of
           Health
           fit
           to
           be
           troubled
           with
           it
           )
           should
           after
           so
           long
           a
           time
           as
           this
           Collection
           has
           been
           making
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           Variety
           of
           Men
           and
           Books
           he
           has
           had
           to
           do
           with
           ,
           be
           able
           to
           retrieve
           them
           .
           But
           this
           will
           be
           no
           great
           Loss
           to
           the
           learned
           World
           ,
           which
           is
           sufficiently
           acquainted
           with
           his
           great
           Cantion
           ,
           and
           will
           make
           no
           Difficulty
           confidently
           to
           rely
           upon
           his
           unaffected
           Candor
           and
           Sincerity
           .
           I
           know
           not
           how
           much
           some
           other
           Parts
           of
           his
           noble
           ,
           and
           always
           busy
           Designs
           for
           the
           Advancement
           of
           Knowledg
           ,
           and
           the
           Benefit
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           may
           suffer
           by
           that
           
           Tenderness
           of
           his
           Constitution
           ,
           which
           the
           Importunity
           of
           his
           Friends
           can
           hardly
           prevail
           upon
           him
           to
           withdraw
           from
           Philosophical
           Cares
           .
           But
           this
           he
           has
           ordered
           so
           ,
           that
           imperfect
           as
           it
           is
           ,
           one
           cannot
           call
           it
           deficient
           ;
           since
           the
           Foundation
           being
           here
           laid
           ,
           and
           the
           Draught
           made
           ,
           every
           one
           may
           ,
           if
           he
           please
           ,
           add
           towards
           the
           compleating
           of
           the
           building
           ,
           I
           will
           not
           say
           with
           Materials
           equal
           to
           what
           his
           Sagacity
           and
           Laboratory
           used
           to
           afford
           :
           For
           we
           must
           not
           expect
           to
           find
           in
           every
           Age
           a
           Man
           able
           and
           ready
           to
           lay
           out
           so
           much
           Cost
           ,
           Pains
           and
           Skill
           ,
           frankly
           ,
           for
           the
           Improvement
           of
           Natural
           Philosophy
           ,
           and
           the
           Information
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           as
           he
           has
           done
           .
           The
           Scheme
           of
           Titles
           under
           which
           these
           Materials
           for
           a
           History
           of
           the
           Air
           are
           ranged
           ,
           is
           somewhat
           different
           from
           that
           printed
           by
           him
           several
           Years
           since
           ,
           and
           distributed
           amongst
           his
           Friends
           .
           But
           this
           is
           without
           any
           Prejudice
           to
           the
           main
           Design
           ,
           since
           whatsoever
           any
           one
           hath
           collected
           under
           those
           Heads
           ,
           will
           be
           easily
           reducible
           to
           these
           ,
           which
           in
           a
           more
           natural
           Order
           are
           more
           comprehensive
           .
           In
           that
           first
           Draught
           he
           followed
           my
           Lord
           Bacon's
           Advice
           ,
           not
           to
           be
           over-curious
           or
           nice
           in
           making
           the
           first
           Set
           of
           Heads
           ,
           but
           to
           take
           them
           as
           they
           occur
           .
           But
           now
           that
           thus
           much
           comes
           to
           be
           published
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           may
           serve
           to
           some
           Men
           as
           a
           common
           Place
           for
           the
           History
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           the
           Titles
           have
           been
           a
           little
           more
           increased
           or
           methodized
           ,
           to
           which
           any
           one
           may
           add
           as
           he
           finds
           Occasion
           :
           Only
           in
           these
           the
           Reader
           is
           desired
           to
           observe
           ,
        
         
           I.
           That
           under
           the
           Title
           of
           
             Mineral
             Substances
          
           ,
           are
           comprehended
           Earth
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Fossiles
           to
           avoid
           multiplying
           of
           Articles
           .
        
         
           II.
           That
           when
           any
           mixed
           Body
           is
           ranked
           under
           
             Animal
             ,
             Vegetable
          
           ,
           or
           
             Mineral
             Substances
          
           ,
           it
           is
           put
           under
           that
           of
           the
           three
           which
           either
           it
           partakes
           most
           of
           ,
           or
           to
           which
           most
           is
           owing
           in
           the
           present
           Experiment
           ,
           or
           which
           in
           its
           own
           Nature
           it
           most
           resembles
           .
        
         
         
           III.
           That
           it
           is
           not
           by
           an
           Over-sight
           that
           Lightning
           is
           put
           under
           two
           different
           Titles
           ;
           for
           in
           one
           it
           is
           considered
           only
           in
           reference
           to
           the
           Sight
           ;
           in
           the
           other
           it
           is
           considered
           as
           the
           Product
           of
           sulphureous
           or
           inflamable
           Effluviums
           taking
           fire
           ,
           with
           the
           strange
           Effects
           it
           produces
           ;
           which
           may
           be
           an
           Example
           of
           puting
           the
           same
           thing
           with
           different
           Views
           ,
           under
           different
           Heads
           .
        
         
           What
           is
           abovesaid
           was
           written
           whilst
           the
           Author
           was
           living
           ,
           to
           which
           it
           is
           necessary
           now
           to
           add
           ,
           That
           the
           Titles
           ,
           as
           here
           printed
           ,
           and
           the
           Orders
           of
           the
           Papers
           ,
           as
           now
           ranged
           under
           them
           ,
           were
           shewn
           to
           the
           Author
           ,
           and
           approved
           by
           him
           as
           fitter
           for
           the
           General
           History
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           than
           those
           he
           had
           formerly
           printed
           .
           So
           that
           ,
           Reader
           ,
           thou
           hast
           these
           Papers
           as
           they
           were
           prepared
           and
           ordered
           to
           be
           published
           in
           his
           Life-time
           ;
           and
           they
           had
           then
           gone
           to
           the
           Press
           to
           be
           printed
           ,
           just
           as
           thou
           now
           receivest
           them
           ,
           had
           not
           the
           Publisher
           the
           last
           Winter
           been
           hastily
           called
           out
           of
           Town
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           The
           CONTENTS
           of
           the
           several
           TITLES
           of
           the
           History
           of
           the
           AIR
           .
        
         
           
             Title
             1.
             
             WHAT
             we
             understand
             by
             the
             
               Air
               ,
               Page
            
             1
          
           
             Title
             2.
             
             Of
             the
             constant
             and
             permanent
             Ingredients
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             2
          
           
             Title
             3.
             
             Of
             the
             Aether
             in
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             9
          
           
             Title
             4.
             
             Of
             the
             Springy
             Particles
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             the
             Spring
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             11
          
           
             Title
             5.
             
             Of
             the
             Magnetical
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             15
          
           
             Title
             6.
             
             Of
             the
             
               Destruction
               ,
               Generation
            
             ,
             Absorption
             and
             Extrication
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             17
          
           
             Title
             7.
             
             Of
             the
             Accidental
             or
             less
             constant
             Ingredients
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             27
          
           
             Title
             8.
             
             Of
             Aqueous
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Moisture
             and
             Driness
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             29
          
           
             Title
             9.
             
             Of
             Clouds
             ,
             Mists
             and
             Fogs
             ,
             36
          
           
             Title
             10.
             
             Of
             
               Terrestrial
               Steams
            
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             37
          
           
             Title
             11.
             
             Of
             Salts
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             39
          
           
             Title
             12.
             
             Of
             Sulphur
             and
             inflamable
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             of
             Lightning
             ,
             and
             its
             Effects
             ,
             60
          
           
             Title
             13.
             
             Of
             Celestial
             Influences
             or
             Effluviums
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             67
          
           
             Title
             14.
             
             Of
             the
             Height
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             83
          
           
             Title
             15.
             
             Of
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             of
             Winds
             ,
             84
          
           
             Title
             16.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             as
             the
             Medium
             of
             Sounds
             ,
             and
             of
             Sounds
             and
             Noises
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             particularly
             Thunder
             ;
             and
             of
             the
             Air
             's
             Operation
             on
             the
             Sounds
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             89
          
           
             
             Title
             17.
             
             Of
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             90
          
           
             Title
             18.
             
             Of
             the
             Consistency
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             its
             Rarity
             ,
             Density
             ,
             Fluidity
             ,
             Subtilty
             ,
             148
          
           
             Title
             19.
             
             Of
             the
             Heat
             and
             Coldness
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             150
          
           
             Title
             20.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Light
             ,
             its
             Perspituity
             ,
             Opacity
             ,
             Reflections
             ,
             Refractions
             ,
             Colours
             ,
             Light
             and
             Lightning
             ,
             189
          
           
             Title
             21.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             ,
             201
          
           
             Title
             22.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             ,
             204
          
           
             Title
             23.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             ,
             206
          
           
             Title
             24.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Fire
             and
             Flame
             ,
             208
          
           
             Title
             25.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Fermentation
             ,
             210
          
           
             Title
             26.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             as
             the
             Receptacle
             of
             Odours
             ,
             211
          
           
             Title
             27.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             ,
             212
          
           
             Title
             28.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             ,
             214
          
           
             Title
             29.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             ,
             215
          
           
             Title
             30.
             
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             ,
             216
          
           
             Title
             31.
             
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             ,
             217
          
           
             Title
             32.
             
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             ,
             218
          
           
             Title
             33.
             
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             ,
             219
          
           
             Title
             34.
             
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             ,
             220
          
           
             
             Title
             35.
             
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             ,
             222
          
           
             Title
             36.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Animal
             Substances
             ,
             229
          
           
             Title
             37.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Vegetable
             Substances
             ,
             230
          
           
             Title
             38.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Mineral
             Substances
             ,
             232
          
           
             Title
             39.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             Propagation
             and
             Vegetation
             of
             Plants
             ,
             234
          
           
             Title
             40.
             
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             
               Generation
               ,
               Life
            
             and
             Health
             of
             Animals
             ,
             235
          
           
             Title
             41.
             
             Of
             heavy
             Bodies
             sustained
             in
             ,
             or
             
               taken
               up
            
             into
             the
             Air
             ,
             251
          
           
             Title
             42.
             
             Of
             Dew
             ,
             252
          
           
             Title
             43.
             
             Of
             Rain
             ,
             253
          
           
             Title
             44.
             
             Of
             Hail
             ,
             255
          
           
             Title
             45.
             
             Of
             Snow
             ,
             256
          
           
             Title
             46.
             
             Of
             other
             things
             falling
             out
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             257
          
           
             Title
             47.
             
             Promiscuous
             Experiments
             and
             Observations
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             258
          
           
             Title
             48.
             
             Desiderata
             in
             the
             History
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             Proposals
             towards
             supplying
             them
             ,
             259
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           PREFACE
           .
        
         
           THE
           continual
           Vse
           of
           the
           Air
           is
           so
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           our
           Life
           ;
           the
           good
           or
           bad
           Temperature
           of
           it
           is
           so
           important
           to
           our
           Health
           ;
           and
           the
           scarce
           evitable
           Presence
           and
           powerful
           Pressure
           of
           it
           ,
           has
           so
           great
           an
           Interest
           in
           many
           of
           the
           Phaenomena
           we
           meet
           with
           here
           below
           ,
           and
           even
           in
           divers
           where
           its
           Agency
           is
           not
           suspected
           ;
           that
           among
           mere
           Bodies
           there
           are
           perhaps
           few
           Subjects
           that
           more
           deserve
           our
           Curiosity
           ,
           whether
           as
           we
           are
           Animals
           ,
           or
           as
           we
           are
           Naturalists
           .
           Upon
           which
           Account
           I
           can
           scarce
           think
           that
           any
           thing
           that
           conduces
           to
           the
           fuller
           Knowledg
           of
           a
           Body
           so
           diffused
           ,
           so
           necessary
           ,
           and
           so
           powerful
           ,
           is
           fit
           to
           be
           despised
           ,
           or
           is
           unworthy
           to
           be
           preserved
           in
           Writing
           .
        
         
           And
           therefore
           ,
           though
           I
           have
           formerly
           had
           occasion
           to
           treat
           ,
           in
           distinct
           Tracts
           ,
           of
           some
           of
           the
           Qualities
           or
           Affections
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           its
           
             Gravity
             ,
             Springiness
          
           ,
           &c.
           yet
           I
           found
           my self
           inclined
           to
           contribute
           further
           to
           the
           Knowledg
           of
           that
           vast
           and
           useful
           Subject
           ,
           by
           setting
           down
           some
           Memorials
           ,
           partly
           out
           of
           my
           own
           Observations
           and
           Trials
           ,
           and
           partly
           out
           of
           those
           I
           had
           from
           Persons
           of
           good
           Credit
           ,
           concerning
           some
           Causes
           and
           Effects
           of
           the
           Changes
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           consequently
           concerning
           several
           of
           its
           Qualities
           that
           were
           requisite
           to
           be
           taken
           into
           Consideration
           in
           a
           work
           of
           that
           Nature
           .
           And
           not
           content
           with
           this
           ,
           though
           my
           own
           Studies
           
           and
           Affairs
           would
           not
           permit
           me
           to
           prosecute
           my self
           the
           Design
           I
           am
           going
           to
           mention
           ,
           yet
           thinking
           it
           might
           be
           a
           very
           useful
           thing
           ,
           in
           reference
           both
           to
           Philosophy
           and
           Physick
           ,
           that
           a
           Natural
           History
           of
           the
           Air
           (
           though
           at
           first
           it
           should
           prove
           but
           a
           very
           imperfect
           one
           )
           were
           faithfully
           compiled
           ,
           I
           propounded
           the
           Design
           to
           some
           Virtuosi
           that
           seem'd
           to
           relish
           it
           ,
           and
           undertook
           to
           be
           Assistant
           in
           it
           .
        
         
           And
           to
           facilitate
           their
           Work
           ,
           I
           drew
           up
           a
           Set
           of
           Heads
           and
           Inquiries
           of
           that
           sort
           ,
           which
           in
           another
           Paper
           I
           call
           
             Titles
             of
             the
             first
             Classis
             or
             Order
          
           ;
           which
           ,
           tho
           purposely
           set
           down
           without
           any
           anxious
           Method
           ,
           were
           comprehensive
           enough
           to
           have
           a
           good
           Number
           and
           Variety
           of
           Particulars
           conveniently
           referr'd
           to
           them
           .
           But
           afterwards
           finding
           the
           Persons
           to
           whom
           I
           had
           committed
           these
           Schemes
           ,
           to
           have
           been
           for
           many
           Years
           very
           unmindful
           of
           their
           Promises
           ;
           I
           did
           on
           this
           Discouragement
           lay
           aside
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           Hopes
           of
           a
           
             General
             History
             of
             the
             Air
          
           ,
           but
           what
           I
           had
           already
           written
           about
           the
           Changes
           of
           that
           Body
           .
        
         
           And
           upon
           the
           same
           Accounts
           ,
           those
           scattered
           Notes
           lay
           many
           Years
           in
           loose
           neglected
           Papers
           ,
           till
           at
           length
           the
           Curiosity
           and
           Desires
           of
           some
           Virtuosi
           ,
           that
           knew
           I
           had
           gathered
           some
           Remarks
           ,
           though
           few
           and
           incoherent
           ,
           touching
           some
           Qualities
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           obliged
           me
           to
           draw
           together
           those
           that
           without
           a
           troublesome
           Search
           I
           could
           retrieve
           ,
           offering
           themselves
           to
           promote
           the
           Design
           that
           others
           had
           abandon'd
           .
           The
           Desire
           to
           gratify
           these
           Inquisitive
           Men
           ,
           and
           the
           Conviction
           I
           am
           brought
           under
           ,
           by
           such
           Reasons
           as
           are
           mentioned
           at
           the
           Beginning
           of
           this
           Paper
           ,
           that
           scarce
           any
           Truth
           ,
           whether
           Historical
           or
           Doctrinal
           ,
           that
           relates
           to
           so
           important
           a
           Subject
           as
           the
           Air
           ,
           is
           unfit
           to
           be
           preserv'd
           ,
           prevail'd
           with
           me
           ,
           rather
           to
           chuse
           a
           very
           disadvantageous
           
           way
           of
           setting
           down
           what
           I
           have
           to
           deliver
           about
           it
           ,
           than
           suffer
           the
           loose
           Observations
           I
           had
           occasion
           to
           make
           about
           some
           Phanomena
           and
           Qualities
           ,
           and
           especially
           the
           Changes
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           to
           be
           lost
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           though
           I
           have
           not
           the
           leisure
           to
           methodize
           my
           incoherent
           Notes
           ,
           and
           much
           less
           to
           weave
           them
           into
           continued
           Discourses
           ;
           yet
           rather
           than
           let
           them
           perish
           ,
           and
           disappoint
           those
           that
           will
           have
           them
           such
           as
           they
           are
           ,
           I
           am
           content
           to
           refer
           to
           some
           of
           the
           Titles
           prefixed
           to
           this
           Treatise
           ,
           as
           to
           a
           kind
           of
           Common
           Places
           ,
           what
           my
           Memory
           ,
           or
           some
           old
           Notes
           about
           divers
           things
           relating
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           especially
           to
           the
           
             Causes
             and
             Effects
             of
             its
             Changes
             ,
          
           supply
           me
           with
           in
           reference
           to
           that
           Body
           .
        
         
           And
           upon
           the
           like
           Account
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           strictly
           confined
           my self
           to
           the
           mention
           of
           my
           loose
           Observations
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           I
           have
           been
           furnished
           with
           by
           Answers
           to
           the
           Questions
           I
           put
           to
           divers
           Travellers
           and
           Navigators
           :
           but
           I
           have
           also
           cast
           in
           several
           pertinent
           Passages
           that
           chanced
           to
           occur
           to
           me
           in
           the
           reading
           of
           some
           Voyages
           ,
           and
           other
           Books
           ,
           especially
           such
           as
           either
           are
           
             out
             of
             Print
          
           ,
           or
           are
           but
           
             in
             few
             Hands
          
           ,
           or
           else
           are
           not
           extant
           in
           those
           that
           are
           called
           the
           
             Learned
             Languages
          
           .
           And
           that
           those
           Virtuosi
           that
           are
           willing
           to
           contribute
           their
           Industry
           to
           carry
           on
           the
           Design
           that
           was
           at
           first
           proposed
           ,
           might
           have
           some
           Heads
           whereunto
           to
           refer
           what
           shall
           occur
           to
           them
           ;
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           premise
           to
           my
           Papers
           the
           above-mentioned
           Scheme
           ,
           or
           rough
           Draught
           ,
           of
           the
           
             General
             History
          
           (
           which
           after
           many
           Years
           I
           chanced
           to
           recover
           .
           )
           I
           have
           also
           thought
           fit
           ,
           that
           under
           three
           or
           four
           Titles
           ,
           my
           Collections
           of
           Particulars
           should
           be
           somewhat
           large
           and
           Methodical
           ,
           to
           afford
           the
           same
           Persons
           some
           Specimens
           of
           what
           I
           should
           have
           thought
           requisite
           to
           do
           upon
           particular
           Subjects
           ,
           if
           
           I
           would
           have
           ventur'd
           upon
           such
           a
           Task
           ,
           as
           to
           write
           a
           
             Natural
             History
             of
             the
             Air.
          
           
        
         
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           that
           I
           expose
           my self
           to
           Censure
           ,
           for
           suffering
           to
           pass
           out
           of
           my
           Hands
           ,
           Memoirs
           so
           maimed
           and
           imperfect
           ,
           that
           several
           of
           the
           Subjects
           mentioned
           in
           the
           Scheme
           of
           Titles
           are
           left
           altogether
           untouch'd
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           are
           particularly
           mentioned
           ,
           are
           for
           the
           most
           part
           touch'd
           upon
           but
           lightly
           .
           But
           the
           chief
           ,
           though
           not
           perhaps
           the
           only
           Reasons
           that
           kept
           me
           from
           being
           silenc'd
           by
           these
           Considerations
           ,
           though
           I
           confess
           them
           to
           be
           weighty
           ,
           were
           these
           .
           First
           ,
           That
           not
           pretending
           to
           write
           the
           
             History
             of
             the
             Air
          
           ,
           but
           only
           some
           Memoirs
           for
           it
           ;
           I
           might
           without
           Incongruity
           or
           Indecency
           contribute
           what
           had
           occurr'd
           to
           me
           in
           reference
           to
           some
           of
           the
           Titles
           ,
           though
           I
           left
           the
           others
           to
           those
           that
           had
           made
           Experiments
           or
           Observations
           about
           them
           .
           Next
           ,
           That
           having
           through
           the
           Fraud
           or
           Negligence
           of
           some
           Persons
           ,
           lost
           sundry
           loose
           Papers
           that
           I
           had
           provided
           for
           the
           
             History
             of
             the
             Air
          
           ,
           my
           Unwillingness
           that
           the
           rest
           should
           undergo
           the
           same
           Fate
           ,
           invited
           me
           to
           impart
           them
           to
           many
           ,
           as
           the
           best
           Expedient
           to
           secure
           them
           .
           To
           which
           I
           ,
           Thirdly
           ,
           add
           an
           Inducement
           ,
           which
           though
           last
           named
           ,
           was
           the
           first
           in
           Efficacy
           ,
           as
           that
           which
           made
           the
           other
           two
           significant
           ;
           namely
           ,
           that
           I
           had
           more
           than
           once
           observed
           ,
           that
           when
           a
           Work
           of
           this
           Nature
           has
           been
           once
           begun
           and
           taken
           notice
           of
           ,
           in
           such
           an
           inquisitive
           and
           active
           Age
           as
           this
           of
           ours
           ,
           it
           seldom
           fails
           to
           excite
           the
           Curiosity
           and
           Industry
           of
           others
           ,
           whom
           ,
           if
           the
           Design
           be
           any
           thing
           well
           laid
           ,
           the
           Utility
           that
           it
           promises
           will
           invite
           to
           carry
           it
           on
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           TITLE
           I.
           
        
         
           
             What
             we
             understand
             by
             the
             AIR
             .
          
        
         
           BY
           the
           Air
           I
           commonly
           understand
           that
           thin
           ,
           fluid
           ,
           diaphanous
           ,
           compressible
           and
           dilatable
           Body
           in
           which
           we
           breath
           ,
           and
           wherein
           we
           move
           ,
           which
           envelops
           the
           Earth
           on
           all
           sides
           to
           a
           great
           height
           above
           the
           highest
           Mountains
           ;
           but
           yet
           is
           so
           different
           from
           the
           Aether
           [
           or
           Vacuum
           ]
           in
           the
           intermundane
           or
           interplanetary
           Spaces
           ,
           that
           it
           refracts
           the
           Rays
           of
           the
           Moon
           and
           other
           remoter
           Luminaries
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           II.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             constant
             and
             permanent
             Ingredients
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           A
           short
           Answer
           to
           a
           Question
           about
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           given
           by
           Mr.
           Boyle
           to
           Mr.
           
             H.
             Oldenburg
          
           .
        
         
           AS
           to
           your
           Question
           ,
           
             What
             I
             think
             the
             Air
             to
             be
             ?
          
           I
           shall
           in
           the
           first
           place
           take
           it
           for
           granted
           ,
           that
           by
           the
           Air
           you
           mean
           not
           ,
           either
           the
           pure
           Element
           of
           Air
           ,
           which
           some
           ,
           nor
           that
           Etherial
           or
           Celestial
           Substance
           ,
           that
           others
           (
           upon
           what
           Grounds
           I
           must
           not
           here
           examine
           )
           assert
           ;
           but
           that
           ,
           which
           I
           am
           wont
           to
           call
           the
           Atmospherical
           Air
           ,
           which
           is
           that
           common
           Air
           we
           breath
           and
           move
           in
           .
        
         
           But
           though
           I
           know
           you
           too
           well
           ,
           to
           suspect
           that
           you
           design
           any
           Ambiguity
           in
           your
           Question
           ;
           yet
           I
           shall
           not
           adventure
           to
           answer
           it
           ,
           till
           I
           have
           premised
           a
           Distinction
           that
           is
           not
           usual
           :
           For
           ,
           according
           to
           my
           Thoughts
           ,
           the
           Air
           may
           be
           taken
           either
           for
           that
           which
           is
           Temporary
           ,
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           call
           it
           ;
           )
           or
           in
           a
           Transient
           State
           ;
           or
           that
           which
           is
           Lasting
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           Permanent
           State.
           This
           Distinction
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           you
           look'd
           not
           for
           ,
           I
           shall
           illustrate
           by
           this
           Example
           ;
           That
           if
           you
           sufficiently
           heat
           an
           Eolipile
           furnished
           with
           Water
           ,
           and
           stay
           a
           pretty
           while
           to
           afford
           time
           for
           the
           expulsion
           of
           the
           Aerial
           Particles
           by
           the
           Aqueous
           Vapours
           ,
           you
           may
           afterwards
           observe
           ,
           
           that
           these
           last
           named
           will
           be
           driven
           out
           in
           multitudes
           ,
           and
           with
           a
           noise
           ,
           and
           will
           emulate
           a
           Wind
           or
           Stream
           of
           Air
           ,
           by
           blowing
           Coals
           ,
           held
           at
           a
           convenient
           distance
           ,
           like
           a
           pair
           of
           Bellows
           ,
           and
           by
           producing
           a
           sharp
           and
           whistling
           Sound
           against
           the
           edg
           of
           a
           Knife
           ,
           held
           in
           a
           convenient
           Posture
           almost
           upon
           the
           Orifice
           of
           the
           Pipe
           ,
           whence
           they
           issue
           out
           .
           But
           this
           vapid
           Stream
           ,
           though
           in
           these
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           things
           it
           imitates
           true
           Air
           ,
           whilst
           the
           vehement
           Agitation
           lasts
           ,
           which
           the
           Vapours
           it
           consists
           of
           ,
           received
           from
           the
           Fire
           ;
           yet
           in
           a
           very
           short
           time
           ,
           especially
           if
           the
           Weather
           ,
           or
           the
           Vessels
           it
           enters
           into
           ,
           be
           cold
           ,
           loses
           the
           temporary
           Form
           it
           seemed
           to
           have
           of
           Air
           ,
           and
           returns
           to
           Water
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           at
           first
           .
        
         
           This
           premised
           ,
           I
           come
           to
           speak
           directly
           ,
           but
           dare
           not
           do
           it
           confidently
           ,
           to
           your
           Question
           :
           For
           though
           possibly
           I
           may
           have
           made
           as
           many
           Trials
           as
           another
           about
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           yet
           I
           freely
           confess
           to
           you
           ,
           that
           I
           much
           suspect
           there
           lies
           yet
           something
           concealed
           in
           it
           ,
           that
           needs
           a
           further
           Discovery
           ,
           which
           may
           perhaps
           be
           made
           by
           further
           Trials
           .
           But
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           (
           not
           wholly
           to
           baffle
           your
           Curiosity
           ,
           since
           't
           is
           so
           modest
           ,
           as
           to
           desire
           to
           know
           of
           me
           ,
           not
           what
           the
           true
           Nature
           of
           the
           Air
           is
           ,
           but
           what
           I
           guess
           concerning
           its
           chiefest
           Property
           or
           Attribute
           )
           I
           will
           acquaint
           you
           with
           some
           of
           the
           Thoughts
           I
           long
           ago
           had
           ,
           and
           which
           I
           yet
           took
           upon
           my self
           ,
           and
           desire
           to
           have
           them
           look'd
           upon
           by
           you
           but
           as
           Conjectures
           ,
           entertain'd
           only
           till
           farther
           Discoveries
           confirm
           them
           ,
           or
           suggest
           better
           in
           their
           room
           .
        
         
           It
           seems
           then
           not
           improbable
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           our
           Atmospherical
           Air
           may
           consist
           of
           three
           differing
           Kinds
           of
           Corpuscles
           .
           The
           first
           is
           made
           of
           that
           numberless
           Multitude
           and
           great
           Variety
           of
           Particles
           ,
           which
           ,
           under
           the
           form
           of
           Vapours
           or
           dry
           Exhalations
           ,
           ascend
           from
           the
           
           Earth
           ,
           Water
           ,
           Minerals
           ,
           Vegetables
           and
           Animals
           ,
           &c.
           and
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           of
           whatever
           Substances
           are
           elevated
           by
           the
           Celestial
           or
           Subterraneal
           Heats
           ,
           and
           made
           to
           diffuse
           themselves
           into
           the
           Atmosphere
           .
           The
           second
           sort
           of
           Particles
           that
           make
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           be
           yet
           more
           subtile
           than
           the
           former
           ,
           and
           consist
           of
           such
           exceeding
           minute
           Parts
           ,
           as
           make
           up
           the
           Magnetical
           Steams
           of
           our
           Terrestrial
           Globe
           ,
           and
           the
           innumerable
           Particles
           ,
           that
           the
           Sun
           and
           other
           Stars
           ,
           that
           seem
           to
           shine
           of
           themselves
           ,
           do
           either
           emit
           out
           of
           their
           own
           Bodies
           ,
           or
           by
           their
           Pressure
           thrust
           against
           our
           Eyes
           ,
           and
           thereby
           produce
           what
           we
           call
           Light
           ;
           which
           ,
           whether
           we
           explicate
           it
           by
           the
           Epicurean
           or
           Cartesian
           Hypothesis
           ,
           argues
           a
           great
           Plenty
           of
           a
           Celestial
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           very
           subtile
           Matter
           ,
           to
           be
           dispersed
           through
           ,
           or
           harboured
           in
           the
           Intervals
           of
           the
           stabler
           or
           grosser
           Corpuscles
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           .
        
         
           But
           because
           you
           expect
           from
           me
           a
           distinguishing
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           Characteristick
           Quality
           ,
           which
           may
           put
           a
           difference
           between
           the
           Parts
           already
           named
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           and
           those
           to
           which
           most
           of
           the
           Phenomena
           of
           our
           Engine
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           Pneumatical
           Experiments
           ,
           seem
           to
           be
           due
           ;
           I
           shall
           add
           a
           third
           sort
           of
           Atmospherical
           Particles
           ,
           compared
           with
           which
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           yet
           found
           any
           ,
           whereto
           the
           Name
           of
           Air
           does
           so
           deservedly
           belong
           .
           And
           this
           sort
           of
           Particles
           are
           those
           ,
           which
           are
           not
           only
           for
           a
           while
           ,
           by
           manifest
           outward
           Agents
           ,
           made
           Elastical
           ,
           but
           are
           permanently
           so
           ,
           and
           on
           that
           account
           may
           be
           stil'd
           Perennial
           Air.
           
        
         
           Of
           the
           Structure
           of
           the
           Elastical
           Particles
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           divers
           Conceptions
           may
           be
           framed
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           several
           Contrivances
           Men
           may
           devise
           to
           answer
           the
           Phenomena
           :
           For
           one
           may
           think
           them
           to
           be
           like
           the
           Springs
           of
           Watches
           ,
           coil'd
           up
           ,
           and
           still
           endeavouring
           to
           fly
           abroad
           .
           
           One
           may
           also
           fancy
           a
           Portion
           of
           Air
           to
           be
           like
           a
           Lock
           or
           Parcel
           of
           curled
           Hairs
           of
           Wooll
           ;
           which
           being
           compressed
           by
           an
           external
           Force
           ,
           or
           their
           own
           Weight
           ,
           may
           have
           a
           continual
           endeavour
           to
           stretch
           themselves
           out
           ,
           and
           thrust
           away
           the
           neighbouring
           Particles
           ,
           and
           whatever
           other
           Bodies
           would
           hinder
           them
           to
           recover
           their
           former
           State
           ,
           or
           attain
           their
           full
           Liberty
           .
           One
           may
           also
           fancy
           them
           like
           extreamly
           
             slender
             Wires
          
           ,
           such
           as
           those
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           that
           Tradesmen
           unwind
           from
           some
           Cylindrical
           Bodies
           of
           differing
           Sizes
           ,
           on
           which
           they
           were
           rolled
           ;
           which
           Pieces
           of
           Spiral
           or
           curled
           Wire
           may
           be
           ,
           as
           of
           differing
           Substances
           and
           Consistences
           ,
           so
           of
           very
           differing
           Lengths
           and
           Thicknesses
           ,
           and
           have
           their
           Curls
           greater
           or
           lesser
           ,
           nearer
           each
           other
           ,
           or
           more
           distant
           ,
           and
           be
           otherwise
           diversified
           ;
           and
           yet
           all
           have
           Springiness
           in
           them
           ,
           and
           (
           notwithstanding
           )
           be
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           their
           Shape
           ,
           readily
           expansible
           on
           the
           score
           of
           their
           native
           Structure
           ,
           as
           also
           by
           Heat
           ,
           Girations
           ,
           and
           other
           Motions
           ;
           and
           compressible
           by
           an
           external
           Force
           into
           a
           very
           little
           room
           .
           I
           remember
           too
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           among
           other
           Comparisons
           of
           this
           kind
           ,
           represented
           the
           springy
           Particles
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           like
           the
           very
           
             thin
             Shavings
             of
             Wood
          
           ,
           (
           that
           Carpenters
           and
           Joiners
           are
           wont
           to
           take
           off
           with
           their
           Plainers
           ;
           )
           for
           ,
           besides
           that
           these
           may
           be
           made
           of
           differing
           Woods
           ,
           as
           Oak
           ,
           Ash
           ,
           Firr
           ,
           &c.
           and
           thereby
           be
           diversified
           as
           to
           their
           Substance
           ,
           they
           are
           usually
           of
           very
           various
           Breadths
           ,
           and
           Lengths
           ,
           and
           Thicknesses
           .
           And
           perhaps
           you
           may
           the
           rather
           prefer
           this
           Comparison
           ,
           because
           it
           may
           seem
           somewhat
           to
           illustrate
           the
           Production
           of
           the
           springy
           Particles
           of
           the
           Air
           :
           for
           to
           make
           these
           Shavings
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           Art
           nor
           curious
           Instruments
           required
           ;
           and
           their
           Curls
           are
           no
           ways
           uniform
           ,
           but
           many
           ways
           differing
           ,
           and
           seemingly
           casual
           ;
           and
           ,
           which
           is
           chiefly
           considerable
           ,
           these
           
           Shavings
           are
           producible
           out
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           that
           did
           not
           appear
           ,
           nor
           were
           suspected
           to
           be
           Elastical
           in
           their
           Bulk
           ,
           as
           Beams
           and
           Blocks
           ;
           almost
           any
           of
           which
           may
           afford
           springy
           Shavings
           ,
           barely
           by
           having
           some
           of
           its
           Parts
           so
           taken
           off
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           thin
           and
           flexible
           enough
           ,
           and
           commodiously
           shap'd
           :
           Which
           may
           perhaps
           illustrate
           what
           I
           tried
           ,
           that
           divers
           solid
           ,
           and
           even
           mineral
           Bodies
           ,
           not
           suspected
           of
           Elasticity
           ,
           being
           put
           into
           corrosive
           Menstruums
           ,
           devoid
           of
           that
           Quality
           ,
           there
           will
           ,
           upon
           the
           convenient
           Comminution
           of
           Parts
           ,
           insuing
           the
           Action
           and
           Re-action
           ,
           that
           passes
           between
           them
           in
           the
           Dissolution
           ,
           result
           or
           emerge
           a
           pretty
           Quantity
           of
           permanently
           Elastical
           Fire
           .
           But
           possibly
           you
           will
           think
           that
           these
           are
           but
           extravagant
           Conjectures
           ;
           and
           therefore
           without
           adding
           any
           thing
           in
           favour
           of
           them
           ,
           I
           shall
           proceed
           ,
           and
           willingly
           grant
           ,
           that
           one
           may
           fancy
           several
           other
           Shapes
           (
           and
           perhaps
           fitter
           than
           these
           we
           have
           mentioned
           )
           for
           these
           springy
           Corpuscles
           ;
           about
           whose
           Structure
           I
           shall
           not
           now
           particularly
           discourse
           ,
           because
           of
           the
           variety
           of
           probable
           Conjectures
           that
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           may
           be
           proposed
           concerning
           it
           .
           Only
           I
           shall
           here
           intimate
           ,
           that
           though
           the
           Elastical
           Air
           seem
           to
           continue
           such
           ,
           rather
           upon
           the
           score
           of
           its
           Structure
           ,
           than
           any
           external
           Agitation
           ;
           yet
           Heat
           ,
           that
           is
           a
           kind
           of
           Motion
           ,
           may
           make
           the
           agitated
           Particles
           strive
           to
           recede
           further
           and
           further
           from
           the
           Centers
           of
           their
           Motions
           ,
           and
           to
           beat
           off
           those
           ,
           that
           would
           hinder
           the
           freedom
           of
           their
           Gyrations
           ,
           and
           so
           very
           much
           add
           to
           the
           endeavour
           of
           such
           Air
           to
           expand
           it self
           .
           And
           I
           will
           allow
           you
           to
           suspect
           ,
           that
           there
           may
           be
           sometimes
           mingled
           with
           the
           Particles
           that
           are
           springy
           ,
           upon
           the
           newly
           mentioned
           Account
           ,
           some
           others
           ,
           that
           owe
           their
           Elasticity
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           to
           their
           Structure
           ,
           as
           their
           Motion
           ,
           which
           ,
           variously
           brandishing
           them
           and
           whirling
           them
           about
           ,
           may
           make
           them
           
           beat
           off
           the
           neighbouring
           Particles
           ,
           and
           thereby
           promote
           an
           expansive
           Endeavour
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           whereof
           they
           are
           Parts
           .
           And
           though
           some
           of
           these
           may
           ,
           in
           very
           cold
           Climates
           and
           Seasons
           ,
           prove
           to
           be
           of
           those
           ,
           which
           I
           not
           long
           since
           referr'd
           to
           temporary
           Air
           ;
           yet
           others
           of
           them
           may
           be
           so
           minute
           and
           agile
           ,
           and
           so
           advantageously
           shap'd
           ,
           that
           at
           least
           in
           our
           Climate
           ,
           the
           Air
           will
           scarce
           be
           so
           cold
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           Causes
           ,
           which
           entertain
           the
           Agitation
           ,
           and
           keep
           it
           fluid
           ,
           may
           also
           give
           a
           competent
           Motion
           to
           Particles
           so
           well
           disposed
           to
           be
           kept
           in
           it
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           ,
           Sir
           ,
           't
           will
           be
           time
           to
           indeavour
           to
           proceed
           to
           some
           Particulars
           ,
           that
           may
           countenance
           the
           Conjectures
           I
           have
           hitherto
           been
           proposing
           .
        
         
           Having
           not
           now
           the
           leisure
           to
           prosecute
           this
           Discourse
           uninterruptedly
           ,
           till
           it
           be
           compleatly
           finish'd
           ,
           I
           thought
           it
           not
           unfit
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           set
           down
           ,
           in
           this
           Paper
           ,
           some
           of
           those
           occurring
           Thoughts
           and
           Observations
           of
           my
           own
           ,
           upon
           this
           Subject
           ,
           that
           were
           the
           likeliest
           ,
           unless
           this
           way
           preserved
           ,
           to
           vanish
           out
           of
           my
           Memory
           ,
           and
           which
           may
           serve
           to
           recal
           divers
           others
           into
           it
           ;
           but
           also
           to
           annex
           some
           Passages
           referable
           to
           the
           same
           Purposes
           ,
           borrowed
           from
           such
           Books
           ,
           as
           probably
           I
           may
           not
           have
           at
           hand
           ,
           when
           I
           shall
           resume
           this
           Treatise
           .
           These
           two
           sorts
           of
           Passages
           make
           up
           the
           following
           Notes
           ,
           and
           are
           therefore
           to
           be
           look'd
           upon
           but
           as
           materially
           here
           laid
           together
           to
           be
           preserved
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           for
           themselves
           (
           though
           some
           of
           them
           perhaps
           deserve
           not
           to
           perish
           )
           as
           in
           Order
           to
           the
           finishing
           of
           the
           design'd
           Structure
           .
           And
           though
           ,
           for
           that
           Reason
           ,
           they
           may
           often
           appear
           very
           confusedly
           placed
           ,
           yet
           they
           may
           seem
           more
           incoherent
           than
           they
           are
           ,
           there
           being
           certain
           Transitions
           ,
           and
           other
           things
           ,
           by
           which
           some
           of
           them
           may
           be
           so
           connected
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           fit
           to
           make
           discoursive
           Parts
           and
           Paragraphs
           of
           the
           Treatise
           they
           belong
           to
           ;
           
           upon
           which
           Account
           't
           is
           that
           they
           are
           put
           at
           divers
           Distances
           one
           from
           another
           ,
           that
           if
           hereafter
           I
           have
           leisure
           ,
           there
           may
           be
           room
           for
           the
           Transitions
           ,
           &c.
           by
           which
           they
           are
           designed
           to
           be
           connected
           into
           coherent
           Discourses
           .
        
         
           What
           is
           above
           said
           in
           reference
           to
           this
           Tract
           in
           general
           ,
           is
           applicable
           to
           those
           particular
           Parts
           of
           it
           ,
           whether
           Chapters
           or
           Sections
           ,
           or
           other
           Divisions
           that
           follow
           a
           Line
           of
           Astericks
           ,
           such
           as
           the
           ensuing
           **********************
           imployed
           to
           separate
           the
           unfinish'd
           Part
           of
           the
           Division
           it
           belongs
           to
           ,
           from
           the
           foregoing
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           III.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Aether
             in
             the
             Atmosphere
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TITLE
           IV.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Springy
             Particles
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             the
             Spring
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           Aerem
           validè
           comprimere
           ,
           aut
           dilatare
           .
        
         
           FOllibus
           lusoriis
           aerem
           pyulco
           ingerentes
           majorem
           
           subinde
           atque
           majorem
           difficultatem
           percipiunt
           ;
           quo
           enim
           magis
           aer
           conclusus
           à
           naturali
           raritate
           recedere
           cogitur
           ,
           etiam
           major
           nisu
           resistit
           ,
           neque
           solum
           magis
           densari
           renuit
           ,
           sed
           &
           se
           latiùs
           explicare
           molitur
           .
           Hinc
           didicimus
           &
           pneumaticos
           fontes
           construere
           ,
           qui
           spiritu
           interno
           urgente
           aquam
           in
           altum
           evibrant
           ,
           &
           plumbeas
           glandes
           fistulis
           ejaculari
           ,
           non
           pulvere
           nitrato
           ignem
           concipiente
           ,
           sed
           aere
           per
           vim
           densato
           ad
           antiquas
           dimensiones
           recuperandas
           erumpente
           .
           Quoniam
           verò
           ingesta
           jam
           in
           conceptaculum
           non
           exigua
           aeris
           copia
           difficiliùs
           comprimitur
           novâ
           aeris
           accessione
           ,
           quàm
           ut
           manus
           valeat
           trusillum
           rectâ
           impellere
           ;
           idcirco
           trusilli
           hastulam
           deformatam
           in
           helicem
           ,
           &
           suae
           matrici
           insertam
           ,
           adhibere
           operae
           pretium
           erit
           :
           dum
           enim
           manubrio
           agitante
           contorquetur
           cochlea
           ,
           sensim
           deprimitur
           embolus
           ,
           aeremque
           ingerit
           .
           Ne
           autem
           morâ
           longiore
           opus
           sit
           perpetuâ
           versatione
           manubrii
           ,
           ita
           cochleae
           matrix
           externam
           vasis
           faciem
           contingat
           ,
           ut
           illi
           adnecti
           ,
           atque
           ab
           eo
           disjungi
           valeat
           :
           initio
           enim
           ,
           quando
           adhuc
           levis
           est
           aeris
           modicè
           compressi
           resistentia
           ,
           lamella
           illa
           suo
           foramine
           interiùs
           claviculatim
           striato
           cohaerens
           hastulae
           emboli
           ,
           si
           à
           vase
           disjuncta
           fuerit
           ,
           unà
           cum
           hastulâ
           movebitur
           :
           deinde
           vero
           ,
           quando
           jam
           trusillis
           aegrè
           impellitur
           ,
           
           lamella
           illa
           cum
           vase
           connectatur
           ,
           &
           non
           nisi
           versato
           manubrio
           adduci
           atque
           reduci
           embolus
           poterit
           ,
           id
           quod
           satis
           lentè
           perficietur
           .
           Rem
           claritatis
           gratia
           in
           fonte
           pneumatico
           explicemus
           .
        
         
         
           Porrò
           hastula
           H.
           K.
           perforata
           sit
           ,
           &
           continuo
           ductu
           usque
           ad
           emboli
           K.
           S.
           fundum
           pateat
           aeri
           ingredienti
           via
           H.
           S.
           sed
           foramini
           S.
           adjecta
           sit
           valvula
           ,
           quae
           aeri
           regressum
           obstruat
           .
           Similiter
           modioli
           fundo
           in
           I.
           valvula
           exteriùs
           apposita
           aperiatur
           ingesto
           aeri
           transitum
           praebens
           ;
           sed
           aeri
           intra
           vas
           compresso
           cum
           nusquam
           exitus
           pateat
           ,
           valvula
           ipsa
           modioli
           foramen
           I.
           occludit
           .
           Hastulae
           verò
           H.
           K.
           exterior
           facies
           sit
           in
           helicem
           striata
           ,
           &
           lamellae
           M.
           N.
           tanquam
           matrici
           congruat
           ,
           quae
           
           in
           M.
           &
           N.
           cochleolis
           adnecti
           queat
           exteriùs
           vasi
           ,
           quasi
           esset
           ansae
           fulcrum
           .
        
         
           Ubi
           immissum
           fuerit
           quantum
           satis
           est
           aquae
           ,
           cochleolis
           M.
           &
           N.
           revolutis
           disjungatur
           matrix
           à
           vase
           :
           tum
           attractâ
           ansâ
           H.
           O.
           unà
           cum
           lamellâ
           M.
           N.
           attrahitur
           embolus
           K.
           S.
           &
           per
           apertum
           ductum
           H.
           S.
           ingreditur
           aer
           ,
           modiolum
           implens
           .
           Impulso
           deinde
           embolo
           ,
           valvula
           ad
           S.
           clauditur
           ,
           &
           aer
           ex
           modiolo
           per
           patentem
           valvulam
           I.
           ingeritur
           in
           vas
           ;
           ex
           quo
           nequit
           exire
           ,
           neque
           aquam
           propellere
           ,
           clauso
           scilicet
           epistomio
           E.
           &
           foramine
           A.
           qua
           propter
           comprimitur
           ,
           &
           densatur
           ;
           ideoque
           attracto
           denuo
           embolo
           K.
           S.
           inclusus
           vasi
           aer
           se
           latius
           explicare
           connitens
           valvulam
           I.
           valide
           applicat
           foramini
           modioli
           ,
           sibique
           exitum
           obstruit
           .
           Toties
           adducitur
           atque
           reducitur
           embolus
           ,
           &
           aer
           ingeritur
           ,
           quoad
           magna
           premendi
           difficultas
           percipiatur
           ;
           ubi
           eò
           ventum
           fuerit
           ,
           tunc
           lamella
           M.
           N.
           iterum
           vasi
           adnectatur
           suis
           cochleolis
           ;
           nec
           jam
           embolus
           rectâ
           adduci
           potest
           ;
           sed
           areptum
           in
           O.
           manubrium
           versatur
           ,
           &
           embolus
           intrà
           ,
           modiolum
           circumactus
           sensim
           attollitur
           ,
           qui
           deinde
           revoluto
           in
           contrarium
           manubrio
           deprimitur
           ,
           &
           multâ
           vi
           aer
           in
           vase
           comprimitur
           .
           Laxato
           demum
           Epistomio
           E.
           compressus
           in
           vase
           aer
           ,
           aquam
           exprimit
           per
           tubum
           C.
           D.
           primùm
           quidem
           vehementius
           ,
           subinde
           remissius
           ,
           prout
           aeris
           vis
           elastica
           sensim
           longuescit
           .
        
         
           Hoc
           idem
           quod
           de
           aere
           intra
           vas
           comprimendo
           ad
           aquam
           evibrandam
           comminisci
           placuit
           ,
           servatâ
           analogiâ
           ,
           dicendum
           est
           de
           aere
           ,
           tum
           conatu
           manûs
           rectâ
           trusillum
           impellentis
           ,
           tum
           ope
           cochleae
           similiter
           conformatae
           ,
           intrà
           conceptaculum
           comprimendo
           ,
           ut
           ex
           fistulâ
           deinde
           multâ
           vi
           emittatur
           plumbea
           glans
           ,
           ubi
           reseratus
           aeri
           exitus
           illum
           subitò
           dilatari
           permiserit
           .
           Quin
           &
           pneumatica
           hujusmodi
           tormenta
           citrà
           conceptaculum
           
           aeris
           compressi
           construere
           non
           inutilè
           accidat
           ,
           si
           ,
           quemadmodum
           nostrates
           pueri
           surculos
           sambuceos
           fungosâ
           medullâ
           exhauriunt
           ,
           &
           utraque
           tubuli
           extremitate
           papyraceis
           globulis
           obstructâ
           ,
           alterum
           globulum
           congruo
           cylindro
           propellunt
           ,
           atque
           inclufum
           aerem
           densant
           ,
           quoad
           aeris
           vim
           elasticam
           ,
           &
           impellentis
           manus
           conatum
           non
           ferens
           extremus
           alter
           globulus
           edito
           seloppo
           expellatur
           ;
           ita
           ferream
           fistulam
           longiorem
           paraveris
           ,
           cujus
           alteri
           extremitati
           immittatur
           plumbea
           glans
           obducta
           papyro
           ,
           aut
           simili
           materiâ
           ,
           ut
           exquisitè
           tubi
           osculum
           implens
           demum
           universam
           aeris
           .
           vim
           excipiar
           ,
           alteram
           extremitatem
           aliquot
           spiris
           ambiat
           cava
           cochlea
           ,
           quam
           impleat
           cylindrus
           ferreus
           in
           congruentem
           cochleam
           deformatus
           ;
           si
           enim
           hujusmodi
           cylindrus
           vix
           brevior
           fuerit
           ,
           quàm
           fistula
           ,
           &
           apto
           manubrio
           convolutus
           in
           fistulam
           sensim
           immittatur
           ,
           totum
           aerem
           ,
           quo
           fistula
           replebatur
           ,
           ad
           exiguas
           spatii
           angustias
           adiget
           ,
           ex
           quibus
           magnâ
           vi
           demum
           ,
           quâ
           data
           :
           porta
           ,
           erumpens
           ejaculabitur
           plumbeum
           globulum
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           V.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Magnetical
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TITLE
           VI.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             
               Destruction
               ,
               Generation
               ,
               Absorption
            
             and
             Extrication
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           
             New
             Experiments
             about
             producing
             of
             Air.
             And
             examining
             the
             Bodies
             produced
             .
          
           
             THAT
             the
             Air
             has
             a
             great
             Interest
             in
             the
             Production
             of
             many
             Phenomena
             of
             Nature
             ,
             either
             not
             formerly
             known
             ,
             or
             not
             formerly
             ascribed
             unto
             it
             ,
             as
             the
             chief
             Agent
             ,
             if
             as
             any
             at
             all
             ,
             has
             been
             ,
             I
             suppose
             sufficiently
             manifested
             by
             our
             own
             Experiments
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             by
             those
             published
             by
             abler
             Writers
             .
          
           
             That
             also
             the
             Air
             is
             necessary
             not
             only
             to
             the
             well-being
             ,
             but
             to
             the
             verry
             Being
             and
             Motions
             of
             the
             Generality
             of
             Animals
             ,
             will
             be
             easily
             deduc'd
             from
             those
             Trials
             whereby
             we
             have
             made
             it
             appear
             ,
             that
             Animals
             whose
             Blood
             is
             hot
             ,
             may
             be
             killed
             in
             our
             Engine
             by
             the
             withdrawing
             of
             the
             Air
             in
             about
             one
             Minute
             of
             an
             Hour
             ,
             and
             that
             even
             those
             minute
             Creatures
             ,
             whose
             Blood
             or
             Analogous
             Juice
             is
             cold
             ,
             will
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             without
             excepting
             Cheese-Mites
             themselves
             ,
             presently
             lose
             all
             their
             visible
             Motions
             ,
             upon
             the
             Recess
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             may
             appear
             from
             our
             Experiments
             about
             Respiration
             .
          
           
             Wherefore
             the
             Air
             ,
             being
             a
             Body
             so
             important
             in
             our
             Speculations
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             so
             necessary
             to
             the
             
             Continuance
             of
             our
             Lives
             ,
             I
             could
             not
             but
             think
             it
             deserv'd
             ,
             that
             we
             should
             solicitously
             inquire
             ,
             whether
             it
             may
             or
             may
             not
             be
             produc'd
             by
             Art
             ;
             for
             if
             it
             can
             be
             so
             by
             any
             ,
             not
             very
             uneasily
             practicable
             ways
             ,
             the
             Discovery
             may
             not
             only
             help
             us
             to
             explicate
             some
             difficult
             Phenomena
             of
             Nature
             ,
             but
             may
             afford
             us
             ,
             among
             several
             other
             Uses
             ,
             that
             of
             enabling
             us
             to
             supply
             divers
             ,
             if
             not
             also
             submarine
             Navigators
             with
             fresh
             Air
             produced
             under
             Water
             ,
             and
             thereby
             lengthen
             their
             staying
             in
             Places
             ,
             where
             the
             Continuance
             of
             it
             may
             be
             of
             great
             Use
             both
             speculative
             and
             practical
             .
          
           
             Upon
             these
             and
             the
             like
             Motives
             ,
             I
             resolv'd
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             Difficulties
             I
             foresaw
             my
             Curiosity
             would
             meet
             with
             in
             so
             new
             an
             Attempt
             ,
             to
             try
             what
             I
             could
             do
             .
             But
             before
             I
             relate
             the
             Success
             of
             this
             Attempt
             ,
             I
             must
             premise
             a
             couple
             of
             necessary
             Advertisements
             .
          
           
             And
             first
             ,
             when
             I
             here
             speak
             of
             Production
             of
             Air
             ,
             I
             desire
             to
             be
             understood
             in
             a
             familiar
             Sense
             ,
             meaning
             by
             that
             Expression
             the
             obtaining
             a
             sensible
             Quantity
             of
             Air
             ,
             from
             Bodies
             wherein
             it
             did
             not
             appear
             before
             they
             were
             handled
             after
             our
             way
             ,
             that
             so
             much
             Air
             ,
             if
             any
             at
             all
             ,
             was
             pre-existent
             .
             This
             I
             say
             ,
             because
             I
             would
             not
             in
             this
             Place
             needlesly
             ingage
             in
             the
             Controversy
             about
             the
             Ingenerability
             (
             as
             they
             speak
             )
             or
             the
             mutual
             Transmutation
             of
             the
             Bodies
             that
             are
             called
             Elementary
             :
             for
             though
             I
             am
             not
             sure
             ,
             but
             that
             some
             of
             our
             Experiments
             may
             argue
             a
             new
             and
             real
             Production
             of
             Air
             ,
             or
             a
             Generation
             of
             it
             in
             the
             stricter
             Sense
             ,
             yet
             I
             shall
             now
             imploy
             the
             words
             Generation
             and
             Production
             ,
             in
             the
             large
             and
             popular
             Acception
             ,
             and
             would
             signify
             by
             them
             ,
             as
             I
             lately
             intimated
             ,
             the
             obtaining
             of
             a
             sensible
             Quantity
             of
             Aerial
             Substances
             from
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             did
             not
             appear
             to
             have
             it
             ,
             whether
             this
             obtain'd
             Substance
             were
             due
             to
             an
             Extrication
             and
             Union
             of
             Aerial
             Particles
             latent
             
             in
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Bodies
             that
             afforded
             it
             ,
             or
             to
             a
             real
             Production
             or
             Generation
             of
             Air
             ,
             no
             where
             existent
             antecedently
             to
             our
             Experiments
             .
             And
             this
             is
             the
             first
             of
             my
             two
             Advertisements
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             is
             this
             ,
             That
             among
             the
             Difficulties
             ,
             I
             foresaw
             ,
             in
             making
             Experiments
             suited
             to
             my
             Design
             ,
             I
             look'd
             upon
             it
             as
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             ,
             though
             the
             least
             obvious
             ,
             that
             to
             satisfy
             such
             a
             Disposition
             as
             mine
             ,
             that
             is
             naturally
             prone
             enough
             to
             question
             things
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             requisite
             for
             me
             to
             consider
             ,
             and
             ,
             if
             I
             could
             ,
             to
             determine
             by
             appropriated
             Trials
             ,
             whether
             the
             fluid
             Substances
             my
             Experiments
             might
             afford
             me
             ,
             deserv'd
             the
             Name
             of
             Air
             or
             not
             .
             Wherefore
             I
             saw
             my self
             oblig'd
             to
             increase
             my
             Task
             ,
             and
             so
             direct
             my
             Inquiries
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             first
             Place
             they
             may
             afford
             me
             sensible
             Portions
             of
             such
             a
             Substance
             ,
             as
             in
             a
             popular
             Sense
             may
             be
             stiled
             Air
             ,
             whether
             these
             obtain'd
             Substances
             ought
             to
             be
             look'd
             upon
             as
             true
             Air
             or
             no.
             So
             that
             my
             intended
             Disquisition
             would
             naturally
             consist
             of
             two
             Parts
             ,
             whereof
             the
             former
             was
             to
             contain
             the
             ways
             of
             producing
             ,
             that
             which
             seems
             Air
             ;
             and
             the
             other
             to
             propound
             those
             of
             examining
             ,
             how
             far
             the
             produc'd
             Substance
             is
             indow'd
             with
             the
             Qualities
             ,
             that
             are
             judg'd
             to
             belong
             to
             Air
             as
             such
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             regard
             that
             I
             thought
             it
             most
             convenient
             so
             to
             contrive
             my
             Experiments
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             such
             of
             them
             as
             I
             could
             to
             serve
             me
             ,
             both
             to
             produce
             Air
             ,
             and
             to
             examine
             it
             ,
             I
             shall
             be
             more
             than
             once
             obliged
             to
             mingle
             the
             two
             Parts
             of
             my
             Disquisition
             ,
             and
             reserve
             for
             the
             latter
             of
             them
             ,
             only
             those
             few
             Trials
             ,
             that
             concern
             purely
             the
             Examen
             of
             the
             produced
             Air.
             
          
           
             And
             upon
             this
             Score
             it
             will
             be
             seasonable
             to
             take
             notice
             in
             this
             Place
             ,
             that
             forasmuch
             as
             there
             are
             divers
             Qualities
             ascribed
             to
             Air
             ,
             which
             to
             me
             seem
             but
             accidental
             ,
             
             and
             not
             universally
             to
             belong
             to
             Air
             as
             such
             ,
             I
             have
             not
             observed
             any
             one
             Attribute
             that
             I
             think
             to
             be
             so
             much
             the
             Property
             of
             Air
             ,
             and
             so
             fit
             to
             distinguish
             its
             true
             Particles
             from
             aqueous
             Vapours
             ,
             earthy
             Exhalations
             ,
             and
             the
             Effluvia
             of
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             as
             a
             durable
             Elasticity
             or
             Springiness
             .
             And
             therefore
             I
             shall
             henceforth
             imploy
             that
             ,
             as
             the
             chief
             Criterion
             ,
             whereby
             to
             constitute
             a
             Portion
             of
             Matter
             Aerial
             ,
             and
             discriminate
             it
             from
             other
             flying
             and
             fluid
             Substances
             ,
             and
             consequently
             to
             allow
             or
             deny
             it
             the
             Title
             of
             Air.
             
          
           
             Now
             among
             the
             several
             Ways
             I
             thought
             of
             ,
             whereby
             to
             produce
             Air
             ,
             those
             I
             judg'd
             fittest
             to
             put
             in
             practice
             were
             these
             .
             1.
             
             By
             Fermentation
             .
             2.
             
             By
             Corrosions
             and
             Dissolutions
             of
             Bodies
             .
             3.
             
             By
             boiling
             of
             Water
             and
             other
             Liquors
             .
             4.
             
             By
             the
             mutual
             Actions
             of
             some
             ,
             especially
             saline
             Bodies
             ,
             upon
             one
             another
             .
             5.
             
             By
             the
             Analyses
             and
             Resolutions
             of
             certain
             Substances
             .
          
           
             On
             January
             17
             ,
             we
             conveyed
             into
             a
             long
             and
             large
             
             Tube
             some
             Filings
             of
             Steel
             ,
             and
             as
             much
             Water
             as
             was
             thought
             convenient
             to
             dilute
             the
             Oil
             of
             Vitriol
             ,
             which
             we
             also
             conveyed
             in
             a
             peculiarly
             shap'd
             Glass
             ,
             seal'd
             at
             both
             Ends
             ,
             but
             with
             a
             Hole
             opened
             near
             one
             of
             them
             ;
             the
             external
             Tube
             ,
             and
             the
             Water
             in
             them
             being
             exhausted
             ,
             and
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             Gage
             ,
             which
             we
             had
             also
             included
             ,
             being
             so
             far
             impelled
             up
             into
             the
             open
             Leg
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             scarce
             any
             at
             all
             left
             in
             the
             seal'd
             one
             ;
             this
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             being
             done
             ,
             the
             external
             Tube
             was
             by
             our
             way
             exactly
             closed
             :
             and
             then
             the
             Oil
             of
             Vitriol
             being
             by
             little
             and
             little
             ,
             and
             at
             good
             Intervals
             of
             Time
             ,
             poured
             out
             of
             the
             internal
             Tube
             ,
             to
             actuate
             the
             Water
             ,
             there
             were
             produced
             exceeding
             large
             Bubbles
             by
             the
             Action
             of
             the
             Solvent
             upon
             the
             Metal
             ,
             which
             also
             produc'd
             a
             sensible
             Heat
             ,
             though
             not
             a
             great
             one
             .
             When
             this
             
             Conflict
             had
             lasted
             a
             while
             ,
             we
             observed
             ,
             in
             compliance
             with
             the
             chief
             Scope
             of
             this
             Experiment
             ,
             whether
             there
             would
             be
             any
             springy
             Air
             produced
             by
             all
             those
             Bubbles
             ;
             and
             we
             perceiv'd
             that
             there
             seem'd
             to
             be
             so
             much
             of
             it
             generated
             ,
             that
             at
             length
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             Gage
             was
             impell'd
             to
             the
             very
             bottom
             of
             the
             open
             Leg
             ,
             and
             the
             Air
             included
             in
             the
             other
             seemed
             to
             be
             more
             compress'd
             than
             it
             had
             been
             when
             it
             was
             put
             in
             by
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             .
             But
             to
             try
             whether
             this
             Spring
             (
             wherein
             the
             Warmth
             ,
             formerly
             mentioned
             ,
             might
             be
             suspected
             to
             have
             for
             that
             time
             some
             Interest
             )
             would
             continue
             ,
             I
             removed
             the
             Tube
             into
             another
             Room
             where
             was
             no
             Chimny
             ;
             and
             coming
             to
             look
             on
             it
             the
             next
             Day
             ,
             did
             not
             take
             notice
             of
             any
             sensible
             Alteration
             in
             the
             Gage
             ;
             and
             with
             the
             like
             Success
             I
             visited
             it
             for
             three
             or
             four
             Days
             :
             But
             then
             coming
             one
             Day
             to
             look
             upon
             it
             ,
             I
             found
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             Gage
             to
             have
             ascended
             about
             one
             Inch
             and
             an
             half
             ,
             and
             about
             that
             quantity
             of
             Water
             to
             have
             got
             into
             the
             sealed
             Leg
             ;
             which
             inclined
             me
             so
             much
             the
             more
             to
             suspect
             ,
             that
             this
             Change
             in
             the
             Gage
             might
             have
             been
             accidental
             ,
             a
             Boy
             having
             unknown
             to
             me
             removed
             the
             Tube
             from
             its
             wonted
             Station
             ,
             to
             place
             somewhat
             else
             there
             ,
             without
             doing
             it
             heedfully
             enough
             .
             And
             this
             Conjecture
             seems
             the
             more
             likely
             ,
             because
             I
             have
             not
             seen
             any
             notable
             Change
             to
             have
             happened
             in
             the
             Gage
             from
             that
             time
             to
             this
             ,
             (
             which
             is
             the
             25th
             of
             January
             at
             Night
             )
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             open
             Leg
             being
             about
             one
             Inch
             and
             an
             half
             .
          
           
             March
             8.
             
             A
             Glass
             Vial
             holding
             about
             a
             Pint
             (
             by
             guess
             )
             
             was
             filled
             with
             Wheat
             Flower
             ,
             and
             as
             much
             Water
             as
             was
             sufficient
             to
             drench
             it
             well
             .
             Afterwards
             the
             Orifice
             was
             exactly
             and
             strongly
             closed
             with
             a
             Cork
             ,
             and
             an
             excellent
             Cement
             :
             the
             Glass
             was
             set
             in
             a
             warm
             Place
             of
             the
             
             Laboratory
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             Coldness
             of
             the
             Season
             ;
             and
             having
             stood
             there
             a
             Fortnight
             bating
             one
             Day
             ,
             it
             this
             Morning
             broke
             by
             the
             mere
             Dilatation
             of
             the
             included
             Matter
             ,
             whose
             visible
             Part
             was
             last
             Night
             observ'd
             to
             leave
             a
             considerable
             Part
             unfill'd
             beneath
             the
             Cork
             .
             Notice
             was
             taken
             by
             the
             Laborant
             of
             the
             Event
             of
             this
             Trial
             ,
             by
             a
             Noise
             which
             yet
             was
             no
             louder
             than
             one
             made
             upon
             the
             bursting
             of
             the
             Glass
             into
             several
             Pieces
             :
             To
             my
             Taste
             the
             included
             Matter
             was
             but
             a
             little
             sourish
             ,
             but
             another
             afterwards
             judged
             it
             to
             be
             manifestly
             acid
             .
          
           
             March
             9.
             
             Having
             on
             the
             23d
             of
             February
             put
             into
             a
             
             pretty
             large
             Bolt-head
             a
             convenient
             Quantity
             of
             bruised
             Raisons
             ,
             with
             as
             much
             Water
             as
             I
             thought
             necessary
             to
             make
             them
             ferment
             ;
             and
             having
             caused
             the
             Air
             to
             be
             carefully
             pump'd
             out
             ,
             and
             taken
             sufficient
             Order
             to
             keep
             any
             from
             forcing
             or
             stealing
             into
             the
             Glass
             ,
             I
             set
             it
             in
             the
             Laboratory
             ,
             that
             the
             Warmth
             of
             the
             Air
             might
             facilitate
             the
             Fermentation
             .
             At
             the
             end
             of
             four
             or
             five
             Days
             ,
             it
             did
             not
             appear
             by
             a
             Mercurial
             Gage
             ,
             (
             which
             had
             been
             purposely
             inclosed
             together
             with
             the
             Raisons
             )
             that
             there
             was
             generated
             any
             springy
             Substance
             .
             But
             being
             hindred
             by
             several
             Occasions
             from
             looking
             after
             this
             Glass
             from
             time
             to
             time
             ,
             it
             seems
             the
             contained
             Liquor
             fermented
             more
             violently
             than
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Year
             would
             have
             made
             one
             expect
             :
             for
             about
             four
             of
             the
             Clock
             in
             the
             Afternoon
             ,
             no
             body
             being
             in
             the
             Laboratory
             ,
             the
             Glass
             flew
             in
             pieces
             with
             a
             loud
             Noise
             like
             the
             Report
             of
             a
             Pistol
             ;
             which
             alarming
             a
             Domestick
             of
             mine
             ,
             that
             was
             in
             a
             Chamber
             not
             far
             off
             ,
             made
             him
             hasten
             to
             the
             Laboratory
             ,
             where
             he
             found
             the
             Raisons
             thrown
             all
             about
             ,
             and
             the
             middle
             part
             of
             the
             Bolt-head
             (
             for
             the
             Bottom
             and
             the
             Pipe
             were
             intire
             enough
             )
             
             scattered
             into
             such
             little
             Pieces
             ,
             that
             they
             seemed
             almost
             to
             be
             vanished
             .
          
           
             On
             the
             22d
             of
             February
             ,
             I
             filled
             a
             Glass
             that
             had
             a
             
             somewhat
             wide
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             might
             hold
             by
             Estimation
             three
             Pints
             (
             or
             Pounds
             )
             of
             Water
             ;
             to
             which
             that
             Liquor
             ,
             and
             a
             convenient
             Quantity
             of
             bruised
             Raisons
             upon
             the
             Orifice
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             were
             tied
             the
             Neck
             of
             a
             pretty
             large
             Bladder
             ,
             out
             of
             which
             the
             Air
             having
             been
             diligently
             express'd
             ,
             it
             was
             strongly
             fastned
             to
             our
             Glass
             with
             one
             of
             our
             close
             Cements
             ;
             so
             that
             by
             squeezing
             the
             Bladder
             ,
             we
             could
             not
             perceive
             that
             any
             Air
             could
             get
             in
             or
             out
             .
             Then
             ,
             this
             done
             ,
             we
             left
             the
             Glass
             in
             a
             convenient
             Place
             in
             the
             Laboratory
             ,
             till
             the
             8th
             or
             9th
             of
             March
             ;
             and
             then
             finding
             the
             Bladder
             to
             be
             pump'd
             up
             ,
             we
             would
             have
             tied
             up
             the
             contained
             Air
             ,
             but
             could
             not
             do
             it
             by
             reason
             of
             an
             imperceiv'd
             Hole
             ,
             perchance
             made
             with
             the
             Point
             of
             a
             Pin
             ,
             by
             some
             one
             of
             them
             that
             handled
             it
             .
             Wherefore
             taking
             off
             this
             Bladder
             ,
             we
             caused
             another
             that
             was
             very
             limber
             ,
             to
             be
             put
             on
             after
             the
             manner
             newly
             described
             ;
             and
             yesterday
             Morning
             we
             found
             it
             ,
             though
             by
             Estimation
             it
             might
             hold
             about
             two
             Pounds
             of
             Water
             ,
             to
             be
             so
             full
             of
             Air
             ,
             that
             we
             could
             not
             without
             difficulty
             ,
             and
             losing
             a
             pretty
             deal
             of
             the
             contain'd
             Air
             ,
             tie
             the
             Bladder
             very
             close
             near
             the
             Neck
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             And
             to
             try
             whether
             this
             same
             Mixture
             would
             continue
             to
             produce
             Air
             ,
             (
             whether
             fermented
             or
             not
             ,
             I
             must
             not
             here
             dispute
             )
             I
             caused
             another
             Bladder
             to
             be
             fastned
             to
             the
             same
             Glass
             as
             before
             ,
             and
             found
             it
             this
             Morning
             March
             11.
             as
             full
             as
             if
             it
             were
             distended
             with
             a
             Pair
             of
             Bellows
             .
          
           
             April
             28.
             
             Into
             the
             bottom
             of
             a
             wide-mouth'd
             Vial
             we
             
             put
             some
             good
             Spirit
             of
             Salt
             ,
             and
             Filings
             of
             Steel
             ,
             and
             
             whelm'd
             over
             it
             a
             Rr.
             fitted
             with
             an
             Eel-skin
             and
             a
             Wire
             ;
             to
             the
             latter
             of
             which
             was
             tied
             a
             thin
             Glass-Vessel
             ,
             hermetically
             seal'd
             at
             the
             bottom
             ,
             tho
             't
             was
             but
             slender
             ,
             and
             furnished
             with
             a
             competent
             Quantity
             of
             Filings
             of
             Copper
             ,
             then
             we
             exhausted
             the
             Rr.
             well
             with
             our
             Engine
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             by
             thrusting
             the
             Glass
             that
             held
             the
             Filings
             against
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Vial
             ,
             we
             broke
             it
             off
             ,
             upon
             which
             the
             Filings
             fell
             into
             the
             Menstruum
             ,
             which
             acting
             upon
             them
             ,
             there
             ensued
             good
             store
             of
             Bubbles
             that
             made
             a
             Froth
             much
             deeper
             than
             was
             the
             Liquor
             ,
             and
             the
             successive
             Generation
             of
             these
             Bubbles
             continued
             a
             good
             while
             ,
             and
             appear'd
             some
             of
             them
             large
             enough
             ,
             though
             in
             the
             free
             Air
             they
             would
             scarce
             have
             been
             visible
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             would
             not
             have
             been
             taken
             notice
             of
             ,
             the
             Vial
             having
             been
             kept
             in
             our
             Vacuum
             for
             a
             Quarter
             of
             an
             Hour
             longer
             ,
             and
             no
             Greenness
             to
             be
             seen
             in
             the
             Liquor
             ,
             the
             Rr.
             was
             taken
             off
             ,
             and
             the
             Vial
             left
             open
             to
             the
             Air.
             
          
           
             A
             Bubble
             of
             Air
             ,
             whose
             Diameter
             was
             near
             in
             length
             
             to
             that
             of
             a
             middle
             siz'd
             Pea
             ,
             was
             left
             at
             the
             top
             of
             a
             round
             Vial
             with
             a
             long
             narrow
             Neck
             ,
             whose
             Cavity
             was
             fill'd
             with
             fine
             Oil
             of
             Turpentine
             ,
             and
             then
             being
             inverted
             into
             a
             Vial
             fill'd
             with
             the
             same
             Liquor
             ,
             was
             set
             aside
             in
             a
             quiet
             Place
             ,
             and
             left
             there
             for
             a
             competent
             time
             .
             Another
             Vial
             shap'd
             like
             the
             former
             ,
             but
             a
             pretty
             deal
             less
             ,
             was
             fill'd
             Neck
             and
             all
             with
             Alcohol
             of
             Wine
             ,
             save
             a
             Bubble
             of
             Air
             about
             the
             same
             Bigness
             with
             the
             former
             :
             This
             Vial
             being
             inverted
             into
             another
             furnish'd
             with
             the
             same
             Liquor
             ,
             was
             set
             aside
             in
             the
             same
             Window
             with
             it
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             :
             The
             Event
             was
             ,
             that
             about
             the
             End
             of
             the
             6th
             Day
             ,
             the
             Bubble
             disappear'd
             in
             the
             Glass
             that
             contain'd
             the
             Oil
             of
             Turpentine
             .
             And
             the
             like
             Absorption
             ,
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             it
             ,
             I
             observ'd
             to
             have
             been
             made
             of
             the
             Air
             by
             the
             
             contiguous
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
             ,
             the
             next
             Day
             after
             .
          
           
             May
             the
             23d
             .
             We
             open'd
             another
             exhausted
             Receiver
             ,
             
             wherein
             was
             an
             unstop'd
             Vial
             more
             than
             half
             full
             of
             an
             opacous
             and
             blackish
             Liquor
             ,
             which
             we
             guess'd
             (
             for
             we
             found
             no
             Inscription
             belonging
             to
             it
             )
             to
             have
             been
             Frogs
             Spawn
             ,
             and
             were
             sure
             to
             have
             been
             included
             at
             least
             three
             Years
             :
             By
             the
             Mercurial
             Gage
             that
             was
             put
             up
             with
             it
             ,
             it
             appear'd
             to
             have
             afforded
             some
             Air
             ,
             but
             not
             very
             much
             .
             It
             s
             Smell
             was
             stinking
             ,
             much
             like
             that
             of
             the
             Pump
             of
             a
             Ship
             ,
             but
             yet
             it
             had
             produc'd
             no
             Insects
             ,
             nor
             had
             any
             Appearance
             of
             Mouldiness
             .
          
           
             A
             Gentleman
             of
             my
             Acquaintance
             ,
             an
             industrious
             
             Digger
             for
             Mines
             ,
             and
             Owner
             of
             a
             good
             one
             ,
             informs
             me
             ,
             that
             when
             the
             Miners
             meet
             with
             running
             Water
             under
             Ground
             ,
             they
             are
             thereby
             supplied
             with
             Air
             enough
             for
             free
             Respiration
             :
             And
             when
             I
             ask'd
             whether
             he
             thought
             that
             Air
             was
             produced
             or
             extricated
             by
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Water
             ,
             or
             else
             were
             only
             concomitant
             to
             the
             Stream
             ?
             He
             answered
             ,
             that
             it
             seemed
             to
             him
             more
             like
             to
             proceed
             from
             the
             Water
             it self
             :
             and
             further
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             standing
             Waters
             did
             not
             afford
             Air
             to
             the
             Diggers
             ;
             and
             that
             running
             Waters
             did
             it
             even
             at
             considerable
             Depths
             ,
             amounting
             to
             many
             Fathoms
             .
          
        
         
           
             Experiments
             about
             the
             Production
             of
             Air
             ,
             and
             the
             examining
             thereof
             proposed
             .
          
           
             Sect
             1.
             
             TO
             produce
             Air
             by
             Fermentation
             in
             exactly
             closed
             Receivers
             .
          
           
             To
             produce
             Air
             by
             Fermentation
             in
             seal'd
             Glasses
             .
          
           
           
             To
             separate
             Air
             from
             Liquors
             by
             boiling
             .
          
           
             To
             separate
             Air
             from
             Liquors
             by
             the
             Engine
             .
          
           
             To
             produce
             Air
             by
             Corrosion
             ,
             especially
             with
             Sp.
             Anti.
             
          
           
             To
             separate
             Air
             by
             Animal
             and
             sulphureous
             Solvents
             .
          
           
             To
             obtain
             Air
             in
             the
             exhausted
             Receiver
             by
             burning
             Glasses
             ,
             and
             red
             hot
             Irons
             .
          
           
             To
             produce
             Air
             out
             of
             Gun-powder
             ,
             and
             other
             nitrous
             Bodies
             .
          
           
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Examine
             the
             produc'd
             Aerial
             Substance
             by
             its
             preserving
             or
             reviving
             .
             1st
             .
             Animals
             .
             2dly
             .
             Flame
             .
             3dly
             .
             Fire
             .
             4thly
             .
             The
             Light
             of
             rotten
             Wood
             ,
             Fish
             .
          
           
             To
             examine
             it
             by
             its
             Elasticity
             ,
             and
             the
             Duration
             thereof
             .
          
           
             As
             also
             by
             its
             Weight
             .
          
           
             And
             by
             its
             lifting
             up
             the
             Smoak
             of
             Liquors
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           VII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Accidental
             or
             less
             constant
             Ingredients
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TITLE
           VIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Aqueous
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Moisture
             and
             Driness
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           I
           Shall
           not
           here
           determine
           whether
           in
           all
           the
           Instances
           that
           are
           referr'd
           to
           this
           Title
           ,
           the
           Phenomena
           be
           produced
           by
           the
           meer
           Moisture
           of
           the
           Air
           as
           such
           ,
           or
           by
           some
           other
           Agents
           ,
           whose
           Corpuscles
           are
           accompanied
           and
           assisted
           by
           the
           moist
           Air
           as
           a
           Vehicle
           and
           a
           concurrent
           Cause
           .
           But
           without
           nicely
           distinguishing
           the
           Grounds
           of
           particular
           Operations
           ,
           we
           shall
           refer
           the
           Phenomena
           in
           general
           to
           the
           Moisture
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           (
           or
           moist
           Air
           )
           that
           Quality
           being
           the
           most
           obvious
           to
           be
           observ'd
           in
           these
           Phenomena
           ;
           in
           the
           Production
           of
           some
           of
           which
           it
           seems
           either
           the
           only
           ,
           or
           the
           main
           Cause
           ,
           in
           others
           an
           assistant
           Cause
           ,
           and
           in
           all
           a
           not
           useless
           Concomitant
           .
        
         
           The
           Account
           upon
           which
           a
           Body
           is
           dry
           ,
           being
           usually
           but
           this
           ,
           that
           the
           Pores
           intercepted
           between
           its
           more
           stable
           Parts
           ,
           are
           not
           fill'd
           with
           any
           visible
           Liquor
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           to
           be
           expected
           that
           a
           Quality
           so
           near
           of
           kin
           to
           a
           Privation
           ,
           should
           furnish
           much
           to
           our
           present
           historical
           Notes
           :
           But
           yet
           Driness
           may
           sometimes
           have
           a
           not-inconsiderable
           Interest
           in
           the
           Changes
           of
           a
           Body
           ,
           and
           that
           upon
           differing
           Scores
           ,
           whereof
           I
           take
           these
           two
           to
           be
           the
           chief
           .
           1st
           .
           As
           the
           Body
           by
           Exsiccation
           is
           deprived
           of
           those
           liquid
           and
           exhalable
           Parts
           that
           were
           before
           harbour'd
           in
           its
           Pores
           ,
           and
           were
           perhaps
           the
           Principle
           of
           divers
           Operations
           ascribed
           to
           it
           .
           And
           ,
           2dly
           .
           As
           
           these
           Evaporable
           Parts
           by
           their
           Recess
           may
           occasion
           a
           Change
           of
           Texture
           in
           the
           Body
           ,
           especially
           in
           regard
           of
           the
           Pores
           ,
           whose
           Bigness
           ,
           Figure
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           Position
           ,
           being
           alter'd
           ,
           the
           Body
           by
           this
           Change
           of
           Texture
           acquires
           a
           Disposition
           to
           act
           ,
           and
           be
           acted
           on
           ,
           in
           several
           Cases
           ,
           otherwise
           than
           formerly
           .
        
         
           Sometimes
           when
           the
           Weather
           began
           to
           be
           overcast
           ,
           
           the
           Hygroscope
           did
           not
           sensibly
           appear
           to
           grow
           heavier
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           it
           would
           preponderate
           when
           I
           took
           notice
           of
           no
           Vapours
           to
           make
           it
           do
           so
           :
           and
           though
           these
           things
           happen'd
           but
           seldom
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           ordinary
           Changes
           of
           the
           Hygroscope
           according
           to
           those
           of
           the
           Weather
           ;
           yet
           they
           made
           me
           suspect
           that
           sometimes
           the
           Clouds
           may
           consist
           of
           other
           Steams
           than
           Aqueous
           ,
           or
           that
           there
           may
           be
           some
           Exhalations
           that
           may
           have
           a
           peculiar
           Congruity
           with
           the
           Pores
           of
           the
           Hygroscope
           ,
           and
           whose
           Nature
           may
           be
           such
           as
           to
           the
           Power
           of
           drying
           the
           Hygroscope
           ,
           that
           upon
           these
           or
           some
           other
           ,
           yet
           unheeded
           Accounts
           ,
           the
           Steams
           that
           are
           sometimes
           diffused
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           controul
           the
           usual
           and
           regular
           Causes
           of
           increasing
           or
           lessening
           the
           Gravity
           of
           the
           Hygroscope
           .
           And
           this
           Suspicion
           was
           the
           stronger
           ,
           because
           having
           made
           Hygroscopes
           with
           Powder
           and
           Salt
           ,
           and
           also
           with
           the
           Saw-dust
           of
           Wainscot
           ,
           hung
           at
           nice
           Scales
           in
           very
           thin
           open
           Glasses
           ,
           purposely
           blown
           for
           Lightness
           sake
           at
           the
           Flame
           of
           a
           Lamp
           ,
           though
           they
           usually
           acquired
           and
           lost
           Weight
           ,
           as
           the
           Weather
           grew
           moister
           or
           drier
           ,
           yet
           sometimes
           they
           did
           not
           .
        
         
           At
           half
           of
           an
           Hour
           after
           nine
           a
           Clock
           at
           Night
           ,
           I
           
           look'd
           upon
           the
           Half
           Hundred
           Weight
           that
           hung
           at
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Rope
           ,
           the
           Weather
           being
           then
           fair
           ,
           and
           a
           Mark
           being
           put
           at
           that
           part
           of
           the
           erected
           Board
           where
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Weight
           touch'd
           ,
           I
           perceiv'd
           the
           Sky
           a
           while
           after
           to
           grow
           cloudy
           and
           overcast
           ,
           but
           without
           
           Rain
           ;
           wherefore
           going
           to
           visit
           the
           Weight
           again
           ,
           I
           found
           it
           to
           be
           risen
           ¼
           of
           an
           Inch
           or
           more
           ;
           and
           looking
           on
           my
           Watch
           ,
           perceiv'd
           there
           had
           pass'd
           an
           Hour
           and
           a
           Quarter
           since
           the
           Mark
           was
           made
           .
        
         
           This
           Morning
           I
           came
           again
           to
           look
           upon
           the
           Weight
           between
           eight
           and
           nine
           of
           the
           Clock
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           raised
           above
           the
           newly
           mentioned
           Mark
           ,
           made
           last
           Night
           about
           one
           Inch
           ,
           (
           for
           't
           was
           about
           9
           /
           10
           of
           an
           Inch.
           )
           This
           Day
           the
           Weather
           being
           fair
           and
           windy
           ,
           the
           Weight
           was
           fallen
           by
           ten
           at
           Night
           about
           six
           Inches
           beneath
           its
           Station
           ,
           at
           which
           I
           found
           it
           when
           I
           look'd
           on
           it
           in
           the
           Morning
           .
        
         
           Being
           not
           well
           yester-night
           ,
           the
           Weight
           was
           observ'd
           at
           Bed-time
           ,
           by
           two
           of
           my
           Servants
           ,
           and
           it
           then
           rested
           at
           the
           11th
           of
           the
           erected
           Bound
           .
           This
           Morning
           about
           eight
           of
           the
           Clock
           ,
           I
           visited
           it
           my self
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           to
           be
           risen
           about
           ⅛
           of
           an
           Inch
           above
           the
           eighth
           Inch
           ,
           the
           Morning
           being
           cloudy
           ,
           though
           the
           Morning
           very
           dry
           and
           dusty
           .
           The
           Weather
           growing
           more
           overcast
           ,
           within
           somewhat
           less
           than
           an
           Hour
           after
           ,
           I
           visited
           the
           Weight
           again
           ,
           some
           scatter'd
           Drops
           of
           Rain
           then
           beginning
           to
           fall
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           to
           be
           risen
           about
           half
           an
           Inch
           above
           the
           newly
           mention'd
           eighth
           Mark.
           
        
         
           I
           look'd
           when
           I
           was
           ready
           to
           go
           to
           Bed
           upon
           the
           suspended
           Weight
           of
           56
           Pound
           ,
           and
           mark'd
           how
           low
           it
           reach'd
           upon
           the
           divided
           Board
           ;
           and
           a
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Night
           having
           been
           rainy
           ,
           I
           look'd
           again
           when
           I
           was
           dress'd
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           which
           was
           about
           half
           an
           Hour
           after
           eight
           a
           Clock
           ,
           and
           I
           found
           the
           Cord
           so
           shrunk
           ,
           that
           the
           Weight
           was
           raised
           above
           five
           Inches
           higher
           than
           I
           left
           it
           the
           Night
           before
           ;
           but
           the
           Day
           recovering
           dry
           and
           windy
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           warm
           ,
           the
           Rope
           was
           so
           stretch'd
           ,
           that
           at
           Night
           the
           Weight
           sunk
           a
           good
           way
           beneath
           all
           the
           Marks
           .
           
             N.
             B.
          
           The
           Rope
           near
           the
           Weight
           
           was
           in
           Diameter
           ●
           of
           an
           Inch
           ,
           and
           four
           decimal
           Parts
           of
           a
           tenth
           .
        
         
           We
           took
           a
           Rope
           of
           near
           three
           Foot
           and
           an
           half
           in
           length
           from
           the
           Point
           of
           Appension
           ,
           and
           somewhat
           
           less
           than
           ●
           (
           Inch
           )
           in
           Diameter
           ;
           this
           we
           suffer'd
           to
           be
           stretch'd
           for
           some
           Days
           by
           a
           Weight
           of
           Lead
           with
           an
           Iron
           Ring
           or
           Ansula
           ,
           weighing
           a
           Quarter
           of
           an
           Hundred
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           great
           Hundred
           ,
           which
           is
           five
           score
           and
           twelve
           :
           and
           then
           placing
           a
           flat
           Board
           under
           it
           so
           ,
           that
           the
           Weight
           just
           rested
           upon
           it
           ,
           we
           had
           the
           Rope
           well
           wetted
           over
           them
           with
           a
           Spunge
           dip'd
           in
           Water
           ,
           and
           so
           often
           applied
           to
           it
           ,
           that
           the
           Liquor
           might
           be
           thorowly
           soak'd
           into
           the
           Pores
           of
           the
           Rope
           ,
           which
           at
           first
           seem'd
           thereby
           a
           little
           stretch'd
           ,
           rather
           than
           shorten'd
           ;
           but
           after
           an
           Hour
           or
           two
           it
           began
           to
           shrink
           ,
           so
           that
           we
           could
           make
           the
           Weight
           swinge
           like
           a
           Pendulum
           over
           the
           Piece
           of
           Board
           it
           lean'd
           upon
           before
           .
           But
           afterwards
           the
           same
           Day
           the
           Weight
           stretch'd
           out
           the
           Rope
           again
           as
           much
           as
           formerly
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           observable
           ,
           that
           though
           Morocco
           be
           an
           Inland-Town
           ,
           and
           the
           Soil
           of
           those
           Parts
           be
           usually
           dry
           ,
           if
           not
           parched
           ;
           yet
           Doctor
           D.
           who
           was
           lately
           there
           ,
           informed
           me
           ,
           that
           about
           Morocco
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           violent
           Heats
           he
           felt
           in
           the
           Day-time
           ,
           he
           observed
           the
           Nocturnal
           Air
           to
           be
           very
           damp
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           make
           the
           Clothes
           he
           put
           off
           at
           Night
           exceeding
           moist
           ,
           and
           unfit
           to
           be
           worn
           without
           airing
           the
           next
           Morning
           .
           He
           added
           ,
           That
           though
           the
           Air
           was
           very
           piercing
           ,
           and
           manifested
           it self
           to
           be
           so
           by
           many
           other
           Signs
           ,
           yet
           it
           would
           not
           make
           his
           Knife
           rust
           in
           his
           Pocket
           ,
           or
           his
           Sword
           in
           the
           Scabbard
           ,
           though
           it
           would
           quickly
           produce
           a
           Rust
           in
           Instruments
           of
           that
           Metal
           exposed
           naked
           to
           it
           .
        
         
           Air
           too
           moist
           cannot
           be
           wholesome
           .
           The
           Air
           in
           our
           Parts
           ,
           viz.
           about
           Oakly
           in
           Buckingham-shire
           ,
           though
           a
           
           high
           Country
           ,
           is
           ,
           as
           I
           said
           before
           ,
           between
           Michaelmas
           and
           Alhallontide
           very
           moist
           ,
           especially
           in
           rainy
           Weather
           ,
           and
           upon
           a
           Thaw
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           Wainscots
           ,
           Stair-cases
           and
           Pictures
           will
           stand
           all
           of
           a
           Water
           ,
           and
           after
           run
           down
           in
           great
           Drops
           ;
           and
           at
           Brill
           ,
           upon
           that
           high
           Hill
           ,
           't
           is
           in
           divers
           Houses
           worse
           than
           in
           the
           Valley
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           the
           Stair-cases
           ,
           especially
           if
           laid
           in
           Oil
           ,
           will
           run
           down
           with
           Water
           :
           the
           North
           and
           North-East
           side
           of
           our
           Houses
           are
           observed
           to
           be
           moister
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           the
           Furniture
           will
           rot
           ,
           if
           Fires
           be
           not
           made
           sometimes
           in
           the
           Rooms
           ,
           and
           the
           things
           aired
           :
           This
           is
           observ'd
           to
           be
           the
           most
           aguish
           Season
           of
           the
           Year
           .
           Mr.
           
             J.
             T.
          
           
        
         
           As
           in
           another
           Experiment
           wetried
           ,
           whether
           or
           no
           the
           Removal
           of
           the
           Air
           out
           of
           the
           Receiver
           would
           much
           alter
           the
           Temperature
           of
           the
           included
           Medium
           or
           Space
           ,
           as
           to
           Heat
           and
           Cold
           :
           so
           we
           indeavour'd
           to
           discover
           ,
           whether
           the
           Alteration
           would
           be
           notable
           ,
           as
           to
           Driness
           and
           Moisture
           .
           To
           this
           purpose
           we
           did
           indeed
           wish
           for
           such
           a
           Hygroscope
           (
           or
           Instrument
           wherewith
           to
           measure
           the
           Moisture
           and
           Driness
           of
           the
           Air
           )
           as
           we
           used
           many
           Years
           ago
           ,
           and
           since
           found
           well
           described
           by
           the
           industrious
           Kircher
           ,
           in
           a
           Place
           of
           his
           
             Ars
             magnetica
          
           ,
           to
           which
           I
           therefore
           refer
           your
           Lordship
           .
           But
           in
           regard
           that
           to
           this
           Instrument
           there
           is
           requisite
           the
           Beard
           of
           a
           wild
           Oat
           seasonably
           gather'd
           ,
           which
           we
           could
           not
           then
           procure
           ;
           we
           recall'd
           to
           Mind
           another
           Hygroscope
           ,
           which
           ,
           though
           it
           discover
           not
           such
           small
           Mutations
           as
           the
           former
           ,
           we
           thought
           might
           be
           usefully
           enough
           substicuted
           instead
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           Of
           this
           Hygroscrope
           ,
           having
           particularly
           described
           it
           in
           another
           Paper
           ,
           we
           shall
           now
           only
           say
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           made
           by
           fastning
           to
           the
           upper
           End
           of
           a
           Piece
           of
           Gut-string
           ,
           or
           great
           Lutestring
           ,
           a
           very
           light
           Index
           ,
           and
           strongly
           fastning
           the
           lower
           end
           of
           the
           same
           String
           
           to
           the
           bottom
           of
           a
           Box
           ,
           or
           other
           convenient
           Frame
           ,
           the
           Circumference
           of
           whose
           upper
           Part
           may
           be
           at
           pleasure
           divided
           into
           Degrees
           or
           other
           Partitions
           ,
           upon
           which
           the
           Index
           may
           move
           to
           and
           fro
           .
           For
           the
           Instrument
           being
           thus
           made
           ,
           when
           the
           Air
           grows
           moister
           ,
           the
           Vapours
           insinuating
           themselves
           into
           the
           Pores
           of
           the
           Filaments
           that
           compose
           the
           String
           ,
           do
           somewhat
           shorten
           it
           ;
           and
           thereby
           those
           Filaments
           being
           altered
           in
           point
           of
           Contortion
           ,
           the
           Index
           that
           is
           fastned
           to
           them
           turns
           one
           way
           :
           and
           upon
           the
           recess
           of
           those
           Vapours
           ,
           or
           of
           others
           of
           like
           nature
           ,
           the
           String
           comes
           to
           be
           wreath'd
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Index
           to
           be
           moved
           another
           way
           .
           So
           that
           in
           a
           String
           of
           about
           three
           Inches
           long
           ,
           the
           Point
           of
           the
           Index
           will
           be
           oftentimes
           made
           to
           change
           its
           Place
           very
           notably
           ,
           by
           such
           a
           mutation
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           to
           Driness
           and
           Moisture
           ,
           as
           was
           to
           be
           met
           with
           in
           the
           Morning
           and
           at
           Noon
           of
           the
           same
           Day
           ,
           tho
           such
           a
           Change
           did
           not
           always
           need
           either
           Rain
           ,
           Clouds
           or
           Mists
           ,
           or
           the
           absence
           of
           them
           ,
           to
           make
           it
           notable
           .
        
         
           We
           took
           then
           one
           of
           these
           Hygroscopes
           ,
           and
           conveyed
           it
           into
           a
           small
           Receiver
           ,
           that
           the
           removal
           of
           the
           
           Air
           being
           sudden
           ,
           the
           Change
           of
           Temperature
           (
           if
           any
           should
           happen
           )
           in
           the
           exhausted
           Cavity
           ,
           might
           be
           the
           more
           sudden
           and
           conspicuous
           .
           But
           we
           found
           not
           that
           the
           emptying
           of
           the
           Receiver
           made
           the
           Index
           sensibly
           change
           place
           .
           And
           though
           this
           Experiment
           were
           carefully
           made
           ,
           yet
           for
           the
           greater
           Security
           we
           repeated
           it
           once
           more
           ;
           and
           neither
           then
           perceiving
           the
           Index
           to
           remove
           ,
           we
           kept
           the
           Receiver
           exhausted
           for
           a
           pretty
           while
           ,
           lest
           there
           should
           be
           some
           more
           time
           requisite
           to
           the
           Operation
           of
           the
           Medium
           upon
           the
           Instrument
           .
           But
           neither
           did
           this
           Trial
           produce
           any
           sensible
           Alteration
           of
           the
           Index
           ;
           but
           after
           the
           Key
           was
           turned
           ,
           and
           Access
           was
           thereby
           given
           to
           the
           excluded
           Air
           ,
           tho
           
           the
           Cover
           were
           still
           kept
           on
           ,
           we
           found
           that
           then
           within
           some
           Hours
           ,
           the
           Index
           was
           considerably
           removed
           .
           So
           that
           as
           far
           as
           these
           Experiments
           informed
           us
           ,
           the
           Ether
           or
           subtile
           Matter
           that
           succeeds
           in
           the
           place
           deserted
           by
           the
           Air
           ,
           if
           that
           Place
           be
           not
           left
           void
           ;
           and
           consequently
           the
           thinner
           and
           more
           fluid
           part
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           (
           in
           which
           the
           Corpuscles
           ,
           that
           may
           be
           more
           properly
           called
           Aerial
           ,
           swim
           )
           seems
           in
           its
           own
           nature
           to
           be
           very
           sensibly
           ,
           neither
           cold
           ,
           or
           hot
           ,
           or
           dry
           ,
           or
           moist
           .
           I
           said
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           these
           Experiments
           ,
           I
           mean
           those
           we
           made
           in
           this
           Engine
           with
           the
           Thermoscope
           and
           Hygroscope
           ,
           inform
           us
           :
           because
           this
           Conjecture
           (
           for
           I
           dare
           yet
           call
           it
           no
           more
           )
           may
           be
           examined
           divers
           other
           ways
           ,
           whose
           Events
           may
           either
           confirm
           ,
           or
           oppose
           ,
           or
           limit
           it
           .
           In
           the
           mean
           time
           I
           could
           wish
           ,
           that
           if
           your
           Lordship
           had
           one
           of
           Kircher's
           Hygroscopes
           at
           hand
           ,
           you
           would
           frequently
           and
           carefully
           try
           the
           last-recited
           Experiment
           with
           it
           ;
           because
           I
           have
           found
           ,
           that
           if
           such
           a
           Hygroscope
           be
           very
           well
           made
           ,
           't
           is
           admirable
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           pleasant
           ,
           to
           see
           how
           small
           a
           Mutation
           of
           the
           neighbouring
           Air
           it
           will
           take
           notice
           of
           .
           But
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           desire
           to
           have
           it
           frequently
           tried
           ,
           because
           Care
           must
           be
           taken
           that
           such
           Motions
           of
           the
           Index
           be
           not
           mistaken
           for
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           altered
           Temper
           of
           the
           Medium
           in
           the
           Receiver
           ,
           which
           may
           in
           some
           Cases
           proceed
           from
           those
           Steams
           of
           the
           Oil
           and
           Water
           ,
           which
           we
           elsewhere
           mention
           ,
           that
           we
           now
           and
           then
           ,
           tho
           but
           seldom
           ,
           observed
           to
           get
           out
           of
           the
           Cylinder
           into
           the
           Receiver
           ,
           and
           play
           up
           and
           down
           there
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           IX
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Clouds
             ,
             Mists
             and
             Fogs
             .
          
        
         
           HEaring
           that
           an
           excellent
           Astronomer
           of
           my
           Acquaintance
           ,
           had
           often
           measured
           the
           Height
           of
           Clouds
           ,
           I
           enquired
           of
           him
           what
           Height
           he
           observ'd
           them
           to
           have
           ?
           and
           was
           answered
           ,
           That
           though
           he
           had
           measured
           eighteen
           or
           twenty
           even
           of
           white
           Clouds
           in
           fair
           Weather
           ,
           yet
           he
           observed
           scarce
           any
           one
           to
           be
           higher
           than
           three
           quarters
           of
           a
           Mile
           ,
           and
           few
           of
           them
           he
           found
           to
           exceed
           half
           a
           Mile
           .
        
         
           A
           Mist
           coming
           ,
           driving
           upon
           the
           Sea
           towards
           the
           Shoar
           ,
           though
           without
           any
           sensible
           Wind
           ,
           will
           raise
           a
           greater
           Swell
           of
           a
           Sea
           ,
           than
           a
           brisk
           Wind
           will
           do
           .
           N.
           
        
         
           I
           have
           observed
           in
           a
           Ground
           near
           my
           House
           ,
           which
           is
           somewhat
           moist
           in
           Winter
           ,
           as
           also
           in
           other
           Places
           ,
           especially
           after
           a
           warm
           Day
           ,
           and
           against
           fair
           Weather
           in
           Autumn
           ,
           a
           moist
           blewish
           Mist
           to
           ascend
           about
           twenty
           or
           thirty
           Foot
           high
           ,
           and
           then
           to
           subside
           again
           in
           Dew
           .
           Mr.
           
             J.
             T.
          
           
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           X.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             Terrestrial
             Steams
             
               in
               the
               Air.
            
             
          
        
         
           INquiring
           of
           an
           ingenious
           Acquaintance
           of
           mine
           ,
           who
           ,
           in
           an
           inclosed
           Scope
           of
           Ground
           ,
           has
           several
           Veins
           of
           differing
           Metals
           and
           Minerals
           ,
           whether
           he
           did
           not
           see
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           smell
           Steams
           ascending
           out
           of
           this
           or
           that
           Spot
           of
           his
           Ground
           ,
           in
           Circumstances
           where
           their
           Ascension
           could
           not
           be
           imputed
           to
           the
           Action
           of
           the
           Sun
           ?
           He
           and
           his
           Son
           ,
           who
           was
           also
           a
           Virtuoso
           ,
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           divers
           times
           seen
           as
           't
           were
           Pillars
           of
           Fumes
           ascending
           like
           Smoak
           ,
           whereof
           some
           would
           be
           inodorous
           ,
           some
           ill-scented
           ,
           and
           some
           ,
           though
           but
           seldom
           ,
           well-scented
           .
           And
           you
           may
           have
           observed
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           I
           ,
           that
           Fogs
           ,
           some
           of
           which
           I
           have
           known
           to
           be
           very
           lasting
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           a
           large
           Spread
           ,
           did
           require
           no
           tender
           Nostrils
           to
           perceive
           them
           to
           stink
           .
        
         
           I
           have
           frequently
           observed
           the
           smoaking
           Steams
           that
           arose
           out
           of
           the
           Shafts
           of
           Mines
           not
           wrought
           in
           :
           And
           it
           is
           certain
           ,
           the
           Charcoal
           made
           in
           Cornwal
           (
           especially
           of
           that
           Wood
           that
           grows
           in
           the
           Mineral
           Part
           thereof
           )
           doth
           afford
           a
           manifest
           Arsenical
           and
           Sulphureous
           Smell
           beyond
           other
           Charcoal
           .
           N.
           
        
         
           Tel
           est
           par
           exemple
           ce
           nuage
           horrible
           d'une
           fumée
           
           epaisse
           qui
           s'eleva
           de
           la
           mer
           de
           Crete
           au
           Commencement
           de
           l'Este
           de
           l'an
           721.
           et
           qui
           s'etant
           repandu
           dans
           
           l'air
           le
           fit
           paroistre
           tout
           en
           feu
           .
           La
           mer
           n'en
           fut
           pas
           mesme
           exempte
           ;
           car
           les
           grosses
           masses
           de
           pierres
           enflammées
           qu'on
           en
           vit
           sortier
           ,
           et
           qui
           se
           joignirent
           a
           l'Isle
           qu'
           on
           nomme
           Hiera
           ,
           échauferent
           si
           fort
           les
           eaux
           qu'elles
           en
           bruloient
           les
           mains
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Salts
             in
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           'T
           IS
           sufficiently
           known
           that
           the
           Peripatetick
           Schools
           teach
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           an
           Element
           warm
           and
           moist
           ;
           and
           if
           it
           be
           an
           Element
           ,
           it
           ought
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           Principles
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           other
           Naturalists
           ,
           to
           be
           a
           simple
           and
           Homogeneous
           Body
           .
           But
           because
           such
           an
           elementary
           or
           uniform
           Purity
           is
           much
           easier
           to
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Writings
           of
           Schoolmen
           ,
           than
           amongst
           the
           Works
           of
           Nature
           ,
           many
           of
           the
           modern
           Philosophers
           have
           justly
           forsaken
           this
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           elementary
           Simplicity
           of
           the
           Air
           in
           some
           measure
           ;
           but
           perhaps
           very
           few
           of
           them
           ,
           if
           any
           ,
           have
           asserted
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           so
           exceedingly
           compounded
           a
           Body
           ,
           as
           in
           my
           Opinion
           it
           really
           is
           .
           For
           divers
           of
           them
           grant
           indeed
           ,
           that
           the
           Atmosphere
           is
           not
           absolutely
           pure
           ,
           but
           yet
           think
           ,
           that
           it
           differs
           but
           gradually
           from
           true
           and
           simple
           Air
           ,
           as
           Water
           a
           little
           moved
           and
           troubled
           does
           from
           clear
           and
           settled
           Water
           .
           But
           for
           my
           part
           ,
           I
           confess
           I
           acquiesce
           not
           in
           either
           of
           those
           Notions
           of
           the
           Air.
           For
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           more
           fully
           declared
           in
           a
           short
           Discourse
           ,
           purposely
           treating
           of
           the
           Substance
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           although
           I
           will
           not
           deny
           that
           there
           is
           an
           Ethereal
           Matter
           more
           subtile
           than
           the
           common
           Air
           ,
           which
           Ether
           I
           take
           to
           be
           diffused
           through
           all
           the
           Interstellar
           Part
           of
           the
           Universe
           known
           to
           us
           ,
           reaching
           to
           and
           surrounding
           all
           its
           great
           Globles
           ;
           yet
           speaking
           of
           the
           Air
           which
           we
           Men
           live
           and
           breath
           in
           ,
           I
           take
           our
           
           Atmosphere
           to
           consist
           not
           only
           of
           the
           purer
           Ether
           ,
           but
           in
           great
           part
           of
           a
           vast
           multitude
           of
           Effluvia
           emitted
           by
           the
           Terraqueous
           Globe
           ,
           and
           the
           various
           Bodies
           it
           is
           made
           up
           of
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           in
           some
           part
           also
           of
           substantial
           Emanations
           from
           the
           Celestial
           Bodies
           ;
           and
           that
           that
           whereby
           the
           Atmosphere
           differs
           from
           such
           pure
           Air
           ,
           as
           the
           Schools
           tell
           us
           of
           ,
           is
           not
           a
           bare
           and
           indeterminate
           Feculency
           ,
           but
           a
           confused
           Aggregate
           of
           several
           distinct
           and
           perhaps
           disagreeing
           kinds
           of
           Effluvia
           .
           And
           amongst
           those
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           principal
           sorts
           I
           take
           to
           be
           the
           
             Saline
             ones
          
           ,
           which
           rove
           up
           and
           down
           amongst
           others
           in
           that
           vast
           Ocean
           of
           Effluxions
           ,
           we
           call
           the
           Atmosphere
           :
           wherein
           yet
           I
           do
           not
           think
           there
           are
           to
           be
           met
           with
           ,
           either
           all
           sorts
           of
           them
           every
           where
           ,
           or
           perhaps
           any
           sort
           in
           like
           Plenty
           ,
           in
           all
           Places
           ,
           and
           at
           all
           Seasons
           .
        
         
           To
           shew
           that
           the
           Air
           is
           not
           unfurnished
           with
           Parts
           of
           a
           saline
           Nature
           ,
           I
           might
           alledg
           some
           Considerations
           that
           seem
           to
           make
           it
           probable
           
             à
             priori
          
           ,
           as
           they
           speak
           ,
           that
           there
           are
           always
           some
           such
           Corpuscles
           emitted
           into
           the
           Air.
           But
           instead
           of
           insisting
           on
           such
           Particulars
           ,
           because
           they
           may
           seem
           too
           little
           of
           an
           Historical
           Nature
           ,
           to
           be
           fit
           for
           this
           Paper
           ,
           I
           shall
           content
           my self
           to
           take
           notice
           in
           the
           general
           ,
           that
           almost
           (
           if
           not
           more
           than
           almost
           )
           all
           the
           Arguments
           I
           have
           employed
           ,
           to
           prove
           the
           copious
           Ascension
           of
           subterraneal
           Steams
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           be
           applied
           to
           our
           present
           Purpose
           ,
           since
           amongst
           the
           effluviating
           Substances
           of
           the
           Terraqueous
           Globe
           ,
           there
           are
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           declared
           in
           another
           Paper
           ,
           huge
           quantities
           of
           common
           or
           Marine
           Salt
           ,
           besides
           Nitrous
           ,
           Aluminous
           ,
           Vitriolate
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           other
           kinds
           of
           Salts
           .
           To
           which
           I
           shall
           add
           ,
           that
           the
           emission
           of
           Subterraneal
           Aporrheas
           or
           Effluxes
           ,
           is
           not
           the
           only
           Means
           whereby
           the
           Air
           may
           be
           impregnated
           with
           saline
           Particles
           ;
           since
           the
           Exhalations
           and
           Vapours
           produced
           by
           the
           Action
           of
           the
           Sun-beams
           upon
           
           the
           more
           superficial
           Parts
           of
           the
           Earth
           and
           Sea
           ,
           may
           supply
           the
           Air
           with
           Swarms
           of
           Corpuscles
           ,
           as
           well
           of
           saline
           ,
           as
           of
           any
           other
           Nature
           .
           Not
           to
           mention
           that
           the
           Number
           of
           these
           may
           ,
           in
           divers
           Places
           ,
           be
           much
           increased
           ,
           by
           those
           Vulcans
           ,
           that
           have
           open
           Vents
           to
           discharge
           their
           Fumes
           into
           the
           Air
           ;
           by
           those
           numerous
           Fires
           which
           burning
           in
           our
           Chimnies
           ,
           produce
           much
           saline
           Smoak
           ;
           and
           by
           other
           ways
           ,
           which
           I
           shall
           here
           forbear
           to
           discourse
           of
           ,
           for
           the
           Reason
           lately
           given
           for
           my
           declining
           Arguments
           drawn
           
             à
             priori
          
           :
           though
           some
           things
           applicable
           to
           this
           purpose
           ,
           will
           in
           likelihood
           occur
           amongst
           the
           Instances
           I
           am
           about
           to
           add
           ,
           to
           make
           it
           seem
           probable
           
             à
             posteriori
          
           ,
           or
           by
           some
           Effects
           and
           Phenomena
           ,
           that
           the
           Air
           is
           impregnated
           with
           saline
           Corpuscles
           ,
           that
           are
           none
           of
           its
           least
           active
           Parts
           ,
           and
           may
           have
           great
           Interest
           in
           divers
           of
           its
           Operations
           .
        
         
           From
           what
           has
           been
           hitherto
           delivered
           ,
           to
           make
           it
           probable
           that
           there
           is
           a
           saline
           Substance
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           proceed
           to
           other
           Inquiries
           .
           The
           first
           ;
           Whether
           the
           Aerial
           Salts
           be
           of
           differing
           kind
           ?
           and
           if
           so
           ,
           which
           they
           are
           ?
           And
           the
           second
           ;
           How
           it
           comes
           by
           its
           saline
           Substance
           ?
           But
           about
           such
           differing
           Points
           I
           durst
           promise
           my self
           but
           little
           Satisfaction
           ,
           and
           therefore
           shall
           not
           pretend
           to
           give
           you
           much
           .
        
         
           And
           yet
           ,
           to
           say
           something
           to
           the
           first
           of
           the
           two
           Inquiries
           ,
           I
           am
           prone
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           the
           saline
           Particles
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           are
           not
           all
           of
           one
           sort
           ,
           but
           that
           there
           may
           be
           three
           or
           four
           differing
           kinds
           of
           Aerial
           Salts
           .
        
         
           I
           know
           that
           divers
           learned
           Men
           ,
           some
           Physicians
           ,
           some
           Chymists
           ,
           and
           some
           also
           Philosophers
           ,
           speak
           much
           of
           a
           
             Volatile
             Nitre
          
           ,
           that
           abounds
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           if
           that
           were
           the
           only
           Salt
           wherewith
           it
           is
           impregnated
           .
           But
           though
           I
           agree
           with
           them
           ,
           in
           thinking
           that
           the
           Air
           is
           in
           many
           Places
           impregnated
           with
           Corpuscles
           of
           
           a
           Nitrous
           Nature
           ;
           yet
           I
           confess
           I
           have
           not
           been
           hitherto
           convinc'd
           of
           all
           that
           is
           wont
           to
           be
           delivered
           about
           the
           Plenty
           and
           Quality
           of
           the
           Nitre
           in
           the
           Air
           :
           For
           I
           have
           not
           found
           ,
           that
           those
           that
           build
           so
           much
           upon
           this
           volatile
           Nitre
           ,
           have
           made
           out
           by
           any
           competent
           Experiment
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           such
           a
           volatile
           Nitre
           abounding
           in
           the
           Air.
           For
           having
           often
           dealt
           with
           Salt-peter
           in
           the
           Fire
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           find
           it
           easy
           to
           be
           raised
           by
           a
           gentle
           Heat
           ;
           and
           when
           by
           a
           stronger
           Fire
           ,
           we
           distil
           it
           in
           close
           Vessels
           ,
           't
           is
           plain
           that
           what
           the
           Chymists
           call
           
             Spirit
             of
             Nitre
          
           ,
           has
           quite
           differing
           Properties
           from
           crude
           Nitre
           ,
           and
           from
           those
           that
           are
           ascribed
           to
           the
           volatile
           Nitre
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           these
           Spirits
           being
           so
           far
           from
           being
           refreshing
           to
           the
           Nature
           of
           Animals
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           exceeding
           corrosive
           :
           And
           even
           when
           I
           caused
           Earth
           to
           be
           dug
           up
           in
           an
           old
           Pigeon-House
           ,
           because
           that
           is
           accounted
           the
           most
           nitrous
           sort
           of
           Earth
           ,
           and
           distill'd
           it
           with
           moderate
           Fires
           ,
           I
           did
           not
           find
           the
           volatile
           saline
           Parts
           ,
           that
           came
           over
           ,
           to
           be
           like
           that
           ,
           which
           these
           learned
           Men
           conceive
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           stored
           with
           .
           Nor
           have
           I
           met
           with
           among
           them
           any
           positive
           Proof
           ,
           to
           evince
           the
           Truth
           of
           their
           Opinion
           ;
           which
           yet
           ,
           as
           I
           was
           saying
           ,
           I
           am
           content
           to
           admit
           as
           an
           ingenious
           Supposition
           ,
           'till
           something
           be
           offered
           that
           shall
           prove
           it
           to
           be
           more
           ;
           which
           I
           think
           not
           impossible
           to
           happen
           ,
           at
           least
           as
           to
           some
           Times
           and
           Places
           .
           But
           I
           am
           not
           yet
           sure
           ,
           that
           the
           Exhalations
           ,
           that
           ascend
           from
           the
           subterraneal
           Parts
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           also
           the
           Sun-Beams
           themselves
           ,
           may
           volatilize
           many
           of
           the
           nitrous
           Corpuscles
           they
           chance
           to
           act
           upon
           ,
           and
           elevate
           them
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           without
           analyzing
           them
           ,
           or
           destroying
           their
           Texture
           ,
           as
           our
           Fires
           are
           wont
           to
           do
           .
           But
           however
           ,
           I
           do
           not
           take
           the
           hitherto
           mention'd
           Nitre
           to
           be
           the
           only
           Salt
           ,
           that
           impregnates
           the
           Air
           :
           For
           when
           I
           consider
           how
           
           vast
           a
           Portion
           of
           the
           Terraqueous
           Globe
           is
           cover'd
           with
           the
           salt
           Sea
           ,
           and
           how
           vast
           Quantities
           of
           fossile
           Salt
           ,
           as
           well
           fine
           and
           clear
           ,
           as
           course
           ,
           are
           dug
           up
           in
           Poland
           ,
           especially
           near
           Cracovia
           ;
           in
           
             Hungary
             ,
             Transylvania
          
           ,
           and
           in
           divers
           other
           Parts
           of
           the
           Earth
           :
           When
           I
           consider
           too
           ,
           that
           we
           seldom
           find
           Salt-peter
           in
           the
           Earth
           ,
           but
           that
           there
           is
           Sea-Salt
           mix'd
           with
           it
           ,
           which
           puts
           the
           Salt-peter-men
           to
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Trouble
           to
           separate
           it
           ;
           and
           that
           even
           from
           Salt-peter
           ,
           that
           passes
           for
           good
           ,
           I
           had
           Trouble
           enough
           ,
           when
           I
           had
           the
           Curiosity
           purposely
           to
           refine
           it
           ,
           to
           free
           the
           purely
           Nitrous
           from
           the
           other
           saline
           Particles
           :
           I
           am
           prone
           to
           suspect
           ,
           that
           in
           very
           many
           Places
           ,
           especially
           maritime
           ones
           ,
           the
           Effluvia
           of
           common
           Salt
           do
           ,
           at
           least
           as
           plentifully
           as
           those
           of
           Salt-peter
           ,
           abound
           in
           ,
           or
           impregnate
           the
           Air
           :
           which
           Conjecture
           might
           be
           favoured
           by
           divers
           things
           ,
           if
           I
           had
           leisure
           to
           insist
           on
           them
           .
        
         
           That
           in
           some
           Places
           ,
           that
           abound
           with
           Marchasites
           ,
           there
           is
           a
           kind
           of
           fretting
           Vitriolate
           Salt
           ,
           copiously
           dispersed
           through
           the
           Air
           ,
           I
           have
           been
           inclin'd
           to
           think
           ,
           partly
           by
           other
           Inducements
           ,
           and
           partly
           by
           the
           Answers
           made
           me
           by
           a
           very
           observing
           Man
           ,
           who
           liv'd
           in
           a
           Place
           ,
           that
           I
           remember
           I
           visited
           ;
           where
           being
           forced
           to
           reside
           a
           good
           while
           ,
           he
           found
           the
           Hangings
           of
           his
           Chamber
           ,
           and
           the
           Curtains
           of
           his
           Bed
           ,
           rotted
           by
           the
           Vitriolate
           Steams
           expir'd
           by
           the
           Soil
           ,
           whose
           Effluvia
           had
           also
           very
           manifest
           and
           unwelcome
           Effects
           ,
           on
           divers
           other
           things
           ,
           that
           were
           kept
           near
           that
           Place
           ;
           tho
           on
           the
           opposite
           Side
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           in
           a
           Town
           that
           is
           not
           half
           a
           Mile
           distant
           from
           this
           Place
           ,
           neither
           I
           ,
           at
           my
           being
           there
           ,
           heard
           any
           such
           thing
           complain'd
           of
           ,
           nor
           the
           Relator
           ,
           who
           had
           often
           occasion
           to
           repair
           thither
           ,
           observ'd
           any
           such
           mischievous
           Effects
           ;
           the
           Soil
           of
           this
           latter
           Place
           being
           chalky
           ;
           whereas
           the
           other
           above
           
           mentioned
           is
           vitriolate
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           when
           the
           moist
           and
           blackish
           Mould
           had
           been
           beaten
           upon
           by
           the
           Sun
           ,
           that
           here
           and
           there
           the
           superficial
           Parts
           would
           be
           as
           't
           were
           besprinkled
           with
           a
           somewhat
           whitish
           saline
           Efflorescence
           .
        
         
           Besides
           the
           hitherto-mention'd
           kinds
           of
           Salts
           ,
           it
           seems
           not
           improbable
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           Air
           (
           especially
           about
           great
           Towns
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           particular
           Places
           )
           may
           be
           impregnated
           with
           volatile
           Salts
           ,
           that
           are
           of
           a
           Nature
           contrary
           to
           Acids
           .
           For
           that
           there
           may
           be
           Places
           in
           the
           Earth
           ,
           even
           at
           a
           good
           Depth
           under
           Ground
           ,
           that
           lodg
           such
           Salts
           ,
           I
           have
           been
           induced
           to
           think
           by
           the
           Experience
           of
           an
           Acquaintance
           of
           mine
           :
           who
           ,
           hoping
           to
           find
           in
           the
           Salt
           of
           what
           he
           supposed
           to
           be
           Virgin-Earth
           ,
           the
           true
           Receptacle
           of
           an
           universal
           Spirit
           ,
           from
           which
           he
           promised
           himself
           great
           and
           profitable
           Matters
           ,
           caused
           to
           be
           dug
           up
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           a
           certain
           Clay
           ,
           in
           a
           Place
           abounding
           with
           Minerals
           ,
           and
           obtain'd
           thence
           by
           mere
           Distillation
           ,
           no
           inconsiderable
           Quantities
           of
           Spirit
           and
           Salt
           ,
           which
           in
           divers
           Qualities
           ,
           as
           Smell
           ,
           Taste
           ,
           &c.
           
           I
           judg'd
           to
           be
           near
           of
           kin
           to
           the
           Spirit
           of
           Urine
           or
           Hartshorn
           .
           And
           yet
           this
           Earth
           was
           dug
           up
           at
           the
           Depth
           of
           many
           Feet
           ,
           not
           to
           say
           Yards
           ,
           beneath
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Ground
           ,
           (
           as
           an
           ingenious
           Potter
           ,
           from
           whom
           the
           Chymist
           had
           the
           Clay
           ,
           assur'd
           me
           upon
           the
           Place
           it self
           )
           which
           I
           once
           visited
           ,
           to
           see
           some
           other
           choice
           Minerals
           ,
           that
           innobled
           that
           Soil
           ;
           whence
           I
           would
           have
           got
           a
           Quantity
           of
           the
           above-mentioned
           Clay
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           being
           then
           the
           midst
           of
           Winter
           ,
           the
           Rain
           had
           (
           as
           the
           Workmen
           speak
           )
           drowned
           〈◊〉
           Pit.
           
        
         
           In
           great
           Cities
           ,
           and
           also
           Towns
           ,
           where
           much
           Wood
           is
           burnt
           ,
           't
           is
           probable
           that
           numerous
           Particles
           of
           volatile
           Salt
           may
           be
           dispersed
           through
           the
           neighbouring
           
           Air.
           For
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           shewn
           ,
           the
           Soot
           of
           burn'd
           Wood
           ,
           which
           is
           but
           that
           small
           part
           of
           the
           Smoak
           which
           chances
           in
           its
           passage
           upwards
           to
           stick
           to
           the
           Chimny
           ,
           does
           very
           much
           abound
           in
           a
           volatile
           saline
           Spirit
           ,
           which
           by
           many
           Trials
           are
           found
           to
           have
           so
           much
           Affinity
           to
           that
           of
           Urine
           and
           of
           Hartshorn
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           be
           easily
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Smell
           distinguished
           from
           it
           .
        
         
           Besides
           ,
           in
           several
           Places
           the
           Putrefaction
           of
           Substances
           ,
           that
           once
           were
           Parts
           of
           animal
           Bodies
           ,
           may
           furnish
           the
           Air
           with
           volatile
           Salts
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           mentioned
           ,
           that
           I
           found
           ,
           that
           Urine
           ,
           without
           Distillation
           ,
           will
           by
           bare
           Putrefaction
           afford
           saline
           and
           spirituous
           Parts
           ,
           that
           ,
           whilst
           they
           yet
           swim
           in
           the
           copious
           Phlegm
           ,
           that
           makes
           up
           the
           Body
           of
           the
           Liquor
           ,
           will
           manifestly
           discover
           themselves
           to
           be
           volatile
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           their
           Smell
           ,
           but
           by
           their
           hissing
           with
           acid
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           dissolving
           some
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           precipitating
           others
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           manner
           of
           volatile
           sulphureous
           Salts
           ,
           as
           those
           that
           abound
           in
           Spirit
           of
           Hartshorn
           ,
           Blood
           ,
           &c.
           
           And
           I
           am
           apt
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           not
           only
           in
           the
           parts
           of
           Animals
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           those
           of
           many
           Vegetables
           ,
           that
           Putrefaction
           may
           either
           extricate
           or
           produce
           volatile
           Salts
           .
           And
           I
           remember
           ,
           I
           have
           observ'd
           in
           some
           succulent
           Vegetables
           ,
           that
           chancing
           to
           lie
           in
           a
           Heap
           together
           ,
           in
           a
           convenient
           Season
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           to
           make
           them
           rot
           ;
           I
           observ'd
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           when
           the
           Putrefaction
           was
           come
           to
           a
           certain
           Point
           ,
           that
           the
           Stink
           did
           so
           resemble
           that
           of
           Carrion
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           not
           easy
           for
           me
           to
           believe
           it
           came
           from
           Cadaverous
           Plants
           ,
           not
           Animals
           .
           And
           that
           't
           is
           not
           impossible
           for
           a
           Vegetable
           to
           afford
           ,
           without
           the
           Help
           of
           an
           Additament
           ,
           a
           volatile
           Salt
           ,
           even
           
             in
             forma
             sicca
          
           ,
           may
           be
           gathered
           from
           what
           I
           elsewhere
           relate
           ,
           of
           my
           having
           distill'd
           such
           a
           Salt
           from
           a
           certain
           spirituous
           Seed
           ,
           though
           I
           freely
           confess
           ,
           I
           never
           
           obtained
           any
           (
           without
           previous
           Incineration
           )
           from
           above
           two
           or
           three
           Vegetables
           .
           But
           of
           this
           enough
           in
           this
           Place
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           now
           add
           ,
           that
           besides
           the
           more
           simple
           Salts
           hitherto
           enumerated
           ,
           't
           is
           not
           unlikely
           ,
           that
           in
           some
           Places
           the
           Air
           may
           sometimes
           contain
           compounded
           Salts
           .
           For
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           shewn
           ,
           that
           some
           sorts
           of
           saline
           Spirits
           ,
           meeting
           one
           another
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           there
           convene
           .
           And
           I
           elsewhere
           teach
           how
           to
           order
           a
           couple
           of
           Liquors
           so
           ,
           that
           one
           will
           never
           of
           it self
           afford
           any
           thing
           in
           a
           dry
           form
           ;
           and
           yet
           the
           spirituous
           Effluvia
           of
           this
           Liquor
           ,
           meeting
           with
           those
           of
           the
           other
           ,
           will
           exhibite
           a
           volatile
           and
           saline
           Body
           in
           a
           dry
           form
           ;
           though
           the
           Liquors
           themselves
           being
           mingled
           ,
           will
           not
           afford
           any
           such
           Substance
           .
           What
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           delivered
           concerning
           subterraneal
           Steams
           ,
           may
           make
           it
           probable
           ,
           that
           at
           least
           now
           and
           then
           ,
           and
           in
           some
           Places
           ,
           there
           may
           be
           sent
           up
           from
           under
           Ground
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           among
           other
           Effluvia
           ,
           store
           of
           saline
           ones
           ,
           which
           needs
           not
           be
           supposed
           all
           of
           them
           to
           be
           of
           an
           uncompounded
           Nature
           .
           With
           which
           that
           agrees
           very
           well
           ,
           that
           was
           related
           to
           me
           by
           a
           very
           intelligent
           Acquaintance
           of
           mine
           ,
           that
           liv'd
           long
           in
           Parts
           of
           America
           ,
           where
           there
           was
           a
           Vulcan
           ,
           which
           he
           and
           some
           others
           having
           the
           Curiosity
           to
           visit
           ,
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           before
           they
           came
           any
           thing
           near
           the
           Fire
           ,
           or
           were
           offended
           by
           the
           Heat
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           Skin
           of
           his
           Face
           was
           almost
           corroded
           by
           the
           Sharpness
           of
           the
           Exhalations
           ,
           but
           the
           Colour
           of
           his
           Hair
           was
           alter'd
           by
           it
           ;
           which
           kept
           him
           from
           prosecuting
           his
           intended
           Discovery
           .
           'T
           is
           a
           known
           thing
           ,
           and
           I
           have
           received
           Information
           of
           it
           from
           more
           than
           one
           Eye-witness
           ,
           that
           about
           
             Mount
             Vesuvius
          
           ,
           the
           ascending
           Exhalations
           ,
           that
           issue
           out
           at
           some
           of
           the
           Holes
           ,
           are
           of
           so
           saline
           and
           sulphureous
           a
           Nature
           ,
           that
           
           part
           of
           them
           stick
           about
           the
           Orifices
           of
           those
           Vents
           ,
           in
           the
           form
           of
           Flower
           of
           Brimstone
           ;
           of
           which
           a
           learned
           Acquaintance
           of
           mine
           brought
           away
           some
           Quantity
           .
           And
           I
           have
           had
           brought
           me
           from
           some
           of
           those
           Vulcans
           ,
           a
           Stone
           ,
           whose
           Caveties
           abounded
           with
           a
           white
           Salt
           ,
           which
           ,
           by
           fit
           Trials
           purposely
           made
           ,
           was
           found
           near
           a-kin
           to
           Sal-Armoniac
           ,
           and
           easily
           resoluble
           into
           a
           Salt
           ,
           whereof
           one
           part
           was
           somewhat
           fix'd
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           very
           volatile
           ,
           which
           made
           it
           highly
           probable
           ,
           that
           the
           Salt
           was
           compounded
           in
           the
           Bowels
           of
           the
           Vulcan
           :
           whence
           I
           have
           been
           credibly
           inform'd
           ,
           that
           great
           Quantities
           of
           it
           have
           been
           cast
           up
           in
           the
           fiery
           Eruptions
           ,
           and
           therefore
           Store
           of
           it
           might
           in
           Likelihood
           be
           dispersed
           through
           the
           Air
           ,
           since
           I
           found
           the
           Salt
           it self
           to
           be
           sublimable
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           besides
           the
           saline
           Substances
           hitherto
           mention'd
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           referr'd
           to
           determinate
           Species
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           not
           impossible
           ,
           that
           the
           Air
           may
           ,
           at
           least
           in
           some
           Times
           and
           Places
           ,
           be
           impregnated
           with
           Corpuscles
           of
           a
           saline
           Nature
           ,
           whether
           simple
           ,
           or
           compounded
           ,
           or
           of
           both
           kinds
           ,
           not
           easily
           reducible
           to
           any
           of
           the
           sorts
           ,
           we
           have
           been
           speaking
           of
           ,
           or
           are
           acquainted
           with
           .
           For
           which
           Reason
           I
           shall
           not
           presume
           to
           give
           them
           any
           other
           Denomination
           ,
           than
           that
           indefinite
           one
           of
           Anonymous
           .
           And
           I
           have
           been
           inclin'd
           to
           think
           ,
           there
           may
           be
           such
           Bodies
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           by
           these
           two
           Inducements
           .
           The
           first
           ;
           That
           the
           particular
           aerial
           Salts
           ,
           that
           have
           been
           hitherto
           recited
           ,
           are
           but
           few
           ,
           as
           it
           seems
           probable
           ,
           by
           what
           I
           have
           said
           in
           other
           Papers
           of
           subterraneal
           Steams
           and
           Menstruments
           ;
           and
           that
           therefore
           there
           may
           ascend
           out
           of
           the
           Earth
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           saline
           Fumes
           differing
           enough
           from
           those
           ,
           whose
           kinds
           we
           have
           hitherto
           describ'd
           .
           But
           besides
           this
           Consideration
           
             à
             priori
          
           ,
           (
           as
           they
           speak
           )
           Experience
           has
           presented
           us
           with
           some
           Phenomena
           ,
           that
           
           seems
           
             à
             posteriori
          
           to
           confirm
           this
           Conjecture
           .
           For
           there
           happen
           such
           Changes
           to
           some
           Bodies
           ,
           by
           being
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           ,
           though
           I
           am
           not
           sure
           ,
           and
           therefore
           shall
           not
           be
           confident
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           mainly
           produc'd
           by
           some
           nameless
           Substance
           of
           a
           saline
           Nature
           ,
           may
           yet
           make
           it
           allowable
           to
           suspect
           them
           to
           proceed
           thence
           .
           And
           amongst
           these
           I
           shall
           take
           leave
           to
           insert
           some
           ,
           which
           I
           deny
           not
           to
           be
           probably
           referrable
           ,
           either
           to
           one
           or
           other
           of
           the
           formerly
           enumerated
           kinds
           of
           aerial
           Saltness
           .
           For
           laying
           these
           Instances
           before
           you
           together
           ,
           they
           may
           ,
           by
           appearing
           thus
           associated
           ,
           give
           the
           stronger
           Probability
           to
           our
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           there
           are
           saline
           Substances
           in
           the
           Air.
           And
           those
           Instances
           ,
           that
           are
           not
           so
           proper
           to
           perswade
           you
           ,
           that
           there
           are
           anonymous
           Salts
           ,
           may
           serve
           to
           confirm
           that
           there
           are
           ,
           at
           least
           in
           divers
           Places
           ,
           differing
           sorts
           of
           aerial
           Salts
           .
           I
           remember
           I
           have
           more
           than
           once
           visited
           old
           Glass-windows
           ,
           in
           high
           and
           ancient
           Buildings
           ,
           and
           found
           some
           of
           the
           Panes
           of
           Glass
           here
           and
           there
           corroded
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           worm-eaten
           ;
           which
           probably
           enough
           argued
           the
           sharp
           and
           fretting
           Corpuscles
           ,
           to
           have
           been
           carried
           along
           with
           the
           Winds
           to
           which
           they
           were
           exposed
           ,
           as
           will
           not
           easily
           be
           reduced
           to
           any
           formerly
           nam'd
           Salts
           ,
           whose
           being
           unable
           to
           corrode
           Glass
           ,
           especially
           no
           finer
           than
           that
           was
           I
           speak
           of
           ,
           is
           sufficiently
           known
           to
           Chymists
           .
        
         
           Besides
           the
           above-mention'd
           Phenomena
           ,
           others
           have
           occurr'd
           to
           me
           ,
           which
           possibly
           't
           would
           not
           be
           thought
           impertinent
           to
           subjoin
           on
           this
           occasion
           ;
           but
           I
           chuse
           rather
           to
           reserve
           them
           for
           another
           Discourse
           ;
           and
           now
           should
           put
           an
           End
           to
           this
           ,
           but
           that
           I
           dare
           not
           conceal
           from
           you
           ,
           that
           I
           sometimes
           had
           Thoughts
           of
           trying
           ,
           whether
           a
           Discovery
           may
           not
           be
           made
           ,
           what
           kind
           of
           Saltness
           there
           is
           to
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           whether
           
           the
           aerial
           Saltness
           does
           or
           does
           not
           abound
           there
           ,
           at
           least
           at
           this
           or
           that
           time
           .
           But
           this
           I
           freely
           confess
           to
           be
           so
           difficult
           an
           Attempt
           ,
           that
           all
           that
           I
           can
           offer
           pretends
           but
           to
           disswade
           you
           from
           rejecting
           it
           ,
           as
           too
           desperate
           and
           extravagant
           a
           thing
           to
           be
           fit
           to
           be
           tried
           .
        
         
           And
           I
           speak
           the
           less
           promisingly
           of
           what
           I
           am
           to
           say
           in
           the
           remaining
           part
           of
           this
           Paper
           ,
           because
           I
           have
           not
           by
           me
           any
           Notes
           to
           assist
           my
           Memory
           ,
           (
           which
           I
           dare
           not
           trust
           alone
           )
           concerning
           the
           Issues
           of
           the
           not
           numerous
           Trials
           ,
           I
           had
           Opportunity
           to
           attempt
           in
           pursuance
           of
           those
           Thoughts
           .
           This
           I
           well
           remember
           ,
           that
           among
           other
           ways
           of
           making
           the
           intended
           aerial
           Discoveries
           ,
           I
           look'd
           upon
           this
           as
           the
           least
           unpromising
           ,
           that
           such
           Subjects
           should
           be
           carefully
           chosen
           out
           ,
           as
           being
           disposed
           to
           be
           differingly
           wrought
           upon
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           differing
           sorts
           of
           Saltness
           ,
           that
           may
           be
           found
           predominant
           in
           the
           Air.
           
        
         
           This
           more
           general
           way
           of
           investigating
           the
           Salts
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           contain
           divers
           particular
           Methods
           ,
           of
           which
           I
           shall
           now
           touch
           upon
           the
           following
           three
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           It
           may
           be
           worth
           while
           ,
           to
           expose
           to
           the
           Air
           such
           Bodies
           ,
           as
           we
           judg
           fittest
           to
           be
           wrought
           upon
           by
           the
           Salt
           ,
           that
           we
           think
           likeliest
           to
           be
           met
           with
           in
           it
           .
           So
           where
           we
           guess
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           impregnated
           with
           Nitre
           ,
           we
           may
           expose
           Lime
           to
           it
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           Body
           that
           we
           think
           disposed
           to
           imbibe
           or
           retain
           such
           a
           Saltness
           .
           We
           may
           also
           hang
           up
           in
           such
           an
           Air
           ,
           Clothes
           or
           Silks
           died
           with
           such
           Colours
           ,
           that
           Nitrous
           (
           for
           Instance
           )
           or
           Salino-Sulphureous
           Spirits
           (
           as
           some
           Chymists
           call
           them
           )
           have
           been
           found
           peculiarly
           apt
           to
           make
           to
           fade
           ,
           or
           to
           discolour
           them
           .
           In
           the
           Places
           where
           we
           suspect
           vitriolate
           Steams
           to
           abound
           ,
           some
           appropriated
           Preparations
           of
           Sulphur
           ,
           either
           common
           or
           metalline
           ,
           may
           be
           exposed
           to
           try
           whether
           they
           will
           acquire
           a
           Blackness
           ,
           
           as
           I
           have
           several
           times
           found
           some
           of
           those
           Sulphurs
           ,
           though
           otherwise
           of
           no
           dark
           Colour
           ,
           to
           do
           ,
           upon
           the
           least
           Contact
           of
           vitriolate
           Corpuscles
           .
           In
           some
           Places
           also
           ,
           which
           are
           judg'd
           likely
           to
           afford
           subterraneal
           Steams
           ,
           guesses
           may
           be
           made
           ,
           whether
           this
           or
           that
           kind
           of
           Salt
           ascends
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           by
           spreading
           upon
           the
           Ground
           ,
           in
           Places
           free
           from
           Dirt
           and
           Dusts
           ,
           large
           Pieces
           of
           clean
           and
           white
           Linen
           Cloth
           ,
           that
           has
           no
           Relish
           of
           Sope
           or
           Lees
           ;
           and
           observing
           ,
           after
           they
           have
           lain
           a
           competent
           while
           ,
           whether
           ,
           and
           how
           they
           are
           discoloured
           ,
           and
           what
           kind
           of
           Saltness
           ,
           if
           any
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Moisture
           imbib'd
           by
           them
           ,
           from
           the
           ascending
           Steams
           and
           falling
           Dew
           .
        
         
           The
           next
           of
           the
           above-mention'd
           ways
           of
           inquirng
           after
           the
           Saltness
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           be
           ,
           to
           find
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           possible
           ,
           some
           one
           Body
           ,
           that
           is
           both
           capable
           to
           be
           wrought
           on
           by
           several
           aerial
           Salts
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           so
           differingly
           wrought
           on
           by
           them
           ,
           as
           to
           discover
           which
           kind
           of
           Salt
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           has
           produc'd
           the
           Change.
           That
           't
           is
           very
           difficult
           to
           find
           such
           a
           Body
           ,
           I
           will
           readily
           grant
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           may
           be
           possible
           I
           will
           not
           be
           forward
           to
           deny
           .
           For
           having
           pitch'd
           upon
           Copper
           to
           make
           this
           Trial
           with
           ,
           though
           the
           Attempt
           did
           not
           succeed
           according
           to
           my
           Wish
           ,
           yet
           perhaps
           it
           was
           chiefly
           for
           want
           of
           Time
           and
           Accommodations
           that
           it
           miscarried
           .
           For
           having
           taken
           Plates
           of
           Copper
           beaten
           thin
           ,
           (
           without
           
           regarding
           their
           Bigness
           ,
           or
           Figure
           ,
           or
           Smoothness
           ,
           as
           things
           not
           necessary
           to
           my
           purpose
           )
           I
           caused
           the
           Surfaces
           to
           be
           made
           very
           clean
           ,
           that
           the
           Colours
           might
           be
           the
           more
           easily
           produced
           ,
           and
           the
           better
           discerned
           ;
           then
           ,
           keeping
           these
           over
           Glasses
           wherein
           were
           placed
           divers
           Spirits
           ,
           as
           of
           common
           Salt
           ,
           and
           of
           Nitre
           ,
           partly
           sincere
           ,
           and
           partly
           diluted
           with
           Water
           ,
           I
           observ'd
           ,
           as
           I
           expected
           ,
           that
           though
           I
           put
           the
           Glasses
           in
           no
           Heat
           ,
           yet
           
           there
           ascended
           fretting
           Particles
           out
           of
           the
           Liquors
           ,
           and
           that
           within
           less
           than
           a
           Day
           ,
           the
           Steams
           of
           the
           two
           above-mention'd
           Liquors
           had
           much
           darken'd
           the
           Surfaces
           of
           the
           Copper
           Plates
           ,
           they
           met
           with
           in
           their
           way
           ,
           the
           keeping
           them
           a
           while
           in
           the
           Air
           was
           not
           hard
           to
           know
           by
           the
           differing
           Discolorations
           that
           appear'd
           ,
           which
           Plate
           had
           been
           invaded
           by
           the
           saline
           Corpuscles
           ,
           and
           which
           by
           the
           nitrous
           :
           Which
           I
           did
           not
           at
           all
           wonder
           at
           ,
           because
           I
           have
           formerly
           found
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           elsewhere
           noted
           ,
           that
           whereas
           Spirit
           of
           Nitre
           will
           make
           of
           Copper
           a
           greenish
           blew
           Solution
           ,
           Spirit
           of
           Salt
           will
           ,
           if
           duly
           imployed
           ,
           dissolve
           that
           Metal
           into
           a
           grass-green
           Liquor
           ;
           as
           the
           Spirit
           of
           Soot
           and
           that
           of
           Urine
           will
           into
           a
           deep
           Blew
           ,
           almost
           like
           Ultramarine
           .
           But
           ,
           as
           I
           said
           ,
           the
           want
           of
           Time
           ,
           of
           which
           good
           store
           may
           be
           requisite
           for
           such
           Trials
           ,
           kept
           me
           from
           prosecuting
           my
           Attempt
           to
           an
           Issue
           .
           Notwithstanding
           which
           I
           look
           not
           upon
           the
           Design
           as
           desperate
           ,
           not
           only
           because
           of
           the
           Incouragement
           I
           have
           already
           mention'd
           to
           resume
           it
           :
           But
           because
           I
           have
           observ'd
           Pieces
           of
           malleable
           Copper
           ,
           brought
           me
           ,
           to
           examine
           ,
           out
           of
           an
           English
           Mine
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           yet
           conceal'd
           )
           to
           be
           overcast
           here
           and
           there
           with
           a
           fair
           Verdigrease
           ,
           which
           by
           Circumstances
           I
           judg'd
           to
           have
           been
           produc'd
           ,
           not
           by
           gross
           Liquors
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Air
           impregnated
           with
           Steams
           fit
           to
           work
           on
           that
           Metal
           .
           And
           possibly
           there
           may
           be
           other
           subterraneal
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           even
           metalline
           ones
           ,
           that
           by
           their
           Degree
           of
           Colour
           ,
           or
           peculiar
           kind
           of
           Rust
           or
           Stain
           ,
           that
           they
           will
           acquire
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           may
           help
           us
           to
           guess
           ,
           what
           Substances
           ,
           and
           among
           others
           what
           Salts
           the
           Air
           of
           that
           Place
           is
           impregnated
           with
           .
           I
           have
           been
           in
           a
           great
           and
           stately
           House
           ,
           which
           being
           oddly
           seated
           ,
           had
           this
           peculiar
           Inconvenience
           ,
           upon
           the
           Score
           of
           the
           Steams
           that
           infested
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           those
           that
           dwelt
           in
           it
           ,
           as
           one
           
           of
           the
           chief
           of
           themselves
           complained
           to
           me
           ,
           could
           not
           keep
           their
           Silver
           Plate
           ,
           of
           which
           they
           had
           great
           Store
           ,
           from
           being
           blemished
           by
           odd
           Discolorations
           ,
           or
           as
           they
           seem'd
           to
           think
           it
           ,
           Rust
           ;
           though
           when
           it
           was
           not
           used
           ,
           they
           carefully
           kept
           it
           in
           a
           Place
           judg'd
           convenient
           for
           such
           a
           Purpose
           .
           And
           I
           have
           been
           informed
           by
           an
           observing
           Man
           who
           liv'd
           there
           some
           time
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           nothing
           more
           generally
           known
           in
           Amsterdam
           ,
           than
           that
           their
           Silver
           Plate
           there
           ,
           exposed
           a
           little
           while
           to
           the
           common
           Air
           ,
           tarnishes
           immediately
           ,
           contracting
           a
           dirty
           Colour
           ,
           partaking
           of
           yellow
           and
           black
           .
           Another
           Instance
           or
           two
           ,
           though
           not
           afforded
           by
           Plate
           ,
           I
           could
           mention
           to
           the
           same
           Purpose
           ;
           but
           I
           reserve
           them
           for
           another
           Place
           ;
           my
           Haste
           obliging
           me
           to
           pass
           on
           to
           the
           last
           of
           the
           three
           ways
           I
           proposed
           ,
           of
           investigating
           the
           Differences
           of
           aerial
           Salts
           .
        
         
           The
           third
           way
           may
           be
           look'd
           upon
           ,
           if
           you
           please
           ,
           as
           a
           Variation
           of
           the
           second
           ;
           but
           there
           is
           this
           Difference
           betwixt
           them
           ,
           that
           here
           we
           make
           use
           of
           metalline
           Bodies
           ,
           not
           crude
           ,
           but
           already
           prepared
           by
           some
           Chymical
           Operations
           ;
           so
           that
           being
           before-hand
           reduc'd
           to
           very
           small
           Parts
           ,
           by
           the
           Intervention
           of
           saline
           Substances
           ,
           the
           Operation
           of
           the
           Air
           upon
           them
           is
           wont
           to
           be
           much
           the
           sooner
           performed
           .
           In
           this
           third
           way
           then
           we
           imploy
           such
           factititious
           Minerals
           or
           other
           Bodies
           ,
           as
           having
           for
           the
           most
           Part
           an
           adventitious
           Colour
           already
           ,
           will
           change
           that
           Colour
           by
           being
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air.
           For
           it
           seems
           not
           impossible
           ,
           but
           that
           by
           diligently
           observing
           what
           Difference
           may
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Discolorations
           ,
           produc'd
           in
           these
           Substances
           by
           the
           differing
           kinds
           of
           Salts
           ,
           as
           Nitrous
           ,
           Salino-Sulphureous
           ,
           &c.
           that
           we
           have
           shewn
           may
           be
           met
           with
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           some
           guesses
           may
           be
           made
           in
           a
           short
           time
           of
           this
           or
           that
           Salt
           ,
           which
           has
           the
           chief
           Stroak
           in
           the
           Production
           
           of
           the
           exhibited
           Colour
           .
           And
           I
           shall
           on
           this
           occasion
           mention
           two
           or
           three
           Bodies
           ,
           without
           determining
           ,
           till
           I
           be
           better
           satisfied
           ,
           whether
           their
           Changes
           proceed
           only
           or
           chiefly
           from
           the
           Salt
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           but
           I
           am
           content
           not
           to
           pretermit
           them
           ,
           because
           if
           they
           do
           not
           prove
           what
           I
           propose
           ,
           they
           will
           at
           least
           clear
           the
           meaning
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           may
           however
           help
           us
           to
           guess
           at
           the
           Resemblance
           or
           Difference
           of
           Airs
           in
           several
           Places
           ,
           by
           the
           Likeness
           or
           Unlikeness
           of
           the
           produc'd
           Changes
           of
           Colour
           ,
           whether
           these
           Changes
           proceed
           from
           saline
           ,
           or
           from
           any
           other
           Substance
           intermingled
           with
           the
           Air.
           
        
         
           If
           we
           precipitate
           a
           strong
           Solution
           of
           good
           Silver
           
           made
           in
           
             Aqua
             fortis
          
           ,
           with
           a
           competent
           Quantity
           of
           Spirit
           of
           Sea-Salt
           ,
           we
           shall
           have
           a
           Pouder
           ,
           which
           at
           first
           will
           be
           very
           white
           ;
           but
           if
           the
           Liquor
           be
           not
           poured
           off
           ,
           this
           being
           exposed
           for
           a
           good
           while
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           it
           would
           acquire
           on
           the
           Surface
           a
           dark
           Colour
           ,
           which
           perhaps
           an
           attentive
           Eye
           will
           discern
           somewhat
           various
           ,
           as
           this
           or
           that
           kind
           of
           Saltness
           happens
           to
           be
           predominant
           in
           the
           Air.
           
        
         
           We
           took
           an
           equal
           Weight
           of
           good
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           
           and
           pouder'd
           Sal-Armoniac
           ,
           which
           being
           well
           mix'd
           ,
           were
           put
           into
           a
           cover'd
           Crucible
           ,
           and
           kept
           in
           a
           moderate
           Fire
           over
           ignited
           Coals
           ,
           till
           the
           Sal-Armoniac
           had
           either
           quite
           or
           almost
           done
           smoaking
           ;
           then
           as
           much
           of
           the
           remaining
           Mass
           as
           could
           be
           parted
           ,
           was
           taken
           out
           ,
           and
           look'd
           of
           a
           dark
           Colour
           ;
           but
           this
           Mass
           being
           grosly
           beaten
           ,
           and
           exposed
           for
           some
           time
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           look'd
           like
           a
           kind
           of
           Verdigrease
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           Substance
           ,
           whose
           Colour
           may
           be
           observ'd
           somewhat
           to
           vary
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           particular
           Salts
           ,
           which
           by
           working
           on
           ,
           and
           imbodying
           with
           the
           Copper
           ,
           produce
           the
           Pigment
           .
           But
           a
           Parcel
           of
           the
           same
           Mass
           being
           ,
           before
           the
           Air
           had
           time
           to
           work
           much
           upon
           it
           ,
           grosly
           pouder'd
           ,
           
           and
           hermetically
           seal'd
           in
           a
           glass
           Egg
           ,
           to
           fence
           it
           from
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           left
           in
           a
           South
           Window
           ,
           did
           not
           appear
           discoloured
           ,
           when
           the
           out
           side
           of
           the
           other
           Parcel
           shew'd
           like
           Verdigrease
           :
           which
           seems
           to
           argue
           ,
           the
           Change
           of
           Colour
           to
           have
           been
           made
           by
           the
           aerial
           Salt
           ,
           if
           we
           suppose
           the
           Moisture
           of
           the
           Airto
           have
           had
           no
           Interest
           in
           the
           Change
           ,
           or
           to
           have
           concurr'd
           to
           it
           ,
           but
           as
           a
           kind
           of
           Vehicle
           assistent
           to
           the
           Salt.
           
        
         
           I
           also
           took
           Spirit
           of
           the
           Soot
           of
           Wood
           ,
           and
           having
           
           poured
           a
           little
           of
           it
           on
           the
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           my
           Expectations
           were
           answer'd
           by
           my
           finding
           ,
           that
           the
           Liquor
           dissolved
           some
           Parts
           of
           the
           Metal
           into
           a
           deep
           and
           lovely
           Azur
           like
           Ultramarine
           ;
           and
           that
           this
           Solution
           being
           suffer'd
           to
           grow
           dry
           in
           an
           open
           Glass
           ,
           by
           the
           the
           mere
           Operation
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           the
           Ceruleous
           Colour
           very
           soon
           degenerated
           ,
           even
           before
           the
           matter
           was
           quite
           dry
           ,
           into
           a
           Cyanious
           Colour
           ,
           such
           as
           may
           be
           seen
           in
           good
           Turquoises
           .
           And
           to
           manifest
           that
           this
           Change
           proceeded
           not
           from
           any
           Peculiarity
           in
           the
           Spirit
           of
           Soot
           ,
           and
           that
           this
           Spirit
           acted
           as
           abounding
           with
           a
           Salino-sulphureous
           Salt
           ;
           I
           shall
           add
           ,
           that
           I
           had
           the
           like
           Success
           in
           a
           Trial
           made
           with
           an
           urinous
           Spirit
           drawn
           from
           animal
           Substances
           ,
           and
           put
           upon
           crude
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           .
           And
           in
           those
           Trials
           I
           sometimes
           observ'd
           the
           Differences
           of
           Colours
           ,
           that
           did
           not
           discourage
           me
           from
           hoping
           ,
           that
           the
           Prosecution
           of
           them
           might
           not
           be
           insignificant
           to
           my
           Purpose
           .
        
         
           I
           have
           not
           been
           solicitous
           to
           describe
           the
           fore-mention'd
           Changes
           of
           Colours
           more
           particularly
           ,
           because
           it
           had
           been
           very
           difficult
           to
           do
           so
           ,
           and
           therefore
           I
           judg'd
           it
           more
           expedient
           not
           to
           attempt
           it
           .
           For
           there
           is
           so
           great
           a
           Variety
           of
           Colours
           ,
           that
           few
           but
           Painters
           can
           exactly
           enumerate
           ,
           and
           distinguish
           them
           by
           proper
           Names
           .
           And
           yet
           ,
           besides
           those
           more
           noted
           ones
           ,
           there
           are
           many
           
           others
           ,
           for
           which
           ,
           though
           our
           Language
           ,
           nor
           perhaps
           any
           other
           ,
           is
           not
           copious
           enough
           to
           furnish
           us
           with
           distinct
           Appellations
           ,
           yet
           our
           Eyes
           ,
           especially
           when
           they
           have
           been
           attentively
           conversant
           with
           such
           Objects
           ,
           are
           sharp
           enough
           to
           discern
           them
           :
           and
           by
           the
           Help
           of
           these
           nameless
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           stated
           Colours
           ,
           I
           am
           apt
           to
           think
           a
           heedful
           Observer
           may
           perceive
           divers
           Variations
           in
           the
           Colours
           of
           the
           Bodies
           ,
           we
           have
           been
           speaking
           of
           ,
           that
           may
           assist
           him
           to
           guess
           ,
           what
           Substance
           it
           is
           in
           the
           Air
           whereto
           these
           Diversities
           may
           be
           ascribed
           .
           And
           as
           Nature
           is
           much
           more
           rich
           in
           Things
           ,
           than
           our
           Dictionaries
           are
           in
           Words
           ,
           so
           has
           she
           furnished
           Men
           with
           Sensories
           capable
           of
           distinctly
           perceiving
           a
           far
           greater
           Variety
           of
           Objects
           ,
           than
           they
           are
           able
           verbally
           to
           express
           .
           And
           this
           might
           be
           shewn
           by
           Instances
           ,
           in
           the
           Organs
           and
           Objects
           of
           Senses
           less
           acute
           than
           Sight
           ,
           whose
           Subtilty
           in
           distinguishing
           things
           I
           could
           exemplify
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           what
           is
           related
           ,
           but
           by
           what
           has
           been
           perform'd
           by
           some
           Persons
           ,
           not
           unknown
           to
           me
           ,
           particularly
           our
           famous
           Doctor
           Harvey
           .
           But
           Examples
           of
           this
           kind
           I
           have
           not
           leisure
           to
           stay
           on
           ;
           and
           therefore
           without
           spending
           more
           Words
           upon
           this
           third
           way
           of
           discovering
           aerial
           Salts
           ,
           I
           shall
           barely
           recommend
           the
           Care
           of
           such
           Observations
           to
           their
           Curiosity
           ,
           who
           shall
           think
           it
           worth
           while
           to
           make
           them
           .
        
         
           With
           how
           little
           Confidence
           of
           Success
           ,
           Trials
           that
           have
           the
           Aims
           of
           those
           I
           have
           been
           speaking
           of
           ,
           are
           to
           be
           attempted
           ,
           not
           only
           Consideration
           ,
           but
           Experience
           hath
           made
           me
           sensible
           .
           But
           yet
           I
           would
           not
           discourage
           humane
           Curiosity
           from
           adventuring
           even
           upon
           slight
           Probabilities
           ,
           where
           the
           Nobleness
           of
           the
           Subjects
           and
           Scope
           may
           make
           even
           small
           Attainments
           very
           desirable
           .
           Those
           adventurous
           Navigators
           that
           have
           made
           Voyages
           for
           Discovery
           in
           unknown
           Seas
           ,
           when
           
           they
           first
           discern'd
           something
           of
           obscure
           near
           the
           Horizon
           ,
           at
           a
           great
           Distance
           off
           ,
           have
           often
           doubted
           ,
           whether
           ,
           what
           they
           had
           so
           imperfect
           a
           Sight
           of
           ,
           were
           a
           Cloud
           ,
           or
           an
           Island
           ,
           or
           a
           Mountain
           :
           But
           though
           usually
           it
           were
           more
           likely
           to
           be
           the
           former
           ,
           (
           as
           that
           which
           more
           frequently
           occurr'd
           than
           the
           latter
           )
           yet
           they
           judg'd
           it
           advisable
           to
           stere
           towards
           it
           ,
           till
           they
           had
           attained
           a
           clearer
           Prospect
           of
           it
           :
           For
           if
           it
           were
           a
           deluding
           Meteor
           ,
           they
           would
           not
           however
           sustain
           such
           a
           Loss
           in
           that
           of
           no
           great
           Labour
           ,
           as
           in
           case
           it
           were
           a
           Country
           ,
           they
           would
           in
           the
           Loss
           of
           what
           might
           prove
           a
           noble
           and
           rich
           Discovery
           .
           And
           if
           they
           desisted
           too
           soon
           from
           their
           Curiosity
           ,
           they
           could
           not
           rationally
           satisy
           themselves
           ,
           whether
           they
           slighted
           a
           Cloud
           ,
           or
           neglected
           a
           Country
           .
        
         
           I
           do
           not
           perceive
           that
           the
           Air
           of
           our
           Inland
           Parts
           is
           considerably
           impregnated
           with
           Esurine
           Salt
           ;
           since
           I
           do
           not
           find
           the
           Barrs
           and
           Casements
           of
           our
           Windows
           much
           impaired
           by
           Rust
           after
           near
           eighty
           Years
           standing
           ;
           or
           that
           they
           are
           more
           rusty
           towards
           one
           Quarter
           than
           another
           ;
           though
           the
           Air
           hereabout
           (
           viz.
           Oakly
           in
           Buckingham-shire
           )
           is
           very
           damp
           about
           the
           End
           of
           Autumn
           ,
           and
           Beginning
           of
           Winter
           .
           So
           that
           I
           conceive
           this
           Salt
           either
           proceeds
           from
           the
           Sea-Vapours
           near
           the
           Sea-Coasts
           ,
           or
           else
           from
           the
           Dissolution
           of
           this
           Esurine
           Salt
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           upon
           the
           burning
           of
           Sea
           or
           other
           mineral
           Coles
           .
           Mr.
           
             J.
             T.
          
           
        
         
           Mox
           ollam
           ex
           igni
           removent
           ;
           postea
           ex
           refrigerata
           
           eximunt
           halinitrum
           purissimum
           :
           quod
           candidi
           marmoris
           speciem
           gerit
           ;
           atque
           tunc
           etiam
           id
           quod
           terrenum
           est
           ,
           in
           fundo
           residet
           .
           At
           terra
           ,
           ex
           qua
           dilutum
           fuit
           factum
           ,
           &
           rami
           quernei
           vel
           consimilis
           arboris
           alternis
           sub
           dio
           ponantur
           ,
           &
           aqua
           quae
           combibit
           halinitrum
           conspergantur
           :
           
           quò
           modo
           quinque
           vel
           sex
           annis
           rursus
           apta
           fit
           and
           conficiendum
           dilutum
           .
           Halinitrum
           quodammodo
           purum
           ,
           quod
           dum
           terra
           tot
           annos
           quievit
           interea
           ,
           ortum
           fuit
           ,
           &
           quod
           lapidei
           parietes
           in
           cellis
           vinariis
           &
           locis
           opacis
           exudant
           ,
           cum
           primo
           diluto
           permistum
           decoquatur
           .
        
         
           Si
           verò
           locus
           aliquis
           talium
           venarum
           copiam
           suppeditaverit
           ,
           ipsae
           statim
           non
           conjiciantur
           in
           castella
           ;
           sed
           primo
           convehantur
           in
           areas
           ,
           atque
           cumulentur
           :
           quanto
           enim
           diutius
           aeri
           &
           pluviis
           expositae
           fuerint
           tanto
           meliores
           fiunt
           .
           Nam
           in
           ejusmodi
           cumulis
           ,
           aliquot
           post
           mensibus
           ,
           quam
           venae
           in
           areas
           fuerunt
           congestae
           ,
           nascuntur
           fibrae
           longe
           venis
           bonitate
           praestantes
           :
           deinde
           vehantur
           in
           sex
           ,
           plurave
           castella
           ,
           longa
           &
           lata
           ad
           novem
           pedes
           ,
           ad
           quinque
           alta
           .
        
         
           Si
           verò
           dum
           dilutum
           recoquitur
           ,
           separata
           non
           fuerint
           ,
           mox
           ex
           minoribus
           vasis
           infundatur
           in
           majora
           ,
           eaque
           concludantur
           :
           in
           quibus
           item
           atramentum
           sutorium
           separatum
           ab
           alumine
           concrescit
           :
           utrumque
           excisum
           ,
           &
           in
           hypocausto
           siccatum
           divendatur
           dilutum
           ,
           quod
           in
           vasis
           &
           cupis
           non
           concrevit
           in
           cortinam
           refusum
           recoquatur
           :
           sed
           terra
           ,
           quae
           in
           fundo
           cujusque
           cortinae
           resedit
           ,
           ablata
           in
           castello
           unà
           cum
           venis
           ,
           denuo
           aqua
           &
           urina
           diluatur
           .
           At
           terra
           quae
           in
           castellis
           diluto
           ,
           postquam
           effluxit
           ,
           superfuit
           egesta
           &
           coacervata
           quotidiè
           ,
           rursus
           magis
           ac
           magis
           fit
           aluminosa
           ,
           non
           aliter
           atque
           terra
           ,
           ex
           quâ
           halinitrum
           fuit
           confectum
           ,
           suo
           succo
           plenior
           fit
           :
           quare
           denuo
           in
           castella
           conjicitur
           ,
           &
           aquae
           affusae
           ea
           percolantur
           .
        
         
           A
           learned
           Observer
           ,
           who
           practised
           Physick
           in
           one
           of
           the
           most
           Southern
           of
           the
           English
           Colonies
           ,
           being
           ask'd
           
           by
           me
           about
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           Air
           there
           upon
           Iron
           ;
           affirm'd
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           great
           Guns
           there
           are
           so
           subject
           to
           become
           rusty
           ,
           that
           after
           they
           have
           lain
           a
           very
           few
           Years
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           one
           may
           with
           a
           Hammer
           knock
           off
           whole
           Scales
           ,
           or
           rather
           Cakes
           of
           
             Crocus
             Murtis
          
           :
           and
           he
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           those
           Guns
           ,
           that
           lay
           only
           expos'd
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           did
           this
           much
           more
           than
           those
           that
           by
           Accidents
           were
           drown'd
           ,
           and
           lay
           cover'd
           with
           the
           salt
           Water
           .
        
         
           And
           since
           Dew
           is
           made
           of
           Steams
           of
           the
           Terrestrial
           Globe
           ,
           which
           whilst
           they
           retain
           that
           Form
           ,
           and
           were
           not
           yet
           convened
           into
           Drops
           ,
           did
           swim
           to
           and
           fro
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           made
           part
           of
           it
           ;
           the
           Phenomena
           that
           shew
           the
           Power
           of
           Dew
           in
           working
           on
           solid
           Bodies
           ,
           may
           help
           to
           manifest
           how
           copiously
           the
           Air
           may
           be
           impregnated
           with
           subtil
           saline
           Parts
           .
           Wherefore
           I
           shall
           here
           add
           ,
           that
           having
           met
           with
           a
           Person
           that
           was
           bred
           as
           well
           a
           Scholar
           as
           a
           Traveller
           ,
           and
           had
           visited
           not
           only
           some
           of
           the
           maritine
           Places
           of
           Brasil
           ,
           but
           some
           of
           the
           inward
           Parts
           of
           that
           vast
           Country
           ,
           I
           inquired
           of
           him
           about
           the
           Subtilty
           of
           Brasilian
           Dew
           ,
           and
           its
           Power
           to
           rust
           Metals
           ,
           about
           which
           he
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           certainly
           very
           great
           ,
           and
           would
           not
           only
           rust
           Knives
           and
           such
           Instruments
           ,
           but
           likewise
           Money
           ,
           which
           he
           assured
           me
           he
           had
           particularly
           observed
           ;
           adding
           ,
           that
           in
           several
           Places
           the
           Portugals
           kept
           their
           great
           Guns
           cased
           over
           ,
           that
           the
           Dew
           might
           not
           fall
           upon
           them
           ,
           and
           by
           its
           Corrosiveness
           so
           rust
           them
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           apt
           after
           a
           while
           to
           break
           in
           the
           Discharge
           .
           And
           when
           I
           demanded
           whether
           he
           tasted
           the
           Dew
           ,
           to
           observe
           the
           Saltness
           of
           it
           ?
           he
           replied
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           not
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           had
           in
           divers
           Places
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           it
           left
           the
           Grass
           ,
           &c.
           that
           it
           had
           rested
           on
           ,
           cover'd
           over
           with
           a
           pure
           white
           Salt
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           had
           been
           a
           hoar
           Frost
           .
        
         
         
           An
           ingenious
           Traveller
           ,
           and
           Student
           of
           Physick
           ,
           being
           discoursed
           with
           by
           me
           about
           some
           Particularities
           of
           his
           Country
           (
           which
           is
           Sweedland
           )
           relating
           to
           Minerals
           ,
           and
           their
           Effects
           upon
           the
           Air
           ,
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           a
           City
           ,
           or
           notable
           Town
           called
           Fahlun
           ,
           which
           is
           built
           on
           the
           lower
           Part
           of
           an
           Hill
           ,
           containing
           one
           of
           the
           best
           Copper
           Mines
           in
           Sweden
           ,
           the
           Exhalations
           ,
           that
           are
           copiously
           emitted
           by
           the
           latent
           Minerals
           ,
           do
           so
           affect
           the
           Air
           in
           and
           about
           the
           Place
           ,
           that
           their
           Silver
           Coins
           are
           oftentimes
           notably
           discolour'd
           by
           them
           ,
           not
           seldom
           made
           even
           black
           or
           blackish
           ,
           though
           the
           Money
           be
           kept
           well
           tied
           up
           in
           Bags
           or
           Purses
           ,
           and
           these
           perhaps
           placed
           one
           within
           another
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           Aggregate
           be
           kept
           lock'd
           up
           in
           Coffers
           or
           Presses
           made
           of
           Wood
           of
           perhaps
           an
           Inch
           thick
           :
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           these
           subterraneal
           Steams
           have
           manifest
           Effects
           upon
           Brass
           ,
           (
           wherewith
           that
           Country
           abounds
           )
           insomuch
           that
           there
           being
           kept
           in
           the
           principal
           Church
           seven
           Crowns
           made
           of
           that
           Metal
           upon
           a
           particular
           Occasion
           ,
           the
           sulphureous
           Steams
           made
           those
           that
           look'd
           to
           them
           ,
           take
           the
           Pains
           to
           cleanse
           and
           brighten
           them
           at
           a
           Months
           End
           ,
           till
           finding
           that
           the
           Labour
           was
           every
           Month
           to
           begin
           again
           ,
           they
           at
           length
           grew
           weary
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           suffer'd
           these
           Crowns
           to
           grow
           ,
           as
           they
           yet
           continue
           ,
           as
           black
           (
           to
           use
           his
           own
           Phrase
           )
           as
           the
           Tunnel
           of
           a
           Chimny
           :
           This
           he
           averr'd
           to
           be
           true
           ,
           as
           having
           a
           good
           Opportunity
           to
           be
           sure
           of
           it
           ,
           in
           regard
           of
           his
           being
           a
           Native
           of
           this
           Town
           .
           And
           he
           further
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           corrosive
           Exhalations
           did
           so
           penetrate
           the
           Bars
           and
           Vessels
           of
           Iron
           that
           lie
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           after
           a
           while
           ,
           't
           is
           easy
           with
           a
           Hammer
           to
           knock
           off
           Scales
           of
           Mars
           ,
           which
           are
           friable
           into
           a
           Pouder
           like
           Crocus
           ,
           save
           that
           the
           Colour
           is
           more
           dark
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             inflamable
             Particles
             in
             the
             Air
             ;
             and
             of
             Lightning
             ,
             and
             its
             Effect
             .
          
        
         
           YEsterday
           a
           Neopolitan
           Lord
           ,
           a
           Person
           of
           high
           Quality
           ,
           and
           very
           curious
           ,
           being
           ask'd
           by
           me
           some
           Questions
           about
           some
           natural
           Phenomena
           relating
           to
           Vesuvius
           and
           the
           adjacent
           Country
           ?
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           having
           had
           occasion
           to
           stay
           for
           divers
           Months
           at
           a
           Country
           House
           ,
           but
           little
           distant
           from
           Naples
           ,
           he
           took
           much
           Pleasure
           ,
           taking
           the
           Air
           on
           Horse-back
           upon
           a
           very
           sulphureous
           Soil
           ,
           to
           take
           notice
           of
           divers
           Observables
           to
           be
           met
           with
           there
           ;
           and
           that
           he
           often
           found
           ,
           that
           when
           his
           Horse
           trod
           something
           hard
           upon
           the
           Ground
           ,
           there
           would
           be
           produced
           a
           great
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           a
           crackling
           Noise
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           frighted
           a
           Stranger
           ;
           and
           that
           oftentimes
           he
           could
           discern
           ,
           that
           where
           his
           Horse
           had
           trod
           ,
           there
           would
           presently
           arise
           a
           Dust
           ,
           and
           Fumes
           that
           were
           manifestly
           sulphureous
           and
           ready
           to
           take
           Fire
           :
           adding
           ,
           that
           sometimes
           he
           thought
           that
           they
           actually
           did
           so
           .
           He
           further
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           sometimes
           for
           Curiosity
           sake
           ,
           caused
           some
           Clods
           ,
           or
           as
           it
           were
           Turfs
           ,
           to
           be
           cut
           out
           of
           that
           Soil
           ,
           and
           laid
           in
           a
           kind
           of
           Heap
           ,
           and
           that
           then
           in
           the
           Night
           he
           could
           observe
           ,
           that
           the
           Steams
           that
           plentifully
           issued
           thence
           would
           sometimes
           be
           kindled
           by
           or
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           they
           ascended
           in
           it
           .
        
         
         
           The
           same
           Noble-Man
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           when
           some
           Years
           ago
           there
           were
           Eruptions
           of
           Fire
           in
           
             Mount
             Vesuvius
          
           ,
           he
           and
           others
           observ'd
           ,
           with
           Amazement
           and
           Horror
           ,
           that
           the
           Flame
           ,
           which
           shot
           up
           into
           the
           Air
           from
           the
           Volcano
           ,
           was
           of
           so
           prodigious
           a
           Height
           ,
           as
           invited
           them
           to
           measure
           it
           with
           a
           Quadrant
           ,
           by
           which
           they
           found
           it
           to
           be
           near
           two
           Miles
           high
           :
           And
           when
           I
           ask'd
           if
           he
           comprised
           in
           that
           Height
           the
           Altitude
           of
           the
           Mountain
           it self
           ?
           he
           answered
           ,
           that
           he
           did
           not
           ,
           for
           the
           Flame
           that
           appear'd
           above
           the
           top
           of
           the
           Mountain
           ,
           appear'd
           as
           high
           as
           the
           Mountain
           it self
           ;
           and
           't
           was
           from
           the
           top
           of
           the
           Hill
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           bottom
           ,
           that
           they
           computed
           the
           Height
           of
           the
           Flame
           .
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           sometimes
           the
           Earth
           would
           tremble
           ,
           and
           there
           would
           be
           Discharges
           of
           such
           vast
           Stones
           ,
           and
           other
           heavy
           things
           ,
           that
           he
           saw
           some
           Massis
           of
           ignited
           Matter
           thrown
           up
           a
           great
           way
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           were
           bigger
           than
           the
           Chamber
           he
           did
           me
           the
           Honour
           to
           visit
           me
           in
           ,
           though
           that
           were
           a
           large
           Room
           for
           a
           Bed-chamber
           .
        
         
           Voila
           tout
           ce
           qu'
           on
           peut
           dire
           de
           cette
           Isle
           ,
           qui
           semble
           
           un
           enfer
           ,
           car
           on
           voit
           la
           mer
           du
           port
           ,
           &
           de
           la
           coste
           toute
           noire
           &
           Brûlée
           d'
           un
           petit
           escueil
           ,
           qui
           paroist
           depuis
           enuiron
           soixante
           ans
           ,
           &
           d'
           ou
           on
           vit
           sortir
           en
           ce
           temps
           lá
           une
           grande
           flamme
           ,
           qui
           y
           a
           laisse
           une
           ouuerture
           si
           profonde
           ,
           que
           si
           on
           y
           jette
           une
           pierre
           ,
           on
           ne
           l'
           entend
           point
           tomber
           .
           Mais
           ce
           qui
           est
           arriue
           depuis
           en
           ce
           port
           ,
           n'
           est
           pas
           moins
           estonnant
           ,
           je
           le
           rapporteray
           icy
           comme
           je
           l'
           ay
           appris
           de
           diuerses
           personnes
           en
           plusieurs
           endroits
           .
           Il
           y
           a
           enuiron
           18.
           ans
           que
           durant
           la
           nuit
           
           d'
           un
           certain
           Dimanche
           ,
           commenca
           dans
           le
           port
           de
           Santorini
           un
           tres
           grand
           bruit
           lequel
           s'
           entendit
           jusques
           á
           Chio
           ,
           qui
           en
           est
           eloigne
           de
           plus
           de
           deux
           cent
           milles
           ,
           mais
           de
           telle
           sorte
           qu'
           on
           crut
           à
           Chio
           que
           c
           '
           estoit
           l'
           armée
           
           Venitienne
           qui
           combattoit
           contre
           celle
           des
           Turcs
           ,
           ce
           qui
           sit
           que
           dés
           le
           matin
           chacun
           monta
           aux
           lieux
           les
           plus
           éleuez
           pour
           en
           estre
           spectateur
           ,
           &
           me
           souuiens
           que
           le
           Reverend
           Pere
           Bernard
           Superieur
           des
           Capucins
           de
           Chio
           ,
           homme
           venerable
           ,
           &
           tres
           digne
           de
           foy
           ,
           me
           conta
           qu'
           il
           y
           avoit
           este
           trompé
           comme
           les
           autres
           ,
           car
           il
           crut
           aussi
           bien
           qu'
           eux
           entendre
           plusieurs
           coups
           de
           canon
           ;
           cependant
           ils
           ne
           virent
           rien
           ,
           &
           en
           effet
           ce
           fut
           un
           feu
           qui
           se
           prit
           dans
           la
           terre
           du
           fond
           du
           port
           de
           Santorini
           ,
           &
           y
           fit
           un
           tel
           effet
           ,
           que
           depuis
           le
           matin
           jusqu
           '
           au
           soir
           il
           sortit
           du
           fond
           de
           la
           mer
           quantite
           de
           pierres
           de
           ponce
           ,
           qui
           montoient
           en
           haut
           auec
           tant
           de
           roideur
           &
           tant
           de
           bruit
           ,
           qu'
           on
           eust
           dit
           que
           ce
           fusset
           autant
           de
           coups
           decanon
           ,
           &
           cela
           infecta
           tellement
           l'
           air
           ,
           que
           dans
           ladite
           Isle
           de
           Santorini
           ,
           il
           mourut
           quantite
           de
           personnes
           ,
           &
           plusieurs
           de
           la
           mesme
           Isle
           en
           perdirent
           la
           veue
           ,
           qu'
           ils
           recouurerent
           pourtant
           quelques
           jours
           apres
           .
           Cette
           insection
           s'
           estendit
           aussi
           loin
           que
           le
           bruit
           qui
           l'
           avoit
           precede
           ,
           car
           non
           seulement
           dans
           cette
           Isle
           ,
           mais
           mesme
           a
           Chio
           ,
           &
           á
           Smyrne
           ,
           tout
           l'
           argent
           deuint
           rouge
           ,
           soit
           qu'
           il
           sut
           dans
           les
           Coffres
           ,
           ou
           dans
           les
           poclies
           ;
           &
           nos
           Religieux
           demeurans
           en
           ces
           lieux
           lá
           me
           dirent
           que
           tous
           leurs
           calices
           en
           estoient
           deuenus
           rouges
           .
           Au
           bont
           de
           quelques
           jours
           cette
           infection
           se
           dissipa
           ,
           &
           l'
           Argent
           reprit
           sa
           premiere
           couleur
           .
           Ces
           pierres
           de
           ponce
           qui
           sortirent
           de
           la
           couurirent
           tellement
           la
           mer
           de
           l'
           Archipel
           ,
           que
           durant
           quelque
           temps
           ,
           quand
           il
           regnoit
           de
           certains
           Vents
           ,
           il
           y
           avoit
           des
           ports
           qui
           en
           estoient
           bouchez
           ,
           en
           facon
           qu'
           il
           n'
           en
           pouuoit
           sortir
           aucune
           barque
           ,
           pour
           petite
           qu'
           elle
           fut
           ,
           que
           ceux
           qui
           estoient
           dedans
           ne
           se
           fissent
           le
           chemin
           au
           travers
           de
           ces
           pierres
           de
           ponce
           auec
           quelques
           pieux
           ;
           &
           on
           en
           voit
           encor
           a
           present
           par
           toute
           la
           mer
           Mediterranée
           ,
           mais
           en
           petite
           quantité
           ,
           cela
           s'
           estant
           dispersé
           ca
           &
           là
           .
           Seneque
           raconte
           en
           une
           de
           ses
           Epistres
           
           que
           Santorini
           est
           bastie
           sur
           des
           mines
           de
           souphre
           ,
           &
           cesont
           elles
           qui
           fournissent
           asseurement
           la
           matiere
           pour
           allumer
           ce
           feu
           .
           On
           dit
           qu'
           Alexandre
           le
           Grand
           mesura
           la
           mer
           en
           cet
           endroit
           ,
           &
           n'
           y
           trouua
           point
           de
           fond
           .
           Il
           y
           a
           pourtant
           une
           petite
           Isle
           appellée
           Firesia
           ,
           a
           la
           pointe
           de
           laquelle
           on
           peut
           donner
           fonds
           ,
           &
           point
           en
           aucun
           autre
           endroit
           .
        
         
           It
           has
           been
           often
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           upon
           the
           Falling
           of
           Thunder
           there
           has
           been
           produc'd
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           near
           the
           Places
           where
           it
           fell
           ,
           a
           strong
           Odour
           of
           Burnt
           Brimstone
           .
           And
           I
           remember
           ,
           that
           being
           one
           Night
           at
           a
           Town
           built
           almost
           upon
           the
           great
           Lake
           of
           Geneva
           ,
           anciently
           called
           
             Lacus
             Lemanus
          
           :
           The
           Thunder
           was
           so
           violent
           as
           much
           frighted
           the
           Inhabitants
           ;
           though
           (
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Neighbourhood
           of
           the
           high
           Mountains
           of
           Savoy
           and
           Switzerland
           )
           Thunders
           be
           very
           frequent
           there
           :
           And
           the
           next
           Day
           I
           had
           a
           great
           Complaint
           made
           me
           ,
           of
           the
           strong
           Stink
           of
           Sulphur
           ,
           produc'd
           by
           the
           Thunder
           that
           fell
           hard
           by
           ,
           into
           the
           Lake
           ,
           and
           was
           ready
           to
           overcome
           by
           its
           Smell
           ,
           even
           a
           Souldier
           that
           stood
           Centionel
           near
           it
           .
        
         
           On
           
             July
             24.
             
             An.
          
           1681.
           
           The
           Ship
           Albemarl
           ,
           whereof
           Mr.
           
             Edward
             Lad
          
           was
           then
           Master
           ,
           being
           an
           hundred
           Leagues
           from
           
             Cape
             Cod
          
           in
           Latitude
           48.
           about
           3
           P.
           M.
           met
           with
           a
           Thunder
           Storm
           ,
           the
           Lightning
           burnt
           the
           Main-top-sail
           ,
           split
           the
           main
           Cap
           in
           pieces
           ,
           rent
           the
           Mast
           all
           along
           .
           There
           was
           in
           special
           one
           dreadful
           Clap
           of
           Thunder
           ,
           in
           Report
           bigger
           than
           of
           a
           great
           Gun
           ,
           at
           which
           all
           the
           Ships
           Company
           were
           amazed
           :
           then
           did
           there
           fall
           something
           from
           the
           Clouds
           upon
           the
           Stern
           of
           the
           Boat
           ,
           which
           it
           broke
           into
           many
           small
           Parts
           ,
           split
           one
           of
           the
           Pumps
           ,
           the
           other
           Pump
           much
           hurt
           :
           it
           was
           a
           Bituminous
           Matter
           ,
           smelling
           much
           like
           fired
           
           Gunpowder
           :
           it
           continued
           burning
           in
           the
           Stern
           of
           the
           Boat.
           They
           did
           with
           Sticks
           dissipate
           it
           ,
           and
           poured
           much
           Water
           on
           it
           ,
           and
           yet
           they
           were
           not
           able
           ,
           by
           all
           they
           could
           do
           ,
           to
           extinguish
           it
           ,
           until
           such
           time
           as
           all
           the
           Matter
           was
           consumed
           .
           But
           the
           strangest
           thing
           of
           all
           is
           yet
           to
           be
           mentioned
           .
        
         
           When
           Night
           came
           ,
           observing
           the
           Stars
           ,
           they
           perceived
           that
           their
           Compasses
           were
           changed
           .
           As
           for
           the
           Compass
           in
           the
           Biddekel
           the
           North
           Point
           was
           turned
           clear
           South
           .
           There
           were
           two
           other
           Compasses
           unhung
           in
           the
           Locker
           in
           the
           Cabbin
           ,
           in
           one
           of
           which
           the
           North
           Point
           stood
           South
           like
           that
           in
           the
           Biddekel
           .
           As
           for
           the
           other
           the
           North
           Point
           stood
           West
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           sailed
           by
           Needle
           ,
           whose
           Polarity
           was
           quite
           changed
           .
           The
           Sea-men
           were
           at
           first
           puzled
           to
           work
           their
           Vessel
           right
           ,
           considering
           that
           the
           South
           Point
           of
           their
           Compass
           was
           now
           become
           North
           :
           But
           after
           a
           little
           Use
           it
           was
           easy
           to
           them
           ;
           thus
           did
           they
           sail
           a
           thousand
           Leagues
           .
           As
           for
           the
           Compass
           ,
           wherein
           the
           Lightning
           had
           made
           the
           Needle
           to
           point
           Westward
           ;
           since
           is
           was
           brought
           to
           New-England
           the
           Glass
           being
           broken
           ,
           it
           has
           ,
           by
           means
           of
           the
           Air
           coming
           to
           it
           ,
           lost
           its
           Vertue
           .
           One
           of
           their
           Compasses
           which
           had
           quite
           changed
           the
           Polarity
           ,
           from
           North
           to
           South
           ,
           is
           still
           extant
           in
           that
           Country
           ,
           in
           the
           Hands
           of
           Mr.
           
             Encrease
             Mather
          
           ;
           the
           North
           Point
           of
           the
           Needle
           doth
           remain
           fixed
           to
           this
           Day
           as
           it
           did
           immediately
           after
           the
           Lightning
           caused
           the
           Alteration
           .
        
         
           An
           industrious
           Gentleman
           that
           was
           long
           an
           eminent
           Planter
           of
           Trees
           ,
           wherewith
           he
           furnished
           many
           of
           his
           Neighbours
           ,
           presented
           me
           with
           a
           Piece
           of
           a
           Branch
           that
           seemed
           to
           have
           had
           a
           Slit
           ,
           for
           it
           reached
           thorow
           the
           Bark
           almost
           to
           the
           very
           Wood
           ,
           from
           one
           End
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           but
           had
           now
           the
           Lips
           of
           the
           Wound
           overgrown
           on
           each
           side
           with
           new
           Bark
           :
           Of
           this
           kind
           of
           Gashes
           ,
           
           he
           told
           me
           ,
           he
           found
           in
           other
           Branches
           of
           the
           same
           Tree
           ,
           which
           made
           him
           think
           that
           some
           envious
           Knave
           had
           done
           this
           in
           Spite
           :
           but
           considering
           the
           Circumstances
           more
           curiously
           ,
           he
           found
           that
           Conjecture
           much
           discountenanced
           by
           some
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           suspected
           that
           these
           Wounds
           must
           have
           been
           made
           by
           some
           designless
           Agent
           .
           For
           by
           his
           own
           Observations
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           his
           Friends
           ,
           it
           appeared
           ,
           that
           these
           Fissures
           are
           to
           be
           met
           with
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           divers
           others
           of
           his
           own
           Trees
           ,
           of
           differing
           kinds
           ,
           and
           in
           differing
           Plantations
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           the
           Trees
           of
           several
           others
           ,
           which
           tho
           growing
           in
           the
           same
           Country
           ,
           were
           remote
           enough
           from
           his
           :
           so
           that
           it
           having
           been
           observed
           with
           some
           Wonder
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           foregoing
           Season
           ,
           Lightnings
           had
           been
           very
           numerous
           and
           frequent
           ,
           he
           and
           his
           Friends
           concluded
           ,
           for
           Reasons
           that
           need
           not
           be
           here
           repeated
           ,
           that
           the
           above-mentioned
           Gashes
           were
           some
           of
           the
           odd
           Effects
           of
           those
           Lightnings
           ,
           which
           kept
           me
           from
           wondering
           at
           his
           negative
           Answer
           ,
           to
           the
           Curiosity
           I
           had
           to
           know
           ,
           whether
           all
           these
           Wounds
           of
           the
           Trees
           look'd
           the
           same
           way
           ,
           as
           East
           or
           West
           ,
           North
           or
           South
           .
           For
           I
           had
           formerly
           observed
           ,
           that
           the
           same
           Fulmen
           or
           Flash
           of
           Lightning
           reaching
           to
           the
           Earth
           in
           the
           Form
           of
           Fire
           ,
           appeared
           by
           the
           recent
           Effects
           as
           well
           of
           its
           impetuous
           Motion
           as
           of
           its
           violent
           Heat
           ,
           to
           have
           moved
           in
           an
           irregularly
           winding-Line
           :
           which
           made
           me
           compare
           its
           Motion
           to
           that
           of
           a
           Squib
           ,
           and
           help'd
           me
           to
           solve
           some
           odd
           Phenomena
           of
           Lightning
           ,
           that
           this
           is
           not
           the
           fittest
           Place
           to
           discourse
           of
           :
           the
           foregoing
           Mention
           of
           what
           happened
           to
           the
           Trees
           ,
           being
           designed
           ,
           partly
           to
           preserve
           the
           Memory
           of
           an
           unusual
           Phenomenon
           ,
           and
           partly
           to
           show
           that
           whatever
           is
           wont
           to
           happen
           in
           Animals
           ,
           Lightning
           is
           not
           always
           destructive
           or
           corruptive
           of
           
           Vegetables
           ,
           since
           the
           Wounds
           inflicted
           to
           Trees
           were
           happily
           cicatrized
           ,
           and
           did
           not
           kill
           or
           poison
           the
           Plants
           .
           And
           whether
           this
           Phenomenon
           were
           produced
           ,
           by
           some
           mineral
           Exhalations
           kindled
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           or
           by
           the
           violent
           and
           irregular
           Motion
           of
           some
           such
           Substance
           ,
           or
           by
           both
           together
           ,
           the
           Phenomenon
           will
           be
           pertinent
           to
           the
           Subject
           or
           Design
           of
           the
           present
           Tract
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Celestial
             Influences
             or
             Effluviums
             in
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           To
           Mr.
           HARTLIB
           .
        
         
           
             Dear
             Sir
             ,
          
        
         
           I
           Shall
           not
           I
           hope
           altogether
           forget
           the
           Charge
           which
           you
           have
           been
           pleased
           to
           lay
           upon
           me
           ,
           in
           reference
           to
           the
           Consideration
           of
           all
           winy
           Liquors
           ,
           their
           Affections
           ,
           and
           the
           several
           Distempers
           incident
           to
           them
           ,
           with
           my
           Thoughts
           about
           the
           preserving
           of
           them
           ,
           so
           as
           may
           best
           retard
           the
           Quickness
           of
           their
           Motion
           ,
           and
           hinder
           their
           Dyscrasy
           and
           Corruption
           .
        
         
           To
           which
           End
           an
           exact
           Scrutiny
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           its
           Quality
           ,
           Temperament
           and
           Motion
           ,
           and
           an
           Inquiry
           of
           the
           Efficacy
           and
           Force
           that
           this
           hath
           upon
           all
           such
           Bodies
           ,
           will
           be
           in
           some
           measure
           necessary
           .
        
         
           And
           this
           puts
           me
           in
           mind
           to
           leave
           one
           Request
           with
           you
           ,
           viz.
           to
           beg-your
           Assistance
           and
           Countenance
           on
           all
           Occasions
           to
           Mr.
           Streete
           ,
           when
           he
           shall
           at
           any
           time
           wait
           on
           you
           ,
           who
           both
           as
           to
           his
           Undertaking
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Modesty
           and
           Simplicity
           of
           his
           Spirit
           ,
           doth
           very
           much
           emulate
           our
           so
           much
           joint-esteemed
           Friend
           Mr.
           Mercator
           ,
           who
           ,
           though
           he
           may
           differ
           from
           the
           former
           ,
           in
           reference
           to
           his
           Method
           ,
           or
           to
           some
           of
           the
           profounder
           Parts
           of
           Learning
           :
           yet
           I
           think
           it
           very
           possible
           to
           reconcile
           them
           in
           the
           main
           ,
           and
           cannot
           but
           expect
           something
           
           extraordinary
           ,
           in
           the
           asserting
           and
           perfecting
           of
           the
           Theory
           of
           the
           Planets
           ,
           will
           be
           brought
           forth
           between
           them
           ,
           which
           I
           should
           the
           more
           gladly
           see
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           most
           Scholars
           complain
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           of
           a
           thing
           hitherto
           wanting
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           also
           I
           guess
           ,
           that
           having
           the
           Examples
           of
           so
           many
           who
           have
           already
           attempted
           the
           same
           thing
           in
           vain
           ,
           they
           will
           find
           themselves
           the
           more
           constrained
           to
           lay
           down
           some
           new
           choice
           ,
           singular
           and
           undeniable
           Hypothesis
           ,
           for
           the
           better
           Invitation
           of
           the
           Admittance
           of
           their
           Opinion
           among
           Learned
           Men
           ,
           although
           such
           a
           Work
           be
           no
           less
           necessary
           also
           for
           other
           Reasons
           .
        
         
           For
           if
           we
           assert
           not
           the
           Theory
           of
           the
           Planets
           rightly
           ,
           and
           upon
           such
           Ground
           as
           are
           indubitably
           demonstrable
           ;
           we
           shall
           never
           be
           free
           from
           Errors
           and
           Disagreements
           in
           Opinion
           about
           their
           Motions
           ,
           and
           the
           right
           Calculation
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           And
           if
           we
           mistake
           in
           either
           of
           these
           ,
           we
           must
           mistake
           of
           the
           true
           Place
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           in
           which
           each
           Planet
           is
           ,
           or
           constantly
           ought
           to
           be
           :
           And
           if
           we
           at
           all
           err
           in
           our
           Judgment
           of
           their
           due
           Places
           ,
           it
           is
           impossible
           we
           should
           assert
           their
           several
           Aspects
           ,
           and
           the
           mutual
           Influences
           and
           Virtues
           they
           have
           (
           through
           this
           )
           one
           upon
           another
           :
           And
           so
           the
           Physical
           Use
           of
           their
           Motions
           falls
           to
           the
           Ground
           wholly
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           becomes
           subject
           to
           very
           much
           Uncertainty
           .
        
         
           And
           truly
           ,
           if
           there
           be
           no
           such
           Use
           at
           all
           of
           the
           Motions
           of
           these
           Bodies
           ,
           as
           that
           which
           I
           may
           call
           Physical
           ,
           viz
           for
           predicting
           ,
           and
           for
           (
           in
           some
           measure
           )
           determining
           the
           Affections
           ,
           Dispositions
           and
           Alterations
           ,
           that
           are
           introduced
           into
           several
           things
           here
           ,
           either
           immediately
           ,
           or
           into
           the
           Air
           immediately
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Course
           of
           these
           superior
           Bodies
           ,
           it
           would
           very
           much
           lessen
           and
           depretiate
           with
           me
           ,
           that
           Toil
           ,
           Cost
           ,
           
           Pains
           ,
           Watchings
           ,
           and
           continual
           Exercises
           ,
           and
           Indeavours
           ,
           that
           have
           been
           used
           for
           the
           gaining
           of
           exact
           Observations
           in
           Astronomy
           .
           Seeing
           when
           we
           have
           done
           all
           ,
           and
           obtained
           all
           beyond
           the
           mere
           bare
           Knowledg
           of
           them
           ,
           we
           can
           propound
           no
           End
           ,
           Benefit
           ,
           Use
           or
           Advantage
           ,
           that
           may
           recompense
           the
           Trouble
           and
           Pains
           bestowed
           upon
           them
           ,
           (
           at
           least
           upon
           some
           of
           them
           )
           nor
           so
           much
           as
           any
           real
           or
           particular
           Relation
           ,
           between
           us
           and
           them
           ;
           and
           if
           so
           ,
           we
           know
           them
           only
           to
           know
           them
           .
        
         
           But
           we
           shall
           at
           present
           presume
           the
           contrary
           ,
           and
           therefore
           shall
           crave
           leave
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           although
           several
           Objections
           are
           commonly
           brought
           against
           any
           such
           Use
           or
           Application
           of
           these
           Bodies
           ,
           or
           of
           their
           Power
           ,
           Influence
           or
           Motions
           ,
           which
           are
           occasioned
           partly
           by
           the
           Superstition
           and
           Paganism
           incident
           to
           this
           kind
           of
           Doctrine
           ;
           partly
           by
           the
           Imposture
           ,
           Ignorance
           ,
           and
           want
           of
           Learning
           ,
           generally
           observed
           in
           the
           Persons
           professing
           this
           Knowledg
           ;
           partly
           by
           the
           manifest
           Mistakes
           and
           Uncertainty
           that
           there
           is
           in
           the
           Predictions
           of
           this
           Nature
           ;
           and
           partly
           by
           the
           Inexplicableness
           of
           the
           Way
           or
           Manner
           how
           they
           come
           to
           affect
           one
           another
           ,
           which
           admits
           not
           ,
           as
           many
           conceive
           ,
           of
           an
           easy
           visible
           or
           familiar
           Demonstration
           .
           Yet
           all
           these
           Objections
           ,
           if
           throughly
           examined
           ,
           do
           not
           ,
           as
           we
           humbly
           conceive
           ,
           really
           null
           or
           take
           away
           the
           Possibility
           of
           the
           thing
           simply
           ,
           but
           are
           raised
           rather
           against
           the
           Enormities
           and
           Imperfections
           that
           are
           confessed
           to
           be
           in
           it
           :
           and
           it
           may
           ,
           notwithstanding
           all
           those
           Objections
           ,
           still
           be
           certain
           ,
           that
           these
           Celestial
           Bodies
           (
           according
           to
           the
           Angles
           they
           make
           one
           upon
           another
           ,
           but
           especially
           with
           the
           Sun
           or
           with
           the
           Earth
           in
           our
           Meridian
           ,
           or
           with
           such
           and
           such
           other
           Points
           in
           the
           Heavens
           )
           may
           have
           a
           Power
           to
           cause
           such
           and
           such
           Motions
           ,
           Changes
           and
           Alterations
           
           (
           stronger
           or
           weaker
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           Angle
           )
           as
           the
           Extremities
           of
           which
           shall
           at
           length
           be
           felt
           in
           every
           one
           of
           us
           :
           And
           this
           may
           be
           evidenced
           ,
           1st
           .
           by
           undeniable
           Experiments
           ,
           not
           only
           from
           things
           inanimate
           and
           vegitate
           ,
           but
           from
           the
           undoubted
           Observations
           of
           Physicians
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           several
           Chronical
           as
           acute
           Distempers
           ,
           and
           more
           eminently
           in
           all
           Lunatick
           ,
           Epileptick
           ,
           Paralitick
           or
           Lethargick
           Persons
           .
           2dly
           .
           It
           may
           further
           admit
           of
           a
           Demonstration
           :
           for
           if
           the
           extream
           Motions
           of
           Physick
           be
           Generation
           and
           Corruption
           ,
           and
           the
           mean
           Motions
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           allowing
           then
           these
           Bodies
           to
           have
           a
           share
           in
           promoting
           the
           mean
           Motions
           ,
           
             (
             viz
          
           )
           of
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           we
           shall
           or
           may
           soon
           be
           convinced
           ,
           that
           their
           Effects
           then
           upon
           all
           other
           things
           here
           ,
           cannot
           but
           be
           exceeding
           considerable
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           better
           understanding
           of
           which
           ,
           I
           shall
           offer
           ,
           a
           little
           more
           largely
           to
           you
           my
           Conceptions
           ,
           viz.
           
        
         
           That
           to
           speak
           properly
           and
           simply
           ,
           I
           take
           Generation
           and
           Corruption
           to
           be
           the
           Extreams
           of
           Motion
           ,
           rather
           than
           Motions
           themselves
           :
           for
           the
           Scope
           ,
           Intentions
           or
           Effects
           of
           all
           Physical
           Motions
           (
           strictly
           so
           taken
           )
           are
           only
           to
           one
           of
           these
           Ends
           ,
           viz.
           either
           for
           Generation
           or
           Corruption
           :
           and
           these
           two
           are
           they
           also
           which
           limit
           and
           bound
           all
           Motion
           ;
           for
           beyond
           these
           Meets
           there
           is
           no
           Physical
           Progression
           ,
           and
           therefore
           these
           two
           must
           be
           the
           true
           Termini
           ,
           as
           well
           
             à
             quo
          
           ,
           as
           
             ad
             quem
          
           ,
           of
           all
           such
           Motion
           ,
           seeing
           all
           things
           are
           corrupted
           to
           be
           generated
           ,
           and
           all
           things
           generated
           are
           at
           length
           corrupted
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           these
           be
           rather
           the
           Termini
           and
           Extreams
           of
           Motion
           ,
           then
           Motion
           it self
           .
           We
           must
           acknowledg
           ,
           there
           are
           Motions
           ,
           which
           Nature
           useth
           as
           Means
           ,
           between
           these
           two
           Extreams
           ;
           which
           mean
           Motion
           must
           
           be
           as
           opposite
           also
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           as
           the
           two
           Extreams
           .
           Otherwise
           we
           should
           never
           be
           at
           a
           Certainty
           ,
           which
           way
           Nature
           intends
           by
           her
           Motion
           :
           otherwise
           also
           we
           must
           say
           one
           and
           the
           same
           Course
           ,
           or
           one
           and
           the
           same
           thing
           in
           Nature
           ,
           may
           simply
           and
           of
           it self
           ,
           be
           the
           immediate
           Cause
           of
           Generation
           and
           Corruption
           ,
           of
           Life
           and
           of
           Death
           ,
           of
           Hardness
           and
           Softness
           ,
           which
           is
           absurd
           and
           impossible
           .
        
         
           Now
           as
           these
           two
           Motions
           of
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           are
           opposite
           one
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           as
           is
           required
           ,
           so
           do
           they
           square
           to
           all
           other
           the
           Instruments
           and
           Phenomena
           in
           Nature
           ,
           
             (
             viz.
          
           )
           the
           one
           answering
           to
           Heat
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           cold
           ;
           the
           one
           to
           Hardness
           ,
           Compactness
           and
           Aridity
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           Gentleness
           ,
           Softness
           ,
           Sweetness
           ,
           Maturity
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           For
           which
           Reasons
           therefore
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           for
           many
           other
           ,
           which
           might
           be
           urged
           ,
           (
           if
           insisted
           on
           )
           we
           do
           conclude
           ,
           (
           submitting
           it
           nevertheless
           to
           be
           examined
           )
           that
           Generation
           and
           Corruption
           ,
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           is
           the
           simplest
           ,
           plainest
           and
           truest
           Analysis
           ,
           that
           can
           be
           found
           in
           Nature
           ,
           for
           all
           Physical
           Motions
           ,
           as
           unto
           some
           of
           which
           all
           Motion
           ,
           purely
           Physical
           ,
           may
           (
           as
           we
           humbly
           conceive
           )
           without
           straining
           ,
           be
           immediately
           referred
           ,
           and
           as
           by
           and
           through
           which
           all
           may
           likewise
           ,
           with
           as
           little
           Difficulty
           ,
           be
           resolved
           .
        
         
           And
           having
           laid
           this
           as
           a
           second
           Argument
           ;
           we
           say
           3dly
           .
           That
           it
           cannot
           be
           denied
           ,
           but
           all
           the
           Affections
           and
           Dispositions
           of
           Moisture
           ,
           Heat
           ,
           Cold
           ,
           Drought
           ,
           the
           Course
           of
           all
           Winds
           ,
           Showers
           ,
           Thundering
           ,
           or
           whatsoever
           else
           is
           used
           by
           Nature
           ,
           to
           produce
           these
           two
           general
           and
           universal
           Effects
           of
           Rarefaction
           and
           Condensation
           ,
           do
           in
           a
           great
           Measure
           ,
           if
           not
           wholly
           ,
           depend
           upon
           ,
           and
           are
           altogether
           regulated
           by
           the
           Course
           ,
           Motion
           ,
           Position
           ,
           Situations
           or
           Aspects
           of
           the
           Superiour
           
           and
           Celestial
           Bodies
           or
           Planets
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           4thly
           .
           We
           say
           ,
           that
           every
           Planet
           hath
           its
           own
           proper
           Light
           :
           And
           as
           the
           Light
           of
           the
           Sun
           is
           one
           thing
           ,
           the
           Light
           of
           the
           Moon
           another
           ;
           so
           every
           Planet
           hath
           its
           distinct
           Light
           ,
           differing
           from
           all
           the
           other
           .
           Now
           we
           must
           either
           say
           ,
           that
           this
           Light
           is
           a
           bare
           Quality
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           utmost
           Use
           and
           End
           of
           it
           is
           only
           to
           illuminate
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           no
           Light
           but
           is
           accompanied
           further
           with
           some
           Power
           ,
           Virtue
           or
           Tincture
           ,
           that
           is
           proper
           to
           it
           :
           which
           if
           granted
           ,
           it
           will
           inform
           us
           then
           ,
           that
           every
           Light
           hath
           its
           own
           Property
           ,
           it
           s
           own
           Tincture
           and
           Colour
           ,
           it
           s
           own
           specifique
           Virtue
           and
           Power
           ;
           and
           that
           according
           to
           the
           several
           Bodies
           of
           Light
           ,
           there
           are
           several
           Properties
           ,
           Tinctures
           and
           Powers
           ;
           and
           that
           as
           one
           Star
           differs
           from
           another
           in
           Glory
           (
           according
           to
           the
           Apostle
           )
           so
           one
           Star
           and
           one
           Planet
           differs
           from
           another
           in
           its
           Virtue
           ,
           in
           its
           Colour
           ,
           in
           its
           Tincture
           ,
           and
           in
           its
           Property
           .
        
         
           And
           consequently
           ,
           that
           those
           eminent
           Stars
           and
           Planets
           that
           are
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           are
           not
           to
           be
           considered
           by
           us
           as
           sluggish
           inergetical
           Bodies
           ,
           or
           as
           if
           they
           were
           set
           only
           to
           be
           as
           bare
           Candles
           to
           us
           ,
           but
           as
           Bodies
           full
           of
           proper
           Motion
           ,
           of
           peculiar
           Operation
           ,
           and
           of
           Life
           .
           The
           Sun
           not
           only
           shining
           upon
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Planets
           ;
           but
           by
           his
           quickning
           Warmth
           ,
           awakening
           ,
           stirring
           and
           raising
           the
           Motions
           ,
           Properties
           and
           Powers
           ,
           that
           are
           peculiar
           to
           them
           .
           According
           therefore
           to
           the
           Angles
           ,
           they
           make
           with
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           according
           as
           they
           are
           more
           or
           less
           enlightned
           by
           him
           ;
           according
           also
           as
           they
           are
           at
           the
           same
           time
           more
           directly
           or
           more
           obliquely
           ,
           more
           remotely
           or
           more
           nearly
           scituated
           and
           placed
           ,
           in
           respect
           to
           us
           ;
           so
           must
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           Powers
           ,
           Virtues
           and
           Tinctures
           ,
           that
           are
           proper
           to
           them
           ,
           be
           more
           or
           less
           felt
           by
           us
           .
           5thly
           .
           For
           the
           manner
           of
           the
           Planets
           ,
           
           transmitting
           these
           their
           Properties
           and
           Powers
           ,
           and
           of
           their
           affecting
           other
           Bodies
           at
           so
           remote
           Distance
           ,
           there
           is
           nothing
           begged
           or
           required
           in
           it
           ,
           that
           is
           insuperable
           to
           a
           Man's
           Apprehension
           or
           Belief
           :
           (
           seeing
           ,
           )
        
         
           1.
           
           We
           affirm
           not
           any
           Property
           ,
           Operation
           ,
           Virtue
           ,
           or
           Power
           ,
           to
           be
           transmitted
           from
           any
           of
           the
           said
           Planets
           ,
           but
           what
           doth
           descend
           with
           its
           Light
           ,
           and
           is
           the
           real
           Property
           of
           its
           Light.
           
        
         
           2.
           
           No
           Man
           judgeth
           ,
           that
           the
           Light
           of
           any
           Planet
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           Sun
           it self
           ,
           is
           refracted
           ,
           or
           by
           any
           other
           means
           weakned
           ,
           hindred
           or
           impaired
           by
           the
           Aether
           (
           or
           that
           Substance
           which
           fills
           up
           the
           Space
           between
           one
           Planet
           and
           another
           )
           through
           which
           it
           passeth
           ;
           but
           that
           it
           doth
           descend
           whole
           directly
           and
           inrefracted
           unto
           ,
           or
           upon
           our
           Atmosphere
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           But
           whatsoever
           is
           received
           by
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           is
           also
           received
           by
           the
           thin
           and
           subtile
           Air
           ,
           that
           is
           contiguous
           to
           the
           Atmosphere
           :
           And
           this
           Air
           therefore
           cannot
           but
           be
           capable
           of
           being
           moved
           ,
           stirred
           ,
           altered
           ,
           and
           impressed
           by
           these
           Properties
           ,
           Virtues
           and
           Lights
           ,
           as
           penetrating
           each
           Part
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           4.
           
           Not
           only
           the
           Air
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           its
           Thinness
           and
           Subtilty
           ,
           is
           capable
           of
           being
           thus
           penetrated
           ,
           moved
           and
           altered
           ,
           by
           these
           Planetary
           ,
           Virtues
           and
           Lights
           :
           But
           forasmuch
           also
           as
           our
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           the
           Spirits
           likewise
           of
           all
           mix'd
           Bodies
           ,
           are
           really
           of
           an
           Aerious
           ,
           Ethereal
           ,
           Luminous
           Production
           and
           Composition
           ;
           these
           Spirits
           therefore
           of
           ours
           ,
           and
           the
           Spirits
           of
           all
           other
           Bodies
           ,
           must
           necessarily
           no
           less
           suffer
           an
           Impression
           from
           the
           same
           Lights
           ,
           and
           cannot
           be
           less
           subject
           to
           an
           Alteration
           ,
           Motion
           ,
           Agitation
           and
           Infection
           ,
           through
           them
           and
           by
           them
           ,
           than
           the
           other
           
             (
             viz.
          
           )
           the
           Air
           :
           But
           rather
           as
           our
           Spirits
           are
           more
           near
           and
           more
           Analogous
           to
           the
           Nature
           of
           Light
           than
           the
           Air
           ,
           so
           they
           
           must
           be
           more
           prone
           and
           easy
           to
           be
           impressed
           than
           it
           .
           And
           if
           our
           Spirits
           ,
           and
           the
           Spirits
           of
           all
           mix'd
           Bodies
           may
           be
           altered
           ,
           changed
           ,
           moved
           and
           impressed
           by
           these
           superiour
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           their
           Properties
           ;
           then
           these
           Spirits
           being
           the
           only
           Principles
           of
           Energy
           ,
           Power
           ,
           Force
           and
           Life
           ,
           in
           all
           Bodies
           wherein
           they
           are
           ,
           and
           the
           immediate
           Causes
           ,
           through
           which
           all
           Alteration
           comes
           to
           the
           Bodies
           themselves
           .
           It
           is
           impossible
           therefore
           Spirits
           should
           be
           altered
           and
           changed
           ,
           and
           yet
           no
           Alteration
           made
           in
           the
           Bodies
           themselves
           :
           and
           therefore
           a
           less
           Limit
           or
           Extream
           cannot
           be
           set
           to
           the
           Power
           or
           Operation
           ,
           or
           Force
           of
           the
           superiour
           Bodies
           upon
           the
           Inferiour
           ,
           than
           what
           must
           terminate
           at
           length
           into
           the
           very
           Bodies
           themselves
           .
        
         
           5.
           
           As
           a
           further
           Confirmation
           or
           Proof
           of
           this
           ,
           in
           reference
           at
           least
           to
           our selves
           ,
           I
           shall
           offer
           to
           your
           Consideration
           the
           Accidents
           that
           often
           happen
           to
           Men
           ,
           by
           the
           mere
           Air
           ,
           as
           Convulsions
           ,
           Cramps
           ,
           Blastings
           ,
           Lameness
           ,
           Colds
           ,
           many
           of
           which
           indure
           a
           Man's
           Life-time
           ;
           and
           which
           (
           with
           many
           bitter
           Infirmities
           that
           sometimes
           seize
           upon
           a
           Man
           ,
           while
           standing
           ,
           walking
           ,
           or
           lying
           in
           the
           Air
           )
           are
           rarely
           or
           never
           felt
           or
           discerned
           at
           the
           Instant
           of
           their
           Approach
           or
           Insults
           upon
           a
           Man
           ,
           nor
           yet
           accompanied
           with
           the
           Sense
           of
           any
           Excess
           in
           the
           Air
           for
           Heat
           or
           Cold
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           and
           therefore
           not
           well
           referrable
           to
           any
           Cause
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           if
           not
           to
           the
           Power
           of
           those
           Properties
           and
           Operations
           of
           the
           Celestial
           Bodies
           that
           we
           speak
           of
           :
           And
           this
           I
           submit
           to
           the
           Judgment
           of
           common
           Experience
           .
        
         
           6.
           
           Lastly
           ;
           As
           the
           Sun-shining
           on
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Planets
           doth
           not
           ,
           as
           we
           said
           ,
           only
           barely
           illuminate
           their
           Bodies
           ;
           but
           besides
           this
           ,
           through
           the
           Power
           ,
           Virtue
           and
           Activity
           it
           hath
           ,
           doth
           also
           raise
           ,
           excite
           ,
           awaken
           and
           stir
           up
           the
           several
           Properties
           and
           Dispositions
           that
           
           are
           in
           those
           several
           and
           respective
           Bodies
           ,
           whereby
           they
           are
           more
           lively
           and
           effectually
           brought
           forth
           upon
           us
           ;
           so
           we
           are
           to
           suppose
           it
           is
           in
           reference
           to
           this
           our
           Planet
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Earth
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           only
           enlightned
           ,
           warmed
           ,
           cherished
           and
           fructified
           by
           the
           Power
           ,
           Virtue
           and
           Influence
           of
           the
           Sun
           ;
           but
           hath
           its
           proper
           Magnetical
           ,
           Planetary
           Virtue
           ,
           also
           fermented
           ,
           stirred
           ,
           agitated
           and
           awakened
           in
           it
           ,
           which
           it
           remits
           back
           with
           the
           reflected
           Light
           of
           the
           Sun
           :
           and
           together
           with
           this
           Magnetick
           Planetary
           Property
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           which
           is
           stirred
           and
           raised
           by
           the
           Sun
           ,
           are
           awakened
           also
           the
           seminal
           Dispositions
           ,
           Odors
           and
           Ferments
           that
           are
           lodged
           in
           ,
           and
           proper
           unto
           particular
           Regions
           or
           Places
           ,
           which
           do
           likewise
           emit
           and
           diffuse
           through
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           their
           several
           and
           respective
           benign
           ,
           grateful
           ,
           so
           their
           several
           malignant
           ,
           congelative
           and
           fracedonous
           Natures
           and
           Qualities
           .
        
         
           And
           hence
           therefore
           ,
           though
           the
           Air
           ,
           its
           Temperament
           ,
           Disposition
           and
           Quality
           in
           general
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           look'd
           at
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Motions
           ,
           Influences
           and
           Aspects
           of
           the
           several
           superiour
           Bodies
           ;
           yet
           the
           particular
           Healthfulness
           and
           Unhealthfulness
           of
           Places
           ,
           the
           evil
           Disposition
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           Evenings
           ,
           Nights
           ,
           and
           early
           in
           the
           Mornings
           ,
           in
           some
           Parts
           more
           than
           in
           others
           ;
           the
           super-abundant
           Moisture
           ,
           excessive
           Winds
           ,
           Droughts
           or
           other
           Seasons
           ,
           proper
           to
           one
           Country
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           observed
           in
           another
           neighbouring
           to
           it
           ;
           all
           these
           are
           rather
           to
           be
           allowed
           and
           referred
           to
           those
           Odors
           ,
           Vapors
           and
           Exhalations
           ,
           that
           are
           through
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           or
           other
           Planets
           ,
           drawn
           forth
           from
           their
           particular
           Seats
           into
           the
           Air
           ,
           from
           the
           Planets
           themselves
           .
        
         
           And
           thus
           I
           have
           hinted
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           I
           may
           ,
           at
           the
           Solutions
           of
           all
           the
           Phenomena
           pertaining
           to
           this
           matter
           ,
           that
           I
           can
           think
           of
           .
        
         
         
           And
           if
           this
           be
           so
           ,
           then
           wholly
           to
           neglect
           this
           Physical
           Use
           (
           and
           Consideration
           )
           of
           the
           Motion
           of
           these
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           either
           to
           reject
           it
           ,
           because
           of
           the
           Superstition
           that
           hath
           been
           mix'd
           with
           it
           ,
           or
           to
           exclude
           it
           from
           all
           manner
           of
           Care
           ,
           and
           from
           all
           other
           further
           Scrutiny
           ,
           as
           a
           thing
           not
           worth
           our
           Inquiry
           or
           Search
           at
           all
           after
           ,
           is
           as
           great
           an
           Extream
           on
           the
           other
           hand
           ,
           and
           a
           Mistake
           ,
           that
           must
           not
           pass
           untaxed
           among
           Learned
           Men.
           
        
         
           You
           did
           not
           expect
           ,
           I
           am
           sure
           ,
           I
           should
           have
           adventured
           into
           so
           particular
           an
           Apology
           for
           Astrology
           ;
           nor
           did
           I
           intend
           it
           ,
           when
           I
           begun
           my
           Letter
           ;
           nor
           do
           I
           now
           aim
           to
           justify
           any
           thing
           further
           ,
           than
           what
           may
           properly
           ,
           if
           not
           necessarily
           ,
           fall
           into
           the
           Consideration
           of
           Natural
           Philosophy
           ,
           being
           indeed
           much
           induced
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           were
           the
           Theory
           of
           the
           Planets
           so
           exactly
           stated
           ,
           so
           perfectly
           ,
           or
           so
           undeniably
           demonstrated
           ,
           that
           we
           might
           be
           sure
           we
           rightly
           understood
           the
           Place
           ,
           Course
           and
           Position
           of
           each
           of
           their
           Bodies
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ;
           this
           other
           Doctrine
           of
           their
           Physical
           Use
           ,
           with
           the
           Weight
           ,
           Dignity
           ,
           Extent
           ,
           Considerableness
           or
           Inconsiderableness
           of
           it
           ,
           would
           soon
           confirm
           and
           demonstrate
           it self
           by
           the
           Evidence
           and
           Proof
           of
           it self
           ,
           especially
           if
           any
           will
           please
           to
           take
           the
           Pains
           to
           calculate
           these
           Motions
           for
           his
           own
           private
           Use
           ,
           and
           according
           to
           the
           Meridian
           he
           is
           in
           ,
           and
           so
           compare
           them
           with
           his
           own
           Observations
           ,
           of
           the
           Change
           and
           Alteration
           of
           the
           Air
           from
           Day
           to
           Day
           .
           Which
           doubtless
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           the
           way
           at
           first
           taken
           by
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           to
           find
           out
           their
           Efficacy
           ,
           (
           I
           mean
           the
           making
           such
           a
           constant
           Observation
           ,
           and
           keeping
           such
           a
           Diary
           )
           so
           the
           doing
           of
           that
           again
           ,
           and
           giving
           us
           first
           an
           History
           or
           Diary
           of
           the
           Observations
           of
           the
           Weather
           ,
           and
           its
           Changes
           in
           all
           Respects
           ,
           and
           then
           an
           Account
           of
           the
           several
           Places
           ,
           Motions
           ,
           or
           
           Aspects
           ,
           each
           Day
           ,
           of
           the
           several
           Bodies
           of
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           with
           the
           Agreements
           ,
           Doubts
           ,
           or
           Disagreements
           ,
           that
           these
           bear
           one
           to
           another
           ,
           and
           that
           must
           necessarily
           rise
           thereupon
           ,
           would
           be
           that
           ,
           that
           could
           not
           but
           prove
           both
           satisfactory
           and
           delightsom
           to
           us
           ,
           in
           this
           great
           Point
           ,
           about
           their
           Physical
           Power
           and
           Use
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           Commodity
           of
           this
           in
           our
           Oeconomical
           or
           Civil
           Concerns
           in
           Husbandry
           ,
           in
           Gardening
           ,
           in
           Physick
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           producing
           many
           other
           very
           stupendous
           Effects
           ,
           cannot
           possibly
           be
           so
           well
           credited
           or
           discerned
           as
           it
           would
           ,
           if
           some
           such
           plain
           Foundation
           and
           Demonstration
           of
           the
           Power
           of
           these
           Bodies
           ,
           in
           general
           ,
           were
           laid
           .
           Which
           methinks
           we
           should
           be
           much
           the
           more
           incouraged
           to
           undertake
           ,
           having
           an
           Advantage
           given
           us
           in
           this
           Age
           ,
           beyond
           what
           most
           Ages
           ever
           had
           ,
           by
           the
           Use
           of
           those
           rare
           Instruments
           ,
           that
           they
           call
           the
           Thermometers
           ,
           or
           Weather-Glasses
           .
        
         
           And
           truly
           when
           I
           consider
           ,
           that
           things
           of
           the
           greatest
           Consequence
           do
           oft-times
           depend
           upon
           the
           most
           common
           Observations
           ;
           and
           that
           Matters
           of
           the
           highest
           Improvement
           do
           receive
           their
           Beginning
           from
           mean
           ,
           small
           ,
           ordinary
           Experiments
           :
           I
           would
           have
           no
           Man
           ,
           who
           hath
           Leisure
           ,
           Opportunity
           and
           Time
           ,
           to
           think
           it
           a
           slight
           thing
           to
           busy
           himself
           in
           collecting
           Observations
           of
           this
           Nature
           .
           It
           being
           much
           more
           commendable
           for
           a
           Man
           to
           preserve
           the
           History
           of
           his
           own
           Time
           ,
           though
           but
           in
           the
           Observation
           of
           the
           Motions
           of
           this
           kind
           ,
           than
           to
           say
           ,
           upon
           every
           Occasion
           that
           offers
           it self
           ,
           this
           is
           the
           hottest
           ,
           or
           this
           is
           the
           coldest
           ;
           or
           this
           is
           the
           rainiest
           ,
           or
           this
           is
           the
           most
           seasonable
           or
           unseasonable
           Weather
           that
           ever
           he
           felt
           ;
           whereas
           it
           may
           perhaps
           be
           nothing
           so
           .
        
         
           And
           if
           there
           were
           no
           other
           Use
           ,
           yet
           Observations
           of
           this
           Nature
           would
           much
           conduce
           to
           compleat
           the
           natural
           
           History
           of
           any
           Place
           ,
           as
           we
           may
           observe
           by
           that
           Learned
           Author
           who
           writ
           
             Historiam
             Naturalem
             Brasiliae
          
           ;
           and
           who
           ,
           to
           prove
           not
           only
           the
           Habitableness
           ,
           but
           Healthfulness
           of
           that
           Climate
           and
           Country
           ,
           exhibites
           the
           Account
           of
           every
           Day
           's
           Weather
           ,
           observed
           by
           him
           for
           many
           Years
           together
           ,
           and
           so
           the
           Agreement
           of
           it
           to
           that
           Temper
           ,
           which
           we
           account
           healthful
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           instituting
           and
           perfecting
           of
           accurate
           Observations
           of
           this
           Nature
           ,
           by
           the
           help
           of
           several
           large
           and
           exact
           Thermometers
           ,
           placed
           in
           several
           Rooms
           ,
           or
           exposed
           after
           some
           convenient
           Manner
           to
           the
           Air
           it self
           ,
           would
           be
           a
           more
           noble
           and
           useful
           Undertaking
           ,
           than
           ordinary
           .
           I
           say
           ,
           the
           doing
           this
           accurately
           ,
           by
           large
           and
           exact
           Glasses
           ,
           by
           placing
           several
           of
           them
           ,
           either
           together
           ,
           or
           at
           some
           fit
           Distance
           one
           from
           another
           .
           It
           being
           much
           to
           be
           lamented
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           I
           cannot
           but
           complain
           to
           my self
           of
           ,
           that
           no
           Improvement
           considerable
           hath
           ,
           as
           I
           can
           learn
           ,
           been
           made
           by
           any
           Man
           ,
           of
           these
           Glasses
           ,
           either
           in
           our
           own
           Country
           ,
           or
           any
           where
           else
           ,
           since
           their
           first
           Invention
           ,
           (
           but
           only
           to
           hang
           them
           in
           a
           Room
           for
           Ornament
           sake
           )
           there
           being
           many
           things
           yet
           wanting
           ,
           that
           were
           much
           to
           be
           desired
           for
           the
           perfecting
           of
           them
           .
           For
           ;
        
         
           1.
           
           None
           hath
           hitherto
           given
           us
           the
           best
           Proportions
           between
           the
           Diameter
           of
           the
           Head
           ,
           and
           the
           Diameter
           of
           the
           Bodies
           or
           Cylinder
           ,
           although
           this
           be
           indeed
           the
           very
           first
           Consideration
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           is
           most
           necessary
           in
           the
           Use
           of
           these
           Instruments
           ;
           for
           as
           by
           how
           much
           the
           bigger
           the
           Cylinder
           is
           ,
           and
           by
           how
           much
           the
           lesser
           the
           Head
           ,
           by
           so
           much
           the
           more
           slow
           and
           imperceptible
           the
           Air
           's
           Alteration
           and
           Motion
           will
           be
           ;
           so
           by
           how
           much
           the
           bigger
           the
           Head
           ,
           and
           smaller
           the
           Cylinder
           is
           ,
           by
           so
           much
           the
           more
           quick
           ,
           subtile
           and
           discernable
           will
           every
           small
           Difference
           of
           the
           Air
           appear
           ,
           which
           therefore
           
           being
           on
           both
           sides
           capable
           of
           an
           Extream
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           regulated
           necessarily
           ,
           according
           to
           some
           mean.
           
        
         
           2.
           
           Admitting
           a
           mean
           or
           convenient
           Proportion
           between
           these
           two
           Diameters
           ,
           to
           be
           as
           one
           to
           16
           ,
           or
           one
           to
           24.
           
           We
           in
           the
           next
           Place
           do
           no
           less
           want
           the
           fittest
           Proportion
           for
           the
           Length
           of
           the
           Cylinder
           ,
           which
           must
           doubtless
           also
           be
           varied
           answerably
           ,
           as
           we
           vary
           the
           Proportion
           of
           its
           Diameter
           ,
           the
           smaller
           Cylinder
           in
           Proportion
           to
           its
           Head
           ,
           requiring
           the
           greater
           Length
           ,
           the
           bigger
           Cylinder
           on
           the
           contrary
           the
           shorter
           Length
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           I
           have
           not
           hitherto
           seen
           any
           Cylinder
           that
           hath
           been
           well
           graduated
           ,
           12
           or
           16
           Degrees
           being
           the
           most
           that
           are
           set
           upon
           the
           common
           Weather-Glass
           :
           whereas
           to
           the
           making
           of
           accurate
           Observations
           ,
           it
           would
           require
           a
           Cylinder
           to
           be
           divided
           into
           at
           least
           360
           Parts
           ;
           though
           I
           think
           it
           neither
           unreasonable
           nor
           unpracticable
           ,
           to
           have
           one
           divided
           into
           1000
           Parts
           ,
           allowing
           but
           10
           Degrees
           to
           each
           Inch
           ,
           which
           is
           no
           unusual
           Division
           ,
           seeing
           such
           an
           one
           will
           much
           better
           discover
           ,
           not
           only
           the
           small
           ,
           but
           the
           more
           suddain
           and
           remarkable
           Changes
           of
           the
           Weather
           ,
           (
           which
           are
           of
           chiefest
           Use
           )
           than
           any
           others
           that
           are
           common
           and
           ordinary
           .
        
         
           4.
           
           Although
           no
           Liquor
           ought
           to
           be
           used
           in
           these
           Glasses
           ,
           that
           is
           subject
           to
           Frost
           ;
           yet
           we
           have
           little
           or
           no
           Account
           what
           those
           Liquors
           are
           ,
           that
           might
           be
           best
           or
           fittest
           for
           the
           accurate
           making
           of
           those
           Experiments
           ;
           whether
           those
           whose
           Property
           it
           is
           ,
           somewhat
           to
           attract
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           so
           to
           preserve
           themselves
           in
           at
           least
           their
           first
           Quantity
           ,
           as
           
             Oleum
             Sulphuris
             per
             Campanam
             ,
             Ol.
             Vitrioli
             ,
             Liquor
             Salis
             Tartari
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           Or
           ,
           2dly
           .
           Whether
           those
           whose
           Parts
           are
           finest
           ,
           subtilest
           ,
           and
           nearest
           of
           kin
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           such
           as
           is
           Spirit
           of
           Wine
           ,
           Spirit
           of
           Terebinth
           ,
           well
           rectified
           ,
           and
           according
           as
           there
           is
           occasion
           still
           fresh
           supplied
           .
           Or
           ,
           3dly
           .
           Whether
           those
           that
           are
           
           of
           a
           middle
           Nature
           ,
           as
           strong
           Spirit
           of
           Vinegar
           .
           Or
           ,
           4thly
           .
           Whether
           instead
           of
           these
           ,
           and
           beyond
           these
           ,
           it
           may
           not
           be
           best
           to
           use
           only
           well-refined
           Quicksilver
           .
        
         
           All
           which
           several
           Particulars
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           necessary
           ,
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           first
           ascertained
           ,
           yet
           they
           are
           but
           preliminary
           to
           the
           Experiments
           themselves
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           making
           of
           the
           Experiments
           themselves
           ,
           therefore
           it
           would
           be
           convenient
           ;
           1st
           .
           That
           several
           Thermometers
           of
           one
           Proportion
           ,
           Length
           and
           Graduation
           in
           their
           Cylinders
           in
           all
           Respects
           ,
           as
           near
           as
           may
           be
           ,
           were
           set
           in
           one
           Frame
           together
           ,
           either
           with
           one
           and
           the
           same
           ,
           or
           with
           Variety
           of
           Liquors
           .
           2dly
           .
           That
           several
           of
           these
           Frames
           were
           set
           in
           several
           Rooms
           ,
           and
           that
           fome
           were
           exposed
           immediately
           to
           the
           Air
           it self
           ;
           yet
           so
           as
           it
           may
           be
           conveniently
           sheltred
           from
           the
           actual
           Rays
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           and
           from
           the
           Injury
           of
           Storms
           ,
           Rain
           and
           Winds
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           History
           it self
           ,
           there
           cannot
           be
           too
           much
           Care
           and
           Exactness
           provided
           ;
           the
           Air
           of
           the
           Chimny
           ,
           Cranny
           of
           a
           Wall
           or
           Door
           ,
           Breath
           of
           People
           ,
           or
           other
           such
           Accidents
           ,
           do
           not
           interpose
           to
           deceive
           a
           Man's
           Observation
           ,
           which
           must
           be
           circumspectly
           foreseen
           and
           considered
           .
        
         
           The
           Proportion
           between
           the
           Warmth
           of
           the
           Day
           and
           Night
           ,
           in
           constant
           Weather
           ;
           the
           Agreement
           or
           Disagreement
           of
           the
           Motion
           of
           the
           Air
           ;
           with
           the
           Motions
           of
           the
           superiour
           Bodies
           ,
           in
           all
           uncertain
           ,
           changeable
           and
           inconstant
           Weather
           ;
           the
           Efficacy
           or
           Inefficacy
           through
           these
           ,
           in
           foretelling
           of
           Winds
           and
           Rain
           ;
           the
           Air
           its
           particular
           Disposition
           ,
           under
           Thunder
           ,
           under
           times
           of
           Mildews
           or
           Blastings
           ,
           eminent
           Eclipses
           ,
           Conjunctions
           ;
           with
           many
           other
           the
           like
           Particulars
           ,
           which
           will
           of
           themselves
           be
           incident
           to
           an
           ingenious
           ,
           diligent
           ,
           apprehensive
           Person
           ,
           may
           be
           the
           Subject
           of
           this
           History
           .
        
         
         
           I
           shall
           not
           digress
           so
           far
           ,
           as
           to
           tell
           you
           ,
           what
           other
           things
           may
           be
           done
           by
           the
           Help
           of
           this
           excellent
           Instrument
           ,
           this
           being
           not
           pertinent
           to
           our
           present
           Purpose
           .
        
         
           Yet
           it
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           Drebble
           ,
           that
           great
           ,
           singular
           ,
           learned
           Mechanick
           ,
           did
           by
           the
           Help
           of
           this
           Instrument
           ,
           make
           a
           Dial
           continually
           to
           move
           of
           it self
           ;
           regularly
           shewing
           both
           the
           times
           of
           the
           Day
           ,
           and
           other
           Motions
           of
           the
           Heavens
           ;
           did
           also
           make
           an
           Automatous
           Instrument
           of
           Musick
           ;
           and
           found
           out
           a
           Furnace
           which
           he
           could
           govern
           to
           any
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           :
           but
           whether
           these
           have
           died
           with
           him
           ,
           or
           how
           far
           the
           Meditations
           of
           others
           have
           wrought
           upon
           them
           ,
           I
           shall
           humbly
           refer
           to
           a
           more
           leasurable
           Inquiry
           .
           And
           if
           you
           can
           inform
           me
           among
           any
           of
           your
           Acquaintance
           or
           Correspondents
           ,
           I
           should
           be
           glad
           to
           hear
           and
           to
           learn
           any
           thing
           of
           this
           Nature
           ,
           or
           relating
           to
           the
           further
           Use
           ,
           Experiment
           or
           Improvement
           of
           this
           rare
           little
           Instrument
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           further
           clearing
           ,
           ventilating
           or
           discussing
           the
           Theory
           or
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Planets
           ,
           or
           the
           Physical
           Use
           and
           Power
           of
           these
           Bodies
           that
           we
           have
           thus
           briefly
           made
           an
           Essay
           of
           .
           Thus
           far
           that
           Letter
           .
        
         
           They
           have
           a
           received
           Tradition
           in
           Java
           ,
           and
           probably
           in
           divers
           other
           Islands
           of
           the
           South
           Sea
           ,
           that
           the
           Beams
           of
           the
           Moon
           are
           wont
           to
           cause
           Contractures
           in
           the
           Body
           of
           those
           Men
           that
           stay
           too
           long
           exposed
           to
           them
           :
           The
           Truth
           of
           which
           Tradition
           was
           lately
           confirmed
           to
           me
           by
           an
           ingenious
           Doctor
           ,
           that
           with
           Applause
           practised
           Physick
           in
           those
           Parts
           ;
           who
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           observed
           ,
           that
           upon
           the
           Account
           before
           mentioned
           some
           were
           made
           lame
           ,
           or
           else
           had
           some
           of
           their
           Limbs
           contracted
           for
           divers
           Weeks
           ,
           and
           some
           for
           many
           Months
           ,
           or
           even
           a
           longer
           time
           .
           And
           when
           I
           asked
           him
           ,
           whether
           he
           had
           at
           any
           time
           been
           
           subject
           to
           that
           Mischief
           himself
           ?
           He
           answered
           ,
           that
           whilst
           he
           was
           a
           Novice
           in
           those
           Parts
           ,
           after
           a
           very
           hot
           Day
           ,
           he
           laid
           himself
           down
           very
           slenderly
           covered
           ,
           to
           sleep
           (
           according
           to
           the
           Custom
           of
           the
           Place
           )
           near
           the
           Door
           of
           the
           House
           he
           lodg'd
           in
           ;
           but
           being
           unacquainted
           with
           the
           Tradition
           ,
           he
           unskilfully
           chose
           a
           Place
           upon
           which
           the
           Moon
           could
           fully
           beat
           for
           a
           good
           part
           of
           the
           Night
           ,
           which
           being
           past
           before
           he
           wak'd
           ,
           when
           he
           went
           to
           rise
           ,
           he
           found
           his
           Neck
           so
           stiff
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           scarce
           able
           at
           all
           to
           stir
           it
           ;
           and
           his
           Mouth
           was
           so
           drawn
           awry
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           hideous
           to
           behold
           ,
           and
           continued
           so
           unsightly
           ,
           that
           Shame
           forced
           him
           to
           keep
           within
           for
           some
           Days
           ;
           during
           which
           he
           made
           Use
           of
           brisk
           Aromatick
           Medicines
           ,
           by
           whose
           Help
           he
           got
           off
           a
           Contracture
           that
           used
           to
           stay
           very
           much
           longer
           with
           others
           .
           And
           when
           I
           asked
           him
           ,
           if
           these
           Distempers
           were
           not
           occasioned
           rather
           by
           the
           Coldness
           of
           the
           Night
           and
           Subtilty
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           than
           the
           Operation
           of
           the
           Moon
           's
           Beams
           ?
           He
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           generally
           observ'd
           ,
           that
           the
           other
           Causes
           ,
           without
           the
           direct
           Beams
           of
           the
           Moon
           ,
           were
           not
           wont
           to
           produce
           such
           bad
           Effects
           ;
           and
           that
           his
           Landlord
           ,
           when
           he
           saw
           his
           Mouth
           awry
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           that
           if
           he
           had
           made
           him
           acquainted
           with
           his
           Design
           to
           pass
           the
           Night
           in
           the
           open
           Air
           ,
           he
           would
           have
           prevented
           this
           Mischief
           ,
           by
           lodging
           him
           in
           a
           Place
           unexposed
           to
           the
           Moon
           's
           Light.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XIV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Height
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XV.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             of
             Winds
             .
          
        
         
           
             Extract
             of
             a
             Letter
             from
             
               Fort
               St.
               George
            
             ,
             dated
             January
             the
             23d
             ,
             1668.
             
          
           
             ALthough
             the
             Bar
             of
             
               Porta
               Nova
            
             proved
             more
             shallow
             and
             dangerous
             than
             we
             were
             informed
             ;
             yet
             she
             (
             our
             Ship
             )
             got
             safe
             in
             thither
             :
             and
             it
             was
             well
             she
             did
             so
             .
             Had
             we
             kept
             her
             here
             ,
             there
             had
             been
             no
             Possibility
             of
             her
             Escape
             from
             perishing
             in
             a
             dreadful
             Storm
             ,
             or
             rather
             Hurricane
             ,
             which
             happened
             here
             the
             22d
             of
             November
             :
             The
             like
             hath
             not
             been
             known
             here
             in
             any
             Man's
             Memory
             .
             The
             Tempest
             of
             Wind
             and
             Rain
             was
             so
             exceeding
             violent
             ,
             that
             nothing
             could
             stand
             before
             it
             ;
             Men
             and
             Beasts
             carried
             into
             the
             Sea
             by
             the
             Violence
             of
             the
             Winds
             and
             Floods
             :
             the
             Generality
             of
             the
             Houses
             in
             this
             and
             the
             Neighbour
             Towns
             were
             ruined
             :
             scarce
             any
             Trees
             left
             standing
             in
             Gardens
             or
             elsewhere
             :
             the
             Wall
             of
             this
             Town
             laid
             flat
             in
             several
             Places
             ;
             your
             Godownes
             and
             other
             Houses
             in
             and
             about
             the
             Fort
             ,
             uncovered
             and
             exceedingly
             shattered
             :
             no
             Place
             in
             the
             Fort
             where
             we
             could
             keep
             our
             Persons
             ,
             Books
             or
             Papers
             free
             from
             the
             Wind
             or
             Rain
             :
             nor
             scarcely
             any
             Doors
             could
             stand
             against
             the
             Violence
             of
             it
             :
             and
             we
             hourly
             feared
             the
             falling
             of
             the
             Fort
             down
             upon
             us
             ,
             it
             was
             so
             exceedingly
             rock'd
             :
             and
             yet
             abroad
             we
             
             could
             have
             no
             Shelter
             ,
             nor
             were
             able
             to
             stand
             against
             it
             .
             The
             repairing
             of
             the
             Damage
             will
             necessarily
             require
             a
             great
             Charge
             ,
             which
             at
             first
             we
             thought
             would
             have
             amounted
             to
             3000
             Pagothes
             :
             but
             hope
             it
             will
             come
             short
             thereof
             .
          
           
             Captain
             Brookehaven
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             about
             the
             Island
             Mauricius
             ,
             Hurricanes
             were
             the
             most
             frequent
             of
             any
             Place
             he
             knows
             ;
             and
             that
             near
             that
             Island
             he
             met
             with
             one
             which
             lasted
             four
             Days
             in
             all
             :
             in
             one
             of
             which
             Days
             the
             Storm
             had
             seven
             Paroxysms
             or
             Exacerbations
             ,
             which
             the
             Seamen
             call
             Frights
             of
             Weather
             ,
             each
             of
             which
             he
             observed
             to
             differ
             two
             Points
             of
             the
             Compass
             from
             the
             preceding
             ;
             by
             which
             Means
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             by
             the
             Collision
             of
             the
             Waves
             ,
             became
             to
             be
             all
             white
             ,
             as
             if
             the
             Ship
             had
             been
             among
             Rocks
             .
             He
             added
             ,
             that
             the
             Storm
             made
             the
             Day
             exceeding
             dark
             :
             And
             that
             the
             Noise
             was
             rather
             like
             that
             of
             Thunder
             ,
             than
             of
             Wind
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             those
             on
             the
             Shrouds
             could
             not
             hear
             those
             on
             the
             Deck
             .
          
           
             A
             Learned
             Physician
             that
             travelled
             into
             America
             ,
             affirmed
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             those
             Countries
             only
             have
             constant
             Winds
             from
             the
             Land
             in
             the
             Night
             ,
             which
             are
             furnished
             with
             Hills
             ;
             and
             therefore
             the
             Barbadoes
             wants
             such
             Winds
             ,
             because
             it
             has
             no
             Hills
             .
          
           
             One
             of
             the
             East-Indian
             Committee
             (
             who
             had
             lived
             Years
             in
             the
             Island
             of
             Teneriff
             )
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             usually
             observed
             there
             the
             Briezes
             to
             come
             in
             from
             the
             Sea
             about
             nine
             of
             the
             Clock
             in
             the
             Morning
             ,
             and
             that
             about
             two
             Hours
             after
             Sun
             set
             ,
             there
             blew
             a
             sharp
             Land
             Wind
             ,
             every
             way
             from
             the
             Island
             to
             the
             Sea-ward
             ,
             which
             continued
             all
             Night
             till
             the
             next
             Morning
             .
          
           
             A
             Learned
             Traveller
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             though
             the
             Air
             were
             generally
             calm
             and
             clear
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             yet
             sometimes
             he
             had
             met
             there
             with
             Winds
             considerably
             strong
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             In
             Lettere
             di
             Venetia
             .
          
           
             MArtedi
             sui
             li
             29.
             
             Agosto
             1679.
             alle
             hore
             19.
             incirca
             si
             leuolevò
             nelle
             Paludi
             della
             Villa
             di
             Fauis
             del
             Dominio
             Casareo
             tre
             miglia
             lontana
             da
             Palma
             Noua
             Dominio
             Veneto
             un
             uento
             chiamato
             Bissa
             boua
             ,
             che
             allargandosi
             per
             circa
             cinquanta
             passi
             scorse
             con
             tanto
             empito
             ,
             e
             furore
             ,
             che
             portò
             per
             aria
             diuersi
             huomini
             ,
             che
             tagliauano
             il
             fieno
             in
             quei
             Prati
             ,
             e
             anco
             alcuni
             Carri
             carichi
             di
             fieno
             con
             i
             Buoui
             precipitandoli
             assai
             lontano
             con
             la
             rouina
             delli
             animali
             ,
             de
             Carri
             ,
             e
             degli
             huomini
             ,
             e
             passando
             per
             i
             Campi
             sbarbicando
             ogni
             sorte
             di
             Piante
             le
             portò
             per
             aria
             gettandole
             molti
             passi
             lontano
             ,
             rendendo
             la
             terra
             per
             oue
             scorse
             cosi
             arsa
             ,
             che
             pare
             non
             ui
             sii
             mai
             stata
             piantata
             cosa
             alcuna
             .
             Arriuò
             nella
             villa
             decta
             Bagnaria
             del
             Dominio
             Veneto
             doue
             gettò
             a
             terra
             molte
             Case
             sino
             a
             fondamenti
             ,
             et
             altre
             discoperse
             ,
             e
             rouinò
             portando
             per
             aria
             tauole
             ,
             traui
             ,
             et
             ogni
             altra
             cosa
             che
             era
             dentro
             esse
             Case
             restando
             mal
             trattate
             molte
             Persone
             senza
             però
             la
             morte
             di
             alcuno
             .
             Fuori
             di
             dettata
             Villa
             ui
             e
             una
             Chiesa
             chiamata
             S.
             Tomaso
             la
             quale
             resto
             scoperta
             ,
             e
             rouinata
             una
             parte
             del
             muro
             portando
             uia
             il
             Campanile
             ,
             e
             Campane
             che
             nel
             giorno
             seguente
             non
             si
             erano
             per
             anco
             trouate
             ;
             —
             Di
             lá
             si
             portò
             uerso
             Seuigliano
             Dominio
             Veneto
             e
             rouinò
             tutta
             la
             Campagna
             senza
             danno
             però
             della
             Villa
             ,
             mentre
             li
             passò
             poco
             lontano
             ,
             de
             girando
             poco
             lungi
             dalla
             Villa
             stessa
             spiantò
             da
             fondamenti
             un
             Palazzo
             del
             D.
             Co.
             Horatio
             Strasoldo
             ,
             nel
             quale
             gli
             amazzò
             ogni
             sorte
             di
             animali
             che
             ui
             erano
             ,
             portando
             per
             aria
             li
             mobili
             e
             sino
             le
             botti
             ,
             esterminando
             parre
             della
             possessione
             .
             Non
             restorono
             però
             offese
             Persone
             ,
             perche
             erano
             alla
             Campagna
             a
             lauorare
             ,
             e
             nel
             camino
             getto
             pure
             a
             terra
             due
             altre
             Case
             che
             sono
             nel
             Taglio
             per
             andare
             a
             
             Strasoldo
             spiantandole
             affacto
             con
             la
             morte
             diuna
             Donna
             ,
             d'un
             Fanciullo
             ,
             e
             diuersi
             Animali
             .
          
           
             Di
             là
             uoltò
             uerso
             Palma
             ,
             et
             arriuando
             sino
             alle
             mura
             della
             Fortezza
             girò
             uerso
             la
             Villa
             di
             Priuano
             mezo
             miglio
             distante
             quale
             rouinò
             la
             meta
             ,
             spiantando
             da
             fondamenti
             belissimi
             Palazzi
             ,
             portando
             per
             aeria
             travi
             ,
             tavole
             ,
             et
             ogni
             altra
             cosa
             con
             la
             morte
             di
             molti
             ,
             quantità
             di
             feriti
             ,
             e
             diuersi
             strapazzati
             con
             far
             alla
             Campagna
             di
             molto
             male
             .
             Di
             poi
             scorse
             nella
             Villa
             di
             Visco
             Dominio
             Imperiale
             ,
             e
             tra
             li
             altri
             danni
             fatti
             roninò
             tutto
             il
             Palazzo
             novo
             del
             D.
             Marco
             Foscolini
             Gentilhuomo
             di
             Cinidal
             nel
             quale
             essendoni
             una
             gran
             rimessa
             da
             Carozze
             ,
             la
             di
             cui
             Porta
             hauena
             tre
             Cadenazzi
             ,
             &
             entrando
             il
             Turbine
             per
             li
             balconi
             gettò
             la
             Carozza
             con
             tanto
             empito
             nella
             Porta
             stessa
             che
             la
             ruppe
             ,
             e
             portò
             fuori
             la
             Caroza
             tutta
             fracassata
             gettandola
             sopra
             un
             muro
             della
             Corte
             assa
             alto
             ,
             portando
             il
             Cielo
             della
             stessa
             mezzo
             miglio
             lontano
             ,
             e
             vertò
             nel
             medemo
             Palazzo
             ferito
             ,
             e
             mal
             trattato
             un
             seruitore
             di
             esso
             Foscolini
             ,
             di
             cui
             ronino
             pure
             una
             Braida
             ,
             &
             un
             Brolo
             essendo
             in
             detta
             Villa
             restati
             due
             morti
             ,
             e
             diversi
             feriti
             ;
             —
             S'
             inoltrò
             poi
             nella
             Villa
             di
             S.
             Vido
             di
             Crauglio
             stato
             Imperiale
             ,
             la
             quale
             rouino
             tutta
             affatto
             senza
             restarui
             nemeno
             una
             Casa
             ,
             portando
             per
             Aria
             coppi
             ,
             travi
             ,
             legne
             ,
             sassi
             ,
             e
             mobili
             con
             la
             morte
             di
             moltissime
             Persone
             ,
             e
             moltissimi
             feriti
             e
             rouinati
             ,
             et
             in
             detta
             Villa
             non
             si
             può
             anddare
             ,
             ne
             con
             Carri
             ,
             ne
             con
             Caualli
             per
             la
             grande
             moltitudine
             di
             rouinazzo
             ,
             arbori
             et
             altro
             che
             hanno
             attrauer-sato
             le
             strade
             ,
             essendo
             rimassi
             morti
             gran
             numero
             di
             animali
             —
             .
          
           
             Da
             questo
             luoco
             si
             portò
             uerso
             Villes
             Villa
             Imperiale
             buona
             parte
             della
             quale
             gettò
             a
             terra
             per
             andar
             al
             Territorio
             di
             Monfalcone
             con
             la
             morte
             di
             molte
             persone
             ,
             et
             quantità
             di
             animali
             con
             lasciar
             le
             Campagne
             per
             dove
             è
             passata
             senza
             piante
             ,
             e
             come
             strada
             battuta
             —
             .
          
           
             Hà
             danneggiato
             anco
             altre
             Ville
             ma
             leggiermenre
             ;
             
             ne
             per
             anco
             si
             sà
             quello
             hauerà
             fatto
             piu
             avanti
             nel
             detto
             Territorio
             .
          
           
             Questo
             successo
             hà
             lasciato
             un
             spauento
             grande
             in
             queste
             Parti
             ,
             essendosi
             uedute
             cose
             incredibili
             mentre
             pioveuano
             sassi
             ,
             tauole
             ,
             arbori
             ,
             traui
             ,
             coppi
             ,
             huomini
             ,
             donne
             ,
             fanciulli
             ,
             botti
             ,
             sorghi
             ,
             uva
             ,
             galline
             ,
             animali
             ,
             et
             in
             conclusione
             ciò
             che
             incontraua
             portaua
             per
             aria
             con
             un
             rumore
             ,
             e
             fracasso
             cosi
             gradne
             ,
             che
             faceua
             terrore
             essendo
             per
             dette
             Ville
             un
             concorso
             grande
             di
             Popolo
             uicino
             per
             uedere
             cose
             che
             si
             rendono
             incredibili
             .
          
           
             Doctor
             B.
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             though
             the
             Eastern
             Winds
             blow
             near
             ▪
             of
             a
             Year
             at
             Tangier
             ,
             yet
             they
             seem
             not
             to
             reach
             far
             into
             the
             Inland
             Country
             ,
             where
             he
             observed
             them
             to
             be
             very
             unfrequent
             .
          
           
             An
             ingenious
             Gentleman
             who
             is
             Owner
             of
             a
             Mine
             or
             two
             near
             the
             Sea
             ,
             being
             asked
             by
             me
             ,
             whether
             he
             could
             ,
             by
             any
             peculiar
             Change
             appearing
             in
             the
             deeper
             Parts
             of
             the
             Mines
             ,
             foretel
             any
             Alterations
             of
             Weather
             ?
             He
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             only
             Presage
             he
             had
             constantly
             observed
             ,
             was
             of
             the
             Change
             of
             the
             Wind.
             For
             many
             Hours
             before
             the
             Wind
             was
             to
             shift
             from
             some
             other
             Corner
             ,
             and
             get
             into
             the
             South
             ,
             the
             Water
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Mine
             would
             appear
             manifestly
             more
             troubled
             ,
             or
             less
             limped
             than
             before
             :
             and
             when
             the
             Wind
             was
             to
             blow
             from
             the
             East
             ,
             he
             was
             usually
             forewarned
             of
             it
             by
             an
             unusual
             Degree
             of
             Clearness
             in
             the
             Waters
             ,
             which
             would
             appear
             more
             diaphanous
             than
             ordinary
             ,
             though
             the
             South-Wind
             had
             not
             immediately
             before
             operated
             on
             the
             Waters
             .
             The
             Depth
             of
             the
             Mine
             was
             between
             fifteen
             and
             twenty
             Fathom
             .
          
           
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Hurricans
             about
             Goa
             ,
             are
             observed
             to
             come
             usually
             but
             at
             two
             Seasons
             ,
             about
             the
             Beginning
             of
             March
             ,
             and
             the
             4th
             of
             October
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XVI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             as
             the
             Medium
             of
             Sounds
             ,
             and
             of
             Sounds
             and
             Noises
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             particularly
             Thunder
             ;
             and
             of
             the
             Air
             's
             Operation
             on
             the
             Sounds
             of
             Bodies
             .
          
        
         
           THIS
           Variety
           of
           the
           Air
           is
           the
           Cause
           of
           most
           dreadful
           Thunders
           ,
           which
           ,
           when
           Gregory
           described
           ,
           he
           astonished
           his
           Hearers
           .
           For
           upon
           the
           rising
           of
           several
           Tempests
           altogether
           ,
           the
           Sky
           is
           of
           a
           sudden
           covered
           over
           with
           black
           and
           thick
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           Globes
           of
           smokey
           Clouds
           :
           By
           and
           by
           the
           Thunder
           breaks
           forth
           on
           every
           Side
           ,
           ratling
           continually
           with
           Lightning
           ,
           as
           incessantly
           flashing
           ,
           enough
           to
           amaze
           the
           most
           resolute
           and
           most
           accustomed
           to
           the
           Noise
           .
           Ludolph's
           
             Hist
             .
             of
             Ethiop
             .
             l.
             1.
             c.
          
           5.
           
        
         
           The
           String
           of
           a
           Viol
           has
           been
           by
           Mr.
           F.
           observed
           to
           give
           a
           sharper
           Sound
           against
           or
           in
           rainy
           Weather
           ,
           by
           almost
           half
           a
           Note
           .
        
         
           Mr.
           F.
           also
           assures
           me
           ,
           that
           more
           than
           once
           or
           twice
           it
           has
           happened
           to
           him
           ,
           that
           having
           put
           up
           false
           Strings
           in
           his
           Pocket
           ,
           to
           make
           Frets
           of
           ,
           as
           judging
           them
           useless
           for
           any
           other
           Purpose
           ,
           the
           want
           of
           Strings
           having
           driven
           him
           to
           make
           Use
           of
           those
           ,
           he
           has
           found
           them
           not
           false
           any
           more
           ,
           but
           good
           Strings
           .
           And
           also
           that
           he
           observes
           some
           Strings
           apter
           to
           receive
           a
           Tension
           from
           the
           moist
           Air
           ,
           than
           others
           are
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XVII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           
             A
             short
             Account
             of
             the
             Statical
             Baroscope
             ,
             imparted
             by
             Mr.
             Boyl
             ,
             March
             24.
             1665.
             
             In
             a
             Letter
             to
             Mr.
             
               H.
               Oldenburgh
            
             .
          
           
             AS
             for
             the
             new
             kind
             of
             Baroscopes
             ,
             which
             I
             lately
             intimated
             to
             you
             ,
             that
             my
             Haste
             would
             not
             permit
             me
             to
             give
             you
             an
             Account
             of
             ,
             though
             the
             Necessity
             of
             preparing
             for
             an
             approaching
             Journey
             ,
             gives
             me
             the
             same
             Excuse
             ,
             I
             then
             had
             ;
             yet
             since
             your
             Letters
             acquaint
             me
             ,
             that
             you
             still
             design
             a
             communicating
             to
             the
             Curious
             ,
             as
             much
             Information
             as
             may
             be
             ,
             in
             reference
             to
             Baroscopes
             ,
             I
             shall
             venture
             to
             send
             you
             some
             (
             though
             but
             an
             imperfect
             )
             Account
             of
             what
             I
             did
             but
             name
             in
             my
             former
             Letter
             to
             you
             .
          
           
             Though
             by
             a
             Passage
             you
             may
             meet
             with
             in
             the
             Page
             of
             my
             
               Thermometrical
               Experiments
            
             ;
             and
             though
             you
             may
             find
             ,
             that
             I
             did
             some
             Years
             ago
             think
             upon
             this
             new
             kind
             of
             Baroscope
             ;
             yet
             the
             Changes
             of
             the
             Atmosphere's
             Weight
             not
             happening
             then
             to
             be
             such
             as
             I
             wished
             ,
             and
             being
             unwilling
             to
             deprive
             my self
             of
             all
             other
             Use
             of
             the
             exactest
             Ballance
             that
             I
             (
             or
             perhaps
             any
             Man
             )
             ever
             had
             :
             I
             confess
             to
             you
             ,
             that
             successive
             Avocations
             put
             this
             Attempt
             for
             two
             or
             three
             Years
             out
             of
             my
             Thoughts
             ,
             till
             afterwards
             returning
             to
             a
             Place
             ,
             where
             I
             chanc'd
             to
             find
             two
             or
             three
             Pairs
             of
             Scales
             ,
             I
             
             had
             left
             there
             ,
             the
             Sight
             of
             them
             brought
             it
             again
             into
             my
             Mind
             ;
             and
             though
             I
             were
             then
             unable
             to
             procure
             exacter
             ,
             yet
             my
             Desire
             to
             make
             the
             Experiment
             some
             Amends
             for
             so
             long
             a
             Neglect
             ,
             put
             me
             upon
             considering
             ,
             that
             if
             I
             provided
             a
             Glass
             Bubble
             more
             than
             ordinarily
             large
             and
             light
             ,
             even
             such
             Ballances
             as
             those
             might
             ,
             in
             some
             measure
             ,
             perform
             ,
             that
             which
             I
             had
             tried
             with
             the
             strangely
             nice
             ones
             above-mentioned
             .
          
           
             I
             caused
             then
             to
             be
             blown
             at
             the
             Flame
             of
             a
             Lamp
             some
             Glass
             Bubbles
             as
             large
             ,
             thin
             ,
             and
             light
             ,
             as
             I
             could
             then
             procure
             :
             and
             chusing
             among
             them
             one
             ,
             that
             seem'd
             the
             least
             unfit
             for
             my
             turn
             ,
             I
             counterpoized
             it
             in
             a
             pair
             of
             Scales
             ,
             that
             would
             lose
             their
             Equilibrium
             with
             about
             the
             30th
             part
             of
             a
             Grain
             ,
             and
             were
             suspended
             at
             a
             Frame
             .
             I
             placed
             both
             the
             Ballance
             and
             the
             Frame
             by
             a
             good
             Baroscope
             ,
             from
             whence
             I
             might
             learn
             the
             present
             Weight
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             :
             then
             leaving
             these
             Instruments
             together
             ,
             though
             the
             Scales
             being
             no
             nicer
             ,
             than
             I
             have
             expressed
             ,
             were
             not
             able
             to
             shew
             me
             all
             the
             Variations
             of
             the
             Air
             's
             Weight
             ,
             that
             appear
             in
             the
             Mercurial
             Baroscope
             ;
             yet
             they
             did
             what
             I
             expected
             ,
             by
             shewing
             me
             Variations
             no
             greater
             than
             alter'd
             the
             Height
             of
             the
             Mercury
             half
             a
             quarter
             of
             an
             Inch
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             much
             smaller
             than
             those
             :
             nor
             did
             I
             doubt
             ,
             that
             if
             I
             had
             had
             either
             tender
             Scales
             ,
             or
             the
             means
             of
             supplying
             the
             Experiment
             with
             convenient
             Accommodations
             ,
             I
             should
             have
             discerned
             far
             smaller
             Alterations
             of
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             since
             I
             had
             the
             Pleasure
             to
             see
             the
             Bubble
             sometimes
             in
             an
             Equilibrium
             ,
             with
             the
             Counterpoize
             ,
             sometimes
             when
             the
             Atmosphere
             was
             lighter
             ,
             preponderate
             so
             manifestly
             ,
             that
             the
             Scales
             being
             gently
             stirred
             ,
             the
             Tongue
             would
             play
             altogether
             on
             that
             side
             ,
             at
             which
             the
             Bubble
             was
             hung
             :
             and
             at
             other
             times
             ,
             when
             the
             Air
             was
             heavy
             (
             that
             which
             was
             at
             the
             first
             but
             the
             Counterpoise
             )
             
             would
             preponderate
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Ballance
             ,
             make
             the
             Tongue
             vibrate
             altogether
             on
             its
             side
             :
             and
             this
             would
             continue
             sometimes
             many
             Days
             together
             ,
             if
             the
             Air
             so
             long
             retained
             the
             same
             measure
             of
             Gravity
             ;
             and
             then
             again
             the
             Bubble
             would
             regain
             an
             Equilibrium
             ,
             or
             a
             Preponderance
             .
             So
             that
             I
             had
             oftentimes
             the
             Satisfaction
             by
             looking
             first
             upon
             the
             Statical
             Baroscope
             (
             as
             for
             Distinction
             sake
             it
             may
             be
             called
             )
             to
             foretel
             ,
             whether
             in
             the
             Mercurial
             Baroscope
             the
             Liquor
             were
             high
             or
             low
             .
             Which
             Observations
             ,
             though
             they
             hold
             as
             well
             in
             Winter
             as
             the
             Spring
             ,
             yet
             the
             Frequency
             of
             their
             Vicissitudes
             (
             which
             perhaps
             was
             but
             accidental
             )
             made
             them
             more
             pleasant
             in
             the
             latter
             of
             these
             Seasons
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             the
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             having
             been
             made
             out
             by
             Variety
             of
             repeated
             Observations
             ,
             and
             by
             sometimes
             comparing
             several
             of
             those
             new
             Baroscopes
             together
             ,
             I
             shall
             add
             some
             of
             those
             Notes
             ,
             about
             this
             Instrument
             ,
             which
             readily
             occur
             to
             my
             Memory
             ,
             reserving
             the
             rest
             till
             another
             Opportunity
             .
          
           
             And
             ,
             1.
             
             If
             the
             Ground
             on
             which
             I
             went
             in
             framing
             this
             Baroscope
             ,
             be
             demanded
             ,
             the
             Answer
             in
             short
             may
             be
             ;
             1st
             .
             That
             though
             the
             glass
             Bubble
             ,
             and
             its
             Counterpoise
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             of
             their
             first
             being
             weighed
             ,
             be
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             wherein
             they
             both
             are
             weighed
             ,
             exactly
             of
             the
             same
             Weight
             ;
             yet
             they
             are
             nothing
             near
             of
             the
             same
             Bulk
             ,
             the
             Bubble
             by
             reason
             of
             its
             capacious
             Cavity
             (
             which
             contains
             nothing
             but
             Air
             ,
             or
             something
             that
             weighs
             less
             than
             Air
             )
             being
             perhaps
             a
             hundred
             ,
             or
             two
             hundred
             times
             bigger
             ,
             than
             the
             Metalline
             Counterpoise
             .
             2dly
             .
             That
             according
             to
             an
             Hydrostatical
             Law
             ,
             (
             which
             you
             know
             I
             have
             lately
             had
             occasion
             to
             make
             out
             )
             if
             two
             Bodies
             of
             equal
             Gravity
             ,
             but
             unequal
             Bulk
             ,
             were
             to
             be
             weighed
             in
             another
             Medium
             ,
             they
             
             will
             be
             no
             longer
             equiponderant
             :
             but
             if
             the
             new
             Medium
             be
             heavier
             ,
             the
             greater
             Body
             ,
             as
             being
             lighter
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             will
             lose
             more
             of
             its
             Weight
             than
             the
             lesser
             and
             more
             compact
             :
             but
             if
             the
             new
             Medium
             be
             lighter
             than
             the
             first
             ,
             then
             the
             bigger
             Body
             will
             outweigh
             the
             lesser
             .
             And
             this
             Disparity
             arising
             from
             the
             Change
             of
             Mediums
             ,
             will
             be
             so
             much
             the
             greater
             ,
             by
             how
             much
             the
             greater
             Inequality
             of
             Bulk
             there
             is
             between
             the
             Bodies
             formerly
             equiponderant
             .
             3dly
             .
             That
             laying
             these
             two
             together
             ,
             I
             consider'd
             ,
             that
             't
             would
             be
             all
             one
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Effect
             to
             be
             produced
             ,
             wherein
             the
             Bodies
             were
             weighed
             in
             Mediums
             of
             differing
             Gravity
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             same
             Medium
             ,
             in
             case
             its
             (
             specifick
             )
             Gravity
             were
             considerably
             altered
             ;
             And
             consequently
             ,
             that
             since
             it
             appeared
             by
             the
             Baroscope
             ,
             that
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             was
             sometimes
             heavier
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             lighter
             ,
             the
             Alteration
             of
             it
             in
             Point
             of
             Gravity
             ,
             from
             the
             Weight
             it
             was
             of
             ,
             at
             first
             counterpoising
             of
             the
             Bubble
             in
             it
             ,
             would
             unequally
             affect
             so
             large
             and
             hollow
             a
             Body
             as
             the
             Bubble
             ,
             and
             so
             small
             and
             dense
             an
             one
             ,
             as
             a
             Metalline
             Weight
             ;
             and
             when
             the
             Air
             ,
             by
             an
             Encrease
             of
             Gravity
             ,
             should
             become
             a
             heavier
             Medium
             than
             before
             ,
             it
             would
             buoy
             up
             the
             Glass
             more
             than
             the
             Counterpoize
             ,
             and
             if
             it
             grew
             lighter
             than
             it
             was
             at
             first
             ,
             would
             suffer
             the
             former
             to
             proponderate
             .
             (
             The
             Illustration
             and
             Proof
             can
             scarce
             be
             added
             in
             few
             Words
             ,
             but
             if
             it
             be
             desired
             ,
             I
             may
             ,
             God
             permitting
             ,
             send
             you
             them
             at
             my
             next
             leisure
             .
             )
             And
             though
             our
             English
             Air
             ,
             being
             about
             a
             thousand
             times
             lighter
             than
             Water
             ,
             the
             Difference
             in
             Weight
             of
             so
             little
             Air
             ,
             as
             is
             but
             equal
             in
             Bulk
             to
             a
             Bubble
             ,
             seem'd
             to
             give
             small
             Hopes
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             be
             sensible
             upon
             a
             Ballance
             ;
             yet
             by
             making
             the
             Bubble
             very
             large
             and
             light
             ,
             I
             supposed
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Event
             ,
             I
             have
             already
             related
             .
          
           
           
             2.
             
             The
             hermetically
             seal'd
             glass
             Bubble
             ,
             I
             imployed
             ,
             was
             of
             the
             Bigness
             of
             a
             somewhat
             large
             Orange
             ,
             and
             weighed
             about
             one
             Drachm
             and
             ten
             Grains
             .
             I
             thought
             it
             very
             possible
             ,
             if
             I
             had
             been
             better
             furnished
             with
             Conveniences
             (
             wherein
             I
             afterwards
             found
             ,
             I
             was
             not
             mistaken
             )
             to
             make
             (
             among
             many
             that
             might
             be
             expected
             to
             miscarry
             )
             some
             ,
             that
             might
             be
             preferrable
             to
             this
             ,
             either
             for
             Capacity
             or
             Lightness
             ,
             or
             both
             ,
             especially
             if
             Care
             be
             taken
             ,
             that
             they
             be
             not
             seal'd
             up
             whilst
             they
             are
             too
             hot
             .
             For
             though
             one
             would
             think
             ,
             that
             it
             were
             advantageous
             to
             ratify
             and
             drive
             out
             the
             Air
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             is
             possible
             ,
             because
             in
             such
             seal'd
             Bubbles
             the
             Air
             it self
             (
             as
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             shewn
             )
             has
             a
             Weight
             ,
             yet
             the
             Advantage
             countervails
             not
             the
             Inconvenience
             of
             being
             obliged
             to
             increase
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             which
             when
             it
             includes
             highly
             ratified
             Air
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             not
             somewhat
             strong
             ,
             will
             be
             broken
             by
             the
             Pressure
             of
             the
             external
             Air
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             sufficiently
             tried
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             By
             reason
             of
             the
             Difficulties
             ,
             and
             Casualties
             ,
             that
             may
             happen
             ,
             about
             the
             procuring
             and
             preparing
             such
             large
             and
             light
             Bubbles
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             been
             lately
             mentioning
             ,
             it
             may
             in
             some
             Cases
             prove
             a
             Convenience
             to
             be
             informed
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             sometimes
             ,
             instead
             of
             one
             sufficiently
             large
             Bubble
             ,
             made
             Use
             of
             two
             that
             were
             smaller
             :
             And
             though
             a
             single
             Bubble
             of
             competent
             Bigness
             be
             much
             preferrable
             ,
             by
             reason
             ,
             that
             a
             far
             less
             Quantity
             and
             Weight
             of
             Glass
             is
             requisite
             to
             comprize
             an
             equal
             Capacity
             ,
             when
             the
             Glass
             is
             blown
             into
             a
             single
             Bubble
             ,
             than
             when
             it
             is
             divided
             into
             two
             ;
             yet
             I
             found
             ,
             that
             the
             employing
             of
             two
             instead
             of
             one
             ,
             did
             not
             so
             ill
             answer
             my
             Expectation
             ,
             but
             that
             they
             may
             for
             a
             need
             serve
             the
             turn
             ,
             instead
             of
             the
             other
             ,
             than
             which
             they
             are
             much
             easier
             to
             be
             procured
             .
          
           
           
             This
             Instrument
             may
             be
             much
             improved
             by
             divers
             Accommodations
             .
             As
             ,
             1st
             .
             there
             may
             be
             fitted
             to
             the
             Ansa
             (
             or
             Checks
             of
             the
             Ballance
             )
             an
             Arch
             of
             a
             Circle
             ,
             divided
             into
             15
             or
             20
             Degrees
             ,
             (
             more
             or
             less
             according
             to
             the
             Goodness
             of
             the
             Ballance
             )
             that
             the
             Tongue
             resting
             over
             against
             any
             of
             these
             Divisions
             ,
             may
             readily
             ,
             and
             without
             Calculation
             ,
             shew
             the
             Quantity
             of
             the
             Angle
             ,
             by
             which
             when
             the
             Scales
             propend
             either
             way
             ,
             the
             Tongue
             declines
             from
             the
             Perpendicular
             ,
             and
             the
             Beam
             from
             its
             Horizontal
             Parallelism
             .
             2dly
             .
             Those
             that
             will
             be
             so
             curious
             ,
             may
             instead
             of
             the
             ordinary
             Counterpoise
             (
             of
             Brass
             )
             imploy
             one
             of
             Gold
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             of
             Lead
             ,
             whereof
             the
             latter
             being
             of
             equal
             Weight
             with
             Brass
             ,
             is
             much
             less
             in
             Bulk
             ,
             and
             the
             former
             amounts
             not
             to
             half
             its
             Bigness
             .
             3dly
             .
             These
             Parts
             of
             the
             Ballance
             that
             may
             be
             made
             of
             Copper
             or
             Brass
             ,
             without
             any
             Prejudice
             to
             the
             Exactness
             ,
             will
             by
             being
             made
             of
             one
             of
             those
             Metals
             ,
             be
             less
             subject
             than
             Steel
             to
             rust
             with
             long
             standing
             .
             4thly
             .
             Instead
             of
             the
             Scales
             ,
             the
             Bubble
             may
             be
             hung
             at
             one
             End
             of
             the
             Beam
             ,
             and
             only
             a
             Counterpoise
             to
             it
             at
             the
             other
             ,
             that
             the
             Beam
             may
             not
             be
             burden'd
             with
             unnecessary
             Weight
             .
             5thly
             .
             The
             whole
             Instrument
             ,
             if
             placed
             in
             a
             small
             Frame
             ,
             like
             a
             square
             Lanthorn
             with
             Glass
             Windows
             ,
             and
             a
             Hole
             at
             the
             top
             for
             the
             Commerce
             of
             the
             internal
             and
             external
             Air
             ,
             will
             be
             more
             free
             from
             Dust
             and
             irregular
             Agitations
             ,
             to
             the
             latter
             of
             which
             it
             will
             otherwise
             be
             sometimes
             liable
             .
             6thly
             .
             This
             Instrument
             being
             accommodated
             with
             a
             light
             Wheel
             ,
             and
             an
             Index
             ,
             may
             be
             made
             to
             show
             much
             more
             minute
             Variations
             than
             otherwise
             .
             7thly
             .
             The
             Length
             of
             the
             Beam
             ,
             and
             Exquisitness
             of
             the
             Ballance
             ,
             may
             easily
             ,
             without
             any
             of
             the
             foregoing
             Helps
             (
             and
             much
             more
             with
             them
             )
             make
             the
             Instrument
             far
             exacter
             than
             those
             ,
             I
             was
             reduced
             to
             imploy
             .
             
             And
             to
             these
             Accommodations
             ,
             divers
             other
             may
             be
             suggested
             by
             a
             further
             Consideration
             of
             the
             Nature
             of
             the
             thing
             .
          
           
             Though
             in
             some
             Respects
             the
             Statical
             Baroscope
             be
             inferiour
             to
             the
             Mercurial
             ,
             yet
             in
             others
             it
             has
             its
             own
             Advantages
             and
             Conveniency
             about
             it
             .
          
           
             At
             first
             it
             confirms
             
               ad
               oculum
            
             ,
             our
             former
             Doctrine
             ,
             that
             the
             falling
             and
             rising
             of
             the
             Mercury
             depended
             upon
             the
             varying
             Weight
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             since
             in
             this
             Baroscope
             it
             cannot
             be
             pretended
             that
             a
             
               fuga
               vacui
            
             ,
             or
             a
             Funiculus
             ,
             is
             the
             Cause
             of
             the
             Changes
             we
             observe
             .
             2dly
             .
             It
             shows
             ,
             that
             not
             only
             the
             Air
             has
             Weight
             ,
             but
             a
             more
             considerable
             one
             than
             some
             learned
             Men
             ,
             who
             will
             allow
             me
             to
             have
             proved
             ,
             that
             it
             has
             some
             Weight
             ,
             will
             admit
             .
             3dly
             .
             This
             Statical
             Baroscope
             will
             oftentimes
             be
             more
             parable
             than
             the
             other
             ,
             for
             many
             will
             find
             it
             more
             easy
             to
             procure
             a
             good
             pair
             of
             Gold
             Scales
             ,
             and
             a
             Bubble
             or
             two
             ,
             than
             a
             long
             Cane
             seal'd
             ,
             a
             Quantity
             of
             Mercury
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Requisites
             of
             the
             Mercurial
             Baroscope
             ,
             especially
             if
             we
             comprize
             the
             Trouble
             and
             Skill
             that
             is
             requisite
             to
             free
             the
             deserted
             part
             of
             the
             Tube
             from
             Air.
             4thly
             .
             And
             whereas
             the
             Difficulty
             of
             removing
             the
             Mercurial
             Instrument
             has
             kept
             Men
             from
             so
             much
             as
             attempting
             to
             do
             it
             even
             to
             Neighbouring
             Places
             ,
             the
             essential
             Parts
             of
             the
             Scale
             Baroscope
             (
             for
             the
             Frame
             is
             none
             of
             them
             )
             may
             very
             easily
             in
             a
             little
             room
             be
             carried
             wheresoever
             one
             will
             ,
             without
             the
             Hazard
             of
             being
             spoil'd
             ,
             or
             injur'd
             .
             5thly
             .
             There
             is
             not
             in
             Statical
             Baroscopes
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             other
             ,
             a
             Danger
             of
             Uncertainty
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Goodness
             of
             the
             Instrument
             ,
             by
             reason
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Mercurial
             the
             Air
             is
             in
             some
             more
             ,
             and
             in
             some
             less
             ,
             perfectly
             excluded
             ;
             whereas
             in
             these
             that
             Consideration
             has
             no
             Place
             .
             6thly
             .
             It
             being
             ,
             as
             I
             formerly
             intimated
             ,
             very
             possible
             
             to
             discover
             Hydrostatically
             ,
             both
             the
             Bigness
             of
             the
             Bubble
             ,
             and
             the
             Contents
             of
             the
             Cavity
             ,
             and
             the
             Weight
             and
             Dimensions
             of
             the
             glassy
             Substance
             (
             which
             together
             with
             the
             included
             Air
             make
             up
             the
             Bubble
             )
             much
             may
             be
             discovered
             by
             this
             Instrument
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             absolute
             or
             respective
             .
             For
             when
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             Mercurial
             Baroscope
             is
             either
             very
             high
             ,
             or
             very
             low
             ,
             or
             at
             a
             middle
             Station
             between
             its
             greatest
             and
             least
             Height
             ,
             bringing
             the
             Scale-Baroscope
             to
             an
             exact
             Equilibrium
             (
             with
             very
             minute
             Divisions
             of
             a
             Grain
             )
             you
             may
             by
             watchfully
             observing
             ,
             when
             the
             Mercury
             is
             risen
             or
             fallen
             just
             an
             Inch
             ,
             or
             a
             4th
             ,
             or
             ●
             of
             an
             Inch.
             &c.
             and
             putting
             in
             the
             like
             minute
             Divisions
             of
             a
             Grain
             to
             the
             lighter
             Scale
             ,
             till
             you
             have
             again
             brought
             the
             Ballance
             to
             an
             Equilibrium
             ,
             you
             may
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             determine
             what
             known
             Weight
             in
             the
             Statical
             Baroscope
             ,
             answers
             such
             determinate
             Altitudes
             of
             the
             ascending
             and
             descending
             Mercury
             in
             the
             Mercurial
             :
             And
             if
             your
             Ballance
             be
             accommodated
             with
             a
             divided
             Arch
             ,
             or
             a
             Whele
             and
             Index
             ,
             these
             Observations
             will
             assist
             you
             for
             the
             future
             ,
             to
             determine
             ,
             by
             seeing
             the
             Inclination
             of
             the
             Tongue
             ,
             or
             the
             Degree
             mark'd
             by
             the
             Index
             ,
             to
             conclude
             readily
             ,
             what
             Potency
             the
             Bubble
             has
             ,
             by
             the
             Change
             of
             the
             Atmosphere's
             Weight
             ,
             acquired
             or
             lost
             .
          
           
             Some
             Observations
             of
             this
             Nature
             I
             watchfully
             made
             ,
             sometimes
             putting
             in
             a
             64th
             ,
             sometimes
             a
             32d
             ,
             sometimes
             a
             16th
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             heavier
             parts
             of
             a
             Grain
             to
             the
             lighter
             Scale
             :
             But
             one
             that
             knew
             not
             for
             what
             Uses
             these
             little
             Papers
             were
             ,
             coming
             to
             a
             Window
             where
             my
             Baroscope
             stood
             ,
             so
             unluckily
             shook
             them
             out
             of
             the
             Scales
             ,
             and
             confounded
             them
             ,
             that
             he
             robb'd
             me
             of
             the
             Opportunity
             of
             making
             the
             nice
             Observations
             I
             intended
             ,
             though
             I
             had
             the
             Satisfaction
             of
             seeing
             ,
             that
             they
             
             were
             to
             be
             made
             .
             7thly
             .
             By
             this
             Statical
             Instrument
             we
             may
             be
             assisted
             to
             compare
             the
             Mercurial
             Baroscopes
             of
             several
             Places
             (
             though
             never
             so
             distant
             )
             and
             to
             make
             some
             Estimates
             of
             the
             Gravities
             of
             the
             Air
             therein
             .
             As
             if
             ,
             for
             instance
             ,
             I
             have
             found
             by
             Observation
             ,
             that
             the
             Bubble
             I
             imploy
             (
             and
             one
             may
             have
             made
             divers
             Bubbles
             of
             several
             Sizes
             ,
             that
             the
             one
             may
             repair
             any
             Mischance
             that
             may
             happen
             to
             another
             )
             weighed
             just
             a
             Drachm
             ,
             when
             the
             Mercurial
             Cylinder
             was
             at
             the
             Height
             of
             29½
             Inches
             (
             which
             in
             some
             Places
             I
             have
             found
             a
             moderate
             Altitude
             )
             and
             that
             the
             Addition
             of
             the
             16th
             part
             of
             a
             Grain
             is
             requisite
             to
             keep
             the
             Bubble
             in
             an
             Equilibrium
             ,
             when
             the
             Mercury
             is
             risen
             an
             8th
             ,
             or
             any
             determinate
             part
             of
             an
             Inch
             ,
             above
             the
             former
             Station
             :
             When
             I
             come
             to
             another
             Place
             ,
             where
             there
             is
             a
             Mercurial
             Barometer
             ,
             as
             well
             freed
             from
             Air
             as
             mine
             (
             for
             that
             must
             be
             supposed
             )
             if
             taking
             out
             my
             Scale-Instrument
             ,
             it
             appears
             to
             weigh
             precisely
             a
             Drachm
             ;
             and
             the
             Mercury
             ,
             in
             the
             Baroscope
             there
             ,
             stand
             at
             29½
             Inches
             ,
             we
             may
             conclude
             ,
             the
             Gravity
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             not
             to
             be
             sensibly
             unequal
             in
             both
             those
             two
             Places
             ,
             though
             very
             distant
             .
             And
             though
             there
             be
             no
             Baroscope
             there
             ,
             yet
             if
             there
             be
             an
             additional
             Weight
             ,
             as
             for
             instance
             ,
             the
             16th
             part
             of
             a
             Grain
             ,
             requisite
             to
             be
             added
             to
             the
             Bubble
             ,
             to
             bring
             the
             Scales
             to
             an
             Equilibrium
             ,
             it
             will
             appear
             ,
             that
             the
             Air
             ,
             at
             this
             second
             Place
             ,
             is
             at
             that
             time
             so
             much
             heavier
             than
             the
             Air
             of
             the
             former
             Place
             was
             ,
             when
             the
             Mercury
             stood
             at
             29½
             Inches
             .
             But
             in
             making
             such
             Comparisons
             ,
             we
             must
             not
             forget
             to
             consider
             the
             Situation
             of
             the
             several
             Places
             ,
             if
             we
             mean
             to
             make
             Estimates
             not
             only
             of
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             but
             of
             the
             Weight
             and
             Density
             of
             the
             Air.
             For
             though
             the
             Scales
             will
             show
             ,
             as
             hath
             been
             said
             ,
             whether
             there
             be
             a
             Difference
             of
             
             Weight
             in
             the
             Atmosphere
             at
             the
             two
             Places
             ;
             yet
             if
             one
             of
             them
             be
             in
             a
             Vale
             or
             Bottom
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             on
             the
             Top
             ,
             or
             some
             elevated
             part
             of
             a
             Hill
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             to
             be
             expected
             ,
             that
             the
             Atmosphere
             in
             this
             latter
             Place
             ,
             should
             gravitate
             as
             much
             as
             the
             Atmosphere
             in
             the
             former
             ,
             on
             which
             a
             longer
             Pillar
             of
             Air
             does
             lean
             or
             weigh
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Bubble
             in
             both
             these
             Places
             should
             be
             precisely
             of
             the
             same
             Weight
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             mention
             I
             have
             made
             of
             the
             differing
             Situation
             of
             Places
             ,
             puts
             me
             in
             mind
             of
             something
             ,
             that
             may
             prove
             another
             Use
             of
             our
             Statical
             Baroscope
             ,
             and
             which
             I
             had
             Thoughts
             of
             making
             Trial
             of
             ,
             but
             was
             accidentally
             hindered
             from
             the
             Opportunity
             of
             doing
             it
             ;
             namely
             ,
             that
             by
             exactly
             poizing
             the
             Bubble
             ,
             at
             the
             Foot
             of
             a
             high
             Steeple
             or
             Hill
             ,
             and
             carrying
             it
             in
             its
             close
             Frame
             to
             the
             top
             ,
             one
             may
             ,
             by
             the
             Weight
             requisite
             to
             be
             added
             to
             the
             Counterpoize
             ,
             there
             to
             bring
             the
             Beam
             to
             its
             horizontal
             Position
             ,
             observe
             the
             Difference
             of
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             at
             the
             bottom
             and
             at
             the
             top
             ;
             and
             in
             case
             the
             Hill
             be
             high
             enough
             ,
             at
             some
             intermediate
             Stations
             .
             But
             how
             this
             may
             assist
             Men
             to
             estimate
             the
             absolute
             or
             comparative
             Height
             of
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             other
             elevated
             Places
             ,
             and
             what
             other
             Uses
             the
             Instrument
             may
             be
             put
             to
             ,
             when
             it
             is
             duly
             improved
             ,
             and
             the
             Cautions
             ,
             that
             may
             be
             requisite
             in
             the
             several
             Cases
             ,
             which
             shall
             be
             proposed
             ,
             I
             must
             leave
             to
             more
             leisure
             ,
             and
             further
             Consideration
             .
          
           
             I
             caused
             to
             be
             made
             with
             great
             Care
             ,
             by
             a
             skilful
             Mathematical-Instrument-maker
             ,
             
             a
             hollow
             Cube
             of
             Brass
             ,
             whose
             every
             Side
             was
             as
             exactly
             as
             could
             be
             procured
             ,
             an
             English
             Inch.
             This
             we
             carefully
             counterpoised
             in
             a
             very
             good
             pair
             of
             Scales
             ,
             and
             found
             it
             to
             weigh
             11
             Drachms
             ,
             1
             Grain
             and
             ½
             ,
             (
             Troy-Weight
             )
             Then
             placing
             it
             in
             one
             of
             the
             Scales
             as
             horizontally
             as
             we
             were
             able
             ,
             we
             
             warily
             fill'd
             it
             with
             clear
             common
             Water
             ,
             (
             of
             the
             best
             sort
             of
             that
             called
             Pump-water
             )
             till
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Water
             seem'd
             to
             lie
             as
             level
             ,
             as
             we
             could
             make
             it
             ,
             to
             the
             Brims
             of
             the
             Vessel
             :
             then
             weighing
             it
             carefully
             ,
             we
             found
             the
             Water
             alone
             (
             for
             the
             Cube
             had
             been
             counterpoized
             before
             )
             to
             weigh
             254
             9
             /
             16
             Grains
             :
             So
             that
             in
             regard
             't
             is
             scarce
             possible
             to
             know
             ,
             that
             such
             a
             Vessel
             is
             so
             filled
             ,
             as
             to
             come
             nearer
             Exactness
             ,
             than
             within
             a
             Drop
             or
             two
             :
             I
             presume
             we
             may
             ,
             without
             any
             sensible
             Error
             ,
             suppose
             an
             Inch
             of
             Water
             to
             weigh
             256
             Grains
             ,
             which
             latter
             Number
             I
             rather
             chufe
             ,
             because
             its
             aliquot
             Parts
             make
             it
             more
             convenient
             ,
             and
             it
             agrees
             well
             enough
             with
             some
             Trials
             ,
             that
             I
             made
             with
             solid
             Cubes
             ,
             to
             measure
             the
             true
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Water
             .
          
           
             This
             done
             ,
             the
             Vessel
             was
             well
             dried
             within
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             Scales
             being
             well
             counterpoized
             ,
             the
             Instrument
             was
             so
             too
             ,
             and
             being
             placed
             on
             one
             of
             the
             Scales
             as
             Horizontically
             as
             we
             could
             ,
             Mercury
             (
             distilled
             to
             have
             it
             more
             pure
             )
             was
             warily
             put
             into
             it
             ,
             till
             by
             Degrees
             it
             had
             filled
             the
             Vessel
             as
             to
             Sight
             ;
             but
             we
             neither
             expected
             ,
             nor
             found
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             be
             brought
             to
             an
             exact
             Level
             ,
             and
             exquisitly
             fill
             all
             the
             Corners
             of
             the
             Vessel
             .
             But
             when
             it
             seem'd
             to
             be
             so
             well
             filled
             ,
             that
             even
             a
             critical
             Eye
             could
             not
             readily
             find
             fault
             with
             it
             ,
             though
             the
             Mercury
             appeared
             capable
             of
             some
             Accession
             without
             overflowing
             ,
             we
             weighed
             the
             Quicksilver
             it self
             (
             for
             
             the
             Vessel
             had
             been
             counterpoized
             before
             )
             and
             found
             it
             to
             weigh
             7
             Ounces
             ,
             2
             Drachms
             ,
             (
             Troy
             )
             which
             falling
             somewhat
             short
             (
             though
             not
             very
             much
             )
             of
             what
             the
             above-mention'd
             Weight
             of
             the
             Water
             required
             ,
             we
             tried
             to
             add
             a
             little
             more
             Quicksilver
             ,
             without
             making
             it
             run
             over
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Increase
             of
             82
             Grains
             ;
             so
             that
             now
             the
             Quicksilver
             weighed
             7
             Ounces
             ,
             3
             Drachms
             ,
             22
             Grains
             ;
             but
             it
             seem'd
             when
             the
             Eye
             was
             placed
             in
             a
             
             Level
             with
             the
             Brims
             of
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             rather
             a
             little
             of
             the
             highest
             ,
             than
             any
             way
             depressed
             ,
             and
             yet
             was
             not
             so
             full
             ,
             but
             that
             we
             could
             add
             112
             Grains
             to
             the
             former
             Weight
             ,
             without
             making
             it
             run
             over
             ;
             and
             perhaps
             we
             might
             have
             added
             yet
             more
             ,
             but
             I
             decline
             doing
             it
             ,
             because
             the
             last
             mentioned
             Accession
             seem'd
             manifestly
             to
             make
             it
             so
             much
             swell
             above
             the
             Brims
             of
             the
             Vessel
             .
             By
             all
             which
             't
             is
             evident
             that
             't
             is
             scarce
             possible
             to
             determine
             precisely
             by
             such
             hollow
             Instruments
             ,
             the
             true
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Quick-silver
             .
             And
             therefore
             ,
             since
             by
             other
             ways
             of
             Trial
             ,
             I
             have
             found
             the
             Proportion
             of
             the
             Weight
             of
             Mercury
             to
             Water
             of
             the
             same
             Bulk
             ,
             to
             be
             somewhat
             less
             than
             that
             of
             14
             to
             1
             ,
             I
             think
             we
             may
             ,
             without
             any
             considerable
             Inconvenience
             ,
             suppose
             the
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Quick-silver
             to
             be
             3580
             Grains
             ,
             which
             is
             near
             14
             times
             the
             above-mentioned
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Water
             ,
             and
             comes
             near
             enough
             to
             the
             second
             or
             middlemost
             of
             the
             three
             Estimates
             lately
             set
             down
             ;
             and
             by
             the
             least
             Estimate
             of
             all
             it
             appears
             that
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Quicksilver
             weighs
             7¼
             Ounces
             Troy
             Weight
             ,
             that
             is
             8
             Ounces
             Averdupois
             Weight
             :
             And
             consequently
             when
             the
             Quicksilver
             of
             the
             Baroscope
             ,
             kept
             up
             by
             the
             Counterpoize
             of
             the
             Air
             30
             Inches
             ,
             (
             as
             I
             have
             observed
             it
             several
             times
             to
             be
             within
             a
             Month
             last
             past
             )
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Air
             that
             is
             incumbent
             on
             an
             Inch
             
             Square
             here
             below
             ,
             amounts
             to
             18
             l.
             ⅛
             Troy
             Weight
             ;
             that
             is
             in
             Averdupois
             Weight
             15
             l.
             1
             /
             17.
             
          
           
             As
             11
             to
             14
             ,
             or
             rather
             as
             355
             to
             452
             ,
             so
             is
             the
             Area
             of
             a
             Square
             inscribed
             in
             a
             Circle
             to
             the
             Area
             of
             the
             circumscribed
             Circle
             .
          
           
             Hence
             355
             :
             452
             :
             :
             1
             :
             1
             ,
             2732394.
             
          
           
             Hence
             if
             the
             side
             of
             an
             inscribed
             Square
             be
             an
             Inch
             ,
             
             that
             multiplied
             by
             an
             Inch
             ,
             renders
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             for
             the
             solid
             Content
             .
          
           
             In
             like
             manner
             if
             the
             Height
             of
             a
             Cylinder
             erected
             on
             the
             circumscribing
             Circle
             ,
             be
             an
             Inch
             ,
             the
             solid
             Content
             of
             that
             Cylinder
             is
             1,2732394
             .
          
           
             Wherefore
             1
             ,
             and
             1
             ,
             2732394
             multiplied
             ,
             by
             the
             Weight
             of
             the
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             any
             kind
             of
             Metal
             ,
             give
             the
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             ,
             and
             of
             a
             Cylindrick
             Inch
             that
             circumscribes
             the
             same
             ,
             whence
             an
             Inch
             Table
             for
             both
             is
             easily
             made
             ,
             by
             continual
             Addition
             ,
             or
             for
             any
             Height
             propounded
             ,
             multiplying
             both
             by
             the
             same
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             
               
                 Mr.
                 Townly's
                 Register
                 ,
                 if
                 I
                 misremember
                 not
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Nov.
                   
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   98
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   54
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   90
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   3¼
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   80
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   97
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   09
                
              
               
                 
                   Dec.
                   
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   97
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   60
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   05
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   93
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   01
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   8●
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   90
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   95
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   04
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   32
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   13
                
              
               
                 
                   Jan.
                   
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   82
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   08
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   06
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   70
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   09
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9½
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   62
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   88
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   98
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   13
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   65
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   9½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   05
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   94
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   06
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   50
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   10
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   90
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   71
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   80
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                   30.
                   
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   Febr.
                   
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   8½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   97
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   95
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   10
                
              
               
                 
                   Mar.
                   
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   98
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   8½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   78
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   86
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   80
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   66
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   8½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   03
                
              
               
                 
                   1671
                   Apr.
                   
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   78
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   8½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   03
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   18
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   86
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   99
                
              
               
                 
                   Aug.
                   
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   90
                
              
               
                 
                   Sept.
                   
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   8½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   15
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   10½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   65
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   7½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   05
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9½
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   98
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   96
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   08
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   p
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   19
                
              
               
                 
                   Octo.
                   
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   28.
                   
                
                 
                   63
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29.
                   
                
                 
                   10
                   
                
              
            
          
           
           
             
               
                 A
                 Register
                 kept
                 by
                 Mr.
                 Locke
                 in
                 Oxford
                 .
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   Th.
                   
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   at
                   Oxford
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1666
                   June
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   76
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   73˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   74
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                   ․
                
                 
                   77
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9˙
                
                 
                   73˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   75
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thunder
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   75
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   Thunder
                   ,
                   Rain
                   ,
                   Hail
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   74
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thunder
                   ,
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   73
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   dry
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   72
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   70
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   70
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   68˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   63˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   67˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   63˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   69
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   64
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   64
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   July
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   57˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
           
             
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   Th.
                   
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   67˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   66
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   66
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   64˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   68˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   65
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   65˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Lightning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   70
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   66·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   66˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   66
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   66
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   75
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   70˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   71
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   after
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   71
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   62
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   64
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   65
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   64˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thunder
                   ,
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   71
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   71
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   69˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Lightning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   67˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   64˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   69˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   67˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   August
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   59˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   61
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   September
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   55·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   52˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   49˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   47˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   50˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Dim
                   reddish
                   Sun-shine
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   51
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   This
                   unusual
                   Colour
                   of
                   the
                   Air
                   ,
                   which
                   without
                   a
                   Cloud
                   appearing
                   ,
                   made
                   the
                   Sun-beams
                   of
                   a
                   strange
                   red
                   dim
                   Light
                   ,
                   was
                   very
                   remarkable
                   .
                   We
                   had
                   then
                   heard
                   nothing
                   of
                   the
                   Fire
                   of
                   London
                   :
                   But
                   it
                   appeared
                   afterwards
                   to
                   be
                   the
                   Smoak
                   of
                   London
                   then
                   burning
                   ,
                   which
                   driven
                   this
                   way
                   by
                   an
                   Easterly
                   Wind
                   ,
                   caused
                   this
                   odd
                   Phenomenon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   49
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   44·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   44
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   46
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thick
                   ,
                   Sun.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   52
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   53
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   —
                   ․
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   52˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   56˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   —
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   50·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   53˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   57
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   57˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   61
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   59˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   —
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   61˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   54˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   49·
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   42
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   Close
                   after
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   43
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   44
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   45·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   41˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   46
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   47˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   52
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   48
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   46
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   49˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   55
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   h
                   19
                   few
                   drops
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   53
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   50
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   49˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   48˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   48˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   45
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   47˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   53
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   W
                   S
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   57˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   October
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   54˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   61·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   56˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   54
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   November
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   10
                   ․
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9˙
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   33
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   34˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   34
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   39·
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   36˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   W
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   December
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   29·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   29
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   27
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   27˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   27˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   30
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   34
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   W
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   36˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9˙
                
                 
                   32
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   W
                   S
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   35
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Rain
                   hard
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   29˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   26
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   ,
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   20
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Little
                   Mist
                   ,
                   and
                   slow
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   24
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   little
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   hoar
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thaw
                   ,
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Thaw
                   ,
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   24
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Small
                   misty
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Small
                   Snow
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Mist
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   freeze
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   20˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   ,
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   no
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Frost
                   ,
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Little
                   Snow
                   last
                   Night
                   ,
                   Frost
                   ,
                   close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   20
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   17
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   ,
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   19
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Freeze
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   20˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   18
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   15˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   15
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Very
                   thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   and
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   15
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clear
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   14
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   15
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   January
                   1667
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   12
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   13˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   10˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   11˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   E
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   12
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Snow
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   13
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   E
                   S
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Snow
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   14˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   16˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Little
                   dewy
                   Rain
                   ,
                   and
                   Tendency
                   to
                   a
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   20˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   ,
                   little
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Little
                   Snow
                   ,
                   and
                   little
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   20˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   gentle
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   23·
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   great
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7·
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   perfect
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   ES
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Snow
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Little
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Frost
                   ,
                   little
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   20
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   18
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   20
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   18
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   28˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   32·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   33˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   36
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Little
                   misty
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   42˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Little
                   misty
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   38
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   37˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   30˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   30˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   February
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   33˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   34
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   71
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   26
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   68
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Snow
                   in
                   the
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Frost
                   ,
                   close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   ES
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   68
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   28·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   71
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Misty
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   32
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Misty
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   36˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   74
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   35
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   74
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   37
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   34˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   36
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   34
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   33
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   68
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   32
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   31˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   30˙
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   32˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hoar
                   Frost
                   ,
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   33
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   ES
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   29
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   29
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   27˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   26
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Frost
                   ,
                   little
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   March
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   10˙
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hail
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   25˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Misty
                   ,
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   about
                   6
                   small
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   17˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   15
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   very
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   16
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   14˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Very
                   hard
                   Frost
                   ,
                   Thames
                   frozen
                   ,
                   Carts
                   went
                   over
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   18
                   ․
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Snow
                   hard
                   ,
                   already
                   deep
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   ,
                   little
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Mist
                   ,
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   27
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   30˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   31
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   28˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   35·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   33·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   37
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   35˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   36·
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   38
                   ․
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   37˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   35˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   36˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   35˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   7·
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   29˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6·
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28˙
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
            
          
           
             
               
                 1669
                 December
                 I
                 began
                 to
                 keep
                 a
                 Register
                 of
                 Heat
                 and
                 Cold
                 at
                 London
                 ,
                 by
                 a
                 Thermometer
                 of
                 the
                 Royal
                 Society's
                 Standard
                 :
                 This
                 Thermometer
                 I
                 marked
                 2
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   2
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   3
                   °
                   —
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Extream
                   hard
                   Frost
                
              
               
                 
                   1670
                   January
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   4
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   4
                   ··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   4
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Mix'd
                   ,
                   
                     i.
                     e.
                  
                   Part
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Part
                   clear
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   3
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   2
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   2
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   2
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   1
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   0
                   ··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   1
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                   ··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   0
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   0
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   0
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   0
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   0
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   February
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   0
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   0
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   0
                   ··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   0
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                   —
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   0
                   ··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   1
                   ·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Thaw
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   1
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   0
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   2
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   April
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   1
                   ···
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
            
          
           
             
               
                 1670
                 May
                 I
                 here
                 divided
                 the
                 Degres
                 of
                 the
                 Gresham-Colledg-Thermometer
                 ,
                 each
                 into
                 4
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 24
                 is
                 now
                 the
                 same
                 that
                 6
                 was
                 before
                 .
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   2
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   24
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1671
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   May
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1672
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   January
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   4
                   .
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   February
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   5
                   .
                   —
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   36··
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   33
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   37
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   August
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   24
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   1672
                   October
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   20
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   December
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   20·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   18˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1673
                   January
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   14·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   April
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   May
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   16
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   23
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   23˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   26˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
           
             
               
                 1673
                 July
                 Memorand
                 .
                 That
                 from
                 the
                 Beginning
                 of
                 May
                 ,
                 till
                 the
                 middle
                 of
                 July
                 ,
                 there
                 was
                 scarce
                 one
                 dry
                 Day
                 ,
                 but
                 so
                 great
                 Rains
                 ,
                 that
                 produced
                 greater
                 Flouds
                 than
                 were
                 known
                 in
                 the
                 Memory
                 of
                 Man.
                 
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   2
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   26
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   25
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   31˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   35˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   33˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   24˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   1674
                   March
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Frost
                   and
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   all
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   December
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   11
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   11
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   14˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1675
                   January
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   14
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   April
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   12
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   12
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   12˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   12
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   1675
                   May
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   16
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   27
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   21
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   21˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   22
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   22˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   17
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
            
          
           
             
               
                 1681
                 March
                 The
                 Thermometer
                 marked
                 3
                 is
                 one
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 began
                 now
                 to
                 use
                 at
                 my
                 Return
                 to
                 Oxford
                 .
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   3
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   A
                   little
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Little
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   32
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   32
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Snow
                   this
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2middot
                   ;
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Snow
                   hard
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   :
                   All
                   the
                   foregoing
                   Week
                   it
                   rained
                   in
                   Showers
                   every
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   April
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   little
                   Shower
                   this
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ever
                   since
                   Yesterday
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Close
                   all
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Misty
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   A
                   little
                   Shower
                   between
                   4
                   and
                   5
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   Showers
                   between
                   6
                   and
                   7
                   last
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   and
                   Clouds
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   May
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   no
                   Rain
                   since
                   18
                   April
                   ,
                   but
                   very
                   hot
                   and
                   fair
                   Weather
                   till
                   Yesterday
                   ,
                   the
                   Wind
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   between
                   N
                   and
                   E.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Clouds
                   Yesterday
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   E
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   a
                   little
                   Shower
                   or
                   two
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   70
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   since
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   N
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   no
                   Rain
                   from
                   hence
                   till
                   June
                   20
                   the
                   driest
                   Spring
                   that
                   hath
                   been
                   known
                   ,
                   there
                   having
                   been
                   no
                   Rain
                   from
                   the
                   End
                   of
                   March
                   to
                   the
                   End
                   of
                   June
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   August
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   N
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   71
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   68
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   68
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   a
                   little
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   a
                   hard
                   Shower
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thunder
                   Shower
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   for
                   ⅛
                   Hour
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1682
                   February
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Ice
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   75
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   75
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rainy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   77
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   74
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   75
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   ever
                   since
                   Yesterday
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   74
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   75
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   73
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   1682
                   March
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   3
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   74
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   in
                   the
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   little
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   A
                   Shower
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Snow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   April
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Small
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Small
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   and
                   Sun-shine
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   and
                   Sun-shine
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   till
                   past
                   6
                   ,
                   now
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   in
                   Showers
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   Rain
                   in
                   Showers
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Shower
                   about
                   Noon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   all
                   the
                   Morning
                   ,
                   till
                   past
                   12
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Rain
                   ,
                   more
                   or
                   less
                   ,
                   almost
                   all
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Shower
                   about
                   18
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Showers
                   several
                   times
                   in
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   the
                   greatest
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   a
                   great
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   ,
                   and
                   so
                   in
                   Showers
                   several
                   times
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   Rain
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   almost
                   all
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   
                     N
                     about
                  
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Rain
                   at
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   ES
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   some
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Dropping
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   from
                   18
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   Rain
                   often
                   in
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   a
                   good
                   deal
                   of
                   Rain
                   before
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   ˙
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   a
                   good
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Morning
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   a
                   little
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   ,
                   which
                   began
                   about
                   11
                   ,
                   and
                   lasted
                   till
                   21
                   or
                   22
                
              
               
               
                 
                   1682
                   May
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 
                   h
                
                 
                   T.
                   3
                
                 
                   Bar.
                   
                
                 
                   Hy.
                   
                
                 
                   Wind.
                   
                
                 
                   Weather
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   hard
                   Rain
                   from
                   19
                   or
                   20
                   all
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   ,
                   Wind
                   W.
                   all
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   ,
                   but
                   fair
                   ,
                   bating
                   a
                   little
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Evening
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   52
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   hard
                   till
                   13
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   hard
                   till
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Memorand
                   .
                   
                     That
                     new
                     fitting
                     my
                     Barometer
                     ,
                     here
                     the
                     Mercury
                     was
                     raised
                     by
                     Addition
                     of
                     more
                     in
                     the
                     Receiver
                     about
                     2
                     /
                     10
                     Inch
                     ,
                     which
                     is
                     almost
                     2
                     of
                     my
                     Degrees
                     ,
                     which
                     are
                     Eights
                     ,
                     though
                     I
                     suspect
                     it
                     is
                     still
                     by
                     reason
                     of
                     included
                     Air
                     ,
                     a
                     Degree
                     or
                     two
                     too
                     low
                     .
                  
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Small
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   Rain
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Morning
                   ,
                   and
                   2
                   or
                   3
                   Showers
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   a
                   great
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   till
                   7
                   or
                   8
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   a
                   little
                   Rain
                   about
                   17
                   ,
                   and
                   again
                   about
                   22
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   50
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   55
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Short
                   Shower
                   :
                   several
                   short
                   Showers
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ;
                   a
                   Shower
                   in
                   the
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2·
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   E
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   several
                   Showers
                   in
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   54
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Clouds
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   61
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Shower
                   about
                   18
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5·
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3·
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   69
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   SE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   gentle
                   Rain
                   from
                   8
                   to
                   11
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                   ․
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   53
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   October
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   45
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6
                   ․
                
                 
                   49
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   last
                   Night
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Rain
                   till
                   Bed-time
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   1682
                
                 
                   October
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   47
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   little
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   ,
                   hard
                   Rain
                   from
                   5
                   to
                   Bed-time
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Shower
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   51
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   38
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   60
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   November
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   18
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   N
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   gone
                   before
                   Noon
                   :
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8·
                
                 
                   58
                
                 
                   EN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                   NE
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   hard
                   Frost
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7
                   ․
                
                 
                   57
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   fair
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   15
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   36
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4
                   ․
                
                 
                   56
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   this
                   Morning
                   ,
                   hard
                   Rain
                   22
                
              
               
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   ,
                   Rain
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   41
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Rain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   39
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1
                   ․
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   18
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   0
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   Rain
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Night
                
              
               
               
                 
                   20
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   40
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Afternoon
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2
                   ․
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   42
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   1·
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Hard
                   Rain
                   till
                   10
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   16
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   63
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Small
                   Fog
                   ,
                   Frost
                   this
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5˙
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fog
                   ,
                   thick
                   Fog
                   all
                   Day
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   24
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   NW
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Thick
                   Fog
                   ,
                   little
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Evening
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   Rain
                   in
                   the
                   Evening
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4·
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   27
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   31
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   28
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   32
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   33
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Small
                   Fog
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   7˙
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   December
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   35
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Mist
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   34
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   6˙
                
                 
                   66
                
                 
                   SW
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Foggy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   1683.
                   June
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
              
               
                 
                   21
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Close
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   22
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   65
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   2˙
                
                 
                   48
                
                 
                   WS
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Close
                   ,
                   some
                   Showers
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   23
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   59
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   46
                
                 
                   W
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Cloudy
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   25
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   67
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   4˙
                
                 
                   44
                
                 
                   WN
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Fair
                   ,
                   Mist
                   in
                   the
                   Morning
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                   26
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   64
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   5
                   ․
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   S
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   Very
                   fair
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   17
                
                 
                   72
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   43
                
                 
                   S
                   W
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   30
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   62
                
                 
                   29
                
                 
                   3˙
                
                 
                   37
                
                 
                   W
                   N
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   Fair.
                   
                
              
            
          
        
         
           
             An
             Explication
             of
             the
             foregoing
             Register
             .
          
           
             THE
             first
             Column
             with
             d
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             contains
             the
             Day
             of
             the
             Month.
             
          
           
             The
             second
             Column
             with
             h
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             contains
             the
             Hour
             of
             the
             Day
             ,
             which
             beginning
             from
             Midnight
             ,
             I
             count
             to
             24
             ,
             which
             is
             Midnight
             again
             ;
             so
             that
             13
             stands
             for
             1
             Afternoon
             ,
             and
             so
             on
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             Column
             with
             Th.
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             marks
             the
             Degrees
             of
             my
             Thermoscope
             ,
             which
             having
             been
             blown
             at
             a
             Lamp
             ,
             though
             the
             Spaces
             of
             the
             Degrees
             were
             equally
             divided
             ,
             yet
             because
             of
             the
             unequal
             Bigness
             of
             the
             small
             Tube
             ,
             towards
             the
             Extremities
             ,
             where
             it
             grew
             bigger
             ,
             it
             did
             not
             always
             in
             every
             Degree
             mark
             equally
             proportionable
             Degrees
             of
             Heat
             and
             Cold.
             The
             Points
             to
             be
             observed
             in
             that
             and
             the
             next
             Column
             ,
             which
             is
             that
             for
             the
             Baroscope
             ,
             shew
             the
             just
             Place
             where
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             tinged
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
             in
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             the
             Mercury
             in
             the
             other
             ,
             stood
             between
             the
             Line
             of
             the
             Degree
             marked
             ,
             and
             the
             following
             ,
             when
             the
             Observation
             was
             made
             .
             The
             Thermoscope
             I
             made
             use
             of
             till
             December
             ,
             1669
             ,
             was
             a
             seal'd
             one
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             Degrees
             increasing
             with
             the
             Heat
             in
             one
             continued
             Series
             .
             The
             Thermoscope
             which
             I
             used
             from
             Decemb.
             1669.
             to
             June
             1675.
             and
             is
             marked
             2.
             was
             one
             of
             Mr.
             Cotgraves
             adjusting
             ,
             which
             beginning
             the
             reckoning
             from
             the
             temper
             of
             freezing
             ,
             hath
             the
             Numbers
             increasing
             both
             upwards
             and
             downwards
             ;
             the
             Points
             shew
             it
             to
             be
             in
             the
             Degrees
             ;
             above
             0
             ,
             if
             set
             over
             ;
             and
             under
             0
             ,
             if
             set
             under
             :
             and
             ˙
             ˙˙
             or
             ˙˙˙
             shew
             it
             higher
             or
             lower
             in
             each
             Degree
             .
             The
             Thermoscope
             used
             from
             March
             1681
             ,
             to
             the
             End
             ,
             is
             marked
             3
             ,
             and
             is
             of
             the
             kind
             of
             that
             used
             first
             .
          
           
             The
             Column
             having
             Hy.
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             contains
             the
             Degrees
             of
             Moisture
             ,
             as
             marked
             by
             an
             Hygroscope
             made
             of
             the
             Beard
             of
             a
             wild
             Oat
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Column
             of
             the
             Wind
             ,
             I
             not
             having
             the
             Convenience
             to
             observe
             the
             Points
             exactly
             ,
             have
             marked
             but
             8
             ,
             but
             yet
             with
             this
             Variety
             ,
             that
             where
             I
             set
             two
             Letters
             ,
             the
             Wind
             was
             most
             from
             that
             Point
             whose
             Letter
             stands
             first
             ,
             
               v.
               g.
            
             W
             N
             signifies
             more
             West
             than
             North.
             When
             I
             set
             only
             one
             Letter
             ,
             it
             was
             in
             or
             very
             near
             that
             Cardinal
             Point
             .
          
           
             The
             Strength
             is
             marked
             by
             0
             ,
             1
             ,
             2
             ,
             3
             ,
             4.
             0
             signifies
             not
             so
             much
             Wind
             that
             mov'd
             any
             Leaf
             that
             I
             could
             see
             in
             a
             Garden
             I
             look'd
             into
             out
             of
             my
             Window
             ,
             but
             the
             Letter
             join'd
             to
             it
             signifies
             which
             way
             the
             Weather-Cock
             then
             stood
             ,
             whether
             the
             former
             Wind
             left
             it
             so
             ,
             or
             the
             present
             Breeze
             blew
             that
             way
             .
             1
             signifies
             a
             gentle
             Gale
             ,
             just
             perceivable
             by
             the
             moving
             of
             the
             Leaves
             or
             Plants
             .
             4
             signifies
             a
             very
             violent
             Storm
             :
             2
             and
             3
             the
             several
             Degrees
             between
             1
             and
             4
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             I
             could
             judg
             .
             These
             Degrees
             ,
             though
             not
             so
             exactly
             measured
             as
             I
             could
             have
             wish'd
             ,
             I
             yet
             thought
             better
             than
             nothing
             .
          
           
           
             LE
             Tuyau
             recourbé
             estoit
             fermé
             au
             bout
             ae
             et
             
             Ouuert
             alautre
             extremité
             B.
             La
             recourbure
             depuis
             .
             G.
             Jusq
             '
             a
             C.
             estoit
             pleine
             de
             Mercure
             &
             tout
             lereste
             estoit
             plein
             d'
             air
             .
             La
             longueur
             Ae.
             C.
             estoit
             4
             Pouces
             ou
             32
             /
             8.
             
             J'echauffay
             cet
             air
             ,
             et
             il
             feit
             baisser
             le
             Mercure
             Jusques
             en
             f.
             qui
             estoit
             ⅜
             plus
             bas
             ,
             &
             en
             mesme
             temps
             il
             monta
             jusq
             '
             en
             H.
             qui
             estoit
             3
             /
             8
             plus
             haut
             que
             G.
             ou
             C.
             
          
           
             Pour
             sçauoir
             quélle
             hauteur
             de
             Mercure
             auroit
             este
             necessaire
             pour
             empescher
             la
             dilatation
             de
             lair
             ,
             &
             retenir
             le
             mercure
             en
             C.
             Je
             nay
             quá
             trouuer
             ce
             qui
             seroit
             necessaire
             pour
             repousser
             le
             mercure
             en
             C.
             Etainsy
             contenir
             lair
             dans
             léspace
             Ae.
             C.
             non
             obstant
             la
             Chaleur
             .
             Je
             pose
             pour
             principe
             ceque
             lexperience
             fait
             voir
             ,
             Cest
             que
             quand
             une
             quantité
             dáir
             occupe
             un
             certain
             espace
             que
             
             Jáppelle
             .
             Ae.
             et
             que
             la
             pression
             qui
             leretient
             dans
             cet
             espace
             soit
             B.
             si●on
             vient
             a
             augmenter
             certe
             pression
             de
             telle
             quantité
             que
             lón
             voudra
             comme
             X.
             on
             diminuera
             L'espace
             Ae.
             d'une
             certain
             quantité
             .
             D.
             Laquelle
             quantité
             est
             au
             restant
             .
             M.
             comme
             X
             est
             a
             B.
             D.
             M.
             :
             :
             X.
             B.
             donc
             M.
             D.
             :
             :
             B.
             X.
             
          
           
             Il
             est
             aisé
             d
             áppliquer
             cettereigle
             à
             lexperience
             cy
             dessus
             Car
             Ae.
             f.
             ou
             35
             /
             8
             de
             pouce
             sont
             lespace
             Ae.
             Lapression
             ordinaire
             de
             lâir
             qui
             est
             de
             30
             Pouces
             Jointe
             ae
             un
             pouce
             de
             haut
             que
             se
             trouue
             entre
             f.
             et
             H.
             est
             B
             X
             31
             Pouces
             de
             mercure
             :
             et
             si
             nous
             y
             en
             adjoustons
             assez
             pour
             reduire
             láir
             a
             léspace
             .
             Ae.
             C.
             Ledit
             .
             Ae.
             C.
             sera
             M.
             X
             32
             /
             8
             Et.
             f.
             C.
             Sera
             D.
             X
             ⅜
             Posant
             donc
             .
             M.
             D.
             B.
             32.
             3.
             31.
             
          
           
           
             La
             quatriesme
             proportionelle
             sera
             .
             X.
             X
             2
             29
             /
             32
             pouces
             ,
             qui
             estants
             joints
             a
             B.
             X
             31
             Pouces
             feront
             33
             29
             /
             32
             pouces
             dont
             láir
             sera
             pressé
             en
             C.
             Ae.
             qui
             sont
             pres
             de
             4
             Pouces
             audessus
             de
             la
             pression
             ordinaire
             .
          
        
         
           
             Experiment
             made
             at
             the
             Spire
             of
             the
             Cathedral-Church
             in
             Sarum
             ,
             by
             Colonel
             
               John
               Windham
            
             ,
             assisted
             by
             Mr.
             
               Tho.
               Naish
            
             ,
             Clerk
             of
             the
             Works
             ,
             and
             
               John
               Warner
            
             ,
             in
             November
             ,
             1684.
             
          
           
             HAving
             gotten
             together
             all
             the
             surveighing
             Chains
             the
             City
             afforded
             ,
             and
             carefully
             examined
             their
             Truth
             ,
             and
             having
             prepared
             a
             proper
             Frame
             for
             the
             Baroscope
             ,
             we
             went
             into
             the
             Church
             ,
             filled
             the
             Tube
             ,
             and
             with
             all
             the
             Nicety
             we
             could
             use
             ,
             purged
             it
             of
             the
             airy
             Particles
             ,
             and
             then
             immersing
             it
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Forricellian
             Experiment
             ,
             the
             Mercury
             was
             there
             suspended
             30
             Inches
             ,
             and
             50
             Cents
             of
             an
             Inch
             ,
             measuring
             it
             from
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Stagnum
             :
             Then
             drawing
             it
             up
             to
             the
             first
             Floor
             above
             the
             Vaulting
             ,
             which
             is
             1033
             Inches
             and
             ½
             high
             from
             the
             Pavement
             ,
             the
             Mercury
             subsided
             9
             Cents
             of
             an
             Inch
             :
             From
             thence
             drawing
             it
             up
             to
             the
             middle
             Floor
             ,
             which
             is
             935
             Inches
             higher
             ,
             the
             Mercury
             subsided
             8
             Cents
             lower
             than
             before
             :
             And
             from
             thence
             drawing
             it
             up
             to
             the
             Weather-Door
             ,
             which
             is
             2313
             Inches
             higher
             than
             the
             last
             ,
             the
             Mercury
             subsided
             23
             Cents
             below
             its
             last
             Station
             .
             So
             the
             whole
             Height
             't
             was
             drawn
             up
             ,
             is
             4281
             Inches
             and
             a
             half
             ;
             and
             the
             whole
             Difference
             of
             the
             Mercury's
             standing
             is
             40
             Cents
             of
             an
             Inch.
             And
             letting
             it
             down
             again
             the
             same
             way
             ,
             the
             Mercury
             reascended
             to
             its
             first
             Stations
             .
          
           
           
             At
             another
             time
             with
             an
             inverted
             Baroscope
             ,
             like
             that
             Figure
             in
             the
             Margin
             ,
             having
             made
             a
             Mark
             where
             
             the
             Liquor
             stood
             when
             't
             was
             below
             in
             the
             Church
             ,
             and
             drawing
             it
             up
             to
             the
             first
             Floor
             over
             the
             
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Inches
                   .
                
                 
                    
                
                 
                   Inc.
                   
                
                 
                   Cen.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Vaulting
                
                 
                   Which
                   is
                   above
                   the
                   Pavement
                   of
                   the
                   Church
                
                 
                   1033
                   and
                   ½
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Liquor
                   ascended
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   25
                
              
               
                 
                   To
                   the
                   middle
                   Floor
                
                 
                   1968.
                   
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   39
                
              
               
                 
                   To
                   the
                   8
                   Doors
                   Floor
                
                 
                   2467.
                   
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   22
                
              
               
                 
                   To
                   the
                   Weather-Door
                
                 
                   4281.
                   
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   64
                
              
               
                 
                   To
                   the
                   Top
                
                 
                   4800
                   ,
                   or
                   400
                   Feet
                   .
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   40
                
              
            
             If
             your
             Honour
             desires
             to
             have
             any
             other
             Experiments
             made
             at
             that
             Spire
             ,
             Mr.
             Naish
             whom
             I
             have
             mentioned
             above
             ,
             is
             a
             Person
             well
             skill'd
             in
             the
             practical
             Parts
             of
             Mathematicks
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             Lover
             of
             Learning
             ,
             but
             more
             especially
             natural
             and
             experimental
             Philosophy
             ,
             having
             all
             or
             most
             of
             your
             Honour
             's
             Phylosophical
             Works
             .
             This
             Person
             I
             know
             would
             most
             gladly
             and
             heartily
             imbrace
             any
             Opportunity
             of
             serving
             your
             Honour
             ,
             whensoever
             you
             'l
             be
             pleased
             to
             let
             me
             impart
             any
             thing
             to
             him
             in
             a
             Letter
             .
          
           
             This
             is
             humbly
             advertised
             by
             ,
             Sir
             ,
             
               Your
               Honour
               's
               most
               Obliged
               ,
               and
               most
               Obedient
               Servant
               ,
               JOHN
               WARNER
               .
            
             
               
                 ♃
                 Decembris
                 17.
                 
                 Anno
                 1685.
                 
              
            
          
        
         
           
             At
             a
             Place
             in
             the
             great
             Continent
             in
             Europe
             ,
             but
             not
             far
             from
             the
             Ocean
             ,
             a
             learned
             Acquaintance
             of
             mine
             keeping
             a
             Baroscope
             some
             Years
             ,
             and
             being
             discours'd
             with
             by
             me
             ,
             about
             the
             Difference
             of
             the
             Phaenomena
             that
             may
             be
             expected
             in
             Places
             situate
             upon
             the
             Continent
             ,
             from
             what
             we
             find
             in
             this
             Country
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             an
             Island
             :
             He
             related
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             a
             few
             Years
             since
             ,
             casting
             
             his
             Eyes
             upon
             the
             Baroscope
             ,
             in
             ordinary
             Weather
             ,
             and
             that
             was
             calm
             enough
             ;
             he
             was
             surprized
             to
             see
             the
             Mercury
             so
             strangely
             raised
             ,
             as
             to
             exceed
             above
             two
             Inches
             its
             wonted
             Station
             ,
             which
             great
             Alteration
             he
             found
             within
             few
             Hours
             to
             have
             been
             the
             Fore-runner
             of
             so
             hideous
             a
             Storm
             as
             was
             generally
             wondred
             at
             ,
             and
             did
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Mischief
             both
             in
             the
             Towns
             and
             Country
             of
             those
             Parts
             ,
             where
             it
             left
             sad
             Instances
             of
             its
             Fury
             .
             This
             Wind
             came
             all
             along
             the
             Continent
             :
             but
             my
             Relator
             divers
             times
             observed
             ,
             that
             when
             very
             boisterous
             Winds
             blew
             from
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             the
             Storms
             came
             thence
             ,
             (
             which
             lying
             to
             the
             Southward
             )
             the
             Mercuty
             in
             the
             Baroscope
             would
             considerably
             subside
             ,
             as
             has
             likewise
             been
             often
             observed
             here
             in
             England
             by
             an
             ingenious
             Gentleman
             ,
             living
             within
             less
             than
             two
             Leagues
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             to
             whom
             I
             presented
             a
             Baroscope
             to
             make
             Observations
             with
             .
          
           
             An
             industrious
             young
             Man
             ,
             that
             whilst
             he
             was
             my
             Domestick
             ,
             I
             bred
             up
             to
             Chymistry
             ,
             (
             of
             which
             he
             now
             teaches
             Courses
             )
             related
             to
             me
             the
             other
             Day
             ,
             that
             toward
             the
             latter
             End
             of
             the
             last
             Month
             (
             which
             was
             June
             )
             being
             at
             Oxford
             ,
             where
             his
             House
             is
             ,
             he
             had
             occasion
             to
             cast
             his
             Eyes
             upon
             his
             Baroscope
             ,
             and
             was
             not
             a
             little
             surprized
             to
             find
             that
             the
             Quick-silver
             was
             in
             an
             extraordinary
             Measure
             alter'd
             from
             the
             Height
             it
             stood
             at
             but
             a
             while
             before
             :
             Whereupon
             ,
             though
             the
             Weather
             were
             very
             hot
             and
             fair
             ,
             as
             is
             usual
             in
             June
             ,
             and
             had
             continued
             so
             for
             some
             Days
             ;
             yet
             he
             took
             upon
             him
             to
             foretel
             from
             this
             great
             and
             quick
             Subsidence
             of
             the
             Mercury
             ,
             that
             there
             would
             be
             e're
             long
             some
             notable
             Change
             of
             Weather
             .
             And
             accordingly
             it
             happened
             within
             about
             four
             or
             five
             Hours
             ;
             that
             the
             Sky
             was
             all
             overcast
             ;
             and
             there
             fell
             a
             hideous
             Storm
             of
             Rain
             ,
             Lightning
             and
             Thunder
             ,
             accompanied
             with
             such
             a
             Whirlwind
             ,
             
             as
             scarce
             any
             remember
             to
             have
             seen
             in
             that
             City
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             Letter
             to
             the
             Author
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Honoured
                   Sir
                   ,
                
              
               
                 I
                 Have
                 been
                 able
                 to
                 do
                 so
                 little
                 in
                 the
                 Attempts
                 I
                 have
                 made
                 to
                 serve
                 you
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 am
                 ashamed
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 so
                 well
                 furnished
                 to
                 so
                 small
                 purpose
                 .
                 The
                 Barometer
                 I
                 had
                 from
                 you
                 was
                 conveyed
                 safe
                 into
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 my
                 Hands
                 ,
                 I
                 rode
                 to
                 Minedeep
                 ,
                 with
                 an
                 Intention
                 to
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 it
                 there
                 ,
                 in
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 deepest
                 Gruffs
                 (
                 for
                 so
                 they
                 call
                 their
                 Pits
                 )
                 I
                 could
                 find
                 :
                 the
                 deepest
                 I
                 could
                 hear
                 of
                 was
                 about
                 30
                 Fathom
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 Descent
                 so
                 far
                 either
                 from
                 easy
                 ,
                 safe
                 ,
                 or
                 perpendicular
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 was
                 discouraged
                 from
                 venturing
                 on
                 it
                 .
                 They
                 do
                 not
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 Wells
                 ,
                 sink
                 their
                 Pits
                 strait
                 down
                 ,
                 but
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Cranies
                 of
                 the
                 Rocks
                 ,
                 give
                 them
                 the
                 easiest
                 Passage
                 ;
                 neither
                 are
                 they
                 let
                 down
                 by
                 a
                 Rope
                 ,
                 but
                 taking
                 the
                 Rope
                 under
                 their
                 Arm
                 ,
                 by
                 setting
                 their
                 Hands
                 and
                 Legs
                 against
                 the
                 sides
                 of
                 the
                 narrow
                 Passage
                 ,
                 clamber
                 up
                 and
                 down
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 not
                 very
                 easy
                 for
                 one
                 not
                 used
                 to
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 almost
                 impossible
                 to
                 carry
                 down
                 the
                 Barometer
                 ,
                 both
                 the
                 Hands
                 being
                 imployed
                 .
                 This
                 Information
                 I
                 should
                 have
                 suspected
                 to
                 come
                 from
                 their
                 Fear
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 an
                 intelligent
                 Gentleman
                 ,
                 Neighbour
                 to
                 the
                 Hill
                 ,
                 assured
                 me
                 't
                 was
                 their
                 usual
                 way
                 of
                 getting
                 up
                 and
                 down
                 .
                 For
                 the
                 Sight
                 of
                 the
                 Engine
                 ,
                 and
                 my
                 Desire
                 of
                 going
                 down
                 into
                 some
                 of
                 their
                 Gruffs
                 ,
                 gave
                 them
                 terrible
                 Apprehensions
                 ,
                 and
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 perswade
                 them
                 but
                 that
                 I
                 had
                 some
                 Design
                 :
                 So
                 that
                 I
                 and
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 that
                 bore
                 me
                 Company
                 ,
                 had
                 a
                 pleasant
                 Scene
                 ,
                 
                 whilst
                 their
                 Fear
                 to
                 be
                 undermined
                 by
                 us
                 ,
                 made
                 them
                 disbelieve
                 all
                 we
                 told
                 them
                 ;
                 and
                 do
                 what
                 we
                 could
                 ,
                 they
                 would
                 think
                 us
                 craftier
                 Fellows
                 than
                 we
                 were
                 .
                 But
                 ,
                 Sir
                 ,
                 I
                 will
                 not
                 trouble
                 you
                 with
                 the
                 Particulars
                 of
                 this
                 Adventure
                 :
                 but
                 certain
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 Women
                 too
                 were
                 alarm'd
                 ,
                 and
                 think
                 us
                 still
                 either
                 Projectors
                 or
                 Conjurers
                 .
                 Since
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 get
                 down
                 into
                 their
                 Gruffs
                 ,
                 I
                 made
                 it
                 my
                 Business
                 to
                 inquire
                 what
                 I
                 could
                 concerning
                 them
                 :
                 The
                 Workmen
                 could
                 give
                 me
                 very
                 little
                 Account
                 of
                 any
                 thing
                 ,
                 but
                 what
                 Profit
                 made
                 them
                 seek
                 after
                 ;
                 they
                 could
                 apprehend
                 no
                 other
                 Minerals
                 but
                 Lead
                 Oar
                 ,
                 and
                 believed
                 the
                 Earth
                 held
                 nothing
                 else
                 worth
                 seeking
                 for
                 :
                 besides
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 forward
                 to
                 be
                 too
                 communicative
                 to
                 one
                 ,
                 they
                 thought
                 they
                 had
                 Reason
                 to
                 be
                 afraid
                 of
                 .
                 But
                 at
                 my
                 Return
                 ,
                 calling
                 at
                 a
                 Gentleman's
                 House
                 ,
                 who
                 lives
                 under
                 Minedeep-Hills
                 ,
                 and
                 who
                 had
                 sent
                 out
                 his
                 Son
                 to
                 invite
                 me
                 in
                 ;
                 amongst
                 other
                 things
                 he
                 told
                 me
                 this
                 ,
                 that
                 sometimes
                 the
                 Damps
                 catch
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 if
                 they
                 cannot
                 get
                 out
                 soon
                 enough
                 ,
                 they
                 fall
                 into
                 a
                 Swound
                 ,
                 and
                 die
                 in
                 it
                 ,
                 if
                 they
                 are
                 not
                 speedily
                 got
                 out
                 ;
                 and
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 they
                 have
                 them
                 above
                 ground
                 ,
                 they
                 dig
                 a
                 Hole
                 in
                 the
                 Earth
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 put
                 in
                 their
                 Faces
                 ,
                 and
                 cover
                 them
                 close
                 up
                 with
                 Turfs
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 is
                 the
                 surest
                 Remedy
                 they
                 have
                 yet
                 found
                 to
                 recover
                 them
                 .
                 In
                 deep
                 Pits
                 they
                 convey
                 down
                 Air
                 by
                 the
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Gruff
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 little
                 Passage
                 from
                 the
                 Top
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 Air
                 may
                 circulate
                 the
                 better
                 ,
                 they
                 set
                 up
                 some
                 Turfs
                 on
                 the
                 Lee
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Hole
                 ,
                 to
                 catch
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 force
                 down
                 the
                 fresh
                 Air
                 :
                 But
                 if
                 these
                 Turfs
                 be
                 removed
                 to
                 the
                 windy
                 side
                 ,
                 or
                 laid
                 close
                 over
                 the
                 Mouth
                 of
                 the
                 Hole
                 ,
                 those
                 below
                 find
                 it
                 immediately
                 ,
                 by
                 want
                 of
                 Breath
                 ,
                 Indisposition
                 ,
                 and
                 Fainting
                 :
                 and
                 if
                 they
                 ehance
                 to
                 have
                 any
                 sweet
                 Flowers
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 they
                 do
                 not
                 only
                 lose
                 their
                 pleasant
                 Smell
                 immediately
                 ,
                 but
                 
                 stink
                 as
                 bad
                 as
                 Carrion
                 .
                 Notwithstanding
                 this
                 ill
                 Success
                 ,
                 I
                 had
                 attempted
                 some
                 Trials
                 once
                 more
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 spreading
                 of
                 the
                 Contagion
                 made
                 it
                 less
                 safe
                 to
                 venture
                 abroad
                 ,
                 and
                 hastened
                 me
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Country
                 sooner
                 than
                 I
                 intended
                 .
                 But
                 I
                 have
                 some
                 Hopes
                 ,
                 the
                 next
                 Journey
                 I
                 make
                 into
                 those
                 Parts
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 you
                 a
                 better
                 Account
                 than
                 this
                 that
                 follows
                 .
                 Near
                 the
                 House
                 where
                 I
                 sometimes
                 abode
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 pretty
                 steep
                 and
                 high
                 Hill.
                 
                   April
                   .
                   3.
                   hora
                   inter
                   8
                   &
                   9.
                   
                   Matutin
                   .
                
                 the
                 Wind
                 West
                 ,
                 and
                 pretty
                 high
                 ,
                 the
                 Day
                 warm
                 ,
                 the
                 Mercury
                 was
                 at
                 29
                 Inches
                 and
                 1
                 /
                 ●●
                 being
                 carried
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 Top
                 of
                 the
                 Hill
                 ,
                 it
                 fell
                 to
                 28
                 Inches
                 ¾
                 :
                 (
                 or
                 thereabouts
                 ,
                 for
                 I
                 think
                 it
                 was
                 a
                 little
                 above
                 28
                 Inches
                 ¾
                 :
                 )
                 Both
                 going
                 up
                 and
                 coming
                 down
                 ,
                 I
                 observed
                 that
                 proportionably
                 as
                 I
                 was
                 higher
                 or
                 lower
                 on
                 the
                 Hill
                 ,
                 the
                 Mercury
                 fell
                 or
                 rose
                 .
                 At
                 my
                 return
                 to
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 the
                 Hill
                 ,
                 the
                 Mercury
                 wanted
                 of
                 ascending
                 to
                 its
                 former
                 Height
                 ●
                 of
                 an
                 Inch
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 impute
                 to
                 the
                 Sun
                 's
                 rarifying
                 some
                 Particles
                 of
                 Air
                 that
                 remained
                 in
                 the
                 upper
                 Part
                 of
                 the
                 Tube
                 ,
                 rather
                 than
                 to
                 any
                 other
                 Change
                 in
                 the
                 Air
                 ;
                 for
                 I
                 find
                 it
                 harder
                 to
                 clear
                 the
                 Tube
                 of
                 Air
                 perfectly
                 ,
                 than
                 at
                 first
                 I
                 thought
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 Water
                 ,
                 if
                 that
                 have
                 been
                 put
                 in
                 with
                 the
                 Mercury
                 ,
                 and
                 I
                 fear
                 liable
                 to
                 the
                 same
                 Inconvenience
                 with
                 Air
                 inclosed
                 .
                 I
                 know
                 this
                 is
                 far
                 short
                 of
                 what
                 you
                 might
                 have
                 expected
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 ,
                 I
                 fear
                 ,
                 but
                 little
                 answered
                 your
                 Desires
                 ,
                 since
                 I
                 guess
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 perpendicular
                 Height
                 of
                 the
                 Place
                 I
                 made
                 the
                 Experiment
                 in
                 ,
                 that
                 you
                 would
                 have
                 had
                 ,
                 and
                 perhaps
                 other
                 Considerations
                 of
                 Air
                 ,
                 inclosed
                 ,
                 and
                 liable
                 to
                 mineral
                 Steams
                 ,
                 would
                 have
                 made
                 a
                 Trial
                 in
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Gruffs
                 more
                 acceptable
                 to
                 you
                 .
                 I
                 do
                 not
                 think
                 any
                 thing
                 in
                 this
                 Letter
                 worthy
                 of
                 you
                 ,
                 or
                 fit
                 for
                 the
                 Publick
                 .
                 But
                 since
                 I
                 find
                 by
                 the
                 two
                 last
                 Philosophical
                 Transactions
                 ,
                 that
                 Observations
                 on
                 the
                 Torricellian
                 Experiment
                 are
                 much
                 look'd
                 after
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 desired
                 to
                 be
                 compared
                 ;
                 if
                 for
                 want
                 of
                 better
                 ,
                 this
                 should
                 be
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 fill
                 an
                 empty
                 Space
                 in
                 the
                 Philosophical
                 News-Book
                 ,
                 I
                 shall
                 desire
                 to
                 have
                 my
                 Name
                 concealed
                 .
                 But
                 I
                 fear
                 that
                 this
                 very
                 Caution
                 of
                 being
                 in
                 Print
                 ,
                 where
                 there
                 is
                 no
                 Danger
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 has
                 too
                 much
                 of
                 Vanity
                 in
                 it
                 .
                 I
                 'm
                 sure
                 't
                 is
                 Boldness
                 enough
                 ,
                 though
                 allaid
                 with
                 Obedience
                 ,
                 to
                 venture
                 such
                 slight
                 things
                 to
                 your
                 Sight
                 .
                 I
                 visited
                 the
                 incrusting
                 Spring
                 I
                 formerly
                 mentioned
                 to
                 you
                 ,
                 and
                 could
                 not
                 find
                 any
                 thing
                 incrusted
                 within
                 at
                 least
                 20
                 Yards
                 of
                 the
                 Rise
                 of
                 it
                 .
                 The
                 Place
                 where
                 it
                 works
                 most
                 ,
                 is
                 about
                 40
                 or
                 50
                 Yards
                 from
                 the
                 Spring-head
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 at
                 a
                 Fall
                 higher
                 than
                 my
                 Head
                 :
                 there
                 it
                 sheaths
                 every
                 thing
                 with
                 stony
                 Cases
                 ,
                 and
                 makes
                 the
                 sides
                 of
                 the
                 Bank
                 hard
                 Rock
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 all
                 along
                 its
                 Stream
                 ,
                 it
                 covers
                 Sticks
                 ,
                 &c.
                 with
                 a
                 Crust
                 ;
                 and
                 some
                 so
                 candied
                 I
                 found
                 above
                 this
                 Fall
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 so
                 frequent
                 ;
                 whether
                 the
                 mixing
                 of
                 Air
                 with
                 the
                 Water
                 in
                 the
                 Fall
                 ,
                 contributes
                 any
                 thing
                 to
                 the
                 Effect
                 ,
                 I
                 cannot
                 guess
                 ;
                 but
                 that
                 the
                 Fall
                 does
                 ,
                 I
                 suppose
                 :
                 for
                 besides
                 that
                 at
                 the
                 above-mentioned
                 Fall
                 ,
                 it
                 seems
                 to
                 operate
                 most
                 strongly
                 ,
                 I
                 observed
                 ,
                 that
                 though
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 find
                 any
                 thing
                 incrusted
                 within
                 a
                 good
                 Distance
                 of
                 the
                 Spring
                 ,
                 yet
                 that
                 the
                 Moss
                 above
                 the
                 Spring
                 was
                 a
                 little
                 incrusted
                 ,
                 (
                 but
                 not
                 so
                 firmly
                 as
                 at
                 the
                 other
                 Place
                 )
                 for
                 the
                 Water
                 in
                 the
                 Winter
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 Springs
                 are
                 full
                 ,
                 runs
                 out
                 also
                 at
                 a
                 Hole
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 Yards
                 above
                 the
                 Place
                 ,
                 where
                 now
                 only
                 it
                 rises
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 falls
                 perpendicularly
                 into
                 this
                 lower
                 Spring
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 it
                 runs
                 by
                 an
                 easy
                 Descent
                 to
                 the
                 next
                 Fall.
                 A
                 Gentleman
                 in
                 whose
                 Field
                 it
                 rises
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 whose
                 House
                 it
                 runs
                 ,
                 told
                 me
                 upon
                 Inquiry
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 uses
                 it
                 both
                 in
                 his
                 Kitchen
                 and
                 Brew-house
                 ,
                 without
                 any
                 sensible
                 ill
                 Effects
                 ,
                 he
                 being
                 a
                 pretty
                 ancient
                 ,
                 but
                 healthy
                 Man
                 ,
                 and
                 long
                 Inhabitant
                 of
                 that
                 Place
                 .
                 It
                 will
                 bear
                 Soap
                 ,
                 freezes
                 quickly
                 ;
                 and
                 waters
                 his
                 Grounds
                 upon
                 
                 Occasion
                 ,
                 with
                 Advantage
                 .
                 All
                 the
                 ill
                 Effects
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 can
                 guess
                 ,
                 are
                 ,
                 that
                 his
                 Horses
                 are
                 usually
                 short-breathed
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 imputes
                 to
                 the
                 drinking
                 of
                 that
                 Water
                 .
                 I
                 brought
                 with
                 me
                 from
                 Minedeepe
                 some
                 Oar
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 Stones
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 think
                 them
                 so
                 inconsiderable
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 shall
                 not
                 judg
                 them
                 worth
                 sending
                 ,
                 unless
                 you
                 please
                 to
                 command
                 them
                 .
                 I
                 am
                 ,
                 SIR
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Your
                   most
                   Humble
                   and
                   most
                   Obedient
                   Servant
                   ,
                   JOHN
                   LOCKE
                   .
                
                 
                   Ch.
                   Ch.
                   
                     5º
                     May
                     ,
                     1666.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   POSTSCRIPT
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   had
                   forgot
                   to
                   mention
                   to
                   you
                   ,
                   that
                   in
                   their
                   Gruffs
                   ,
                   after
                   burning
                   ,
                   (
                   when
                   they
                   meet
                   with
                   hard
                   Rocks
                   in
                   their
                   way
                   ,
                   they
                   make
                   a
                   Fire
                   upon
                   them
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   may
                   dig
                   through
                   the
                   easier
                   )
                   they
                   find
                   it
                   very
                   dangerous
                   to
                   go
                   down
                   into
                   them
                   ,
                   as
                   long
                   as
                   there
                   remains
                   any
                   Fire
                   or
                   Heat
                   in
                   any
                   Chinks
                   of
                   the
                   Rocks
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             Some
             Days
             ago
             the
             King
             doing
             me
             the
             Honour
             to
             discourse
             with
             me
             about
             the
             Use
             of
             Baroscopes
             ,
             was
             pleased
             to
             say
             ,
             among
             other
             remarkable
             things
             ,
             that
             at
             a
             time
             his
             Majesty
             then
             named
             ,
             he
             went
             from
             Whitehall
             about
             six
             in
             the
             Morning
             ,
             towards
             the
             Mouth
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             attended
             by
             divers
             of
             the
             Nobility
             ,
             and
             particularly
             by
             one
             of
             the
             Lords
             then
             present
             ,
             whom
             his
             Majesty
             put
             in
             Mind
             of
             the
             Adventure
             ;
             and
             then
             he
             added
             ,
             that
             though
             the
             Weather
             were
             exceeding
             fair
             ,
             and
             likely
             to
             continue
             so
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             some
             of
             the
             Courtiers
             congratulated
             to
             his
             Majesty
             so
             promising
             a
             Morning
             ;
             yet
             when
             they
             were
             once
             gone
             too
             far
             to
             return
             ,
             
             he
             told
             them
             he
             thought
             they
             would
             be
             much
             mistaken
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             were
             to
             prepare
             for
             a
             Storm
             ;
             which
             Conjecture
             his
             Majesty
             grounded
             upon
             his
             having
             ,
             unknown
             to
             the
             Company
             ,
             consulted
             a
             good
             Baroscope
             before
             he
             went
             out
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Mercury
             in
             it
             to
             have
             suddenly
             ,
             and
             very
             notably
             subsided
             .
             And
             accordingly
             within
             a
             very
             few
             Hours
             the
             Event
             verified
             his
             Majesty's
             Prediction
             ,
             a
             sudden
             Storm
             driving
             on
             the
             Yatch
             he
             was
             in
             ,
             for
             divers
             Leagues
             ,
             at
             a
             very
             unusual
             rate
             .
          
           
             Nous
             apprenons
             de
             ces
             experiences
             ,
             que
             puisque
             le
             poids
             de
             l'
             Air
             et
             le
             poids
             de
             l'
             eau
             qui
             est
             dans
             les
             Pompes
             se
             tiennent
             mutuellement
             en
             Equilibre
             ,
             ils
             pesent
             precisement
             autant
             l'
             un
             que
             l'
             autre
             ;
             &
             qu'
             ainsi
             en
             connoissant
             la
             hauteur
             ou
             l'
             eau
             s'
             éleve
             en
             tous
             les
             lieux
             du
             monde
             ,
             nous
             connoissons
             en
             mesme
             temps
             combien
             chacun
             de
             ces
             lieux
             est
             pressé
             par
             le
             poids
             de
             l'
             Air
             qui
             est
             au
             dessus
             d'
             eux
             ;
             et
             partant
             .
          
           
             Que
             les
             lieux
             ,
             qui
             sont
             au
             bord
             de
             la
             mer
             ,
             sont
             pressez
             par
             le
             poids
             de
             l'
             Air
             ,
             qui
             est
             au
             dessus
             d'
             eux
             jusques
             au
             haut
             de
             sa
             Sphere
             ,
             autant
             precisement
             ,
             que
             si
             au
             lieu
             de
             cét
             Air
             on
             substituoit
             une
             colomne
             d'
             eau
             de
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             Pieds
             deux
             poulces
             .
          
           
             Ceux
             qui
             sont
             plus
             élevez
             de
             dix
             toises
             ,
             autant
             que
             s'
             ils
             portoient
             de
             l'
             eau
             de
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             Pieds
             un
             poulce
             .
          
           
             Ceux
             qui
             sont
             élevez
             audessus
             de
             la
             mer
             de
             500
             Toises
             ,
             autant
             que
             s'
             ils
             portoient
             de
             l'
             eau
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             26
             Pieds
             onze
             poulces
             :
             &
             ainsi
             du
             reste
             .
          
           
             Nous
             apprenons
             par
             ces
             experiences
             que
             l'
             Air
             qui
             est
             sur
             le
             niveau
             de
             la
             mer
             pese
             autant
             que
             l'
             eau
             ,
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             Pieds
             deux
             poulces
             ;
             mais
             parce
             que
             l'
             Air
             
             pese
             moins
             sur
             les
             lieux
             plus
             élevez
             que
             sur
             le
             niveau
             de
             la
             mer
             ;
             et
             qu'
             ainsi
             il
             ne
             pese
             pas
             sur
             tous
             les
             Points
             de
             la
             terre
             egalement
             ,
             &
             mesine
             qu'
             il
             pese
             differemment
             par
             tout
             ,
             on
             ne
             peut
             pas
             prendre
             un
             pied
             fixe
             ,
             qui
             marque
             combien
             tous
             les
             lieux
             du
             monde
             sont
             Chargez
             par
             l'
             Air
             ,
             le
             fort
             portant
             le
             foible
             ;
             mais
             on
             peut
             en
             prendre
             un
             par
             conjecture
             bien
             approchant
             du
             juste
             ;
             comme
             par
             exemple
             ,
             on
             peut
             faire
             estat
             ,
             que
             tous
             les
             lieux
             de
             la
             terre
             en
             general
             considerez
             comme
             s'
             ils
             estoient
             également
             chargez
             d'
             Air
             ,
             le
             fort
             portant
             le
             foible
             ,
             en
             sont
             autant
             pressez
             ,
             que
             s'
             ils
             partoient
             de
             l'
             eau
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             Pieds
             ;
             et
             il
             est
             certain
             qu'
             il
             n'
             y
             a
             pas
             un
             demy
             pied
             d'
             eau
             d'
             erreur
             en
             cette
             Supposition
             .
          
           
             Or
             nous
             avons
             veu
             que
             l'
             Air
             qui
             est
             au
             dessus
             des
             montagnes
             hautes
             de
             500.
             toises
             sur
             le
             niveau
             de
             la
             mer
             ,
             pese
             autant
             que
             l'
             eau
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             26
             Pieds
             11
             Poulces
             .
          
           
             Et
             par
             consequent
             tout
             l'
             Air
             qui
             s'
             étend
             de
             puis
             le
             niveau
             de
             la
             mer
             jusqu
             '
             au
             haut
             des
             montagnes
             ,
             hautes
             de
             500
             Toises
             ,
             pese
             autant
             que
             l'
             eau
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             4
             Pieds
             un
             poulce
             ,
             qui
             estant
             à
             peu
             prés
             la
             septiéme
             partie
             de
             la
             hauteur
             entiere
             ;
             il
             est
             visible
             que
             l'
             Air
             compris
             depuis
             la
             mer
             jusques
             à
             ces
             montagnes
             est
             à
             peu
             pres
             la
             septiéme
             partie
             de
             la
             masse
             entiere
             de
             l'
             Air.
             
          
           
             Nous
             apprenons
             de
             ces
             mesmes
             Experiences
             ,
             que
             les
             vapeurs
             qui
             sont
             épaisses
             dans
             l'
             Air
             ,
             lors
             qu'
             il
             en
             est
             le
             plus
             Chargé
             ,
             pesent
             autant
             que
             l'
             eau
             à
             la
             hauteur
             d'
             un
             pied
             huit
             Poulces
             ;
             puisque
             pour
             les
             contrepeser
             ,
             elles
             font
             housser
             l'
             eau
             dans
             les
             Pompes
             à
             cette
             hauteur
             ,
             par
             deffus
             celle
             ou
             l'
             eau
             contrepesoit
             déja
             la
             pesanteur
             de
             l'
             Air
             :
             de
             sorte
             que
             si
             toutes
             les
             vapeurs
             qui
             sont
             sur
             une
             contrée
             estoient
             reduites
             en
             eau
             ,
             comme
             il
             arrive
             quand
             elles
             se
             changent
             en
             pluye
             ,
             elles
             ne
             pourroient
             produire
             que
             cette
             hauteur
             d'
             un
             pied
             huit
             poulces
             d'
             eau
             sur
             cette
             
             contrée
             .
             Et
             s'
             il
             arrive
             par
             fois
             des
             orages
             ou
             l'
             eau
             de
             la
             pluye
             qui
             tombe
             vienne
             à
             une
             plus
             grande
             hauteur
             ;
             c
             '
             est
             parce
             que
             le
             vent
             y
             porte
             les
             vapeurs
             des
             contrées
             voisines
             .
          
           
             Nous
             voyons
             aussi
             de
             là
             ,
             que
             si
             toute
             la
             Sphere
             de
             l'
             Air
             estoit
             pressée
             &
             comprimée
             contre
             la
             terre
             par
             une
             Force
             qui
             la
             poussant
             par
             le
             haut
             ,
             la
             reduisist
             en
             bas
             à
             la
             moindre
             place
             qu'
             elle
             puisse
             occuper
             ,
             &
             qu'
             elle
             la
             reduisist
             comme
             en
             l'
             eau
             ,
             elle
             auroit
             alors
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             Pieds
             seulement
             .
          
           
             Et
             par
             consequent
             qu'
             il
             faut
             considerer
             toute
             la
             masse
             de
             l'
             Air
             en
             l'
             estat
             libre
             ou
             elle
             est
             ,
             de
             la
             mesme
             sorte
             que
             si
             elle
             eust
             este
             autrefois
             comme
             une
             masse
             d'
             eau
             de
             31
             pieds
             de
             haut
             á
             l'
             entour
             de
             toute
             la
             terre
             ,
             qui
             eust
             esté
             rarefiée
             et
             dilatée
             extremement
             ,
             et
             convertie
             en
             cet
             estat
             ou
             nous
             l'
             appellons
             Air
             ,
             auquel
             elle
             occupe
             à
             la
             verite
             plus
             de
             place
             ,
             mais
             auquel
             elle
             conserve
             precisement
             le
             mesme
             poids
             que
             l'
             eau
             à
             31
             pieds
             de
             haut
             .
          
           
             Et
             comme
             il
             n'
             y
             auroit
             rien
             de
             plus
             aisé
             que
             de
             supputer
             combien
             l'
             eau
             qui
             environneroit
             toute
             la
             terre
             à
             31
             Pieds
             de
             haut
             peseroit
             de
             livres
             ;
             et
             qu'
             un
             enfant
             qui
             scait
             l'
             Addition
             et
             la
             Soustraction
             le
             pourroit
             faire
             ;
             on
             trouveroit
             par
             le
             mesme
             moyen
             combien
             tout
             l'
             Air
             de
             la
             Nature
             pese
             de
             liures
             ,
             puisque
             c
             '
             est
             la
             mesme
             chose
             ;
             et
             si
             on
             en
             fait
             l'
             épreuve
             ,
             on
             trouvera
             qu'
             il
             pese
             à
             peu
             prés
             huit
             Millions
             de
             Millions
             de
             Millions
             de
             Liures
             .
          
           
             I'
             ay
             voulu
             avoir
             ce
             plaisir
             ,
             et
             j
             '
             en
             ay
             fait
             le
             compte
             en
             cette
             sorte
             .
          
           
             I'
             ay
             suppose
             que
             le
             Diametre
             d'
             un
             cercle
             est
             à
             sa
             circonference
             ,
             comme
             7
             á
             22.
             
          
           
             I'
             ay
             suppose
             que
             le
             Diametre
             d'
             une
             Sphere
             estant
             multiplié
             par
             la
             circonference
             de
             son
             grand
             cercle
             ,
             le
             produit
             est
             le
             contenu
             de
             la
             superficie
             Spherique
             .
          
           
           
             Nous
             Scavons
             qu'
             on
             a
             divise
             le
             tour
             de
             la
             terre
             en
             360
             degrez
             cette
             division
             à
             esté
             voluntaire
             ,
             car
             on
             l'
             eust
             divisée
             en
             plus
             ou
             moins
             si
             on
             eust
             voulu
             ,
             aussi
             bien
             que
             les
             cercles
             celestes
             .
          
           
             On
             a
             trouve
             que
             chacun
             de
             ces
             degrez
             contient
             50000
             toises
             .
          
           
             Les
             lieues
             autour
             de
             Paris
             sont
             de
             2500
             toises
             ;
             et
             par
             consequent
             il
             y
             a
             20
             lieues
             au
             degré
             :
             D'
             autres
             en
             comptent
             25
             mais
             aussi
             ils
             ne
             mettent
             que
             2000
             toises
             à
             la
             lieue
             ;
             ce
             qui
             revient
             à
             la
             mesme
             chose
             .
          
           
             Chaque
             toise
             a
             6
             pieds
             .
          
           
             Un
             pied
             Cube
             d'
             eau
             pese
             72
             libres
             .
          
           
             Cela
             posé
             ,
             il
             est
             bien
             aise
             de
             faire
             la
             supputation
             qu'
             on
             cherche
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Car
                   puisque
                   la
                   terre
                   a
                   pour
                   son
                   grand
                   cercle
                   ,
                   ou
                   pour
                   sa
                   circonference
                
                 
                   360
                   degrez
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Elle
                   a
                   par
                   consequent
                   de
                   tour
                
                 
                   7200
                   lieues
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   par
                   la
                   proportion
                   de
                   la
                   Circonference
                   au
                   Diametre
                   aura
                
                 
                   2291
                   lieues
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Donc
                   en
                   multipliant
                   le
                   Diametre
                   de
                   la
                   terre
                   par
                   la
                   Circonference
                   de
                   son
                   grand
                   cercle
                   ;
                   on
                   trouvera
                   qu'
                   elle
                   á
                   en
                   toute
                   sa
                   superficie
                   Spherique
                
                 
                   1649200
                   lieues
                   quarrées
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   C
                   '
                   est
                   à
                   dire
                
                 
                   103
                   ,
                   095
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   toises
                   quarr
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   C
                   '
                   est
                   à
                   dire
                
                 
                   3711
                   ,
                   420
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   000
                   ,
                   pieds
                   quarr
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             Et
             parce
             qu'
             un
             pied
             cube
             d'
             eau
             pese
             72
             livres
             .
          
           
             Ils
             '
             ensuit
             qu'
             un
             prisme
             d'
             eau
             d'
             un
             pied
             quarre
             de
             base
             ,
             et
             de
             31
             pieds
             de
             haut
             ,
             pese
             2232
             livres
             .
          
           
             Donc
             si
             la
             terre
             estoit
             couverte
             d'
             eau
             jusques
             à
             la
             hauteur
             de
             31
             pieds
             ;
             il
             y
             auroit
             autant
             de
             prismes
             d'
             eau
             de
             31
             Pieds
             de
             haut
             ,
             qu'
             elle
             a
             de
             pieds
             quarrez
             en
             toute
             
             sa
             surface
             .
             (
             Ie
             scay
             bien
             que
             ce
             ne
             seroient
             pas
             des
             prismes
             ,
             mais
             des
             secteurs
             de
             Sphere
             ;
             et
             je
             neglige
             exprés
             cette
             Precision
             .
             )
          
           
             Et
             partant
             elle
             porteroit
             autant
             de
             2232
             livres
             d'
             eau
             ,
             qu'
             elle
             a
             de
             pieds
             quarrez
             en
             toute
             sa
             surface
             .
          
           
             Donc
             cette
             masse
             d'
             eau
             entiere
             peseroit
             .
          
           
             8283
             ,
             889
             ,
             440
             ,
             000
             ,
             000
             ,
             000
             ,
             livres
             .
          
           
             Donc
             toute
             la
             masse
             entiere
             de
             la
             Sphere
             de
             l'
             Air
             qui
             est
             au
             monde
             ,
             pese
             ce
             mesme
             poids
             de
          
           
             8283.
             889
             ,
             440
             ,
             000
             ,
             000
             ,
             000
             ,
             livres
             .
          
           
             C
             '
             est
             à
             dire
             ,
             Huit
             Millions
             de
             Millions
             de-Millions
             ,
             deux
             cent
             quatre
             vingt
             trois
             mille
             huit
             cent
             quatre
             vingt
             neuf
             Millions
             de
             Millions
             ,
             quatre
             cent
             quarente
             mille
             millions
             de
             livres
             .
          
        
         
           
             Mr.
             Pascal
             
               in
               his
               small
               Tract
               ,
               either
            
             De
             la
             Pesanteur
             de
             l'
             air
             ;
             
               or
               in
               that
            
             Del
             '
             Equilibre
             des
             liqueurs
             .
          
           
             De
             caetero
             ,
             feci
             haud
             ita
             pridem
             experimentum
             ponderandi
             aeris
             ,
             quod
             pulchrè
             successit
             ;
             nam
             sumptâ
             vitreâ
             lagenâ
             ,
             valde
             levi
             et
             ad
             lampadem
             sufflatâ
             ,
             ejus
             figurae
             ,
             qualem
             hic
             excusam
             vides
             ,
             magnitudine
             parvae
             pilae
             quales
             habentur
             in
             sphaeristeriis
             ,
             non
             habente
             nisi
             minimam
             quandam
             aperturam
             per
             quam
             immittatur
             pilus
             in
             extremitate
             orificii
             sui
             B.
             ponderavi
             eam
             in
             bilance
             
             valde
             exacta
             ,
             &
             frigida
             pondus
             habuit
             78
             granorum
             cum
             dimidio
             :
             Postea
             calefeci
             eam
             carbonibus
             impositam
             ,
             &
             reposui
             in
             bilaneem
             eo
             situ
             quo
             hic
             descriptum
             vidos
             ,
             nimirum
             orificio
             in
             imum
             verso
             ,
             &
             deprehendi
             eam
             vix
             habere
             pondus
             78
             granorum
             ,
             tum
             immergendo
             orificium
             in
             aquam
             ,
             refrigescere
             feci
             ,
             &
             dum
             aer
             se
             condensat
             pro
             modo
             quo
             refrigescit
             lagena
             ,
             intravit
             tantundem
             aquae
             quantum
             aeris
             calor
             antea
             expulerat
             ;
             denique
             ponderans
             eam
             cum
             omniilla
             aqua
             deprehendi
             
             eam
             habere
             pondus
             72
             granorum
             &
             dimidii
             plus
             quam
             antea
             :
             unde
             concludo
             aerem
             qui
             per
             ignem
             expulsus
             erat
             ,
             se
             habere
             ad
             aquam
             quae
             in
             locum
             suum
             regressa
             erat
             uti
             ½
             se
             habet
             ad
             72½
             ,
             aut
             uti
             se
             habet
             1.
             ad
             145.
             sed
             potui
             in
             eo
             errasse
             difficile
             quippe
             est
             in
             ea
             re
             omnino
             exactum
             esse
             ;
             Id
             saltem
             certò
             scio
             ,
             quòd
             pondus
             aeris
             hoc
             modo
             fit
             sensibile
             ,
             &
             prolixe
             hic
             deduxi
             processum
             meum
             ,
             ut
             si
             te
             eadem
             curiositas
             incessat
             ,
             possis
             id
             eodem
             modo
             perficere
             experimentum
             .
             Vale.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XVIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Consistency
             of
             the
             Air
             ;
             its
             Rarity
             ,
             Density
             ,
             Fluidity
             ,
             Subtilty
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Thin
           but
           large
           Bladder
           ,
           wherein
           there
           was
           about
           the
           third
           part
           of
           the
           Air
           it
           was
           capable
           of
           containing
           ,
           being
           strongly
           tied
           at
           the
           Neck
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           opposite
           Part
           suspended
           and
           clog'd
           at
           the
           bottom
           ,
           with
           a
           Weight
           of
           14
           Pound
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           rested
           on
           the
           Floor
           ,
           which
           sustained
           it
           ;
           the
           Strings
           that
           tied
           the
           Bladder
           were
           well
           stretch'd
           before
           ,
           and
           could
           not
           shrink
           a
           quarter
           of
           an
           Inch
           without
           drawing
           up
           the
           Weight
           .
           Then
           two
           Fire-shovels
           ,
           with
           small
           Coals
           and
           Ashes
           were
           applied
           at
           a
           convenient
           Distance
           ,
           and
           kept
           moving
           to
           warm
           and
           rarify
           the
           included
           Air
           ,
           without
           cracking
           the
           Bladder
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           after
           some
           of
           the
           Wrinckles
           of
           the
           Bladder
           had
           been
           displayed
           ,
           not
           without
           Noise
           ,
           the
           Air
           being
           expanded
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Bladder
           a
           little
           swell'd
           ,
           and
           the
           whole
           String
           shorten'd
           ,
           the
           Weight
           was
           raised
           and
           made
           to
           swing
           like
           a
           Pendulum
           .
           The
           same
           Experiment
           being
           tried
           two
           or
           three
           times
           with
           a
           quarter
           of
           an
           Hundred
           ,
           succeeded
           not
           ,
           though
           with
           larger
           Bladders
           ,
           the
           Heat
           still
           either
           breaking
           the
           Bladder
           with
           Noise
           ,
           or
           occasioning
           some
           little
           Leak
           which
           hinder'd
           the
           desir'd
           Success
           ,
           though
           once
           we
           came
           so
           very
           near
           it
           ,
           that
           't
           is
           scarce
           to
           be
           doubted
           ,
           that
           if
           we
           had
           had
           good
           Accommodations
           ,
           it
           would
           have
           succeeded
           well
           ,
           and
           that
           perhaps
           if
           the
           Weight
           had
           been
           greater
           .
        
         
         
           To
           try
           whether
           the
           Corpuscles
           of
           the
           Air
           would
           dive
           into
           a
           Liquor
           that
           was
           exposed
           but
           to
           the
           ordinary
           Pressure
           of
           the
           free
           Air
           or
           Atmosphere
           .
           We
           cover'd
           the
           bottom
           of
           a
           Cylindrical
           Vial
           with
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           and
           then
           pour'd
           on
           it
           an
           urinous
           Spirit
           ,
           to
           the
           Height
           of
           about
           three
           Fingers
           breadth
           ,
           and
           on
           this
           Liquor
           we
           poured
           Oil
           of
           Almonds
           to
           the
           Thickness
           of
           a
           Crown
           Piece
           of
           Silver
           ,
           or
           that
           of
           about
           the
           fifth
           part
           of
           an
           Inch
           ;
           then
           we
           stopp'd
           the
           Vial
           well
           ,
           and
           left
           it
           in
           a
           quiet
           Place
           for
           several
           Days
           .
           The
           Event
           was
           such
           as
           we
           expected
           ,
           namely
           ,
           that
           the
           urinous
           Liquor
           did
           first
           acquire
           ,
           and
           then
           lose
           a
           blew
           Tincture
           ,
           both
           were
           done
           but
           slowly
           .
           And
           when
           the
           Colour
           was
           pretty
           well
           lost
           (
           for
           the
           Liquor
           was
           not
           clear
           ,
           but
           somewhat
           troubled
           )
           we
           took
           out
           the
           Cork
           ,
           and
           kept
           the
           Vial
           unstopp'd
           for
           one
           Minute
           of
           an
           Hour
           ,
           and
           then
           stopp'd
           it
           again
           ;
           that
           in
           that
           short
           time
           the
           upper
           Part
           of
           the
           urinous
           Spirit
           began
           to
           be
           ting'd
           with
           Blew
           ,
           and
           within
           an
           Hour
           ,
           though
           the
           Vessel
           were
           all
           the
           while
           kept
           stopp'd
           ,
           the
           Sky-Colour
           reach'd
           to
           the
           lower
           part
           of
           the
           Liquor
           ,
           which
           at
           this
           time
           is
           wholly
           and
           deeply
           of
           that
           Colour
           ,
           the
           Oil
           that
           swims
           above
           it
           being
           clear
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XIX
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Heat
             and
             Coldness
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           THough
           the
           Peripatetick
           Doctrine
           about
           the
           Limits
           and
           Temperaments
           of
           the
           three
           Regions
           ,
           into
           which
           they
           divide
           the
           Air
           ,
           hath
           been
           so
           plausibly
           proposed
           ,
           that
           it
           has
           been
           readily
           entertained
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           the
           Aristotelian
           Schools
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Generality
           of
           Philosophers
           ,
           as
           well
           modern
           as
           ancient
           :
           yet
           since
           I
           think
           it
           becomes
           a
           Naturalist
           to
           consider
           ,
           not
           so
           much
           how
           easy
           a
           Doctrine
           is
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           its
           Concinnity
           ,
           to
           be
           remembred
           or
           supposed
           ,
           as
           how
           strongly
           't
           is
           to
           be
           proved
           .
           I
           must
           not
           dissemble
           ,
           that
           as
           to
           this
           vulgar
           Theory
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           fitter
           we
           should
           wish
           it
           to
           be
           true
           ,
           than
           that
           we
           should
           believe
           it
           is
           so
           :
           for
           I
           confess
           ,
           that
           upon
           the
           best
           Informations
           I
           have
           been
           able
           to
           procure
           from
           Travellers
           by
           Land
           and
           Sea
           ,
           or
           from
           Writers
           that
           relate
           rather
           what
           they
           have
           observed
           ,
           than
           what
           they
           have
           been
           taught
           ,
           I
           have
           been
           much
           tempted
           to
           question
           the
           received
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           Schools
           ,
           about
           the
           Regions
           of
           the
           Air.
           And
           that
           you
           may
           judg
           ,
           whether
           or
           no
           my
           Thoughts
           be
           rational
           ,
           the
           ensuing
           Discourse
           shall
           acquaint
           you
           with
           several
           of
           the
           Particulars
           on
           which
           they
           are
           grounded
           .
        
         
           What
           I
           have
           in
           other
           Papers
           written
           concerning
           Cold
           ,
           does
           not
           only
           make
           it
           less
           proper
           for
           me
           to
           treat
           of
           it
           indefinitely
           in
           this
           Place
           ,
           but
           would
           make
           it
           difficult
           for
           me
           to
           say
           much
           on
           this
           Subject
           without
           Repetition
           .
           And
           it
           were
           perhaps
           fittest
           for
           me
           to
           say
           nothing
           on
           an
           occasion
           wherein
           I
           have
           left
           my self
           little
           to
           say
           
           that
           is
           new
           and
           pertinent
           ;
           but
           yet
           since
           this
           Title
           promises
           not
           any
           thing
           about
           Cold
           in
           general
           ,
           but
           only
           some
           less
           heeded
           Particulars
           ,
           relating
           to
           the
           Coldness
           of
           the
           Air
           :
           That
           I
           may
           not
           leave
           it
           wholly
           unfurnished
           ,
           I
           will
           refer
           to
           it
           a
           few
           Instances
           that
           ensue
           .
        
         
           The
           Physician
           ,
           elsewhere
           mentioned
           ,
           that
           was
           lately
           at
           Morocco
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           notwithstanding
           the
           excessive
           Heat
           that
           reign'd
           there
           in
           the
           Day-time
           ,
           he
           felt
           the
           Night
           very
           cold
           ,
           and
           so
           he
           did
           the
           mountanous
           Air
           in
           those
           Parts
           .
        
         
           An
           intelligent
           Gentleman
           that
           stay'd
           a
           Year
           in
           Guinea
           ,
           and
           spent
           part
           of
           that
           time
           in
           the
           Land
           ,
           answer'd
           me
           ,
           that
           notwithstanding
           the
           excessive
           Heat
           of
           the
           Climate
           ,
           he
           was
           divers
           times
           about
           four
           of
           the
           Clock
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           reduced
           to
           be
           ready
           to
           tremble
           for
           Cold
           ,
           as
           he
           lay
           in
           his
           Hammock
           ,
           for
           about
           an
           Hour
           together
           .
        
         
           A
           learned
           Man
           that
           lived
           at
           Jamaica
           ,
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           laid
           in
           his
           Hammock
           ,
           about
           three
           or
           four
           Foot
           from
           the
           Ground
           ,
           though
           he
           had
           much
           Clothes
           under
           him
           ,
           and
           little
           or
           none
           over
           him
           ,
           he
           felt
           it
           cold
           beneath
           ,
           and
           hot
           above
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           obvious
           to
           every
           Man's
           Sense
           or
           Observation
           ;
           that
           the
           greater
           Heat
           that
           is
           usually
           found
           in
           our
           Air
           ,
           during
           the
           Summer
           ,
           than
           in
           other
           Seasons
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           has
           manifest
           Effects
           upon
           such
           easily
           agitable
           Bodies
           as
           Liquors
           ,
           and
           upon
           the
           Juices
           and
           Flesh
           of
           Animals
           ,
           and
           the
           softer
           Parts
           of
           Vegetables
           .
           But
           that
           even
           in
           Places
           shelter'd
           from
           the
           Sun-beams
           ,
           the
           Warmth
           of
           a
           temperate
           Summer
           should
           be
           able
           sensibly
           to
           rarify
           and
           expand
           so
           cold
           and
           compact
           a
           Body
           ,
           as
           Glass
           it self
           ,
           would
           not
           be
           easily
           suspected
           or
           believed
           .
           And
           yet
           that
           this
           is
           one
           of
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           Temperature
           of
           the
           Air
           in
           Summer
           ,
           seems
           very
           probable
           by
           this
           Experiment
           ,
           
           that
           having
           two
           large
           factitious
           Crystal
           Viols
           ,
           caused
           some
           Stopples
           of
           the
           same
           Matter
           to
           be
           exquisitely
           ground
           ,
           and
           fitted
           this
           or
           that
           Vessel
           ,
           exactly
           closed
           when
           the
           Stopple
           was
           in
           it
           ,
           was
           very
           easy
           to
           be
           opened
           in
           Winter
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           colder
           Parts
           of
           the
           Neighbouring
           Seasons
           ;
           but
           in
           Summer
           't
           was
           oftentimes
           so
           difficult
           to
           unstop
           the
           same
           Vessel
           ,
           that
           a
           Man's
           Force
           ,
           though
           assisted
           with
           a
           String
           ,
           was
           not
           able
           to
           pull
           out
           the
           Stopple
           :
           To
           that
           I
           was
           often
           reduced
           to
           cause
           the
           Necks
           of
           the
           Vials
           to
           be
           held
           under
           a
           Pump
           ,
           or
           to
           be
           stirred
           to
           and
           fro
           in
           a
           Vessel
           full
           of
           Water
           ,
           that
           the
           Coldness
           of
           that
           Liquor
           might
           take
           off
           the
           Expansion
           that
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Season
           had
           given
           the
           Glass
           ,
           which
           being
           by
           this
           means
           made
           to
           shrink
           into
           its
           former
           Dimensions
           ,
           the
           Vial
           and
           Stopple
           would
           be
           easily
           enough
           disjoined
           .
           This
           was
           tried
           in
           several
           Vessels
           ,
           and
           in
           more
           than
           one
           Year
           .
           But
           to
           make
           this
           Experiment
           successful
           ,
           two
           Parts
           must
           at
           first
           have
           been
           exquisitly
           adjusted
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           which
           in
           those
           Glasses
           ,
           with
           Stopples
           of
           the
           same
           Matter
           that
           are
           commonly
           sold
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           usually
           found
           to
           be
           .
        
         
           We
           are
           wont
           to
           attribute
           the
           Effects
           we
           feel
           of
           the
           Summers
           Heat
           ,
           to
           the
           bare
           Warmth
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           Agitations
           that
           such
           Warmth
           produces
           in
           the
           Parts
           of
           our
           Bodies
           ,
           especially
           in
           the
           Blood
           ,
           Juices
           and
           Spirits
           ,
           whereas
           it
           may
           very
           well
           happen
           ,
           that
           we
           may
           find
           odd
           Changes
           in
           our selves
           ,
           upon
           very
           hot
           Weather
           ,
           which
           proceed
           not
           from
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           as
           such
           ,
           but
           rather
           from
           this
           Cause
           ,
           that
           by
           such
           a
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           ,
           divers
           Bodies
           that
           we
           think
           not
           of
           ,
           may
           be
           solicited
           to
           send
           forth
           Effluvia
           that
           have
           emitted
           none
           by
           Force
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           no
           such
           Quantity
           as
           could
           make
           them
           sensibly
           operative
           .
           And
           these
           Effluvia
           may
           be
           the
           true
           and
           immediate
           Causes
           of
           divers
           Effects
           that
           
           are
           unwarily
           ascribed
           to
           the
           mere
           Heat
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           it
           produces
           in
           our
           Bodies
           .
           To
           illustrate
           and
           confirm
           this
           Conjecture
           ,
           I
           shall
           propose
           the
           following
           Experiment
           .
        
         
           Being
           in
           the
           Heat
           of
           Summer
           in
           the
           Country
           ,
           I
           took
           a
           some-what
           large
           Piece
           of
           fine
           Amber
           ,
           that
           I
           usually
           imployed
           about
           Electrical
           Experiments
           ;
           and
           when
           the
           Sun
           had
           reach'd
           a
           considerable
           Height
           above
           the
           Horizon
           ,
           I
           placed
           it
           in
           a
           shaded
           Part
           of
           a
           Window
           ,
           on
           which
           he
           shined
           freely
           ,
           though
           I
           left
           the
           Amber
           here
           for
           a
           competent
           time
           ,
           yet
           I
           could
           not
           find
           that
           it
           would
           draw
           a
           Piece
           of
           Straw
           ,
           Feather
           ,
           or
           other
           light
           Body
           ,
           that
           at
           a
           convenient
           Distance
           was
           held
           to
           it
           .
           But
           when
           I
           removed
           it
           a
           very
           little
           further
           into
           a
           Part
           of
           the
           Window
           ,
           into
           which
           the
           Sun-beams
           fell
           freely
           ,
           they
           quickly
           put
           its
           Parts
           into
           such
           an
           Agitation
           as
           made
           it
           emit
           Electrical
           Effluvia
           ,
           and
           readily
           attract
           those
           light
           Bodies
           that
           would
           not
           stir
           before
           ,
           and
           which
           it
           would
           soon
           ,
           though
           not
           immediately
           ,
           lose
           the
           Power
           of
           drawing
           ,
           as
           before
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           removed
           back
           into
           the
           neighbouring
           shaded
           part
           of
           the
           Window
           .
        
         
           May
           26.
           
           Mr.
           Nickson
           ,
           who
           was
           four
           Years
           Governour
           of
           the
           English
           Colony
           in
           Hudsons-Bay
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           when
           they
           sail'd
           within
           a
           certain
           Distance
           of
           floating
           Islands
           of
           Ice
           ,
           if
           the
           Wind
           blew
           from
           thence
           toward
           the
           Ship
           ,
           or
           as
           the
           Seamen
           speak
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           to
           the
           Leeward
           of
           the
           Ice
           ,
           they
           could
           by
           the
           new
           and
           sensible
           Cold
           they
           felt
           ,
           know
           that
           such
           Ice
           lay
           to
           Windward
           of
           them
           ,
           sometimes
           even
           before
           they
           were
           able
           to
           discover
           it
           by
           Sight
           .
           And
           when
           I
           further
           asked
           ,
           at
           what
           Distance
           that
           might
           be
           ,
           he
           answered
           ,
           that
           't
           was
           sometimes
           twelve
           or
           fifteen
           Miles
           ,
           if
           not
           twenty
           .
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           usually
           when
           the
           Wind
           blew
           from
           those
           great
           Masses
           of
           congealed
           Water
           ,
           it
           brought
           along
           with
           
           it
           a
           foggy
           Air
           ,
           which
           he
           supposed
           to
           come
           (
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Cold
           )
           from
           the
           Ice
           .
        
         
           The
           same
           Gentleman
           ,
           answer'd
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           that
           Part
           of
           Hudsons-Bay
           wherein
           he
           winter'd
           ,
           the
           Rivers
           began
           to
           freeze
           about
           the
           latter
           end
           of
           October
           ,
           or
           beginning
           of
           November
           ,
           and
           usually
           were
           not
           free
           from
           Ice
           till
           about
           the
           middle
           or
           latter
           end
           of
           May
           ,
           though
           he
           divers
           times
           took
           the
           Latitude
           of
           
             Charleton
             Island
          
           ,
           the
           Place
           most
           frequented
           by
           the
           English
           ,
           and
           seated
           at
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Bay
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           to
           be
           near
           the
           same
           with
           that
           of
           London
           ,
           and
           at
           most
           but
           about
           52
           Degrees
           .
        
         
           When
           I
           inquired
           about
           the
           Depth
           of
           the
           Ice
           in
           the
           Rivers
           ,
           he
           answered
           ,
           that
           they
           had
           often
           occasion
           to
           observe
           it
           ;
           for
           in
           the
           Winter
           they
           made
           their
           Wells
           there
           ,
           (
           not
           in
           the
           Ground
           )
           and
           were
           obliged
           to
           dig
           about
           six
           Foot
           deep
           in
           the
           Ice
           ,
           before
           they
           could
           come
           at
           unfrozen
           Water
           .
        
         
           He
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           when
           they
           sent
           their
           Men
           up
           into
           the
           Country
           ,
           their
           Bottles
           of
           Brandy
           would
           oftentimes
           so
           freeze
           ,
           that
           about
           a
           fourth
           Part
           of
           it
           would
           be
           turned
           into
           Ice
           .
           And
           when
           I
           asked
           ,
           whether
           the
           unfrozen
           Part
           of
           the
           Liquor
           was
           not
           exceeding
           strong
           ,
           he
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           so
           much
           so
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           too
           fiery
           and
           unpleasant
           to
           the
           Taste
           .
        
         
           He
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           always
           found
           the
           Ice
           fresh
           that
           floated
           upon
           the
           Sea-Water
           ;
           and
           that
           when
           they
           wanted
           fresh
           Water
           ,
           or
           had
           a
           Mind
           to
           spare
           what
           they
           had
           aboard
           ,
           they
           often
           supplied
           themselves
           out
           of
           the
           Cavities
           of
           great
           floating
           Masses
           of
           Ice
           ;
           in
           which
           hollow
           Places
           the
           Sun-Beams
           thawing
           some
           Parts
           of
           the
           Ice
           ,
           they
           frequently
           found
           store
           of
           Liquor
           that
           was
           produced
           by
           the
           Action
           of
           the
           Sun-Beams
           upon
           the
           superior
           Parts
           of
           the
           Ice
           ,
           whence
           the
           Water
           ran
           into
           these
           Cavities
           .
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           when
           the
           Seamen
           were
           
           in
           haste
           ,
           they
           used
           to
           relieve
           themselves
           by
           cutting
           or
           breaking
           off
           Pieces
           of
           the
           floating
           Ice
           ,
           and
           presently
           melting
           it
           in
           their
           Pots
           .
        
         
           A
           learned
           Traveller
           ,
           that
           made
           some
           considerable
           stay
           among
           the
           high
           Pyrenean
           Mountains
           ,
           answer'd
           me
           ,
           amongst
           other
           notable
           things
           ,
           about
           which
           I
           made
           Inquiry
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           several
           times
           observed
           at
           the
           Top
           of
           one
           or
           other
           of
           those
           tall
           Hills
           ,
           that
           the
           Air
           would
           be
           very
           hot
           ,
           and
           that
           yet
           the
           same
           Day
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           within
           very
           few
           Hours
           ,
           the
           Place
           would
           be
           cover'd
           with
           Snow
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           then
           Summer-time
           .
        
         
           Doctor
           N.
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           Winds
           he
           felt
           at
           Morocco
           were
           so
           very
           hot
           ,
           that
           they
           were
           ready
           to
           stifle
           him
           ,
           seeming
           to
           him
           like
           the
           Steams
           and
           Smoak
           coming
           out
           of
           the
           Mouth
           of
           an
           Oven
           .
        
         
           The
           Russian
           Emperor's
           Physician
           confirmed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           at
           Arch-angel
           (
           where
           he
           was
           more
           than
           once
           )
           they
           averr'd
           to
           him
           ,
           that
           in
           Winter-time
           a
           Northerly
           Wind
           (
           which
           comes
           from
           the
           Sea
           )
           produces
           a
           kind
           of
           Thaw
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           make
           the
           Eves
           drop
           ,
           though
           a
           North-East
           Wind
           rather
           confirms
           the
           Frost
           ;
           but
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           a
           Southerly
           Wind
           blows
           over
           a
           thousand
           or
           a
           hundred
           Mile
           of
           frozen
           Land
           ,
           does
           rather
           increase
           the
           Frost
           than
           bring
           the
           Thaw
           .
        
         
           A
           very
           inquisitive
           Person
           that
           visited
           the
           lofty
           Pyrenean
           Mountains
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           and
           his
           Company
           had
           more
           than
           once
           observed
           ,
           from
           the
           Top
           or
           higher
           Part
           of
           one
           of
           those
           Hills
           ,
           that
           though
           it
           were
           fair
           Weather
           there
           ,
           yet
           a
           great
           way
           beneath
           them
           ,
           the
           Hill
           was
           surrounded
           with
           thick
           Clouds
           ,
           which
           produced
           Storms
           of
           Rain
           on
           the
           lower
           Grounds
           :
           and
           that
           (
           which
           was
           the
           chief
           Point
           ,
           I
           inquired
           after
           )
           they
           could
           manifestly
           see
           ,
           that
           out
           of
           those
           Clouds
           ,
           when
           it
           thunder'd
           ,
           Lightnings
           flash'd
           upwards
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           they
           are
           generally
           observ'd
           to
           do
           it
           downward
           .
        
         
         
           October
           19.
           
           Doctor
           Stubbs
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           having
           at
           Jamaica
           taken
           a
           Bolt-head
           about
           two
           Foot
           and
           a
           half
           in
           length
           ,
           he
           usually
           found
           that
           betwixt
           7
           and
           8
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           which
           they
           there
           call
           the
           faint
           time
           (
           of
           the
           Day
           )
           because
           for
           want
           of
           the
           daily
           Breezes
           ,
           the
           excessive
           Heat
           makes
           them
           to
           faint
           away
           ;
           the
           Water
           was
           wont
           to
           rise
           in
           the
           Neck
           but
           a
           quarter
           of
           an
           Inch
           and
           a
           half
           ,
           though
           at
           that
           time
           by
           reason
           of
           the
           Winds
           ,
           Men
           found
           the
           Heat
           very
           supportable
           :
           and
           after
           Noon
           was
           past
           ,
           the
           Water
           would
           subside
           by
           Degrees
           till
           towards
           the
           above-mention'd
           time
           the
           next
           Morning
           .
           This
           happened
           in
           a
           South
           Window
           ,
           where
           the
           fresh
           Winds
           come
           fully
           and
           freely
           in
           to
           beat
           upon
           the
           Bolt-head
           ,
           without
           any
           Glass
           to
           skreen
           the
           Vessel
           from
           the
           Wind.
           
        
         
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           though
           the
           Bolt-head
           were
           not
           stopped
           ,
           yet
           the
           Water
           did
           not
           even
           in
           that
           hot
           Country
           decrease
           sensibly
           in
           eight
           or
           ten
           Months
           .
        
         
           A
           heedful
           Person
           that
           frequented
           the
           Coast
           of
           Sumatra
           in
           the
           South-Sea
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           never
           observed
           Ice
           or
           Frost
           ,
           or
           Snow
           ,
           in
           that
           great
           Island
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           had
           known
           Hail
           fall
           even
           in
           that
           torrid
           Climate
           .
        
         
           Though
           the
           famous
           Island
           of
           Ceylon
           lies
           almost
           in
           the
           midst
           of
           the
           torrid
           Zone
           ,
           namely
           ,
           between
           the
           6th
           and
           10th
           Degrees
           of
           Northern
           Latitude
           ,
           yet
           an
           observing
           Man
           that
           lived
           many
           Years
           upon
           it
           ,
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           Hills
           not
           so
           high
           ,
           but
           that
           we
           might
           easily
           ascend
           to
           the
           Top
           in
           half
           an
           Hour
           ,
           the
           Inequality
           of
           the
           Air
           's
           Temperature
           ,
           as
           to
           Heat
           and
           Cold
           ,
           was
           very
           great
           :
           for
           he
           had
           divers
           times
           observed
           in
           himself
           and
           others
           ,
           that
           though
           at
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Hill
           the
           Heat
           was
           so
           great
           ,
           as
           to
           oblige
           them
           to
           go
           almost
           stark
           naked
           ,
           yet
           when
           they
           ascended
           the
           Hill
           ,
           they
           found
           the
           Air
           quite
           alter'd
           ;
           
           and
           as
           they
           went
           up
           higher
           and
           higher
           ,
           the
           Cold
           increased
           upon
           them
           ;
           so
           that
           notwithstanding
           the
           Heat
           ,
           so
           uneasy
           a
           Motion
           as
           Climbing
           ,
           had
           given
           them
           ,
           the
           Coldness
           of
           the
           Air
           obliged
           them
           to
           put
           on
           unusually
           warm
           Clothes
           ;
           and
           at
           the
           Top
           of
           the
           Hill
           they
           would
           for
           all
           that
           be
           ready
           to
           quake
           for
           Cold.
           
        
         
           Captain
           Knox
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           18
           Years
           that
           he
           spent
           in
           the
           Inland
           of
           Ceylon
           ,
           he
           never
           observ'd
           any
           Ice
           or
           Snow
           ,
           nor
           any
           more
           than
           a
           little
           kind
           of
           Meteor
           that
           was
           between
           Dew
           and
           hoar
           Frost
           ,
           which
           sometimes
           in
           Winter-Mornings
           appeared
           very
           oddly
           ,
           but
           quickly
           vanished
           .
           And
           when
           I
           asked
           if
           he
           had
           not
           seen
           Hail
           it self
           ;
           he
           answered
           ,
           that
           he
           never
           saw
           it
           but
           once
           ,
           but
           the
           Inhabitants
           look'd
           upon
           it
           as
           a
           wonderful
           thing
           ,
           unseen
           by
           them
           before
           ,
           that
           the
           Hail
           was
           as
           large
           as
           a
           black
           Cherry
           ,
           but
           not
           very
           round
           ,
           and
           seem'd
           to
           have
           the
           Corners
           melted
           ,
           which
           made
           him
           think
           it
           had
           been
           form'd
           high
           in
           the
           Air
           ;
           that
           for
           fear
           of
           mistaking
           ,
           he
           not
           only
           gather'd
           some
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           champ'd
           it
           between
           his
           Teeth
           ,
           and
           found
           it
           cold
           and
           hard
           ,
           like
           our
           European
           Hail
           ;
           and
           that
           he
           was
           fain
           to
           be
           nimble
           in
           making
           his
           Trials
           ,
           because
           when
           the
           Hail
           came
           to
           touch
           the
           Ground
           ,
           it
           would
           melt
           away
           much
           more
           suddenly
           than
           one
           would
           have
           expected
           .
        
         
           Gregory
           being
           ask'd
           ,
           upon
           a
           very
           sultry
           Day
           ,
           whether
           it
           were
           not
           very
           hot
           in
           Germany
           ,
           made
           Answer
           ,
           To
           Day
           has
           been
           something
           hot
           :
           Such
           is
           the
           Winter
           in
           Suaquena
           .
           Ludolf
           .
           
             Hist
             of
          
           Ethiop
           .
           
             l.
             1.
             c.
          
           5.
           
        
         
           The
           Heat
           of
           the
           Island
           
             Suaquena
             ,
             Gregory
          
           used
           to
           call
           
           
             Infernal
             :
             For
          
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           
             it
             excoriates
             the
             Skin
          
           ;
           melts
           hard
           Indian
           Wax
           in
           a
           Cabinet
           ,
           and
           sears
           your
           Shooes
           like
           a
           red
           hot
           Iron
           .
        
         
           The
           higher
           you
           ascend
           the
           Mountains
           of
           Ethiopia
           
           from
           the
           Coast
           of
           the
           red
           Sea
           ,
           the
           more
           temperate
           you
           
           shall
           feel
           the
           Air
           ,
           insomuch
           ,
           that
           as
           Tellezius
           witnesses
           ,
           in
           many
           Regions
           of
           Ethiopia
           the
           Summer
           .
           Heats
           are
           more
           mild
           than
           in
           Portugal
           ,
           so
           many
           Degrees
           distant
           toward
           the
           North
           ;
           nay
           there
           are
           some
           Mountainous
           Countries
           ,
           as
           in
           Samen
           ,
           where
           the
           Cold
           is
           more
           dreaded
           than
           the
           Heat
           .
           Nevertheless
           there
           falls
           none
           or
           very
           little
           Snow
           in
           these
           Parts
           ,
           only
           a
           certain
           small
           sort
           of
           Hail
           sometimes
           covers
           the
           Ground
           ,
           which
           at
           a
           Distance
           looks
           like
           Snow
           .
        
         
           An
           intelligent
           Person
           ,
           that
           was
           for
           many
           Years
           Consul
           of
           the
           English
           Nation
           at
           Tripoli
           in
           Barbary
           ;
           being
           asked
           some
           Questions
           about
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           the
           Winds
           in
           those
           Parts
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           when
           in
           Summer-time
           the
           Wind
           blew
           over
           the
           great
           Sandy
           Deserts
           that
           reach
           very
           far
           into
           the
           Country
           ,
           the
           Wind
           ,
           and
           the
           Sand
           it
           brought
           along
           with
           it
           ,
           oftentimes
           felt
           as
           hot
           as
           the
           Steams
           that
           come
           out
           of
           an
           Oven
           when
           the
           Mouth
           is
           opened
           ,
           insomuch
           that
           he
           could
           not
           ,
           without
           great
           Inconvenience
           ,
           turn
           his
           Face
           towards
           the
           Quarter
           whence
           the
           Wind
           blew
           .
        
         
           An
           ingenious
           Gentleman
           ,
           that
           was
           imployed
           in
           the
           French
           Colony
           ,
           on
           the
           Coast
           of
           Africk
           ,
           and
           liv'd
           in
           those
           Parts
           about
           five
           Years
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Island
           of
           St.
           Lovis
           ,
           or
           near
           it
           ,
           at
           a
           certain
           Season
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           when
           the
           hot
           Winds
           blew
           from
           the
           Continent
           ,
           the
           Sand
           on
           the
           Shores
           would
           be
           so
           scorching
           hot
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           not
           able
           to
           stand
           upon
           it
           ,
           but
           it
           would
           ,
           through
           the
           Soles
           of
           his
           Shooes
           ,
           scorch
           his
           Feet
           ,
           unless
           he
           walked
           very
           fast
           .
           And
           then
           the
           Air
           seem'd
           to
           him
           to
           be
           thick
           ,
           and
           as
           he
           expressed
           it
           ,
           heavy
           and
           hot
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           came
           out
           of
           an
           Oven
           .
           And
           when
           the
           Wind
           blew
           from
           a
           Wood
           ,
           where
           divers
           Elephants
           and
           other
           wild
           Beasts
           lay
           dead
           ;
           the
           Steams
           of
           their
           Carcasses
           would
           make
           the
           Air
           so
           stinking
           and
           offensive
           ,
           that
           is
           was
           scarce
           supportable
           .
        
         
         
           In
           summo
           ejus
           montis
           ,
           Idae
           sc
           .
           fastigio
           sacellum
           est
           quod
           aedificiolo
           duntaxat
           constat
           saxis
           sibi
           invicem
           impositis
           &
           sine
           calce
           cohaerentibus
           fornicis
           in
           modum
           constructo
           ,
           ad
           tectum
           prebendum
           .
           Sublimi
           adeo
           loco
           est
           ,
           &
           à
           vehementioribus
           ventis
           interdum
           ita
           perflato
           ,
           ut
           lapilli
           inde
           transferantur
           .
           Paulo
           infra
           id
           sacellum
           
           planities
           conspicitur
           montibus
           undique
           cincta
           ,
           in
           quâ
           multa
           sunt
           pascua
           ,
           ubi
           Arietes
           &
           Caprae
           Cretenses
           aestate
           pinguescunt
           .
           Si
           quis
           ex
           summo
           montis
           vertice
           undique
           prospiciat
           parum
           aberit
           ,
           quin
           totius
           Insulae
           ambitum
           videat
           cum
           aliis
           vicinis
           Insulis
           ,
           Miso
           ,
           Cerigo
           ,
           sive
           Cytherareliquisque
           Archipelagi
           .
           Aeris
           intemperies
           in
           hoc
           monte
           adeo
           magna
           est
           quemadmodum
           ut
           in
           caeteris
           praecelsis
           montibus
           ,
           ut
           in
           ipsis
           Caniculae
           ardoribus
           meridie
           ,
           nullo
           etiam
           spirante
           vento
           ,
           ingens
           sentiatur
           frigus
           :
           qua
           de
           causa
           nec
           hyeme
           ,
           nec
           aestare
           quisquam
           eum
           incolit
           .
           Nam
           licet
           pastores
           interdiu
           ovium
           greges
           ad
           pascua
           agunt
           noctu
           tamen
           in
           valles
           se
           recipiunt
           .
        
         
           
             In
             the
             next
             Chapter
             .
          
           
             Latè
             porro
             patet
             hic
             mons
             ejusque
             radices
             utrinque
             maris
             littora
             ,
             ut
             ante
             diximus
             attingunt
             ;
             nam
             licet
             urbi
             Candiae
             sunt
             vicinae
             ,
             meditullium
             tamen
             insulae
             occupat
             ipse
             mons
             ,
             adeo
             in
             sublime
             evectus
             ,
             ut
             nives
             ejus
             verticem
             perpetuo
             tegant
             ;
             tamque
             frigida
             aura
             mediis
             etiam
             aestatis
             ardoribus
             isthic
             est
             ut
             vix
             ferri
             queat
             :
             tametsi
             in
             convallibus
             magnus
             sit
             aestus
             .
          
           
             Contigit
             id
             meae
             experientiae
             ,
             quod
             etiam
             aliis
             contigisse
             
             audivi
             ,
             ut
             ascenderem
             ad
             summitatem
             usque
             montis
             Veneris
             ,
             qui
             omuium
             in
             Patavino
             agro
             altissimus
             est
             ,
             ibi
             per
             totum
             diem
             habui
             aerem
             serenissimum
             ,
             sed
             infra
             circiter
             medium
             montis
             vidi
             nubes
             ,
             quae
             me
             visione
             
             vallium
             prohibebant
             ,
             vesperi
             autem
             postquam
             de
             illo
             monte
             descendi
             ,
             inveni
             factam
             eo
             die
             infera
             parte
             magnam
             pluviam
             cum
             in
             montis
             cacumine
             nihil
             pluisset
             ;
             ex
             eo
             intellexi
             me
             transiisse
             per
             mediam
             aeris
             regionem
             ,
             in
             qua
             est
             facta
             pluvia
             ,
             nec
             tamen
             eam
             sensi
             frigidissimam
             ,
             imò
             vix
             aliquam
             animadverti
             differentiam
             frigidioris
             &
             calidioris
             aeris
             ,
             nam
             aestivum
             tempus
             erat
             ,
             pro
             aestivo
             tempore
             eram
             vestitus
             ,
             nec
             tamen
             tantum
             frigoris
             ,
             quod
             me
             laederet
             ,
             ex
             eo
             loco
             percepi
             ,
             pars
             igitur
             illa
             non
             est
             absolutè
             frigida
             ,
             sed
             solùm
             comparatione
             inferi
             ,
             aeris
             calidioris
             .
          
           
             Idem
             de
             Alpibus
             proprio
             exemplo
             edoctus
             testatum
             reliquit
             Bartholinus
             Syst
             .
             Phys
             .
             Instit
             .
             Succinct
             .
             de
             Terra
             ,
             Aere
             &
             Igne
             ,
             C.
             4.
             
             Resp
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             Doctor
             B.
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             being
             at
             and
             near
             Morocco
             ,
             he
             could
             see
             Mount-Atlas
             cover'd
             with
             Snow
             ,
             though
             it
             was
             then
             in
             the
             Heat
             of
             Summer
             ,
             and
             excessively
             hot
             where
             he
             was
             .
          
           
             An
             intelligent
             Traveller
             that
             had
             visited
             some
             high
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             particularly
             the
             Alpes
             ,
             and
             the
             Pico
             of
             Teneriffe
             ,
             answered
             me
             concerning
             this
             prodigious
             Hill
             ,
             that
             he
             found
             it
             very
             cold
             in
             ascending
             towards
             the
             Top
             ;
             and
             that
             as
             for
             the
             
               Mount
               Cenes
            
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             famousest
             of
             the
             Alpes
             ,
             when
             he
             passed
             over
             it
             into
             Italy
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             in
             August
             ,
             and
             the
             Weather
             very
             clear
             ,
             yet
             he
             felt
             at
             the
             Top
             a
             Wind
             so
             cold
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             scarce
             possibly
             indure
             it
             ,
             and
             seem'd
             to
             him
             the
             coldest
             that
             in
             all
             his
             various
             Travels
             he
             had
             ever
             felt
             ;
             and
             yet
             some
             of
             the
             Mountains
             seemed
             much
             higher
             ,
             being
             then
             covered
             with
             Snow
             .
          
           
             An
             intelligent
             Gentleman
             that
             had
             been
             a
             Traveller
             into
             the
             East-Indies
             ,
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             never
             saw
             nor
             heard
             of
             any
             Snow
             or
             Ice
             in
             Guinea
             ,
             but
             that
             in
             some
             
             Parts
             of
             Barbary
             ,
             where
             in
             the
             Plains
             and
             Vallies
             he
             found
             the
             Heat
             scorch
             insupportable
             ,
             he
             could
             see
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountains
             covered
             with
             Snow
             ,
             in
             which
             State
             they
             continued
             all
             the
             Year
             .
          
           
             A
             Man
             of
             Letters
             that
             lived
             in
             many
             Countries
             of
             the
             East-Indies
             ,
             being
             ask'd
             by
             me
             divers
             Questions
             ,
             partly
             about
             other
             things
             ,
             and
             partly
             about
             the
             Temperature
             of
             the
             Air
             in
             several
             Regions
             ,
             gave
             me
             among
             other
             Answers
             ,
             this
             ,
             That
             on
             the
             high
             Mountain
             in
             the
             Island
             of
             Ceylon
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             Heat
             of
             the
             Country
             ,
             there
             was
             Snow
             ;
             and
             the
             like
             he
             saw
             on
             the
             tops
             of
             the
             Mountains
             of
             Congo
             ,
             though
             in
             the
             lower
             Parts
             of
             the
             Country
             they
             never
             have
             ,
             that
             he
             heard
             of
             ,
             either
             Ice
             ,
             Snow
             or
             Hail
             .
          
           
             About
             Mid-summer
             ,
             1688
             ,
             I
             placed
             in
             the
             Cave
             a
             Glass
             ,
             with
             Spirits
             ,
             which
             stood
             above
             temperate
             ,
             about
             ½
             of
             one
             of
             the
             small
             Divisions
             :
             Another
             Glass
             placed
             without
             ,
             in
             a
             common
             Room
             ,
             stood
             at
             hot
             .
          
           
             The
             Christmass
             following
             ,
             I
             placed
             the
             same
             Glasses
             in
             the
             same
             Places
             ,
             and
             the
             Glass
             in
             the
             Cave
             stood
             as
             before
             ,
             about
             temperate
             ,
             that
             without
             stood
             at
             Frost
             .
          
           
             The
             Cave
             is
             cut
             into
             the
             bottom
             of
             a
             Clift
             that
             fronts
             to
             the
             Sea
             ,
             the
             Earth
             is
             about
             80
             Foot
             above
             it
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             cut
             right
             in
             about
             130
             Foot.
             
          
           
             The
             other
             Day
             two
             Gentlemen
             belonging
             to
             the
             Province
             of
             New-Hampshire
             in
             New-England
             ,
             (
             whence
             they
             came
             not
             long
             since
             )
             and
             imployed
             by
             that
             Colony
             to
             his
             Majesty
             here
             ,
             answer'd
             me
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Winter
             the
             coldest
             Wind
             that
             blows
             in
             their
             Country
             ,
             is
             the
             North-West
             ;
             and
             being
             ask'd
             again
             ,
             what
             was
             their
             hottest
             Wind
             in
             Summer
             ,
             they
             told
             me
             ,
             it
             was
             likewise
             the
             North-West
             .
             At
             which
             Answer
             being
             surprized
             ,
             I
             ask'd
             them
             ,
             whether
             they
             could
             give
             any
             Reason
             of
             so
             odd
             a
             Phenomenon
             .
             Whereto
             they
             answered
             ,
             that
             
             they
             ascribed
             it
             to
             the
             large
             Tract
             of
             the
             Continent
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             Woods
             that
             lay
             to
             the
             North-West
             ;
             which
             Woods
             ,
             they
             said
             ,
             in
             the
             Winter
             had
             their
             Branches
             ,
             through
             which
             the
             Wind
             past
             ,
             all
             laden
             with
             Snow
             :
             And
             in
             the
             Summer
             ,
             they
             said
             ,
             the
             close
             Air
             of
             the
             Vallies
             ,
             and
             the
             thick
             Steams
             that
             fill'd
             it
             ,
             would
             conceive
             so
             intense
             an
             Heat
             ,
             that
             sometimes
             in
             the
             Heat
             of
             Summer
             ,
             when
             a
             sudden
             Puff
             of
             Wind
             blew
             upon
             their
             Faces
             from
             those
             sultry
             Vales
             ,
             it
             seem'd
             to
             them
             as
             if
             it
             came
             out
             of
             the
             Mouth
             of
             a
             Furnace
             ,
             and
             would
             be
             ready
             to
             overcome
             them
             with
             the
             Faintness
             produced
             by
             the
             Heat
             and
             Vapours
             it
             brought
             along
             with
             it
             .
          
           
             De
             montibus
             ad
             Bavariam
             stantibus
             mira
             est
             Alberti
             
             Chanow
             ●●
             nostri
             narratio
             :
             post
             Bergreichensteinam
             (
             oppidum
             fodinis
             hodie
             quae
             nobile
             )
             esse
             montes
             non
             tam
             situ
             (
             alii
             enim
             ad
             septentrionem
             ,
             alii
             ad
             meridiem
             latus
             obvertunt
             )
             quam
             Coelo
             &
             temporibus
             adversantes
             ,
             callibus
             latissimis
             montes
             illos
             dirimentibus
             ;
             monstri
             instar
             est
             (
             quod
             se
             vidisse
             ,
             &
             Anno
             1639
             ,
             in
             rem
             praesentem
             venisse
             religiosissimus
             ille
             &
             Apostolicus
             vir
             asserit
             )
             in
             altero
             monte
             saepius
             aestatem
             ,
             in
             altero
             apposito
             hiemem
             dominari
             ,
             ita
             ille
             siccus
             aestivat
             ,
             hic
             altissimis
             nivibus
             obsitus
             à
             viatore
             superari
             non
             potest
             ;
             ob
             eamque
             causam
             Messes
             ipsae
             variant
             ,
             &
             dum
             in
             montibus
             ad
             nos
             obversis
             demessa
             sunt
             omnia
             ,
             altera
             Montium
             parte
             seges
             virescit
             :
             Mirius
             illud
             quod
             in
             Biessinensibus
             &
             Czachroviensibus
             
             Agris
             in
             tractu
             Plsnensi
             ,
             contiguis
             ,
             quos
             unus
             tantum
             sulcus
             dirimit
             ac
             dividit
             ,
             deprehenditur
             :
             Czachrovienses
             adhuc
             hibernant
             ,
             cum
             in
             Biessinensi
             Coelum
             ardeat
             ,
             ibi
             caput
             attollit
             humo
             ●●●●mentum
             ,
             cum
             Czachroviiadolescit
             in
             culmum
             ;
             elemento
             quoque
             dispari
             ,
             illud
             riget
             ,
             hoc
             tepet
             &
             fervet
             ,
             eâque
             ex
             causâ
             ,
             dum
             Czachrovienses
             bene
             pelliti
             ingrediuntur
             ,
             Biessinenses
             
             pellibus
             onerari
             se
             sentiunt
             ,
             villosque
             deponunt
             .
             Aliquid
             tale
             Anno
             1652.
             mihi
             quoque
             accidisse
             memini
             :
             nam
             cum
             Glacio
             Zambergam
             in
             Bohemia
             contenderem
             ,
             &
             Glacio
             ob
             nives
             altissimas
             certum
             vehiculi
             genus
             ,
             quod
             trabas
             dicimus
             ,
             sumpsissem
             ,
             superatis
             montibus
             ,
             qui
             comitatum
             Glacensem
             à
             Bohemia
             dividunt
             ,
             subitò
             alia
             rerum
             facies
             apparuit
             :
             altero
             enim
             montium
             latere
             viridia
             omnia
             reperimus
             ,
             sic
             ut
             Trahae
             nulli
             jam
             rei
             &
             usui
             essent
             ,
             &
             currum
             petere
             cogeremur
             ,
             nisi
             in
             luto
             natare
             placuisset
             ;
             at
             accolae
             montium
             illorum
             quotannis
             id
             sibi
             accidere
             confirmabant
             ,
             ut
             unum
             latus
             montium
             profundissimae
             nives
             contegerent
             ,
             quando
             alterum
             latus
             lectissimos
             flores
             proferret
             ,
             &
             cum
             ibi
             omnia
             ventis
             verti
             viderentur
             apud
             se
             e
             floribus
             suavissimos
             odores
             efflari
             .
          
           
             I
             learned
             ,
             by
             Inquiry
             ,
             of
             an
             ingenious
             Gentleman
             ,
             who
             several
             times
             went
             down
             into
             the
             Hungarian
             Gold-Mine
             at
             Cremnitz
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             was
             drawn
             up
             out
             of
             the
             deep
             Pit
             ,
             or
             perpendicular
             Groove
             ,
             whose
             Depth
             exceeded
             100
             Feer
             ;
             when
             he
             had
             ascended
             above
             half
             the
             way
             ,
             he
             found
             the
             Air
             sensibly
             warm
             ,
             and
             so
             it
             continued
             till
             he
             came
             by
             many
             Foot
             nearer
             the
             Day
             ,
             as
             the
             Workmen
             call
             the
             Orifice
             of
             the
             Pit.
             And
             when
             I
             ask'd
             whether
             this
             notable
             and
             suddain
             Heat
             did
             not
             proceed
             from
             some
             Mineral
             through
             which
             he
             passed
             in
             that
             Region
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             part
             of
             the
             Groove
             ;
             He
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             believed
             it
             did
             ,
             in
             regard
             he
             was
             there
             surrounded
             with
             a
             Vein
             or
             Bed
             of
             native
             Vitriol
             ,
             some
             of
             one
             Colour
             ,
             some
             of
             another
             ,
             which
             he
             found
             to
             be
             soft
             under
             Ground
             ,
             though
             it
             soon
             after
             harden'd
             in
             the
             Air
             :
             and
             of
             these
             differingly
             colour'd
             sorts
             of
             Vitriol
             he
             brought
             up
             thence
             several
             Pieces
             ,
             some
             of
             which
             he
             presented
             me
             .
             And
             when
             I
             ask'd
             whether
             the
             new
             Heat
             he
             found
             in
             that
             Part
             of
             the
             Mine
             ,
             did
             not
             proceed
             
             from
             its
             being
             much
             nearer
             than
             the
             lower
             Part
             to
             the
             Air
             ,
             which
             at
             that
             time
             was
             hot
             ;
             and
             whether
             he
             found
             the
             Heat
             to
             increase
             as
             he
             came
             nearer
             the
             Day
             :
             He
             answered
             in
             the
             Negative
             ,
             and
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             after
             he
             had
             in
             his
             Ascent
             left
             beneath
             him
             that
             warm
             Region
             ,
             he
             found
             himself
             cold
             again
             in
             the
             superiour
             Part
             of
             the
             Groove
             ,
             to
             which
             the
             Vitriolate
             Region
             did
             not
             reach
             .
          
           
             I
             remember
             on
             this
             occasion
             ,
             that
             asking
             an
             intelligent
             Person
             ,
             who
             had
             more
             than
             once
             crossed
             the
             Torrid
             Zone
             ,
             what
             Expedient
             they
             used
             in
             his
             Ship
             ,
             to
             keep
             their
             Beer
             and
             other
             Liquors
             ,
             cool
             enough
             to
             be
             drinkable
             in
             those
             sultry
             Climates
             :
             He
             answered
             ,
             that
             their
             way
             was
             to
             take
             the
             Bottle
             they
             mean
             to
             use
             ,
             and
             wrap
             it
             about
             with
             a
             course
             Linnen
             Cloth
             dipp'd
             in
             the
             Sea-water
             ,
             and
             then
             in
             some
             convenient
             Place
             of
             the
             Ship
             hang
             it
             in
             the
             Wind
             ,
             which
             beating
             freely
             and
             uncessantly
             upon
             it
             ,
             would
             in
             no
             long
             time
             cool
             it
             to
             be
             potable
             enough
             .
             And
             this
             Gentleman
             ,
             who
             was
             an
             observing
             Person
             ,
             added
             farther
             ,
             that
             having
             sometimes
             for
             Curiosity
             sake
             taken
             away
             a
             Bottle
             before
             it
             had
             been
             exposed
             above
             half
             the
             usual
             time
             ,
             he
             was
             able
             to
             find
             by
             the
             Taste
             ,
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Beer
             or
             Wine
             ,
             that
             was
             next
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             Bottle
             to
             be
             refrigerated
             ,
             whilst
             the
             more
             inward
             Parts
             of
             the
             Liquor
             did
             yet
             continue
             hot
             .
          
           
             The
             Czar's
             chief
             Physician
             confirmed
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Year
             1664
             ,
             or
             63
             ,
             extraordinary
             dry
             and
             great
             Scopes
             of
             Land
             were
             set
             on
             Fire
             ,
             and
             miserably
             wasted
             by
             the
             great
             Heat
             of
             the
             Sun.
             And
             he
             added
             ,
             that
             the
             very
             last
             Year
             he
             found
             the
             like
             to
             have
             happened
             in
             Norway
             ,
             particularly
             in
             a
             Place
             call'd
             by
             us
             Bear-haven
             ;
             where
             having
             seen
             the
             Ruine
             of
             divers
             Wood-houses
             burnt
             ,
             and
             inquiring
             into
             the
             Cause
             ,
             he
             was
             answered
             ,
             that
             the
             Weather
             being
             very
             dry
             and
             hot
             ,
             not
             only
             the
             
             Grass
             and
             other
             Vegetables
             were
             scorch'd
             up
             ,
             but
             those
             wooden
             Houses
             among
             others
             ,
             were
             set
             on
             Fire
             ;
             which
             was
             confirmed
             to
             him
             by
             the
             Governor
             of
             the
             Place
             ,
             and
             countenanced
             by
             this
             Circumstance
             ,
             that
             he
             saw
             the
             Country
             covered
             with
             a
             fresh
             and
             verdent
             Livery
             of
             new
             Grass
             ,
             brought
             up
             ,
             instead
             of
             that
             which
             was
             burnt
             ,
             by
             some
             Rains
             that
             fell
             a
             while
             before
             .
          
           
             A
             Traveller
             and
             Scholar
             being
             ask'd
             by
             me
             ,
             whether
             at
             Mozambique
             ,
             which
             is
             thought
             the
             hottest
             Place
             in
             the
             known
             World
             ,
             he
             had
             never
             observed
             the
             Houses
             to
             be
             set
             on
             Fire
             with
             the
             mere
             Heat
             of
             the
             Sun
             ?
             He
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             three
             Months
             he
             stayed
             there
             ,
             he
             saw
             no
             such
             thing
             ,
             but
             the
             Inhabitants
             affirmed
             it
             not
             to
             be
             very
             unfrequent
             ;
             and
             as
             he
             passed
             to
             and
             fro
             ,
             shewed
             him
             divers
             Houses
             that
             had
             been
             so
             burnt
             :
             which
             was
             the
             less
             strange
             ,
             because
             the
             Houses
             are
             not
             built
             of
             ordinary
             Stone
             ,
             whereof
             they
             have
             none
             there
             ,
             but
             fetch'd
             from
             another
             Place
             he
             named
             ,
             where
             the
             Stone
             is
             mingled
             with
             a
             Substance
             ,
             much
             of
             the
             Nature
             of
             a
             
               Sulphur
               Vivum
            
             .
             And
             he
             added
             ,
             that
             he
             himself
             had
             divers
             times
             seen
             the
             Stones
             so
             heated
             in
             hollow
             Places
             ,
             that
             Musket
             Bullets
             being
             exposed
             there
             to
             the
             direct
             Beams
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             were
             in
             no
             very
             long
             time
             melted
             .
             He
             said
             farther
             ,
             that
             much
             of
             the
             excessive
             Heat
             of
             Mozambique
             proceeded
             from
             the
             Soil
             ,
             which
             is
             exceeding
             bare
             and
             dry
             ,
             consisting
             of
             white
             Sand
             ;
             and
             that
             it
             is
             not
             covered
             with
             Grass
             ,
             nor
             shaded
             with
             Trees
             .
          
           
             An
             observing
             Traveller
             that
             had
             been
             at
             Mozambique
             ,
             being
             for
             the
             most
             part
             where
             't
             is
             not
             shaded
             with
             Trees
             ,
             sandy
             ,
             he
             found
             the
             Sun
             ,
             which
             was
             almost
             in
             the
             Zenith
             ,
             to
             heat
             the
             Ground
             so
             much
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             able
             to
             stand
             still
             for
             some
             time
             ,
             but
             was
             fain
             to
             keep
             walking
             to
             avoid
             burning
             the
             Soles
             of
             his
             Feet
             .
          
           
           
             Un
             Gentilhomme
             de
             mes
             a
             mis
             plein
             de
             merit
             et
             digne
             de
             creance
             me
             mande
             entre
             plusieures
             choses
             extraordinaires
             qu'
             il
             a
             observées
             proche
             de
             Barege
             aux
             Pyrenées
             Qu'il
             y
             a
             des
             ponts
             de
             niege
             d'
             un
             rocher
             à
             lautre
             pardessous
             les
             quells
             passent
             des
             torrents
             .
             Il
             en
             a
             vu
             un
             qui
             embrasse
             deux
             torrents
             ,
             et
             qui
             a
             vint
             neuf
             toises
             de
             long
             et
             autant
             de
             large
             par
             dessus
             .
             Il
             y
             a
             par
             dessous
             ce
             pont
             Neuf
             toises
             et
             demi
             entre
             les
             Naissances
             de
             la
             voute
             les
             ponts
             sont
             tellement
             forts
             qu'
             il
             estime
             que
             du
             Canon
             y
             passeroit
             ,
             et
             il
             a
             fait
             rouler
             de
             grosses
             pieces
             par
             dessus
             .
          
           
             Le
             tremblement
             de
             Terre
             que
             souffrit
             la
             Syrie
             l'an
             750.
             ne
             fut
             gueres
             moins
             surprenant
             ;
             puisque
             la
             Terre
             s'estant
             ouverte
             de
             toutes
             parts
             ,
             plusieurs
             Villes
             furent
             abîmées
             ,
             d'autres
             renversées
             ,
             et
             quelques
             unes
             qui
             estoient
             elevees
             sur
             des
             hauteures
             transportées
             dans
             des
             plaines
             eloignées
             de
             six
             mille
             de
             leur
             situation
             .
             On
             en
             peut
             dire
             autant
             du
             froid
             extreme
             qui
             l'an
             753.
             glaça
             le
             Pont-Euxin
             a
             la
             longueur
             de
             cent
             mille
             ,
             et
             toute
             l'estendue
             de
             la
             mer
             voisine
             ,
             jusqu
             '
             à
             30
             condées
             de
             profondeur
             ,
             quoy
             qu'on
             ne
             fût
             encore
             qu'au
             commencement
             de
             l'automne
             .
             
               Journal
               de
               Seavans
               III.
            
             1685.
             
          
           
             Asking
             an
             intelligent
             Person
             that
             liv'd
             a
             good
             while
             in
             Guinea
             ,
             how
             they
             did
             to
             keep
             their
             Water
             cool
             in
             so
             hot
             a
             Place
             ;
             he
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             in
             some
             Corner
             of
             their
             Hutts
             they
             were
             wont
             to
             make
             Holes
             in
             the
             Ground
             ,
             in
             which
             they
             buried
             over
             Night
             the
             long
             Earthen
             Jarrs
             ,
             or
             other
             Vessels
             ,
             so
             as
             that
             the
             Orifice
             of
             the
             Vessels
             might
             be
             lower
             (
             though
             not
             very
             much
             so
             )
             than
             the
             Level
             of
             the
             Ground
             .
             By
             this
             Means
             the
             Water
             would
             become
             drinkable
             ,
             with
             some
             Coolness
             ,
             from
             the
             Beginning
             of
             the
             Morning
             to
             nine
             or
             ten
             of
             the
             Clock
             ;
             after
             which
             't
             would
             grow
             distastefully
             hot
             .
             He
             added
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             were
             abroad
             in
             the
             Fields
             ,
             
             he
             did
             as
             well
             cool
             his
             Water
             by
             putting
             it
             into
             Callibashes
             ,
             and
             hanging
             them
             all
             Night
             upon
             the
             Branches
             of
             Trees
             ,
             especially
             where
             they
             were
             exposed
             to
             the
             Wind.
             
          
           
             February
             .
             Since
             now
             I
             have
             spoken
             so
             much
             of
             the
             Cold
             ,
             I
             hope
             it
             will
             not
             be
             too
             coldly
             taken
             ,
             if
             in
             a
             few
             Words
             I
             make
             it
             some
             way
             to
             appear
             unto
             our
             Readers
             .
          
           
             We
             made
             three
             Differences
             of
             the
             Cold
             ,
             all
             according
             to
             the
             Places
             :
             In
             our
             House
             ,
             in
             the
             Woods
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             open
             Air
             ,
             upon
             the
             Ice
             ,
             in
             our
             going
             to
             the
             Ship.
             
          
           
             For
             the
             last
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             sometimes
             so
             extream
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             not
             indurable
             ;
             no
             Clothes
             were
             Proof
             against
             it
             ,
             no
             Motion
             could
             resist
             it
             .
             It
             would
             ,
             moreover
             ,
             so
             freeze
             the
             Hair
             on
             our
             Eye-lids
             ,
             that
             we
             could
             not
             see
             ;
             and
             I
             verily
             believe
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             have
             stifled
             a
             Man
             in
             a
             very
             few
             Hours
             :
             We
             did
             daily
             find
             by
             Experience
             ,
             that
             the
             Cold
             in
             the
             Woods
             would
             freeze
             our
             Faces
             ,
             or
             any
             part
             of
             our
             Flesh
             that
             was
             bare
             ;
             but
             it
             was
             yet
             not
             so
             mortifying
             as
             the
             other
             .
             Our
             House
             on
             the
             out-side
             was
             cover'd
             two
             third
             Parts
             with
             Snow
             ;
             and
             on
             the
             inside
             frozen
             and
             hung
             with
             Ice-sickles
             .
             The
             Clothes
             on
             our
             Beds
             would
             be
             cover'd
             with
             hoar
             Frost
             ,
             which
             in
             this
             little
             Habitacle
             was
             not
             far
             from
             the
             Fire
             .
             But
             let
             us
             come
             a
             little
             nearer
             to
             it
             .
             The
             Cook
             's
             Tubs
             wherein
             he
             did
             water
             his
             Meat
             ,
             standing
             about
             a
             Yard
             from
             the
             Fire
             ,
             and
             which
             he
             did
             all
             Day
             ply
             with
             melted
             Snow-water
             ;
             yet
             in
             the
             Night-season
             ,
             whilst
             he
             slept
             but
             one
             Watch
             ,
             would
             they
             be
             firm
             frozen
             to
             the
             very
             bottom
             :
             And
             therefore
             was
             he
             fain
             to
             water
             his
             Meat
             in
             a
             brass
             Kettle
             close
             adjoining
             to
             the
             Fire
             ;
             and
             I
             have
             many
             times
             both
             seen
             and
             felt
             ,
             by
             putting
             my
             Hand
             into
             it
             ,
             that
             side
             which
             was
             next
             the
             Fire
             ,
             was
             very
             warm
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             side
             an
             Inch
             frozen
             .
             I
             leave
             the
             rest
             to
             our
             
             Cook
             ,
             who
             will
             almost
             speak
             Miracles
             of
             the
             Cold.
             The
             Surgeon
             ,
             who
             had
             hung
             his
             Bottles
             of
             Syrups
             ,
             and
             other
             liquid
             things
             ,
             as
             conveniently
             as
             he
             could
             ,
             to
             preserve
             them
             ,
             had
             them
             all
             frozen
             .
             Our
             Vinegar
             ,
             Oil
             and
             Sack
             ,
             which
             we
             had
             in
             small
             Casks
             in
             the
             House
             ,
             were
             all
             firm
             frozen
             .
             It
             may
             further
             in
             general
             be
             conceived
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Beginning
             of
             June
             ,
             the
             Sea
             was
             not
             broken
             up
             ;
             and
             the
             Ground
             was
             yet
             frozen
             ;
             and
             thus
             much
             we
             found
             by
             Experience
             in
             the
             burying
             of
             our
             Men
             ;
             in
             setting
             up
             the
             King's
             Standard
             towards
             the
             latter
             End
             of
             June
             ;
             and
             by
             our
             Well
             ,
             at
             our
             coming
             away
             in
             the
             Beginning
             of
             July
             ;
             at
             which
             time
             ,
             upon
             the
             Land
             ,
             for
             some
             other
             Reasons
             ,
             it
             was
             very
             hot
             Weather
             .
             Capt.
             James
             .
          
           
             Monsieur
             
               L.
               J.
            
             confirmed
             to
             me
             what
             he
             had
             formerly
             
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             highest
             Mountain
             of
             the
             Pyreneans
             ,
             called
             
               Pic
               De
               Midi
            
             ,
             he
             ascended
             at
             the
             End
             of
             August
             ,
             or
             the
             Beginning
             of
             September
             (
             in
             the
             Morning
             )
             to
             the
             very
             Top
             ,
             where
             he
             and
             his
             Company
             spread
             a
             Tent
             ,
             and
             staid
             till
             the
             Evening
             :
             He
             says
             ,
             he
             found
             the
             Air
             temperate
             where
             the
             Sun
             did
             not
             beat
             ;
             but
             on
             that
             side
             of
             their
             Bodies
             whereon
             the
             Sun
             shone
             ,
             the
             Heat
             was
             exceeding
             great
             ,
             and
             was
             offensive
             ,
             even
             to
             them
             that
             sat
             in
             the
             Tent
             of
             Oil'd
             Cloth
             ,
             if
             they
             sat
             too
             near
             the
             Sunny
             side
             of
             the
             Tent
             :
             they
             sometimes
             had
             Wind
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Hill
             ,
             which
             they
             found
             to
             blow
             cool
             enough
             ,
             (
             and
             found
             it
             very
             cold
             when
             they
             returned
             to
             the
             Bottom
             .
             )
             This
             Hill
             is
             so
             high
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             be
             seen
             from
             Montauban
             ,
             which
             is
             27
             Leagues
             distant
             .
          
           
             When
             I
             asked
             whether
             the
             Air
             in
             those
             Places
             ,
             where
             the
             Sun
             did
             not
             beat
             ,
             was
             considerably
             cold
             ?
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Exercise
             they
             had
             been
             put
             to
             in
             ascending
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Hill
             (
             for
             the
             most
             part
             of
             the
             way
             they
             rid
             
             up
             )
             kept
             them
             from
             being
             very
             competent
             Judges
             of
             that
             ;
             but
             they
             found
             the
             Wind
             Northerly
             ,
             though
             weak
             ,
             yet
             very
             cooling
             ;
             and
             the
             North
             Side
             of
             the
             Mountain
             was
             even
             then
             cover'd
             with
             Snow
             ,
             and
             scarce
             at
             all
             passable
             .
          
           
             An
             ingenious
             Physician
             ,
             Dr.
             B.
             that
             has
             been
             in
             divers
             of
             the
             Inland
             Parts
             of
             Africa
             ,
             among
             other
             Answers
             that
             he
             return'd
             to
             the
             Questions
             that
             I
             ask'd
             him
             ,
             about
             the
             Temperament
             of
             the
             Air
             in
             those
             Parts
             ,
             gave
             me
             this
             memorable
             one
             ,
             That
             having
             had
             occasion
             at
             Morocco
             to
             use
             some
             good
             dried
             fine
             Jalap
             that
             he
             had
             brought
             with
             him
             out
             of
             England
             ,
             he
             found
             it
             by
             the
             Heat
             of
             the
             Air
             to
             be
             melted
             ,
             and
             by
             Comsequence
             to
             be
             impulverable
             ,
             in
             which
             State
             it
             continued
             whilst
             he
             liv'd
             in
             that
             Country
             :
             but
             when
             he
             was
             returned
             to
             Tangier
             ,
             he
             found
             it
             both
             there
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             neighbouring
             Parts
             ,
             pulverable
             again
             .
          
           
             Nel
             capo
             di
             Comorino
             si
             termina
             cosi
             I'
             esta
             ,
             come
             
             I'
             inverno
             dalla
             parte
             ,
             di
             la
             dal
             capo
             verso
             Notte
             ,
             &
             dal
             '
             altra
             parte
             correspond
             ill
             tempo
             assai
             contrario
             è
             diverso
             ,
             di
             maniera
             che
             ,
             chi
             va
             navigando
             ,
             per
             quella
             costa
             nel
             mese
             di
             Ottobre
             ,
             sino
             ad
             Aprile
             naviga
             nel
             esta
             ,
             è
             non
             puo
             in
             tutto
             questo
             tempo
             ,
             passare
             il
             capo
             per
             Esser
             iui
             la
             stagione
             dell
             inverno
             ,
             et
             ill
             Padre
             ,
             che
             resiede
             nelle
             Chies
             ch'
             appartengono
             al
             Capo
             di
             Comorinone
             Alcune
             la
             state
             ,
             il
             che
             e
             cosa
             di
             gran
             Meraviglia
             ,
             essendo
             cio
             nel
             medessimo
             tempo
             nella
             distanza
             sola
             mente
             di
             due
             ,
             otre
             miglia
             .
          
           
             An
             eminent
             Virtuoso
             answer'd
             me
             ,
             that
             in
             Tirol
             he
             had
             visited
             a
             very
             deep
             Mine
             into
             which
             he
             descended
             three
             hundred
             Klasters
             ,
             which
             by
             his
             Computation
             makes
             about
             eighteen
             hundred
             of
             our
             Feet
             :
             That
             he
             
             pass'd
             not
             through
             ,
             that
             he
             took
             notice
             of
             ,
             one
             hot
             Region
             by
             the
             way
             .
             That
             at
             the
             Bottom
             of
             the
             Mine
             he
             breath'd
             very
             freely
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             Air-Shafts
             ,
             by
             which
             Access
             was
             given
             laterally
             to
             the
             superiour
             Air
             ;
             and
             that
             being
             thinly
             clothed
             with
             one
             of
             the
             Digger's
             Habits
             ,
             he
             found
             at
             the
             Bottom
             the
             Air
             temperate
             ,
             as
             to
             Heat
             and
             Cold
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             then
             Summer-season
             of
             the
             Year
             :
             so
             that
             notwithstanding
             what
             is
             said
             of
             Antiperistasis
             ,
             no
             intense
             Cold
             was
             retreated
             thither
             ,
             to
             shun
             the
             Heat
             of
             the
             superiour
             Air.
             
          
           
             An
             ingenious
             Gentleman
             ,
             very
             conversant
             in
             our
             English
             Mines
             ,
             of
             one
             of
             which
             he
             is
             Owner
             ,
             answer'd
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             deepest
             Mine
             he
             had
             particularly
             visited
             ,
             was
             a
             Tin
             Mine
             ,
             whose
             Depth
             was
             sixty
             six
             Fathoms
             ,
             that
             is
             almost
             four
             hundred
             Foot.
             That
             descending
             into
             this
             Mine
             in
             Summer
             ,
             he
             found
             it
             very
             cold
             at
             the
             Bottom
             ,
             and
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             way
             going
             down
             ,
             without
             perceiving
             any
             hot
             Region
             .
             And
             when
             I
             ask'd
             him
             how
             soon
             he
             begun
             to
             find
             a
             sensible
             Cold
             in
             descending
             ,
             he
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             found
             it
             within
             two
             Fathom
             or
             less
             of
             the
             Orifice
             of
             the
             Pit
             ;
             and
             that
             in
             this
             and
             divers
             other
             Mines
             he
             perceived
             a
             sensible
             Cold
             to
             begin
             before
             he
             got
             down
             a
             Yard
             ,
             or
             perhaps
             half
             a
             Yard
             beneath
             the
             upper
             Part
             of
             the
             Fast
             ,
             as
             the
             Mine-men
             call
             the
             solid
             Earth
             ,
             in
             which
             they
             distinguish
             from
             the
             loose
             Earth
             that
             lies
             above
             it
             ;
             and
             is
             ,
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             it
             ,
             the
             Scurf
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             that
             is
             far
             more
             light
             and
             porous
             than
             the
             other
             ,
             though
             it
             be
             upon
             this
             loose
             Earth
             that
             Plants
             grow
             ,
             and
             into
             which
             even
             great
             Timber-trees
             themselves
             shoot
             ,
             and
             spread
             their
             Roots
             seldom
             or
             never
             reaching
             to
             ,
             or
             penetrating
             into
             the
             Fast
             ,
             though
             this
             lie
             sometimes
             near
             enough
             to
             the
             external
             Surface
             of
             the
             crusty
             Earth
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             An
             exact
             Relation
             of
             the
             
               Pico
               Teneriff
            
             ,
             taken
             from
             Mr.
             Clappham
             .
          
           
             ABout
             the
             20th
             of
             August
             ,
             1646
             ,
             Mr.
             Clappham
             ,
             together
             with
             Mr.
             
               Philip
               Ward
               ,
               John
               Webber
               ,
               John
               Cowling
               ,
               Thomas
               Bridge
               ,
            
             and
             
               George
               Cove
            
             ,
             all
             of
             them
             very
             considerable
             Merchants
             ,
             and
             worthy
             of
             Credit
             ,
             with
             one
             Guide
             ,
             Servants
             and
             Horses
             to
             carry
             their
             Wine
             and
             Provisions
             ,
             did
             set
             out
             from
             Oratava
             ,
             a
             Port-Town
             in
             the
             Island
             of
             Teneriff
             ,
             situated
             on
             the
             North
             ,
             at
             two
             Miles
             Distance
             from
             the
             main
             Sea
             :
             They
             travelled
             from
             twelve
             at
             Night
             till
             eight
             in
             the
             Morning
             ,
             by
             which
             time
             they
             got
             to
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             first
             Mountains
             towards
             the
             
               Pico
               de
               Teraira
            
             ;
             here
             ,
             under
             a
             very
             great
             and
             conspicuous
             Pine-tree
             they
             brake
             their
             Fast
             ,
             dined
             ,
             and
             refreshed
             themselves
             till
             two
             in
             the
             Afternoon
             ,
             and
             then
             proceeded
             through
             much
             sandy
             way
             ,
             over
             many
             lofty
             Mountains
             ,
             but
             naked
             and
             bare
             ,
             and
             not
             covered
             with
             Pine-Trees
             ,
             as
             their
             first
             Night's
             Passage
             were
             ,
             which
             exposed
             them
             to
             excessive
             Heat
             ,
             till
             they
             arrived
             to
             the
             Foot
             of
             the
             Pico
             ,
             where
             they
             found
             many
             huge
             Stones
             which
             seemed
             to
             have
             been
             fallen
             down
             from
             some
             superiour
             Part.
             But
             before
             we
             proceed
             further
             ,
             to
             give
             any
             Account
             of
             this
             Journey
             ,
             give
             me
             leave
             here
             to
             intersert
             the
             Opinion
             of
             Dr.
             Pugh
             ,
             a
             Person
             of
             very
             great
             Reputation
             ,
             at
             this
             time
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             who
             lived
             twenty
             Years
             himself
             on
             the
             Place
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             Quality
             of
             a
             Physician
             ,
             and
             a
             Merchant
             ,
             and
             was
             very
             curious
             and
             inquisitive
             into
             all
             that
             was
             in
             the
             Island
             :
             His
             Opinion
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             whole
             Island
             of
             Teneriff
             ,
             being
             a
             Ground
             mightily
             impregnated
             with
             Brimstone
             ,
             did
             in
             former
             times
             take
             Fire
             ,
             
             and
             blow
             up
             all
             ,
             or
             near
             upon
             all
             at
             the
             same-time
             ;
             and
             the
             many
             Mountains
             of
             huge
             Stones
             calcined
             and
             burnt
             ,
             which
             appear
             every
             where
             about
             the
             Island
             ,
             especially
             in
             the
             South-West
             Parts
             of
             it
             ,
             were
             raised
             and
             heaved
             up
             out
             of
             the
             Bowels
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             general
             Conflagration
             ;
             and
             the
             greatest
             Quantity
             of
             this
             Sulphur
             lying
             about
             the
             Center
             of
             the
             Island
             ,
             raised
             up
             the
             Pico
             to
             that
             Height
             ,
             at
             which
             it
             is
             now
             seen
             .
             And
             he
             says
             ,
             that
             any
             one
             upon
             the
             Place
             ,
             that
             shall
             carefully
             note
             the
             Situation
             and
             Manner
             of
             these
             calcined
             Rocks
             ,
             how
             they
             lie
             for
             three
             or
             four
             Miles
             almost
             round
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Pico
             ,
             and
             in
             such
             Order
             one
             above
             another
             ,
             almost
             to
             the
             very
             Sugar-Loaf
             (
             as
             't
             is
             called
             )
             as
             if
             the
             whole
             Ground
             ,
             and
             rising
             up
             together
             with
             the
             Accension
             of
             the
             Brimstone
             ,
             the
             Torrents
             and
             Rivers
             of
             it
             did
             with
             a
             suddain
             Eruption
             roul
             and
             tumble
             them
             down
             from
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             especially
             (
             as
             was
             said
             before
             )
             to
             the
             South-West
             ;
             for
             on
             that
             side
             ,
             from
             the
             very
             Top
             of
             the
             Pico
             ,
             almost
             to
             the
             Sea-shore
             ,
             lie
             huge
             Heaps
             of
             these
             burnt
             Rocks
             ,
             one
             under
             another
             :
             and
             there
             remain
             to
             this
             time
             the
             very
             Tracts
             of
             the
             Rivers
             of
             Brimstone
             ,
             as
             they
             ran
             over
             all
             this
             Quarter
             of
             the
             Island
             ,
             which
             has
             so
             wasted
             the
             Ground
             beyond
             recovering
             ,
             that
             nothing
             can
             be
             made
             to
             grow
             there
             ,
             but
             Broom
             .
             But
             on
             the
             North
             Side
             of
             the
             Pico
             ,
             few
             or
             none
             of
             these
             Stones
             appear
             ;
             and
             he
             concluded
             hence
             ,
             that
             the
             Vulcano
             discharged
             it self
             chiefly
             to
             South-West
             .
             He
             adds
             further
             ,
             that
             Mines
             of
             several
             Metals
             were
             broken
             and
             blown
             up
             at
             the
             same
             time
             :
             These
             calcined
             Rocks
             resembling
             some
             of
             them
             Iron
             Oar
             ,
             some
             Silver
             ,
             and
             others
             like
             Copper
             ,
             particularly
             at
             a
             certain
             Place
             in
             these
             South-West
             Parts
             ,
             called
             the
             Azuleios
             ,
             being
             very
             high
             Mountains
             ,
             where
             never
             any
             English
             but
             himself
             (
             that
             he
             ever
             heard
             of
             )
             
             was
             .
             There
             are
             vast
             Quantities
             of
             a
             loose
             blewish
             Earth
             ,
             intermix'd
             with
             blew
             Stones
             ,
             which
             have
             on
             them
             a
             yellow
             Rust
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Copper
             and
             Vitriol
             ;
             and
             likewise
             many
             little
             Springs
             of
             vitriolate
             Waters
             ;
             here
             he
             supposes
             was
             a
             Copper-Mine
             .
             And
             he
             was
             told
             by
             a
             Bell-founder
             of
             Oratava
             ,
             that
             out
             of
             two
             Horse-Loads
             of
             Earth
             ,
             he
             got
             as
             much
             Gold
             as
             made
             two
             large
             Rings
             :
             And
             a
             Portuguese
             told
             him
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             in
             the
             West-Indies
             ,
             that
             his
             Opinion
             was
             ,
             there
             were
             as
             good
             Mines
             of
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             there
             ,
             as
             the
             best
             in
             the
             Indies
             .
             There
             are
             likewise
             hereabouts
             nitrous
             Waters
             and
             Stones
             cover'd
             with
             a
             deep
             Saffron
             colour'd
             Rust
             ,
             and
             tasting
             of
             Iron
             .
             And
             further
             ,
             he
             mentions
             one
             Mr.
             
               Gilbert
               Lambell
            
             ,
             a
             Friend
             of
             his
             ,
             who
             of
             two
             Lumps
             of
             Earth
             or
             Oar
             ,
             brought
             from
             the
             Top
             of
             this
             Side
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             made
             two
             Silver
             Spoons
             .
             All
             this
             he
             confirms
             from
             the
             late
             Instance
             of
             the
             Palm-Island
             eighteen
             Leagues
             from
             Teneriff
             ,
             where
             a
             Vulcano
             was
             fired
             about
             twelve
             Years
             since
             ,
             the
             Violence
             whereof
             made
             an
             Earthquake
             in
             this
             Island
             ,
             so
             great
             ,
             that
             he
             and
             others
             ran
             out
             of
             their
             Houses
             ,
             fearing
             they
             would
             have
             fallen
             upon
             their
             Heads
             :
             They
             heard
             the
             Noise
             of
             the
             Torrents
             of
             flaming
             Brimstone
             ,
             like
             Thunder
             ,
             and
             saw
             the
             Fire
             as
             plain
             by
             Night
             ,
             for
             about
             six
             Weeks
             together
             ,
             as
             a
             Candle
             in
             the
             Room
             ;
             and
             so
             much
             of
             the
             Sand
             and
             Ashes
             brought
             from
             thence
             ,
             by
             the
             Wind
             ,
             by
             Clouds
             ,
             fell
             on
             his
             Hat
             ,
             as
             filled
             a
             Sand-box
             for
             his
             Ink-horn
             .
             Thus
             far
             he
             .
          
           
             To
             resume
             therefore
             the
             Narrative
             of
             their
             Journey
             ;
             about
             six
             a
             Clock
             this
             Evening
             ,
             they
             began
             to
             ascend
             up
             the
             Pico
             ;
             but
             being
             now
             a
             Mile
             advanced
             ,
             and
             the
             way
             no
             more
             passable
             for
             their
             Horses
             ,
             they
             quitted
             and
             left
             them
             with
             their
             Servants
             .
             In
             this
             Mile's
             Ascent
             some
             of
             their
             Company
             grew
             very
             faint
             and
             sick
             :
             and
             
             from
             Dr.
             Pugh's
             Report
             of
             eighteen
             in
             his
             Company
             ,
             that
             went
             up
             about
             the
             middle
             of
             August
             ,
             long
             after
             this
             ,
             but
             ten
             got
             up
             ,
             and
             these
             had
             all
             drank
             very
             plentifully
             below
             ;
             the
             rest
             so
             disorder'd
             by
             Fluxes
             ,
             Vomitings
             ,
             and
             aguish
             Distempers
             ,
             they
             could
             go
             no
             farther
             :
             Their
             Horses
             Hair
             stood
             upright
             ,
             like
             Bristles
             ,
             with
             the
             vehement
             Cold
             ,
             who
             stood
             shaking
             ,
             and
             refused
             to
             eat
             any
             thing
             till
             they
             came
             down
             .
             But
             calling
             for
             some
             of
             their
             Wine
             ,
             which
             was
             carried
             in
             small
             Barrels-on
             a
             Horse
             ,
             they
             found
             it
             so
             wonderfully
             cold
             ,
             that
             they
             could
             not
             drink
             it
             ,
             till
             they
             had
             kindled
             a
             Fire
             to
             warm
             it
             ,
             although
             yet
             the
             Temper
             of
             the
             Air
             was
             very
             calm
             and
             moderate
             ;
             but
             when
             the
             Sun
             was
             set
             ,
             it
             began
             to
             blow
             with
             Violence
             ,
             and
             grew
             so
             cold
             ,
             that
             taking
             up
             their
             Lodging
             under
             certain
             great
             Stones
             in
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             they
             were
             constrained
             to
             keep
             great
             Fires
             before
             the
             Mouth
             of
             them
             all
             Night
             .
             About
             four
             in
             the
             Morning
             they
             began
             to
             mount
             again
             ,
             and
             being
             come
             about
             a
             Mile
             up
             ,
             Mr.
             Cowling
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Company
             ,
             failed
             ,
             and
             was
             able
             to
             proceed
             no
             further
             .
             Here
             begin
             the
             black
             Rocks
             .
             The
             rest
             pursued
             their
             Journey
             till
             they
             arrived
             to
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             where
             they
             begin
             to
             travel
             again
             in
             a
             white
             Sand
             ,
             being
             fore-shod
             with
             Shoes
             ,
             whose
             single
             Soles
             are
             made
             a
             Finger
             broader
             than
             the
             upper
             Leather
             ,
             to
             incounter
             this
             difficult
             and
             unstable
             Passage
             ,
             till
             they
             are
             half
             way
             up
             ;
             and
             a
             Spaniel
             that
             went
             up
             afterwards
             with
             Dr.
             Pugh
             ,
             (
             as
             he
             relates
             )
             went
             crying
             all
             the
             way
             ,
             having
             his
             Skin
             burnt
             off
             his
             Feet
             ;
             and
             then
             being
             ascended
             as
             far
             as
             the
             black
             Rocks
             ,
             which
             are
             all
             flat
             ,
             and
             lie
             like
             a
             Pavement
             ,
             they
             climbed
             within
             a
             Mile
             of
             the
             very
             Top
             of
             the
             Pico
             :
             but
             Mr.
             Clappham
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             formost
             ,
             would
             have
             perswaded
             Mr.
             Cove
             to
             descend
             again
             ,
             as
             imagining
             the
             Top
             of
             all
             on
             Fire
             :
             but
             at
             last
             overcoming
             that
             
             Apprehension
             ,
             and
             persisting
             ,
             they
             gained
             the
             Summite
             ,
             where
             they
             found
             no
             such
             Smoak
             as
             appeared
             a
             little
             below
             ,
             but
             a
             continual
             Breathing
             of
             a
             hot
             and
             sulphurous
             Vapour
             ,
             which
             made
             their
             Faces
             extreamly
             sore
             .
          
           
             In
             this
             Passage
             they
             found
             no
             considerable
             Alteration
             of
             Air
             ,
             and
             very
             little
             Wind
             ;
             but
             being
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             it
             was
             so
             impetuous
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             much
             ado
             to
             stand
             against
             it
             ,
             whilst
             they
             drank
             the
             King's
             Health
             ,
             and
             fired
             each
             of
             them
             a
             Piece
             :
             Here
             they
             also
             brake-fast
             ,
             but
             found
             their
             Strong-Waters
             had
             quite
             lost
             its
             Force
             ,
             and
             was
             become
             almost
             insipid
             ,
             whilst
             their
             Wine
             was
             rather
             more
             spirituous
             and
             brisk
             than
             it
             was
             before
             .
          
           
             The
             Top
             on
             which
             they
             stood
             being
             not
             above
             a
             Yard
             broad
             ,
             is
             the
             Brink
             of
             a
             Pit
             called
             the
             Caldera
             ,
             which
             they
             judged
             to
             be
             about
             a
             Musket-shot
             over
             ,
             and
             near
             fourscore
             Yards
             deep
             ,
             in
             shape
             like
             a
             Cone
             ,
             within
             hollow
             like
             a
             Caldron
             ,
             and
             all
             over
             cover'd
             with
             small
             loose
             Stones
             ,
             mixed
             with
             Sulphur
             and
             Sand
             ,
             from
             Heat
             ;
             and
             stirr'd
             up
             with
             any
             thing
             ,
             puffs
             and
             makes
             a
             Noise
             ,
             and
             so
             offensive
             ,
             that
             Dr.
             Pugh
             was
             almost
             stifled
             with
             the
             sudden
             Emanation
             of
             Vapours
             ,
             upon
             the
             removing
             of
             one
             Stone
             of
             these
             ;
             these
             Stones
             are
             so
             hot
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             not
             to
             be
             easily
             handled
             :
             They
             descended
             not
             above
             four
             or
             five
             Yards
             into
             the
             Caldera
             ,
             in
             regard
             of
             its
             sliding
             from
             their
             Feet
             ,
             and
             the
             Difficulty
             ;
             but
             some
             have
             adventured
             to
             the
             Bottom
             .
             Other
             observable
             Materials
             they
             discovered
             none
             ,
             besides
             a
             clearer
             sort
             of
             Sulphur
             ,
             which
             looks
             like
             Salt
             upon
             the
             Stones
             .
          
           
             From
             this
             famous
             Pico
             they
             could
             ken
             the
             
               Grand
               Canaries
            
             ,
             fourteen
             Leagues
             distant
             ;
             Palma
             18
             ,
             and
             Gomera
             7
             Leagues
             ;
             which
             Interval
             of
             Sea
             seemed
             to
             them
             no
             larger
             than
             the
             River
             of
             Thames
             about
             London
             :
             they
             
             discerned
             also
             the
             Hierro
             ,
             being
             distant
             above
             twenty
             Leagues
             ;
             and
             so
             to
             the
             utmost
             Limits
             of
             the
             Sea
             much
             farther
             .
          
           
             So
             soon
             as
             the
             Sun
             appeared
             ,
             the
             Shadow
             of
             the
             Pico
             seemed
             to
             cover
             not
             only
             the
             whole
             Island
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Grand
               Canaries
            
             ,
             but
             the
             Sea
             to
             the
             very
             Horizon
             ,
             where
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             or
             Pico
             ,
             visibly
             appeared
             to
             turn
             up
             ,
             and
             cast
             its
             Shadow
             into
             the
             Air
             it self
             ,
             at
             which
             they
             were
             much
             suprized
             .
             But
             the
             Sun
             was
             not
             far
             ascended
             when
             the
             Clouds
             began
             to
             rise
             so
             fast
             ,
             as
             intercepted
             their
             Prospect
             ,
             both
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             Island
             ,
             excepting
             only
             the
             Tops
             of
             the
             subjacent
             Mountains
             ,
             which
             seemed
             to
             pierce
             them
             through
             .
          
           
             Whether
             these
             Clouds
             do
             ever
             surmount
             the
             Pico
             ,
             they
             could
             not
             say
             ;
             but
             to
             such
             as
             are
             far
             beneath
             ,
             they
             sometimes
             seem
             to
             hang
             above
             it
             ,
             or
             rather
             wrap
             themselves
             about
             it
             ,
             as
             constantly
             when
             the
             North-West
             Winds
             blow
             :
             This
             they
             call
             the
             Capp
             ,
             and
             is
             a
             certain
             Prognostick
             of
             ensuing
             Storms
             .
          
           
             Mr.
             
               John
               Webber
            
             ,
             one
             of
             this
             Company
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             a
             Journey
             two
             Years
             after
             ,
             arriving
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Pico
             before
             Day
             ,
             and
             creeping
             under
             a
             great
             Stone
             to
             shroud
             himself
             from
             the
             cold
             Air
             ,
             (
             after
             a
             little
             space
             )
             found
             himself
             all
             wet
             ,
             and
             admiring
             whence
             it
             should
             proceed
             ,
             perceived
             it
             at
             last
             to
             come
             from
             a
             perpetual
             Trickling
             of
             the
             Water
             from
             the
             imminent
             Rocks
             above
             him
             .
          
           
             Many
             excellent
             and
             very
             exuberant
             Springs
             they
             found
             issuing
             from
             the
             Tops
             of
             most
             of
             the
             other
             Mountains
             ,
             gushing
             out
             in
             great
             Spouts
             ,
             almost
             as
             far
             as
             the
             huge
             Pine-tree
             which
             was
             mentioned
             .
          
           
             Having
             stayed
             some
             time
             upon
             this
             Top
             ,
             they
             all
             descended
             by
             the
             sandy
             way
             ,
             till
             they
             came
             to
             the
             Foot
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             which
             being
             steep
             ,
             even
             to
             almost
             
             a
             Perpendicular
             ,
             they
             soon
             passed
             :
             and
             here
             they
             meet
             a
             Cave
             of
             about
             ten
             Yards
             deep
             ,
             and
             fifteen
             broad
             ,
             being
             in
             Shape
             like
             an
             Oven
             or
             Cupola
             ,
             having
             a
             Hole
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             which
             is
             near
             eight
             Yards
             over
             ;
             by
             this
             they
             descended
             (
             an
             active
             Spaniard
             shewing
             them
             the
             way
             )
             by
             a
             Rope
             ,
             which
             their
             Servants
             held
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             whilst
             the
             other
             End
             being
             fastened
             about
             his
             middle
             ,
             he
             swings
             himself
             ,
             till
             being
             over
             a
             Bank
             of
             Snow
             ,
             he
             slides
             down
             and
             lights
             upon
             it
             .
             They
             are
             forced
             to
             swing
             thus
             in
             the
             Descent
             ,
             because
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             bottom
             of
             this
             Cave
             ,
             opposite
             to
             the
             Overture
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             is
             a
             round
             Pit
             of
             Water
             ,
             resembling
             a
             Well
             ,
             the
             Surface
             whereof
             is
             about
             a
             Yard
             lower
             than
             the
             Snow
             ,
             but
             as
             wide
             as
             the
             Mouth
             at
             the
             Top
             ,
             and
             is
             about
             six
             Fathom
             deep
             ,
             as
             Mr.
             Lambell
             reports
             ,
             who
             plumbed
             it
             .
             They
             suppos
             this
             Water
             not
             a
             Spring
             ,
             but
             dissolved
             Snow
             ,
             or
             Water
             blown
             in
             ;
             for
             some
             Years
             it
             lies
             so
             full
             ,
             one
             cannot
             get
             into
             the
             Cave
             for
             Water
             trickling
             through
             the
             Rocks
             .
          
           
             About
             the
             Sides
             of
             the
             Grotte
             ,
             for
             some
             Height
             is
             Ice
             ,
             and
             Icecles
             hanging
             down
             to
             the
             Snow
             :
             but
             being
             quickly
             weary
             of
             this
             excessive
             cold
             Place
             ,
             and
             drawn
             up
             again
             ,
             they
             continued
             their
             Descent
             from
             the
             Mountains
             by
             the
             same
             Passages
             they
             went
             up
             the
             Day
             before
             ;
             and
             so
             about
             five
             in
             the
             Evening
             arrived
             to
             Oratava
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             set
             forth
             :
             their
             Faces
             so
             red
             and
             sore
             ,
             that
             to
             reduce
             them
             and
             cool
             them
             ,
             they
             were
             forced
             to
             wash
             and
             bathe
             them
             in
             Whites
             of
             Eggs
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             The
             whole
             Altitude
             of
             the
             Pico
             in
             Perpendicular
             ,
             is
             vulgarly
             esteemed
             to
             be
             two
             Miles
             and
             a
             half
             .
          
           
             No
             Trees
             ,
             Herbs
             or
             Shrubs
             in
             all
             the
             Passage
             ,
             but
             Pines
             ;
             and
             amongst
             the
             white
             Sands
             a
             kind
             of
             Broom
             ,
             being
             a
             bushy
             Plant
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             Side
             where
             they
             lay
             all
             Night
             ,
             a
             kind
             of
             Cardon
             ,
             which
             has
             Stems
             of
             eight
             
             Foot
             high
             ,
             the
             Trunk
             near
             half
             a
             Foot
             thick
             ,
             every
             Stem
             growing
             in
             four
             squares
             ,
             and
             emerging
             from
             the
             Ground
             like
             Tuffets
             of
             Rushes
             ;
             upon
             the
             Edges
             of
             these
             Stems
             grow
             very
             small
             red
             Buttons
             or
             Berries
             ,
             which
             being
             squeezed
             ,
             produce
             a
             poisonous
             Milk
             ,
             which
             lighting
             upon
             any
             part
             of
             a
             Horse
             ,
             or
             other
             Beast
             ,
             fetches
             off
             the
             Hair
             from
             the
             Skin
             immediately
             :
             Of
             the
             dead
             Part
             of
             this
             they
             made
             their
             Fires
             all
             Night
             .
             This
             Plant
             is
             also
             universal
             over
             the
             Island
             ,
             and
             is
             happly
             ,
             and
             as
             I
             conjecture
             ,
             a
             kind
             of
             Euphorbium
             .
          
           
             In
             some
             part
             of
             this
             Island
             also
             there
             grows
             a
             crooked
             Shrub
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             Legnan-vell
             ,
             which
             they
             bring
             for
             England
             as
             a
             sweet
             Wood.
             There
             are
             likewise
             Apricoks
             ,
             Peaches
             ,
             and
             in
             Standards
             ,
             which
             bear
             twice
             a
             Year
             :
             Pear
             Trees
             also
             which
             are
             as
             pregnant
             ;
             Almonds
             of
             a
             tender
             Shell
             ,
             Palms
             ,
             Plantanes
             ,
             Oranges
             and
             Lemons
             ,
             especially
             the
             Pregnadas
             ,
             which
             have
             small
             ones
             in
             their
             Bellies
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             are
             so
             denominated
             .
             Also
             they
             have
             Sugar-Canes
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Cotton
             and
             Colloquintida
             ;
             the
             Roses
             blow
             at
             Christmas
             ;
             there
             are
             good
             Carnations
             ,
             and
             very
             large
             ,
             but
             Tulips
             will
             not
             grow
             or
             thrive
             there
             :
             Sampier
             clothes
             the
             Rock
             in
             abundance
             ,
             and
             a
             kind
             of
             Clover
             the
             Ground
             .
             Another
             Grass
             growing
             near
             the
             Sea
             ,
             which
             is
             of
             a
             broader
             Leaf
             ,
             so
             luscious
             ,
             as
             it
             will
             kill
             a
             Horse
             that
             eats
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             no
             other
             Cattel
             .
             There
             is
             also
             an
             Herb
             which
             they
             make
             Thread
             of
             .
             Eighty
             Ears
             of
             Wheat
             have
             been
             found
             to
             spring
             from
             one
             Root
             ,
             but
             it
             grows
             not
             very
             high
             ;
             the
             Corn
             of
             this
             is
             transparent
             and
             bright
             ,
             like
             unto
             the
             purest
             yellow
             Amber
             ;
             and
             one
             Bushel
             has
             produced
             130
             in
             a
             seasonable
             Year
             .
          
           
             The
             Canary-Birds
             (
             which
             they
             bring
             to
             us
             in
             England
             )
             breed
             in
             the
             Barrancos
             of
             Gills
             ,
             which
             the
             Water
             has
             fretted
             away
             in
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             being
             Places
             very
             
             cold
             .
             There
             are
             also
             Quails
             ,
             Partridges
             larger
             than
             ours
             ,
             and
             exceeding
             beautiful
             ;
             great
             Wood-Pigeons
             ,
             Turtles
             at
             Spring
             ,
             Crows
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             from
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Barbary
             appears
             the
             Faulcon
             .
             Bees
             are
             carried
             into
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             where
             they
             prosper
             wonderfully
             .
          
           
             They
             have
             wild
             Goats
             on
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             which
             climb
             to
             the
             very
             Top
             of
             the
             Pico
             sometimes
             .
             Also
             Hogs
             ,
             and
             Multitudes
             of
             Conies
             :
             Camels
             are
             brought
             from
             Lancerote
             ,
             besides
             other
             Cattel
             .
          
           
             Fish
             .
             The
             Cherna
             ,
             a
             very
             large
             and
             excellent
             Fish
             ,
             better
             tasted
             than
             any
             we
             have
             in
             England
             .
             The
             Mero
             ,
             Dolphin
             ,
             Shark
             ,
             Lobsters
             without
             the
             great
             Claws
             ,
             Mussels
             ,
             Periwinkles
             ,
             and
             the
             Clacas
             ,
             which
             is
             absolutely
             the
             very
             best
             Shell-fish
             in
             the
             World
             ;
             they
             grow
             on
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             five
             or
             six
             under
             one
             great
             Shell
             ,
             through
             the
             Top
             whereof
             they
             peep
             with
             their
             Nebbs
             ,
             from
             whence
             (
             the
             Shells
             being
             broken
             a
             little
             more
             open
             with
             a
             Stone
             )
             they
             draw
             them
             forth
             .
             There
             is
             likewise
             another
             Fish
             like
             an
             Eel
             ,
             which
             has
             six
             or
             seven
             Tails
             of
             a
             Span
             in
             length
             ,
             united
             to
             one
             Head
             and
             Body
             ,
             which
             is
             also
             as
             short
             .
             Besides
             these
             they
             have
             Turtles
             and
             Cabridos
             ,
             which
             are
             preferable
             before
             our
             Trouts
             .
          
           
             The
             Island
             is
             full
             of
             Springs
             of
             pure
             Water
             ,
             tasting
             like
             Milk
             ;
             and
             in
             
               La
               Laguna
            
             (
             where
             the
             Water
             is
             not
             altogether
             so
             limpid
             and
             olear
             )
             they
             percolate
             it
             through
             a
             kind
             of
             spungy
             Stone
             cut
             in
             form
             of
             a
             Bason
             .
          
           
             The
             Vines
             which
             afford
             those
             excellent
             Wines
             ,
             grow
             all
             about
             the
             Island
             ,
             within
             a
             Mile
             of
             the
             Sea
             ;
             such
             as
             are
             planted
             farther
             up
             ,
             are
             nothing
             esteemed
             ,
             neither
             will
             they
             thrive
             in
             any
             other
             Islands
             .
          
           
             For
             the
             Guanchios
             ,
             or
             the
             ancient
             Inhabitants
             ,
             Dr.
             Pugh
             gives
             this
             full
             Account
             .
          
           
           
             September
             the
             3d.
             about
             twelve
             Years
             since
             ,
             he
             took
             his
             Journey
             from
             Guimar
             ,
             a
             Town
             inhabited
             for
             the
             most
             part
             by
             such
             as
             derive
             themselves
             from
             the
             old
             Guanchios
             ,
             in
             the
             Company
             of
             some
             of
             them
             ,
             to
             view
             their
             Caves
             ,
             and
             the
             Bodies
             buried
             in
             them
             .
             This
             was
             a
             Favour
             they
             seldom
             permit
             to
             any
             ,
             (
             having
             in
             great
             Veneration
             the
             Bodies
             of
             their
             Ancestors
             ,
             and
             likewise
             being
             most
             extreamly
             against
             any
             Molestation
             of
             the
             Dead
             )
             but
             he
             had
             done
             many
             several
             Eleemosinary
             Cures
             amongst
             them
             ,
             (
             for
             they
             are
             generally
             very
             poor
             ,
             yet
             the
             poorest
             thinks
             himself
             too
             good
             to
             marry
             with
             the
             best
             Spaniard
             )
             which
             endeared
             him
             to
             them
             exceedingly
             ;
             otherwise
             it
             is
             Death
             for
             any
             Stranger
             to
             visit
             those
             Caves
             or
             Bodies
             .
          
           
             These
             Bodies
             are
             sewed
             up
             in
             Goat-skins
             ,
             with
             Thongs
             of
             the
             same
             ,
             with
             very
             great
             Curiosity
             ,
             particularly
             in
             the
             incomparable
             Exactness
             and
             Evenness
             of
             the
             Seams
             ;
             and
             the
             Skins
             are
             made
             very
             close
             and
             fit
             to
             the
             Bodies
             :
             most
             of
             these
             Bodies
             are
             entire
             ,
             the
             Eyes
             closed
             ,
             Hair
             on
             the
             Head
             ,
             Ears
             ,
             Nose
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Lips
             ,
             Beard
             ,
             all
             perfect
             ,
             only
             discoloured
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             shrivled
             :
             likewise
             the
             Pudenda
             of
             both
             Sexes
             .
             He
             saw
             about
             three
             or
             four
             hundred
             in
             several
             Caves
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             are
             standing
             ,
             others
             lie
             on
             Beds
             of
             Wood
             ,
             so
             hardned
             by
             an
             Art
             they
             had
             ,
             (
             which
             the
             Spaniards
             call
             Curar
             ,
             to
             cure
             a
             Piece
             of
             Wood
             )
             which
             no
             Iron
             can
             pierce
             or
             hurt
             .
             He
             said
             ,
             that
             one
             Day
             being
             a
             Hunting
             ,
             a
             Ferret
             (
             which
             is
             in
             use
             there
             )
             having
             a
             Bell
             about
             his
             Neck
             ,
             ran
             after
             a
             Coney
             into
             a
             Hole
             ,
             where
             they
             lost
             the
             Sound
             of
             the
             Bell
             ;
             the
             Owner
             being
             afraid
             he
             should
             lose
             his
             Ferret
             ,
             seeking
             about
             the
             Rock
             and
             Shrubs
             ,
             found
             the
             Mouth
             of
             a
             Cave
             ,
             and
             entring
             in
             ,
             was
             so
             affrighted
             ,
             that
             he
             cried
             out
             :
             it
             was
             at
             the
             Sight
             of
             one
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ,
             very
             tall
             and
             large
             ,
             lying
             with
             
             his
             Head
             upon
             a
             great
             Stone
             ,
             his
             Feet
             supported
             by
             a
             little
             Wall
             of
             Stone
             ,
             the
             Body
             resting
             on
             a
             Bed
             of
             Wood
             ,
             as
             before
             was
             mentioned
             .
          
           
             The
             Fellow
             being
             now
             a
             little
             out
             of
             his
             Fright
             ,
             enter'd
             in
             ,
             and
             cut
             off
             a
             great
             Piece
             of
             the
             Skin
             that
             lay
             on
             the
             Breast
             of
             this
             Body
             ,
             which
             the
             Doctor
             says
             was
             more
             flexible
             and
             pliable
             than
             ever
             he
             felt
             any
             Kids
             Leather
             Glove
             ,
             and
             yet
             so
             far
             from
             being
             rotten
             ,
             that
             the
             Man
             made
             Use
             of
             it
             for
             his
             Flail
             many
             Years
             after
             .
          
           
             These
             Bodies
             are
             very
             light
             ,
             as
             if
             made
             up
             of
             Straw
             :
             and
             in
             some
             broken
             Limbs
             he
             observed
             the
             Nerves
             and
             Tendons
             ,
             and
             also
             some
             Strings
             of
             the
             Veins
             and
             Arteries
             very
             distinctly
             .
          
           
             His
             great
             Care
             was
             to
             enquire
             of
             these
             People
             ,
             what
             they
             had
             amongst
             them
             of
             Tradition
             ,
             concerning
             the
             embalming
             and
             Preservation
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ?
             From
             some
             of
             the
             oldest
             of
             them
             (
             above
             a
             hundred
             and
             ten
             Years
             of
             Age
             )
             he
             received
             this
             Account
             :
             That
             they
             had
             of
             old
             one
             particular
             Tribe
             of
             Men
             that
             had
             this
             Art
             amongst
             themselves
             only
             ,
             and
             kept
             it
             as
             a
             thing
             sacred
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             be
             communicated
             to
             the
             Vulgar
             ;
             these
             mix'd
             not
             with
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             nor
             married
             out
             of
             their
             own
             Tribe
             ;
             and
             were
             also
             their
             Priests
             and
             Ministers
             of
             Religion
             :
             that
             upon
             the
             Conquest
             of
             the
             Spaniard
             ,
             they
             were
             most
             of
             them
             destroyed
             ,
             and
             the
             Art
             lost
             with
             them
             ,
             only
             they
             held
             some
             Traditions
             yet
             of
             a
             few
             Ingredients
             that
             were
             made
             use
             of
             in
             this
             Business
             .
          
           
             They
             took
             Butter
             of
             Goats
             Milk
             ,
             (
             some
             said
             Hogs
             Grease
             was
             mingled
             with
             it
             )
             which
             they
             kept
             in
             the
             Skins
             for
             this
             Purpose
             ;
             in
             this
             they
             boiled
             certain
             Herbs
             ;
             1st
             .
             A
             sort
             of
             wild
             Lavender
             ,
             which
             grows
             there
             in
             great
             Quantities
             on
             the
             Rocks
             .
             2dly
             .
             An
             Herb
             called
             Jara
             ,
             of
             a
             very
             gummy
             and
             glutinous
             Consistence
             ,
             
             which
             now
             grows
             under
             the
             Tops
             of
             the
             Mountains
             only
             .
             3dly
             .
             A
             kind
             of
             a
             Cyclamen
             or
             Sow-Bread
             .
             4thly
             .
             Wild
             Sage
             growing
             plentifully
             in
             this
             Island
             .
             These
             ,
             with
             Stones
             bruised
             and
             boiled
             in
             the
             Butter
             ,
             render'd
             it
             a
             perfect
             Balsam
             .
             This
             prepared
             ,
             they
             first
             unbowelled
             the
             Corps
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             poorer
             sort
             ,
             to
             save
             Charges
             ,
             they
             took
             out
             the
             Brain
             behind
             :
             and
             these
             Poor
             also
             were
             sewed
             up
             in
             Skins
             with
             the
             Hair
             on
             ,
             whereas
             the
             Richer
             were
             (
             as
             was
             said
             before
             )
             put
             up
             in
             Skins
             so
             sinely
             and
             exactly
             dressed
             ,
             as
             they
             remain
             most
             rarely
             pliant
             and
             gentle
             to
             this
             Day
             .
             After
             the
             Body
             was
             thus
             order'd
             ,
             they
             had
             in
             a
             Readiness
             a
             Lixivium
             ,
             made
             of
             the
             Bark
             of
             Pine-Trees
             ,
             with
             which
             they
             washed
             the
             Body
             ,
             drying
             in
             the
             Sun
             in
             Summer
             ,
             and
             in
             Stoves
             in
             Winter
             ;
             this
             repeating
             very
             often
             .
             Afterwards
             they
             began
             their
             Unction
             with
             the
             Balsam
             ,
             both
             without
             and
             within
             ,
             drying
             it
             again
             ,
             as
             before
             :
             This
             they
             continue
             till
             the
             Balsam
             had
             penetrated
             it self
             in
             the
             whole
             Habit
             ,
             and
             the
             Muscles
             in
             all
             Parts
             appeared
             through
             the
             contracted
             Skin
             ,
             and
             the
             Body
             became
             exceeding
             light
             ;
             then
             they
             sewed
             them
             up
             in
             the
             Goat-skins
             ,
             as
             already
             mentioned
             .
             He
             was
             told
             by
             these
             ancient
             People
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             above
             twenty
             Caves
             of
             their
             Kings
             and
             Great
             Persons
             ,
             with
             their
             whole
             Families
             ,
             yet
             unknown
             to
             any
             but
             themselves
             ,
             and
             which
             they
             will
             never
             discover
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             he
             says
             ,
             that
             Bodies
             are
             found
             in
             the
             Caves
             of
             the
             
               Grand
               Canaries
            
             ,
             in
             Sacks
             ,
             and
             quite
             consumed
             ,
             not
             as
             those
             in
             Teneriff
             .
             Thus
             far
             of
             the
             Bodies
             and
             Embalming
             .
             Anciently
             when
             they
             had
             no
             knowledg
             of
             Iron
             ,
             they
             made
             their
             Lances
             of
             Wood
             ,
             harden'd
             as
             before
             ,
             some
             of
             which
             the
             Doctor
             has
             seen
             :
             he
             has
             also
             seen
             Earthen
             Pots
             so
             hard
             ,
             that
             they
             cannot
             be
             broken
             ,
             of
             these
             some
             are
             found
             in
             the
             Caves
             ,
             and
             old
             Barrancos
             ,
             and
             used
             by
             
             poorer
             sort
             of
             People
             that
             find
             them
             ,
             to
             boil
             Meat
             in
             ;
             likewise
             they
             did
             Curar
             Stone
             it self
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             a
             kind
             of
             Slate
             now
             called
             Tabona
             ,
             which
             they
             first
             formed
             to
             an
             Edg
             or
             Point
             ,
             as
             they
             had
             occasion
             to
             use
             them
             ,
             either
             as
             Knives
             ,
             or
             Lancets
             to
             let
             Blood.
             
          
           
             Their
             Food
             was
             Barly
             rosted
             ,
             and
             then
             ground
             with
             little
             Mills
             ,
             which
             they
             made
             of
             Stones
             ,
             and
             mix'd
             with
             Milk
             and
             Honey
             ;
             this
             they
             still
             fed
             on
             ,
             and
             carried
             it
             on
             their
             Backs
             in
             Goat
             Skins
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             Day
             they
             drink
             no
             Wine
             ,
             nor
             care
             for
             Flesh
             ;
             they
             are
             generally
             very
             lean
             ,
             tall
             ,
             active
             ,
             and
             full
             of
             Courage
             .
          
           
             He
             himself
             has
             seen
             them
             leap
             from
             Rock
             to
             Rock
             ,
             from
             a
             very
             prodigious
             Height
             ,
             till
             they
             came
             to
             the
             bottom
             ,
             sometimes
             making
             ten
             Fathom
             deep
             at
             one
             Leap.
             The
             manner
             is
             thus
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             they
             tertiate
             their
             Lance
             ,
             (
             which
             is
             about
             the
             Bigness
             of
             a
             half-Pike
             )
             that
             is
             ,
             they
             poise
             it
             in
             their
             Hand
             ,
             then
             they
             aim
             the
             Point
             of
             it
             at
             any
             Piece
             of
             a
             Rock
             ,
             upon
             which
             they
             intend
             to
             light
             ,
             sometimes
             not
             half
             a
             Foot
             broad
             ;
             at
             their
             going
             off
             they
             clap
             their
             Feet
             close
             to
             the
             Lance
             ,
             and
             so
             carry
             their
             Bodies
             in
             the
             Air
             ;
             the
             Point
             of
             the
             Lance
             first
             comes
             to
             the
             Place
             ,
             which
             breaks
             the
             Force
             of
             their
             Fall
             ;
             then
             they
             slide
             gently
             down
             by
             the
             Staff
             ,
             and
             pitch
             their
             Feet
             upon
             the
             very
             Place
             they
             first
             designed
             ,
             and
             from
             Rock
             to
             Rock
             ,
             till
             they
             come
             to
             the
             bottom
             .
          
           
             Their
             Novices
             sometimes
             break
             their
             Necks
             in
             Learning
             .
             He
             added
             several
             Stories
             to
             this
             Effect
             ,
             of
             their
             great
             Activity
             in
             leaping
             down
             Rocks
             and
             Clifts
             ,
             and
             how
             eight
             and
             twenty
             of
             them
             made
             an
             Escape
             from
             the
             Battlement
             of
             an
             extraordinary
             high
             Castle
             in
             the
             Island
             ,
             when
             the
             Governour
             thought
             he
             had
             made
             sure
             of
             them
             .
          
           
           
             He
             told
             also
             (
             and
             the
             same
             was
             seriously
             confirmed
             by
             a
             Spaniard
             ,
             and
             another
             Canary
             .
             Merchant
             then
             in
             the
             Company
             )
             that
             they
             whistle
             so
             loud
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             heard
             five
             Miles
             off
             ;
             and
             that
             to
             be
             in
             the
             same
             Room
             with
             them
             when
             they
             whistle
             ,
             were
             enough
             to
             endanger
             breaking
             the
             Tympanum
             of
             the
             Ear
             :
             And
             added
             ,
             that
             he
             being
             in
             the
             Company
             of
             one
             that
             whistled
             his
             loudest
             ,
             could
             not
             hear
             perfectly
             for
             fifteen
             Days
             after
             ,
             the
             Noise
             was
             so
             great
             .
          
           
             He
             affirms
             also
             ,
             that
             they
             throw
             Stones
             with
             a
             Force
             almost
             as
             great
             as
             that
             of
             a
             Bullet
             ,
             and
             now
             use
             Stones
             in
             all
             their
             Fights
             ,
             as
             they
             did
             anciently
             .
          
           
             Mr.
             Sydenham
             told
             me
             this
             Day
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             18th
             of
             August
             ,
             he
             and
             his
             Company
             began
             their
             Journey
             toward
             the
             Pike
             of
             Teneriff
             ,
             setting
             out
             from
             
               L'
               Oratava
            
             ,
             a
             Town
             seated
             on
             the
             lower
             Part
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             from
             which
             Town
             to
             the
             Sea
             there
             are
             three
             Miles
             of
             way
             always
             descending
             .
          
           
             He
             began
             his
             Journey
             on
             Sunday
             about
             10
             a
             Clock
             at
             Night
             ,
             and
             travell'd
             till
             five
             in
             the
             Afternoon
             of
             the
             Monday
             following
             ,
             resting
             two
             Hours
             by
             the
             way
             ;
             the
             Ground
             was
             continually
             rising
             ,
             and
             during
             this
             time
             they
             travelled
             about
             10
             Miles
             of
             their
             way
             upon
             Mules
             .
          
           
             Resting
             upon
             Monday
             till
             12
             a
             Clock
             at
             Night
             ,
             they
             resumed
             their
             Journey
             ,
             and
             travelled
             till
             about
             9
             in
             the
             Morning
             ,
             at
             which
             time
             they
             arrived
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             or
             highest
             Pile
             of
             the
             Mountain
             .
          
           
             They
             went
             up
             on
             the
             South
             Side
             of
             the
             Hill
             ,
             on
             which
             Side
             there
             was
             no
             Snow
             ,
             though
             on
             the
             North
             Side
             there
             were
             much
             .
             They
             stayed
             about
             two
             Hours
             on
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             and
             then
             returned
             to
             that
             Part
             of
             the
             Hill
             where
             they
             had
             lodg'd
             the
             Night
             before
             .
          
           
           
             I
             ask'd
             Mr.
             Sydenham
             what
             was
             the
             Estimate
             made
             by
             the
             most
             knowing
             Persons
             of
             the
             Island
             ,
             of
             the
             Height
             of
             the
             Hill
             ?
             and
             he
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Guides
             accounted
             it
             to
             be
             one
             and
             twenty
             Miles
             high
             from
             the
             Town
             ,
             which
             ,
             as
             was
             noted
             before
             ,
             is
             seated
             three
             Miles
             above
             the
             Sea.
             And
             he
             added
             ,
             that
             a
             Sea-man
             with
             great
             Confidence
             affirming
             himself
             to
             have
             accurately
             enough
             measur'd
             by
             Observations
             made
             in
             a
             Ship
             ,
             and
             to
             have
             found
             the
             Perpendicular
             Height
             of
             the
             Hill
             to
             be
             about
             seven
             Miles
             .
          
           
             I
             asked
             him
             also
             from
             what
             Distance
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             could
             be
             seen
             at
             Sea
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             common
             Opinion
             of
             Sea-men
             ?
             He
             answer'd
             ,
             that
             the
             Distance
             was
             wont
             to
             be
             reckoned
             threescore
             Sea-Leagues
             ,
             of
             three
             Miles
             to
             a
             League
             ;
             adding
             ,
             that
             he
             himself
             had
             seen
             it
             above
             forty
             Leagues
             off
             ,
             and
             yet
             it
             appeared
             exceeding
             high
             ,
             and
             like
             a
             blewish
             Pyramide
             ,
             manifestly
             a
             great
             deal
             higher
             than
             the
             Clouds
             .
             And
             he
             also
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             sometimes
             Men
             could
             from
             thence
             see
             the
             Island
             of
             Madera
             ,
             though
             distant
             from
             it
             70
             Leagues
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             great
             Canary
             ,
             though
             18
             Leagues
             off
             ,
             seem'd
             to
             be
             very
             near
             them
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             might
             leap
             down
             upon
             it
             .
          
           
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             higher
             Part
             of
             the
             Region
             of
             Snow
             was
             two
             Miles
             ,
             or
             two
             Miles
             and
             a
             half
             lower
             than
             the
             Foot
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ;
             and
             that
             on
             the
             upper
             part
             of
             the
             Hill
             they
             felt
             no
             Wind.
             
          
           
             Mr.
             Sydenham
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             being
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             ,
             drinking
             the
             King's
             Health
             ,
             he
             indeavoured
             to
             shoot
             off
             a
             Birding-Piece
             he
             had
             carried
             up
             with
             him
             ,
             but
             though
             he
             snap'd
             it
             above
             twenty
             times
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             make
             it
             go
             off
             ;
             whereas
             when
             he
             came
             down
             into
             the
             ordinary
             Air
             ,
             the
             first
             time
             he
             tried
             to
             shoot
             ;
             it
             went
             readily
             off
             .
             I
             ask'd
             him
             whether
             he
             had
             taken
             
             notice
             that
             the
             Flint
             struck
             out
             any
             Sparks
             of
             Fire
             or
             no
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Hill
             ,
             and
             whether
             he
             had
             mended
             and
             alter'd
             the
             Flint
             coming
             downwards
             ?
             To
             the
             first
             he
             answered
             he
             did
             not
             remember
             ,
             to
             the
             other
             that
             he
             remembred
             he
             did
             not
             .
          
           
             He
             also
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             having
             carried
             up
             a
             Borracha
             of
             Sack
             ,
             when
             they
             came
             to
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             they
             drank
             divers
             Healths
             very
             freely
             ,
             but
             could
             not
             find
             themselves
             heated
             ,
             or
             sensibly
             discomposed
             by
             the
             Wine
             ;
             whereas
             when
             they
             were
             come
             down
             into
             a
             thicker
             Air
             ,
             they
             manifestly
             felt
             the
             heady
             Operation
             of
             the
             Liquor
             ,
             which
             then
             made
             their
             Guide
             and
             one
             of
             their
             Company
             drunk
             .
          
           
             He
             described
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             to
             be
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             a
             barren
             Plain
             ,
             in
             the
             upper
             Part
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             exceeding
             steep
             .
             The
             Top
             of
             the
             Sugar-Loaf
             is
             made
             shelving
             inward
             almost
             like
             a
             Dish
             .
             But
             in
             many
             Places
             of
             it
             there
             appear
             little
             Holes
             (
             regularly
             placed
             )
             as
             it
             were
             so
             many
             little
             Vents
             to
             a
             great
             Fire
             burning
             in
             or
             below
             the
             Bowels
             of
             the
             Mountain
             .
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Guide
             disswaded
             him
             from
             going
             to
             the
             middle
             of
             this
             shelving
             Top
             ,
             affirming
             it
             to
             be
             exceeding
             dangerous
             :
             but
             he
             ventur'd
             to
             thrust
             the
             scowring
             Stick
             of
             his
             Gun
             somewhat
             deep
             and
             rudely
             into
             one
             of
             those
             Holes
             ,
             from
             whence
             there
             arose
             a
             hot
             Steam
             ,
             which
             had
             like
             to
             have
             killed
             him
             ,
             and
             hindred
             him
             from
             further
             Trials
             .
             He
             added
             ,
             that
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountain
             seem'd
             to
             be
             little
             else
             than
             Stones
             and
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             that
             there
             were
             great
             Store
             of
             Pieces
             of
             Brimstone
             ,
             which
             are
             guessed
             to
             be
             sublimed
             up
             from
             the
             internal
             Parts
             of
             the
             Hill.
             
          
           
             Being
             asked
             ,
             whether
             he
             was
             sick
             or
             no
             in
             the
             Ascent
             ?
             he
             said
             ,
             that
             both
             he
             and
             all
             his
             Company
             ,
             which
             were
             about
             a
             dozen
             Men
             ,
             were
             sick
             for
             three
             or
             four
             Hours
             ,
             
             when
             they
             came
             into
             the
             subtile
             and
             piercing
             Air
             of
             the
             upper
             Part
             of
             the
             Mountain
             :
             but
             as
             they
             went
             down
             again
             ,
             they
             were
             not
             sick
             .
             And
             being
             asked
             what
             kind
             of
             Sickness
             it
             was
             they
             felt
             ?
             he
             said
             it
             was
             like
             Sea-sickness
             .
          
           
             He
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Sack
             they
             carried
             up
             with
             them
             to
             refresh
             themselves
             ,
             seem'd
             to
             them
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountain
             so
             very
             cold
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             not
             able
             to
             drink
             above
             two
             or
             three
             Drops
             at
             a
             Draught
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             excessive
             Cold
             upon
             their
             Teeth
             .
             He
             added
             upon
             my
             Inquiry
             ,
             that
             his
             Feet
             were
             not
             more
             than
             ordinarily
             warm
             ,
             and
             yet
             one
             of
             the
             two
             Pair
             of
             Pumps
             he
             carried
             up
             with
             him
             were
             burnt
             off
             his
             Feet
             by
             the
             Brimstone
             .
          
           
             When
             I
             asked
             him
             about
             the
             Difference
             of
             Seasons
             at
             the
             same
             time
             in
             the
             same
             Mountain
             ,
             he
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             passed
             over
             one
             of
             them
             by
             Name
             .
          
           
             On
             the
             one
             Side
             of
             which
             it
             was
             excessively
             hot
             near
             the
             Top
             or
             Ridg
             ,
             as
             well
             ,
             though
             not
             quite
             so
             much
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             lower
             Regions
             on
             the
             Side
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ;
             but
             within
             a
             Mile
             or
             two
             on
             the
             other
             Side
             of
             the
             Ridg
             he
             found
             Winter-Weather
             ,
             as
             to
             Cold
             and
             Storminess
             ,
             and
             yet
             there
             was
             Snow
             as
             well
             on
             the
             other
             Side
             as
             on
             this
             .
          
           
             To
             what
             Depth
             the
             Water
             will
             be
             frozen
             in
             hard
             Winters
             .
          
           
             To
             what
             Depth
             the
             Earth
             will
             be
             frozen
             in
             that
             Season
             .
          
           
             Whether
             Muscovian
             Ice
             be
             considerably
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             sensibly
             harder
             than
             English
             Ice
             .
          
           
             Whether
             by
             casting
             up
             Water
             ,
             or
             by
             spitting
             ,
             the
             Liquor
             will
             freeze
             before
             it
             comes
             to
             touch
             the
             Ground
             .
          
           
             Whether
             Brandy
             ,
             Sack
             ,
             &c.
             will
             freeze
             in
             Russia
             .
          
           
           
             Whether
             Instruments
             of
             Iron
             and
             Steel
             be
             much
             more
             brittle
             there
             than
             here
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             cracking
             of
             the
             Timber
             in
             wooden
             Houses
             ,
             and
             the
             Causes
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Preservation
             of
             Flesh
             ,
             Fish
             ,
             Herbs
             ,
             Eggs
             ,
             &c.
             in
             hard
             Weather
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             curing
             of
             those
             whose
             Nose
             ,
             Cheeks
             ,
             &c.
             are
             frozen
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Symptoms
             of
             those
             that
             are
             frozen
             to
             Death
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             keeping
             of
             dead
             Bodies
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XX.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Light
             ;
             its
             Perspicuity
             ,
             Opacity
             ,
             Reflections
             ,
             Refractions
             ,
             Colours
             ,
             Light
             ,
             and
             Lightning
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Very
           learned
           Traveller
           affirmed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           having
           occasion
           to
           reside
           sometimes
           on
           the
           Riviera
           or
           Coast
           of
           Genoua
           ,
           he
           had
           often
           observed
           ,
           that
           from
           a
           high
           Place
           he
           could
           both
           Morning
           and
           Evening
           clearly
           discern
           the
           Island
           of
           Corsica
           ;
           and
           sometimes
           also
           other
           Places
           in
           that
           Sea
           ,
           though
           he
           could
           not
           see
           them
           at
           Noon
           ,
           how
           fair
           and
           clear
           so
           ever
           the
           Weather
           was
           ,
           when
           the
           Sun
           was
           in
           or
           near
           the
           Meridian
           .
        
         
           His
           late
           Majesty
           K.
           Charles
           the
           Second
           ,
           doing
           me
           one
           Day
           the
           Honour
           to
           discourse
           about
           several
           Marine
           Observations
           ,
           was
           pleased
           among
           other
           things
           to
           acquaint
           me
           with
           this
           rare
           Phaenomenon
           .
           He
           was
           one
           Day
           walking
           upon
           the
           Beach
           on
           the
           Strand
           ,
           not
           far
           from
           Dover
           ,
           to
           injoy
           the
           fresh
           Air
           ,
           and
           the
           Prospect
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           when
           casually
           looking
           forwards
           to
           the
           Verge
           of
           the
           visible
           Horizon
           ,
           he
           was
           very
           much
           surprized
           to
           discover
           there
           a
           new
           Coast
           ,
           with
           rising
           and
           falling
           Grounds
           ,
           newly
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           emerged
           out
           of
           the
           Ocean
           ,
           in
           a
           Place
           where
           no
           such
           thing
           had
           been
           seen
           before
           .
           The
           Strangeness
           of
           this
           unlook'd-for
           Apparition
           made
           Him
           suspect
           something
           of
           Illusion
           offer'd
           to
           his
           Eyes
           by
           the
           Beams
           of
           the
           Sun
           that
           shone
           upon
           the
           Neighbouring
           Objects
           ;
           wherefore
           he
           rubb'd
           his
           Eyes
           ,
           and
           the
           
           new
           Scene
           not
           vanishing
           ,
           he
           call'd
           to
           his
           Royal
           Highness
           the
           Duke
           of
           York
           ,
           (
           who
           was
           present
           when
           his
           Majesty
           was
           pleased
           to
           make
           me
           the
           Relation
           )
           and
           to
           some
           of
           the
           attending
           Courtiers
           that
           were
           nearest
           at
           hand
           ,
           to
           make
           them
           Partakers
           and
           Witnesses
           of
           this
           delightful
           Spectacle
           ,
           which
           after
           it
           had
           been
           gazed
           on
           a
           little
           while
           ,
           did
           somewhat
           slowly
           disappear
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           had
           sunk
           down
           again
           into
           the
           Ocean
           .
           Of
           the
           Cause
           of
           this
           rare
           Phaenomenon
           ,
           I
           ventur'd
           to
           propose
           to
           the
           King
           this
           Conjecture
           :
           That
           the
           Place
           where
           it
           was
           seen
           lying
           the
           same
           way
           that
           the
           Coast
           of
           France
           did
           ,
           and
           that
           Coast
           being
           but
           a
           little
           too
           far
           off
           to
           be
           discern'd
           before
           ,
           it
           might
           very
           well
           happen
           ,
           that
           either
           by
           Action
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           or
           rather
           by
           subterraneal
           Steams
           ,
           the
           Air
           interposed
           between
           the
           Shore
           and
           his
           Majesties
           Eyes
           ,
           was
           fill'd
           with
           Vapors
           and
           Exhalations
           that
           made
           it
           much
           more
           refractive
           than
           formerly
           ;
           and
           by
           Help
           of
           this
           supervening
           Refraction
           ,
           the
           French
           Coast
           that
           lay
           beyond
           it
           was
           raised
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           lifted
           up
           ,
           in
           reference
           to
           the
           Sight
           ,
           and
           so
           became
           visible
           as
           long
           as
           that
           new
           Refraction
           lasted
           :
           And
           when
           the
           Steams
           that
           occasion'd
           it
           ,
           were
           either
           got
           up
           too
           high
           ,
           or
           were
           by
           the
           Winds
           or
           Sun
           too
           much
           dissipated
           or
           dispersed
           ,
           the
           Apparition
           ceased
           ,
           together
           with
           the
           unusual
           Refraction
           that
           caused
           it
           .
           And
           in
           favour
           of
           this
           Conjecture
           I
           alledg'd
           that
           familiar
           Experiment
           in
           which
           a
           Piece
           of
           Gold
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           convenient
           Object
           ,
           being
           put
           into
           the
           bottom
           of
           an
           empty
           Cup
           ,
           and
           the
           Eye
           being
           so
           placed
           ,
           that
           the
           Object
           is
           but
           just
           hid
           from
           it
           by
           the
           Interposition
           of
           the
           Side
           of
           the
           Cup
           ,
           if
           Water
           be
           poured
           into
           the
           Vessel
           ,
           though
           neither
           the
           Eye
           nor
           the
           Object
           be
           at
           all
           removed
           ,
           yet
           the
           Piece
           of
           Gold
           will
           be
           plainly
           seen
           ,
           because
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Water
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           thicker
           Medium
           than
           the
           Air
           ,
           breaking
           the
           Rays
           that
           tend
           from
           the
           
           Object
           towards
           the
           Beholder's
           Eye
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           Refraction
           ,
           that
           is
           from
           the
           Perpendicular
           they
           are
           so
           bended
           ,
           that
           those
           fall
           now
           into
           the
           Pupil
           ,
           that
           if
           it
           were
           not
           for
           the
           Water
           ,
           would
           either
           fall
           upon
           the
           Side
           of
           the
           Cup
           ,
           and
           so
           be
           hinder'd
           from
           passing
           forward
           ;
           or
           else
           would
           fall
           upon
           the
           Eye-lids
           or
           Eye-brows
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           Part
           above
           the
           Pupil
           ,
           and
           so
           would
           not
           make
           the
           Object
           visible
           .
        
         
           The
           Duke
           of
           York
           was
           also
           pleased
           to
           tell
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           somewhat
           surprized
           ,
           when
           being
           near
           the
           Borders
           of
           Scotland
           ,
           in
           a
           Season
           that
           did
           not
           promise
           much
           fair
           Weather
           ,
           he
           saw
           one
           Morning
           the
           Sky
           very
           red
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           said
           ,
           that
           he
           fear'd
           they
           should
           have
           foul
           Weather
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           usual
           Prognostick
           of
           Country-men
           and
           Mariners
           :
           but
           some
           of
           the
           Scotish
           Nobility
           that
           attended
           his
           Highness
           ,
           told
           him
           ,
           that
           in
           that
           Country
           such
           red
           Mornings
           did
           not
           bode
           a
           foul
           Day
           ,
           but
           rather
           promise
           a
           fair
           one
           ;
           which
           Prediction
           of
           theirs
           was
           justified
           by
           the
           Event
           .
           Upon
           which
           occasion
           I
           enquired
           of
           a
           very
           intelligent
           Scotish
           Noble-man
           ,
           how
           far
           the
           Observation
           held
           in
           his
           Country
           ?
           To
           which
           he
           answer'd
           ,
           that
           with
           a
           due
           Limitation
           it
           was
           most
           commonly
           true
           ;
           for
           though
           when
           the
           Redness
           seems
           to
           be
           very
           near
           the
           Ground
           ,
           and
           appears
           in
           somewhat
           narrow
           Streaks
           of
           an
           intense
           Red
           ,
           it
           signifies
           bad
           Weather
           ;
           yet
           if
           the
           Morning
           Redness
           appears
           elevated
           in
           the
           Air
           or
           Sky
           ,
           especially
           if
           the
           Wind
           be
           Easterly
           ,
           it
           usually
           foretels
           a
           fair
           Day
           .
        
         
           
             Some
             Observations
             of
             Capt.
             James
             ,
             in
             his
             Northern
             Voyage
             ,
             Mr.
             
               J.
               T.
            
             and
             others
             .
          
           
             February
             .
             I
             practised
             some
             Observations
             by
             the
             rising
             and
             setting
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             calculating
             the
             time
             of
             his
             
             rising
             and
             setting
             ,
             by
             very
             true
             running
             Glasses
             .
             As
             for
             our
             Clock
             and
             Watch
             ,
             notwithstanding
             we
             still
             kept
             them
             by
             the
             Fire-side
             in
             a
             Chest
             ,
             wrap'd
             in
             Clothes
             ,
             yet
             were
             they
             so
             frozen
             ,
             that
             they
             could
             not
             go
             .
             My
             Observations
             by
             these
             Glasses
             ,
             I
             compared
             with
             the
             Stars
             coming
             to
             the
             Meridian
             :
             By
             this
             means
             we
             found
             the
             Sun
             to
             rise
             twenty
             Minutes
             before
             it
             should
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             Evening
             to
             remain
             above
             the
             Horizon
             twenty
             Minutes
             (
             or
             thereabouts
             )
             longer
             than
             it
             should
             do
             :
             And
             all
             this
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Refraction
             .
             Capt.
             James
             .
          
           
             March.
             This
             Evening
             the
             Moon
             rose
             in
             a
             very
             long
             Oval
             alongst
             the
             Horizon
             .
          
           
             April
             .
             The
             Weather
             continued
             with
             this
             Extremity
             until
             the
             fifteenth
             ,
             at
             which
             time
             our
             Spring
             was
             harder
             frozen
             than
             it
             had
             been
             all
             the
             Year
             before
             .
             I
             had
             often
             observed
             the
             Difference
             betwixt
             clear
             Weather
             and
             misty
             refractious
             Weather
             ,
             in
             this
             manner
             :
             From
             a
             little
             Hill
             which
             was
             near
             adjoining
             to
             our
             House
             ,
             in
             the
             clearest
             Weather
             ,
             when
             the
             Sun
             shone
             with
             all
             the
             Purity
             of
             Air
             that
             I
             could
             conceive
             ,
             we
             could
             not
             see
             a
             little
             Island
             ,
             which
             bare
             off
             us
             South-South-East
             some
             four
             Leagues
             ;
             but
             if
             the
             Weather
             were
             misty
             ,
             (
             as
             aforesaid
             )
             then
             we
             should
             often
             see
             it
             from
             the
             lowest
             Place
             .
             This
             little
             Island
             I
             had
             seen
             the
             last
             Year
             when
             I
             was
             on
             Danby-Island
             .
             The
             13th
             I
             took
             the
             Height
             of
             it
             instrumentally
             ,
             standing
             near
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             which
             I
             found
             to
             be
             34
             Minutes
             ,
             the
             Sun
             being
             28
             Degrees
             high
             .
             This
             shows
             how
             great
             a
             Refraction
             here
             is
             .
             Yet
             may
             this
             be
             noted
             by
             the
             way
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             seen
             the
             Land
             elevated
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             refractious
             Air
             ;
             and
             nevertheless
             the
             Sun
             hath
             risen
             perfect
             round
             .
          
           
             January
             6.
             
             I
             observed
             the
             Latitude
             with
             what
             Exactness
             I
             could
             ,
             (
             it
             being
             very
             clear
             Sun-shine
             Weather
             )
             
             which
             I
             found
             to
             be
             51
             ,
             52.
             
             This
             Difference
             is
             by
             reason
             that
             here
             is
             a
             great
             Refraction
             .
          
           
             January
             21.
             
             I
             observed
             the
             Sun
             to
             rise
             like
             an
             Oval
             alongst
             the
             Horizon
             ;
             I
             called
             three
             or
             four
             to
             see
             it
             ,
             the
             better
             to
             confirm
             my
             Judgment
             ,
             and
             we
             all
             are
             agreed
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             twice
             as
             long
             as
             it
             was
             broad
             .
             We
             plainly
             perceived
             withal
             ,
             that
             by
             Degrees
             as
             it
             got
             up
             higher
             ,
             it
             also
             recovered
             Roundness
             .
          
           
             Attending
             upon
             Sir
             
               Peter
               Wych
            
             ,
             in
             his
             Journey
             for
             Warsaw
             the
             Beginning
             of
             June
             ,
             16
             69
             /
             70
             ,
             whilst
             we
             lay
             about
             three
             Polish
             Miles
             from
             the
             City
             ,
             attending
             the
             Preparations
             for
             his
             Reception
             there
             ,
             we
             had
             very
             clear
             and
             extream
             cold
             Weather
             ;
             and
             for
             two
             Days
             together
             we
             observed
             the
             Sun
             and
             two
             Parhelions
             ,
             or
             three
             Suns
             ,
             from
             above
             ten
             a
             Clock
             to
             near
             twelve
             ,
             not
             the
             least
             Cloud
             appearing
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             but
             that
             so
             serene
             ,
             that
             we
             took
             notice
             of
             the
             Icy
             Spangles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             flying
             about
             like
             Atoms
             in
             the
             Sun's
             Beams
             .
             This
             is
             also
             worth
             taking
             notice
             of
             ;
             that
             whereas
             in
             ordinary
             frosty
             Weather
             any
             smooth
             Iron
             ,
             or
             other
             Metal
             ,
             whether
             Heads
             of
             Sticks
             ,
             Pomels
             of
             Swords
             ,
             or
             Barrels
             of
             Guns
             ,
             being
             brought
             out
             of
             the
             open
             Air
             into
             a
             warm
             Room
             ,
             there
             will
             presently
             ,
             first
             a
             Dulness
             in
             the
             Glass
             ,
             and
             then
             Drops
             of
             Water
             appear
             :
             At
             this
             time
             there
             would
             immediately
             appear
             the
             Likeness
             of
             an
             hoar
             Frost
             .
             Now
             whether
             the
             Particles
             of
             Cold
             be
             so
             subtile
             as
             to
             pierce
             or
             enter
             into
             polished
             Metal
             ,
             I
             will
             not
             determine
             ;
             tho
             the
             Experience
             of
             wetting
             one
             Finger
             with
             his
             Spittle
             ,
             and
             forthwith
             laying
             it
             to
             Iron
             when
             it
             freezes
             hard
             ,
             by
             its
             immediate
             Adhesion
             ,
             even
             in
             the
             Moment
             of
             touching
             it
             ,
             would
             make
             some
             way
             for
             the
             Affirmative
             .
             That
             same
             Month
             returning
             back
             from
             Warsaw
             ,
             I
             saw
             ,
             upon
             my
             Journey
             ,
             the
             Sun
             rise
             with
             a
             large
             Pillar
             ,
             
             coloured
             like
             a
             Rain-bow
             ;
             perpendicular
             over
             it
             ,
             out
             of
             a
             clear
             Horizon
             ;
             and
             I
             remember
             Monsieur
             Hevelius
             told
             me
             ,
             he
             observed
             it
             once
             set
             with
             the
             like
             ,
             N.
             
          
           
             In
             Cornwall
             they
             observe
             in
             their
             driving
             home
             Levels
             or
             Sink
             ,
             the
             Waters
             do
             also
             manifestly
             partake
             of
             the
             Minerals
             ,
             for
             in
             some
             Mines
             they
             are
             Sanative
             ,
             where
             Iron
             is
             observed
             ;
             and
             in
             others
             apt
             to
             cause
             Wounds
             to
             fester
             and
             rankle
             .
             As
             the
             first
             was
             most
             manifest
             at
             
               Karne
               Key
            
             ,
             the
             latter
             at
             Relistian
             ,
             both
             famous
             Tin-Works
             .
          
           
             Asking
             of
             a
             Chymist
             that
             travelled
             with
             a
             famous
             Virtuoso
             of
             my
             Acquaintance
             over
             part
             of
             the
             Alpes
             that
             is
             said
             to
             be
             much
             subject
             to
             Thunders
             ,
             divers
             Questions
             about
             Thunder
             ,
             I
             had
             among
             other
             Answers
             ,
             this
             ,
             That
             he
             and
             my
             Friend
             being
             together
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             a
             forked
             Mountain
             ,
             between
             whose
             Parts
             there
             lay
             a
             Valley
             ,
             that
             seem'd
             almost
             cover'd
             with
             a
             thick
             Cloud
             ;
             and
             though
             the
             Weather
             were
             clear
             at
             both
             the
             Tops
             ,
             he
             observed
             that
             the
             subjacent
             Cloud
             being
             big
             with
             Thunder
             ,
             the
             Lightning
             appeared
             quite
             through
             it
             ,
             and
             seem'd
             to
             lie
             deep
             in
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             casting
             his
             Eyes
             down
             upon
             the
             Cloud
             ,
             he
             fancied
             that
             what
             he
             saw
             ,
             was
             ,
             (
             to
             use
             his
             own
             Comparison
             )
             as
             if
             a
             shining
             Fish
             were
             moving
             to
             and
             fro
             very
             swiftly
             in
             a
             somewhat
             troubled
             Water
             .
             If
             I
             had
             seasonably
             had
             the
             Relation
             ,
             I
             had
             enquired
             of
             my
             Friend
             about
             it
             ;
             but
             I
             was
             the
             more
             inclined
             to
             believe
             it
             ,
             because
             I
             remember
             ,
             that
             passing
             over
             a
             part
             of
             the
             Alpes
             ,
             less
             high
             than
             that
             where
             the
             recited
             Observation
             was
             made
             ,
             though
             it
             was
             very
             fair
             Weather
             ,
             and
             a
             clear
             Sky
             at
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Mountain
             where
             we
             were
             ,
             yet
             a
             great
             way
             beneath
             us
             we
             saw
             dark
             Clouds
             ,
             through
             part
             of
             which
             we
             afterwards
             in
             our
             Descent
             were
             obliged
             to
             pass
             ,
             though
             then
             (
             whether
             
             part
             of
             the
             Matter
             had
             been
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             discussed
             ,
             I
             examine
             not
             )
             it
             seemed
             to
             us
             little
             different
             from
             a
             thick
             Fog
             ,
             which
             when
             we
             had
             passed
             thorow
             ,
             we
             found
             the
             Weather
             fair
             and
             clear
             enough
             to
             the
             Foot
             of
             the
             Mountain
             .
          
           
             Meeting
             with
             an
             inquisitive
             Noble-man
             that
             liv'd
             long
             at
             Naples
             ,
             I
             asked
             him
             whether
             he
             had
             ever
             seen
             any
             of
             those
             famous
             Apparitions
             that
             are
             said
             sometimes
             to
             shew
             themselves
             in
             or
             near
             the
             
               Sicilian
               Strait
            
             ,
             and
             is
             known
             by
             the
             Name
             (
             if
             I
             mistake
             not
             )
             of
             Morgane
             ?
             To
             this
             he
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             during
             the
             Spring-time
             ,
             he
             had
             once
             the
             Curiosity
             to
             try
             whether
             this
             Tradition
             had
             so
             much
             Ground
             as
             was
             commonly
             believed
             ;
             and
             that
             accordingly
             on
             several
             fair
             Mornings
             he
             rose
             before
             the
             Sun
             ,
             and
             look'd
             solicitously
             along
             the
             Coast
             ,
             without
             seeing
             any
             thing
             that
             answered
             his
             Expectation
             :
             But
             not
             being
             discouraged
             by
             these
             Disappointments
             ,
             he
             one
             Morning
             perceived
             ,
             as
             he
             thought
             ,
             two
             Steeples
             in
             a
             Neighbouring
             Town
             where
             he
             knew
             there
             was
             but
             one
             ;
             which
             Phaenomenon
             inviting
             him
             to
             continue
             his
             Curiosity
             ,
             he
             chose
             the
             first
             fair
             and
             cloudless
             Morning
             to
             rise
             early
             on
             ;
             and
             casting
             his
             Eyes
             towards
             the
             lately
             mentioned
             Town
             ,
             and
             the
             Coast
             it
             was
             not
             remote
             from
             ,
             he
             was
             surprized
             with
             a
             delightful
             Prospect
             of
             a
             new
             Town
             beyond
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             incomparably
             greater
             than
             it
             ,
             and
             furnish'd
             ,
             as
             it
             seem'd
             to
             him
             and
             a
             Doctor
             of
             Physick
             that
             accompanied
             him
             ,
             with
             Walls
             and
             Towers
             ,
             and
             Steeples
             and
             Houses
             ,
             and
             other
             things
             that
             were
             delightful
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             wonderful
             to
             behold
             .
             But
             he
             answer'd
             me
             ,
             that
             the
             Colours
             were
             not
             near
             so
             lively
             as
             the
             Figures
             ,
             being
             for
             the
             most
             part
             somewhat
             dim
             ,
             though
             adorned
             here
             and
             there
             with
             some
             Redness
             :
             but
             this
             odd
             Spectacle
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             not
             invariable
             during
             the
             whole
             time
             it
             lasted
             ,
             did
             not
             continue
             very
             
             long
             ;
             for
             when
             the
             Sun
             was
             gotten
             up
             to
             such
             a
             Height
             above
             the
             Horizon
             as
             made
             his
             Beams
             powerful
             ,
             they
             quickly
             confounded
             all
             these
             Airy
             Structures
             in
             a
             kind
             of
             Chaos
             ,
             and
             made
             the
             fantastick
             City
             vanish
             .
          
           
             Moist
             Vapours
             are
             not
             the
             only
             Cause
             or
             Sign
             of
             the
             Opacity
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             since
             that
             dry
             blighting
             East
             Wind
             ,
             which
             from
             the
             Effects
             Country
             People
             call
             a
             red
             Wind
             ,
             makes
             the
             Air
             at
             a
             Distance
             seem
             blewish
             and
             thick
             .
             This
             is
             the
             Wind
             which
             these
             two
             Years
             last
             past
             ,
             has
             been
             so
             pernicious
             to
             Apples
             ,
             and
             indeed
             to
             all
             sorts
             of
             Trees
             ,
             not
             only
             to
             blast
             the
             Fruit
             ,
             but
             the
             very
             Leaves
             of
             such
             Trees
             as
             it
             met
             withal
             ,
             just
             in
             the
             Tender
             (
             as
             the
             Woodmen
             call
             it
             )
             
               i.
               e.
            
             when
             they
             are
             newly
             expanded
             out
             of
             the
             Buds
             .
             Mr.
             
               J.
               T.
            
             
          
           
             That
             Air
             is
             sometimes
             more
             clear
             and
             transparent
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             more
             dark
             ,
             and
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             muddy
             ,
             being
             clogg'd
             and
             opacated
             with
             terrestrial
             Steams
             ,
             is
             every
             Man's
             Observation
             .
             But
             there
             are
             some
             Phaenomena
             that
             depend
             upon
             the
             Density
             ,
             Diaphancity
             ,
             &c.
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             that
             are
             not
             so
             vulgarly
             taken
             notice
             of
             :
             For
             besides
             those
             that
             require
             Skill
             in
             the
             Doctrine
             of
             Refractions
             ,
             on
             which
             therefore
             I
             shall
             not
             now
             insist
             ;
             there
             are
             some
             others
             that
             may
             be
             worth
             your
             notice
             ,
             which
             I
             shall
             give
             a
             Taste
             of
             .
          
           
             Considering
             the
             differing
             Accounts
             that
             are
             given
             by
             good
             Authors
             ,
             of
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Fixed
             Stars
             ,
             and
             comparing
             them
             with
             some
             Observations
             of
             our
             own
             ,
             I
             was
             thereby
             ,
             and
             upon
             some
             other
             Grounds
             ,
             induced
             to
             suspect
             that
             the
             differing
             and
             unheeded
             Constitutions
             of
             the
             Air
             might
             occasion
             a
             Difference
             in
             assigning
             the
             Number
             of
             the
             Stars
             :
             which
             made
             me
             inquire
             of
             several
             Navigators
             and
             Travellers
             ,
             some
             into
             the
             torrid
             Zone
             ,
             and
             others
             into
             the
             frigid
             ones
             ,
             what
             Difference
             
             they
             found
             in
             contemplating
             the
             Stars
             in
             those
             Climates
             ,
             and
             in
             ours
             ;
             and
             by
             this
             Inquiry
             ,
             I
             learned
             that
             in
             some
             Places
             where
             the
             Air
             is
             very
             pure
             ,
             Celestial
             Observations
             may
             be
             more
             happily
             made
             .
             And
             particularly
             because
             I
             supposed
             that
             intense
             Cold
             ,
             by
             precipitating
             the
             darkning
             Vapours
             out
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             may
             probably
             make
             it
             more
             defecate
             and
             clear
             .
             I
             desired
             an
             ingenious
             Physician
             that
             travelled
             in
             Muscovy
             ,
             to
             take
             notice
             of
             any
             thing
             that
             should
             favour
             or
             disfavour
             this
             Conjecture
             .
             In
             Compliance
             with
             which
             Request
             of
             mine
             he
             informed
             me
             ,
             that
             travelling
             one
             Night
             in
             a
             Sled
             in
             the
             more
             mediterranean
             Parts
             of
             Russia
             ,
             the
             Weather
             being
             extraordinary
             cold
             ,
             he
             was
             invited
             to
             quit
             his
             Sled
             a
             little
             to
             consider
             the
             Sky
             ,
             where
             he
             saw
             so
             many
             Stars
             ,
             and
             so
             much
             brighter
             than
             he
             had
             ever
             seen
             before
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             almost
             as
             much
             surprized
             as
             delighted
             with
             so
             glorious
             a
             Spectacle
             ,
             which
             he
             shewed
             to
             some
             of
             his
             Fellow-Travellers
             that
             shared
             in
             his
             Wonder
             .
          
           
             And
             this
             brought
             into
             my
             Mind
             ,
             that
             remembring
             that
             the
             ingenious
             Capt.
             James
             being
             forc'd
             to
             winter
             in
             Charlton-Island
             ,
             which
             though
             but
             of
             the
             Latitude
             almost
             of
             Cambridg
             ,
             is
             but
             little
             ,
             if
             at
             all
             ,
             less
             cold
             than
             
               Nova
               Zembla
            
             it self
             ,
             I
             should
             probably
             find
             something
             pertinent
             to
             our
             present
             Subject
             in
             so
             diligent
             an
             Observer
             .
             I
             resorted
             to
             his
             Voyage
             ,
             where
             I
             met
             with
             these
             notable
             Observations
             .
          
           
             January
             30
             and
             31
             ,
             there
             appeared
             in
             the
             Beginning
             of
             the
             Night
             more
             Stars
             in
             the
             Firmament
             than
             ever
             I
             had
             seen
             before
             ,
             by
             two
             thirds
             .
             I
             could
             see
             the
             Cloud
             in
             Cancer
             full
             of
             small
             Stars
             :
             and
             amongst
             the
             Pleiades
             a
             great
             many
             small
             Stars
             .
             About
             ten
             a
             Clock
             the
             Moon
             did
             rise
             ,
             and
             then
             a
             quarter
             of
             them
             was
             not
             to
             be
             seen
             .
             The
             Wind
             for
             the
             most
             part
             of
             this
             Month
             
             hath
             been
             Northe●ly
             ,
             and
             very
             cold
             ,
             &c.
             Capt.
             James
             ,
             p.
             62.
             
          
           
             The
             Russian
             Emperor's
             Physician
             confirmed
             to
             me
             by
             word
             of
             Mouth
             ,
             what
             he
             had
             some
             Years
             since
             told
             me
             in
             a
             Letter
             ,
             that
             one
             Night
             which
             was
             exceeding
             cold
             and
             clear
             ,
             being
             awakened
             out
             of
             his
             Sleep
             by
             a
             Shake
             that
             had
             like
             to
             have
             overturn'd
             his
             Sled
             ,
             he
             look'd
             out
             and
             saw
             more
             Stars
             by
             far
             than
             ever
             he
             saw
             in
             England
             ,
             or
             the
             Neighbouring
             Parts
             of
             Europe
             ,
             and
             particularly
             that
             he
             saw
             many
             about
             the
             7
             Stars
             ,
             or
             the
             Pleiades
             ,
             and
             divers
             others
             he
             had
             not
             seen
             before
             in
             several
             other
             Parts
             of
             the
             Sky
             .
             He
             farther
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             these
             Stars
             seemed
             far
             more
             beautiful
             and
             bright
             than
             was
             usual
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             he
             doubts
             not
             ,
             that
             if
             it
             had
             not
             been
             for
             the
             Snow
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             would
             have
             cast
             a
             discernable
             Shadow
             .
             For
             Confirmation
             ,
             he
             saith
             ,
             that
             the
             Phaenomena
             were
             not
             only
             taken
             notice
             of
             by
             him
             ,
             but
             by
             others
             that
             travelled
             with
             him
             ;
             and
             that
             though
             he
             often
             gazed
             at
             the
             Sky
             ,
             since
             that
             time
             he
             never
             could
             see
             there
             near
             so
             many
             Stars
             ,
             nor
             so
             bright
             .
          
           
             December
             4.
             
             I
             had
             not
             time
             the
             last
             Week
             to
             tell
             you
             of
             something
             ,
             that
             to
             us
             that
             have
             not
             been
             long
             in
             this
             Country
             seems
             strange
             ,
             but
             the
             People
             of
             this
             Place
             say
             happens
             very
             often
             .
          
           
             On
             the
             29th
             of
             the
             last
             Month
             ,
             after
             I
             had
             written
             and
             sent
             away
             my
             Letters
             ,
             looking
             out
             of
             the
             Dutchesses
             Window
             to
             see
             what
             Weather
             it
             was
             ,
             I
             saw
             towards
             the
             N
             E.
             alongst
             the
             Horizon
             ,
             it
             look'd
             as
             light
             ,
             and
             just
             as
             if
             it
             had
             been
             Break-of-Day
             ,
             (
             it
             was
             then
             about
             a
             quarter
             past
             eleven
             )
             and
             gave
             as
             great
             a
             Light
             ;
             I
             went
             then
             into
             the
             Drawing-Room
             ,
             and
             looking
             out
             of
             
             that
             Window
             ,
             could
             look
             more
             Northerly
             ,
             and
             saw
             it
             was
             more
             light
             due
             N.
             and
             saw
             several
             Streaks
             of
             Light
             ,
             like
             the
             Tail
             of
             the
             Blazing
             Star
             ,
             all
             pointing
             N.
             and
             S.
             one
             of
             which
             was
             as
             long
             or
             longer
             than
             that
             we
             saw
             last
             Year
             ,
             for
             it
             reached
             from
             the
             Horizon
             ,
             and
             pass'd
             betwen
             Charles's
             Wain
             and
             the
             N.
             Star
             ,
             and
             reached
             up
             just
             over
             our
             Heads
             .
             The
             small
             ones
             sometimes
             disappeared
             :
             and
             then
             we
             saw
             others
             of
             the
             same
             Dimensions
             appear
             in
             other
             Places
             ,
             they
             were
             all
             near
             the
             great
             one
             ;
             two
             of
             them
             seem'd
             as
             if
             their
             Light
             had
             come
             from
             the
             two
             Guards
             in
             Charles's
             Wain
             ;
             and
             when
             they
             vanished
             ,
             others
             appeared
             more
             South
             .
             I
             went
             to
             the
             other
             Side
             of
             the
             House
             ,
             and
             saw
             that
             the
             Light
             reached
             from
             the
             W.
             or
             W
             N
             W.
             by
             the
             N.
             to
             the
             E.
             or
             E
             N
             E.
             I
             did
             not
             go
             out
             ,
             because
             it
             blew
             very
             hard
             ,
             and
             was
             very
             wet
             ,
             contenting
             my self
             to
             see
             it
             out
             of
             the
             House
             ,
             but
             sent
             
               Geo.
               Man
            
             up
             the
             Hill
             ,
             who
             saw
             the
             same
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             so
             clear
             they
             could
             see
             the
             Frith
             .
          
           
             About
             the
             New
             Moon
             before
             ,
             there
             was
             such
             a
             Light
             as
             this
             seen
             by
             Lord
             Belcarus
             ,
             as
             he
             came
             in
             the
             Night
             from
             St.
             Andrews
             to
             his
             House
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             Seamen
             of
             the
             Yacht
             at
             Leith
             ,
             and
             by
             some
             here
             in
             Town
             :
             But
             though
             the
             Sky
             was
             not
             then
             so
             clear
             ,
             there
             being
             broken
             Clouds
             ,
             yet
             it
             gave
             such
             Light
             ,
             as
             they
             could
             read
             very
             plainly
             ,
             as
             they
             told
             me
             ;
             that
             began
             about
             7
             ,
             and
             lasted
             till
             9.
             
             This
             last
             I
             did
             not
             see
             till
             after
             11
             ,
             and
             at
             a
             quarter
             of
             12
             it
             began
             to
             lessen
             ,
             at
             which
             time
             I
             went
             to
             Bed
             ,
             and
             the
             Tails
             were
             then
             no
             more
             to
             be
             seen
             .
             Tell
             Dr.
             Flamsted
             of
             this
             ,
             and
             know
             of
             him
             ,
             whether
             he
             has
             seen
             or
             heard
             of
             such
             kind
             of
             things
             .
          
           
             This
             was
             from
             his
             Royal
             Highness
             the
             Duke
             of
             York
             ,
             then
             High
             Commissioner
             in
             Scotland
             .
          
           
           
             An
             intelligent
             Gentleman
             that
             liv'd
             in
             Africk
             ,
             being
             asked
             by
             me
             ,
             how
             far
             off
             he
             was
             able
             to
             see
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Pico
             of
             Teneriff
             at
             Sea
             ?
             replied
             ,
             that
             by
             the
             Estimate
             of
             the
             Captain
             of
             the
             Ship
             ,
             it
             was
             near
             50
             Leagues
             ,
             and
             yet
             it
             appear'd
             to
             him
             so
             high
             above
             some
             Clouds
             ,
             and
             so
             near
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             fain
             to
             cast
             his
             Head
             up
             to
             see
             it
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           AS
           on
           the
           one
           side
           the
           Schools
           teach
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           a
           simple
           and
           elementary
           Body
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           only
           hot
           and
           moist
           ;
           so
           on
           the
           other
           Side
           ,
           the
           Generality
           of
           Men
           are
           so
           accustomed
           to
           judg
           of
           things
           by
           their
           Senses
           ,
           that
           not
           finding
           the
           Air
           to
           be
           a
           visible
           Body
           ,
           they
           ascribe
           less
           to
           it
           than
           even
           the
           School-men
           do
           ;
           and
           what
           is
           invisible
           ,
           they
           think
           to
           be
           next
           Degree
           to
           nothing
           .
           And
           indeed
           both
           the
           one
           sort
           of
           Men
           and
           the
           other
           ,
           are
           wont
           to
           consider
           the
           Air
           only
           as
           a
           Receptacle
           ,
           that
           barely
           harbours
           the
           visible
           and
           palpable
           Bodies
           committed
           to
           it
           ,
           or
           as
           it
           were
           deposited
           in
           it
           ,
           without
           acting
           upon
           them
           ,
           unless
           it
           be
           perhaps
           a
           little
           upon
           the
           Account
           of
           its
           manifest
           Qualities
           ,
           Heat
           and
           Moisture
           .
           But
           for
           my
           part
           ,
           who
           look
           upon
           the
           Air
           under
           another
           Notion
           ,
           and
           think
           it
           may
           as
           well
           alter
           as
           receive
           the
           Bodies
           that
           lie
           exposed
           to
           it
           ;
           I
           am
           apt
           to
           allow
           it
           in
           reference
           to
           some
           Bodies
           ,
           certain
           other
           Faculties
           and
           Powers
           ,
           among
           which
           some
           may
           be
           called
           Generative
           and
           Maturative
           ,
           and
           others
           Corruptive
           ;
           and
           this
           not
           only
           in
           respect
           of
           Animals
           and
           other
           Bodies
           of
           a
           slighter
           Texture
           ,
           but
           even
           of
           Salts
           and
           Minerals
           themselves
           .
        
         
           An
           observing
           Man
           that
           had
           sailed
           to
           and
           fro
           between
           Europe
           and
           the
           East-Indies
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           among
           other
           things
           ,
           about
           their
           way
           of
           transporting
           Cheese
           ;
           That
           the
           Cheese
           they
           used
           to
           take
           along
           were
           Cheshire
           ,
           of
           a
           very
           considerable
           Thickness
           ,
           which
           they
           inclosed
           in
           
           leaden
           Boxes
           fit
           for
           them
           ,
           and
           thereby
           were
           able
           to
           preserve
           them
           sound
           till
           they
           came
           to
           the
           East-Indies
           .
           But
           in
           case
           they
           were
           not
           able
           ,
           or
           neglected
           to
           make
           use
           of
           such
           Boxes
           ,
           he
           several
           times
           observed
           ,
           that
           cutting
           a
           Cheese
           in
           two
           ,
           when
           they
           were
           any
           thing
           near
           the
           Equinoctial
           ,
           that
           most
           part
           of
           it
           would
           be
           very
           dry
           and
           brittle
           ,
           and
           seem'd
           as
           if
           it
           were
           spoil'd
           :
           Whereas
           the
           Parts
           about
           the
           middle
           were
           so
           fat
           and
           soft
           ,
           as
           if
           all
           the
           unctuous
           Parts
           that
           were
           wanting
           in
           the
           dried
           Portion
           of
           the
           Cheese
           had
           retired
           thither
           ,
           and
           was
           between
           Cream
           and
           Cheese
           .
           Which
           Conjecture
           was
           not
           contradicted
           by
           this
           ,
           that
           if
           they
           cut
           some
           of
           them
           Cheeses
           ,
           when
           having
           left
           the
           Torrid
           Zone
           behind
           them
           ,
           and
           had
           made
           a
           good
           Progress
           in
           the
           Temperate
           Zone
           ,
           they
           found
           the
           external
           Portion
           good
           ,
           and
           the
           Consistence
           of
           the
           Cheese
           uniform
           enough
           .
        
         
           Quere
           ,
           Whether
           the
           moist
           Particles
           that
           flie
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           be
           not
           the
           great
           Cause
           of
           all
           Corruption
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           since
           Acosta
           says
           ,
           that
           in
           Peru
           ,
           where
           it
           seldom
           rains
           ,
           all
           things
           ,
           like
           dead
           Bodies
           ,
           keep
           a
           great
           while
           uncorrupted
           ?
           The
           like
           may
           be
           observed
           of
           Egypt
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           not
           to
           be
           rather
           imputed
           to
           the
           Nitrous
           Salt
           with
           which
           the
           Air
           of
           that
           Country
           so
           much
           abounds
           .
           Mr.
           
             J.
             T.
          
           
        
         
           A
           Man
           of
           Letters
           ,
           that
           divers
           times
           crossed
           the
           Line
           in
           great
           
             Portugal
             Ships
          
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           That
           when
           they
           came
           near
           it
           and
           under
           it
           ,
           he
           observed
           among
           other
           things
           ,
           that
           there
           was
           a
           very
           manifest
           Change
           made
           in
           the
           Consistence
           of
           their
           Bisket
           ;
           that
           most
           of
           their
           Meat
           ,
           and
           even
           their
           Salt
           Fish
           was
           much
           impaired
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           were
           scarce
           able
           to
           eat
           it
           ;
           and
           that
           their
           Pilot
           ,
           who
           had
           been
           23
           times
           in
           the
           Indies
           ,
           assured
           them
           ,
           he
           observed
           when
           they
           came
           to
           the
           Equinoctial
           ,
           that
           
           fresh
           Water
           would
           not
           there
           be
           at
           all
           troubled
           or
           stinking
           ,
           but
           clear
           and
           sweet
           ,
           as
           if
           it
           were
           but
           newly
           put
           into
           the
           Cask
           .
        
         
           Doctor
           Stubbs
           being
           inquired
           of
           by
           me
           concerning
           ,
           &c.
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           Jamaica
           the
           silken
           Stuffs
           that
           were
           brought
           thither
           ,
           will
           rot
           even
           whilst
           they
           keep
           their
           Colour
           ,
           if
           they
           be
           shown
           to
           the
           Air
           ;
           though
           if
           they
           be
           not
           show'd
           thereto
           ,
           but
           kept
           up
           close
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           observed
           to
           rot
           ,
           or
           be
           discoloured
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           MAY
           16.
           
           We
           opened
           a
           small
           Glass-Receiver
           ground
           to
           a
           Plate
           of
           Glass
           ,
           in
           which
           there
           had
           been
           included
           for
           three
           Years
           and
           some
           Months
           ,
           (
           though
           I
           know
           not
           how
           many
           )
           the
           half
           of
           a
           Lemon
           cut
           transversly
           ,
           together
           with
           a
           Mercurial
           Gage
           :
           The
           Lemon
           kept
           its
           Colour
           pretty
           well
           ,
           and
           its
           Shape
           very
           well
           ,
           save
           that
           at
           the
           Orifice
           the
           upper
           Part
           of
           the
           Pulp
           was
           depressed
           ,
           seeming
           as
           it
           were
           dried
           up
           by
           the
           Recess
           of
           the
           Liquor
           contain'd
           in
           it
           ;
           which
           Liquor
           did
           now
           stagnate
           upon
           the
           Glass
           Plate
           .
           When
           this
           began
           to
           be
           disjoined
           from
           the
           upper
           Glass
           ,
           there
           rush'd
           in
           ,
           not
           without
           Noise
           ,
           a
           pretty
           deal
           of
           external
           Air
           ,
           which
           argued
           that
           the
           Air
           afforded
           by
           the
           included
           Lemon
           in
           so
           long
           a
           time
           ,
           had
           not
           been
           near
           sufficient
           to
           fill
           the
           Cavity
           of
           the
           Receiver
           .
           Neither
           the
           half
           Lemon
           nor
           the
           Liquor
           had
           any
           ill
           Scent
           ,
           or
           other
           sign
           of
           Putrefaction
           or
           Corruption
           ;
           neither
           of
           them
           had
           the
           least
           Mould
           ,
           which
           gave
           me
           a
           Suspicion
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           it
           could
           be
           grounded
           upon
           this
           Experiment
           ,
           that
           such
           a
           Mould
           as
           might
           have
           been
           expected
           ,
           being
           (
           as
           may
           be
           guessed
           by
           the
           Microscope
           )
           a
           Congeries
           of
           a
           very
           small
           kind
           of
           Vegetables
           ,
           could
           not
           any
           more
           than
           many
           greater
           ones
           ,
           be
           produced
           without
           the
           Concurrence
           of
           the
           Air.
           The
           Liquor
           was
           clear
           enough
           ,
           and
           without
           Faeces
           ,
           being
           in
           Colour
           between
           brown
           and
           reddish
           .
           It
           contained
           an
           acid
           Taste
           ;
           and
           when
           I
           put
           a
           little
           of
           it
           upon
           Sirrup
           of
           
           Violets
           ,
           it
           turned
           it
           to
           a
           Purplish
           Colour
           ;
           and
           which
           is
           more
           ,
           being
           put
           upon
           small
           Fragments
           (
           not
           Pouder
           )
           of
           red
           Coral
           ,
           presently
           began
           manifestly
           to
           corrode
           them
           ,
           and
           that
           in
           the
           Cold.
           
        
         
           To
           the
           Heat
           and
           piercing
           Moisture
           of
           the
           Air
           combin'd
           together
           ,
           may
           be
           referr'd
           the
           Observation
           of
           an
           intelligent
           Scholar
           ,
           from
           whom
           ,
           when
           I
           ask'd
           him
           what
           he
           had
           taken
           notice
           of
           about
           these
           Qualities
           ,
           when
           he
           sail'd
           under
           or
           near
           the
           Line
           ,
           (
           which
           he
           did
           several
           times
           )
           he
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           divers
           Pastils
           or
           Lozanges
           that
           he
           was
           wont
           to
           carry
           in
           his
           Pockets
           ,
           were
           so
           dissolved
           ,
           that
           they
           spoil'd
           his
           Pockets
           ,
           and
           obliged
           him
           to
           cut
           them
           out
           ,
           though
           the
           Pastils
           of
           the
           same
           kind
           did
           never
           lose
           their
           old
           Consistence
           till
           he
           came
           near
           the
           Equator
           ,
           nor
           keep
           their
           new
           Consistence
           after
           he
           had
           passed
           some
           Degrees
           beyond
           it
           ,
           but
           grew
           solid
           again
           as
           before
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Consistency
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           INquiring
           of
           an
           ingenious
           Swedish
           Gentleman
           that
           was
           a
           great
           Dealer
           in
           the
           Metals
           his
           Country
           abounds
           with
           ,
           whether
           the
           great
           Cold
           of
           sharp
           Winters
           in
           those
           Northern
           Climates
           had
           not
           a
           sensible
           Operation
           upon
           Iron
           :
           I
           learned
           from
           him
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           chief
           Copper
           Mine
           (
           which
           he
           had
           curiously
           visited
           )
           being
           to
           draw
           up
           the
           Oar
           from
           an
           exceeding
           great
           Depth
           ,
           they
           fastned
           their
           Baskets
           ,
           not
           as
           they
           use
           in
           other
           Mines
           ,
           to
           Iron
           Chains
           ,
           but
           to
           Ropes
           made
           of
           Ox
           or
           Bull-Hides
           ;
           and
           that
           chiefly
           for
           this
           Reason
           ,
           That
           during
           the
           hard
           Winter-Frosts
           that
           are
           there
           usual
           ,
           the
           Links
           of
           their
           Iron
           Chains
           were
           very
           subject
           to
           be
           broken
           by
           the
           great
           Cold
           joined
           to
           the
           Weight
           of
           the
           Oar
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           Danger
           ,
           and
           oftentimes
           the
           Destruction
           of
           the
           poor
           Workmen
           that
           were
           digging
           beneath
           :
           which
           Inconvenience
           was
           avoided
           by
           imploying
           Leather
           ,
           which
           the
           Cold
           could
           not
           make
           brittle
           ,
           instead
           of
           Iron
           .
        
         
           Asking
           an
           ingenious
           Master
           of
           a
           Glass-House
           ,
           whether
           he
           had
           not
           observed
           that
           Glasses
           ,
           though
           as
           well
           neal'd
           as
           is
           ordinary
           ,
           would
           sometimes
           of
           themselves
           break
           with
           a
           Noise
           long
           after
           ;
           he
           answered
           me
           affirmatively
           :
           adding
           ,
           That
           particularly
           having
           one
           time
           had
           an
           occasion
           to
           lay
           by
           for
           about
           half
           a
           Year
           or
           longer
           ,
           a
           numerous
           Parcel
           of
           Glasses
           ,
           when
           he
           came
           to
           take
           them
           out
           ,
           he
           found
           that
           about
           a
           fourth
           Part
           of
           the
           whole
           Batch
           was
           frozen
           of
           themselves
           ;
           and
           that
           in
           most
           
           or
           all
           of
           them
           ,
           the
           Cracks
           proceeded
           from
           some
           seeming
           Stone
           or
           great
           Grain
           of
           Sand
           ,
           which
           yet
           indeed
           was
           not
           Sand
           ,
           but
           some
           part
           of
           Salt
           that
           had
           not
           obtained
           a
           sufficient
           Comminution
           .
        
         
           A
           learned
           Gentleman
           that
           is
           Owner
           of
           an
           Iron
           Mine
           ,
           informs
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           has
           a
           House
           in
           Suffolk
           within
           6
           Miles
           of
           the
           Sea
           ;
           and
           though
           the
           House
           be
           but
           80
           Years
           old
           ,
           yet
           the
           Iron
           Bars
           of
           the
           Window
           that
           look
           towards
           the
           Sea
           ,
           are
           swelled
           ,
           and
           (
           as
           he
           calls
           it
           )
           rotten
           ,
           being
           brittle
           ,
           and
           easy
           to
           be
           crumbled
           into
           Pouder
           .
           And
           when
           I
           asked
           him
           whether
           the
           Wind
           that
           came
           from
           the
           Sea
           to
           these
           Windows
           were
           not
           Southern
           ,
           he
           answered
           affirmatively
           .
           And
           to
           confirm
           what
           I
           was
           saying
           of
           the
           Operation
           of
           Sea-Salt
           upon
           Iron
           ,
           he
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           having
           had
           occasion
           to
           cause
           many
           Bars
           of
           Iron
           to
           be
           laid
           in
           a
           Place
           upon
           the
           Neighbouring
           Shore
           ,
           above
           the
           high-Water-mark
           ,
           a
           great
           Storm
           chanced
           to
           increase
           the
           Tide
           so
           far
           as
           to
           drench
           those
           Bars
           for
           some
           Hours
           after
           ;
           which
           remaining
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           they
           were
           very
           much
           impaired
           ,
           great
           thick
           Flakes
           being
           easy
           to
           be
           struck
           off
           from
           them
           when
           they
           came
           to
           be
           hammer'd
           .
        
         
           A
           very
           experienc'd
           Mason
           informed
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           Cathedral
           of
           Salisbury
           is
           made
           of
           Purbeck-Stone
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           Air
           grows
           softer
           and
           softer
           ,
           and
           will
           moulder
           away
           ;
           and
           so
           will
           some
           Blechington-Stone
           ,
           though
           not
           exposed
           to
           wet
           ;
           whereas
           the
           Stones
           dug
           up
           at
           Painswick
           ,
           within
           four
           Miles
           of
           Glocester
           ,
           being
           very
           soft
           and
           friable
           at
           first
           ,
           will
           by
           lying
           in
           the
           Air
           (
           as
           he
           has
           particularly
           observed
           )
           acquire
           a
           Crust-hard
           and
           Glassy
           like
           Marble
           ;
           and
           the
           oftner
           'tis
           washed
           ,
           the
           sooner
           will
           it
           acquire
           this
           hard
           and
           yellowish
           Crust
           ,
           which
           reaches
           but
           a
           very
           little
           way
           (
           scarce
           the
           Thickness
           of
           half
           a
           Crown
           )
           beneath
           the
           Surface
           contiguous
           to
           the
           Air.
           
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXIV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Fire
             and
             Flame
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Gentleman
           of
           my
           Acquaintance
           being
           ask'd
           by
           me
           about
           the
           burning
           of
           Candles
           in
           Grooves
           (
           or
           Sutts
           )
           that
           are
           not
           furnish'd
           with
           Air-shafts
           ,
           he
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           Depths
           I
           desired
           to
           be
           informed
           of
           were
           very
           uncertain
           ,
           and
           varied
           considerably
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           different
           Nature
           of
           the
           Soil
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           other
           Circumstances
           ,
           so
           that
           sometimes
           a
           Candle
           would
           go
           out
           much
           sooner
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           it
           would
           continue
           burning
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           let
           down
           to
           the
           Depth
           of
           eight
           ,
           ten
           or
           more
           Fathom
           .
           That
           when
           they
           come
           into
           close
           Ground
           ,
           though
           their
           Candle
           will
           burn
           at
           first
           ,
           yet
           after
           a
           while
           working
           ,
           (
           more
           especially
           if
           the
           Stone
           be
           full
           of
           Mundick
           )
           the
           Dust
           raised
           by
           their
           Working
           will
           make
           their
           Candles
           go
           out
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           must
           leave
           working
           for
           a
           time
           ,
           except
           they
           will
           be
           at
           the
           Charge
           of
           conveying
           down
           Air
           by
           Pipes
           .
           I
           mention
           this
           as
           different
           from
           other
           sorts
           of
           Damps
           .
           N.
           
        
         
           
             Experiments
             touching
             the
             Relation
             between
             Flame
             ,
             Air.
             
          
           
             THE
             burning
             of
             Candles
             ,
             &c.
             under
             a
             Glass
             Bell.
             The
             burning
             of
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
             under
             a
             Glass
             Bell.
             The
             burning
             of
             Match
             ,
             Touch-wood
             ,
             Sponck
             ,
             &c.
             under
             a
             Bell.
             
          
           
           
             The
             keeping
             of
             Animals
             under
             the
             same
             Instrument
             whilst
             the
             Flame
             is
             burning
             .
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             Bodies
             to
             Ashes
             in
             seal'd
             Glasses
             .
          
           
             The
             doing
             the
             like
             in
             exactly
             closed
             Receivers
             .
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             Cotton
             in
             a
             seal'd
             Glass
             .
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             the
             Mixture
             of
             Flames
             under
             Water
             in
             an
             E.
             R.
             
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
             and
             Oil
             of
             Turpentine
             in
             Glass
             Vessels
             with
             slender
             Necks
             .
          
           
             The
             Experiment
             of
             burning
             Gun-Powder
             .
          
           
             Another
             of
             the
             Pistols
             not
             firing
             in
             an
             E.
             R.
             
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             a
             saline
             Substance
             in
             an
             E.
             R.
             
          
           
             The
             burning
             of
             Mixtures
             of
             Salt-peter
             in
             an
             E.
             R.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             Fermentation
             .
          
        
         
           WE
           took
           a
           small
           handful
           of
           Raisons
           ,
           and
           having
           
           put
           them
           into
           a
           Bolt-head
           ,
           (
           not
           large
           ,
           but
           half
           filled
           with
           Water
           )
           we
           drew
           out
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           then
           we
           removed
           the
           Portable
           and
           exactly
           closed
           Receiver
           ,
           and
           put
           it
           on
           the
           Digestive
           Furnace
           ,
           that
           the
           Warmth
           of
           that
           Place
           might
           promote
           the
           Fermentation
           in
           spight
           of
           the
           Unfavourableness
           of
           the
           Season
           of
           the
           Year
           .
           After
           a
           while
           there
           appeared
           Signs
           of
           Fermentation
           by
           the
           emerging
           of
           the
           Raisons
           ,
           which
           swan
           for
           some
           Days
           on
           the
           Top
           of
           the
           Water
           ,
           most
           of
           them
           beset
           with
           numerous
           Bubbles
           ;
           nor
           did
           above
           very
           few
           of
           them
           subside
           at
           last
           ,
           though
           after
           some
           Days
           the
           Bubbles
           grew
           fewer
           and
           fewer
           ,
           and
           there
           appeared
           a
           Sediment
           at
           the
           Bottom
           of
           the
           Glass
           .
        
         
           A
           Fortnight
           after
           they
           were
           first
           sealed
           up
           ,
           the
           upper
           part
           of
           the
           Glass
           was
           accidentally
           broken
           whilst
           I
           stood
           by
           ;
           whereupon
           the
           external
           Air
           rushed
           in
           with
           some
           Noise
           :
           and
           I
           taking
           the
           Vessel
           in
           my
           Hand
           ,
           perceived
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Liquor
           to
           be
           overspead
           with
           Bubbles
           ,
           almost
           like
           the
           Forth
           of
           Bottle-Drink
           :
           there
           seem'd
           to
           me
           to
           come
           out
           at
           the
           little
           Orifice
           made
           where
           the
           Apex
           was
           broken
           off
           ,
           a
           visible
           Fume
           ,
           which
           had
           a
           somewhat
           languid
           Smell
           .
           The
           Liquor
           was
           high
           colour'd
           of
           the
           Raisons
           ,
           and
           seem'd
           to
           have
           extracted
           something
           from
           them
           that
           gave
           it
           a
           better
           Consistence
           than
           that
           of
           Water
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXVI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             as
             the
             Receptacle
             of
             Odours
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXVII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           MAY
           23.
           
           We
           opened
           an
           exhausted
           Receiver
           ,
           wherein
           was
           pretty
           Store
           of
           Verjuice
           ,
           or
           green
           and
           sour
           Grapes
           .
           And
           though
           they
           had
           lain
           there
           we
           are
           sure
           about
           three
           Years
           ,
           and
           possibly
           much
           longer
           ,
           yet
           there
           appear'd
           no
           Mouldiness
           at
           all
           upon
           any
           of
           them
           :
           But
           the
           Surfaces
           of
           the
           uppermost
           Grains
           were
           somewhat
           discoloured
           ,
           perhaps
           by
           a
           saline
           and
           confusedly
           formed
           Efflorescence
           ,
           which
           having
           look'd
           upon
           through
           a
           Glass
           ,
           and
           also
           tasted
           ,
           I
           guessed
           to
           be
           a
           kind
           of
           Tartar.
           The
           like
           Liquor
           that
           the
           Grains
           had
           afforded
           had
           an
           acid
           Taste
           ,
           and
           would
           in
           the
           Cold
           corrode
           Coral
           ,
           but
           the
           Grains
           smell'd
           somewhat
           musty
           .
           In
           all
           this
           time
           the
           Verjuice
           had
           produced
           so
           little
           Air
           ,
           that
           we
           could
           scarce
           take
           notice
           of
           it
           by
           the
           Mercurial
           Gage
           that
           had
           been
           shut
           up
           with
           it
           .
        
         
           I
           inquired
           of
           my
           Lord
           of
           Sandwich
           ,
           and
           a
           couple
           of
           Gentlemen
           that
           accompanied
           him
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           true
           which
           is
           reported
           of
           the
           Purity
           of
           the
           Air
           at
           Madrid
           ,
           that
           though
           they
           have
           no
           Houses
           of
           Office
           ,
           but
           every
           Night
           throw
           out
           their
           Excrements
           into
           the
           Streets
           ;
           yet
           by
           the
           Morning
           there
           remains
           no
           more
           Smell
           of
           them
           .
           To
           which
           I
           was
           answered
           ,
           That
           't
           was
           true
           the
           Excrements
           were
           so
           disposed
           of
           ,
           but
           that
           Madrid
           is
           the
           stinkingst
           Town
           they
           ever
           came
           into
           ;
           yet
           that
           't
           was
           difficult
           to
           discern
           in
           the
           Morning
           any
           peculiar
           Smell
           of
           what
           had
           been
           cast
           into
           the
           Street
           by
           Night
           ;
           
           but
           they
           jointly
           affirmed
           ,
           that
           the
           Place
           where
           the
           Ambassador's
           numerous
           Family
           resorted
           to
           make
           Water
           in
           ,
           did
           not
           smell
           of
           Piss
           ;
           and
           that
           they
           often
           observed
           the
           Dogs
           and
           Cats
           that
           lay
           dead
           in
           the
           Streets
           were
           deprived
           of
           Stench
           :
           and
           his
           Lordship
           supposed
           that
           the
           Stench
           of
           a
           dead
           Mule
           would
           in
           few
           Hours
           vanish
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXVIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           MAY
           16.
           
           At
           the
           same
           time
           we
           opened
           another
           small
           Receiver
           ,
           wherein
           above
           three
           Years
           before
           some
           large
           Pieces
           of
           Orange
           had
           been
           included
           :
           The
           Rinds
           of
           these
           were
           much
           discolour'd
           ,
           their
           Surfaces
           being
           almost
           black
           .
           They
           had
           scarce
           afforded
           any
           Liquor
           ,
           and
           yet
           we
           could
           not
           perceive
           the
           least
           Mould
           in
           any
           of
           them
           ,
           nor
           had
           they
           a
           putrid
           Smell
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXIX
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Odours
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXX
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operation
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           HE
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           very
           well
           preserve
           Meat
           ,
           as
           Beef
           ,
           without
           salting
           it
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           the
           Frost
           lasted
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           during
           the
           whole
           Winter
           .
           But
           when
           it
           was
           once
           thorowly
           frozen
           ,
           they
           could
           not
           dress
           it
           so
           as
           to
           make
           it
           relish
           like
           good
           Meat
           .
           Mr.
           Nickson
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Tastes
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           ENquiring
           of
           a
           Man
           of
           Letters
           ,
           that
           had
           the
           Curiosity
           to
           travel
           into
           the
           Inland
           Parts
           of
           Brasil
           ,
           whether
           in
           that
           Countrey
           the
           Air
           had
           not
           a
           great
           Influence
           upon
           the
           Colours
           of
           Clothes
           :
           He
           told
           me
           it
           had
           ,
           and
           even
           upon
           Black
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           a
           kind
           of
           black
           Taffety
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           usual
           wear
           of
           the
           better
           sort
           ,
           will
           ,
           after
           it
           hath
           been
           worn
           a
           very
           few
           Days
           ,
           degenerate
           into
           an
           Ironish
           Colour
           :
           yet
           he
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Shops
           where
           't
           is
           carefully
           kept
           from
           the
           Air
           ,
           the
           Taffety
           continued
           of
           a
           good
           Black.
           
        
         
           Nor
           is
           it
           only
           upon
           the
           Colour
           of
           Stuffs
           ,
           but
           of
           Animals
           too
           ,
           that
           he
           says
           the
           Brasilian
           Air
           has
           an
           Operation
           ;
           for
           he
           says
           ,
           that
           at
           a
           Place
           50
           Leagues
           beyond
           Parigna
           ,
           there
           is
           a
           Region
           where
           white
           People
           do
           in
           a
           very
           short
           time
           grow
           Basannez
           (
           or
           tawny
           ,
           )
           though
           a
           little
           way
           out
           of
           that
           particular
           Region
           ,
           as
           for
           Instance
           beyond
           it
           ,
           they
           quickly
           recover
           their
           wonted
           Colour
           .
        
         
           He
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           upon
           Charleton
           Island
           they
           have
           Flocks
           of
           certain
           Birds
           ,
           which
           the
           English
           there
           call
           Partridges
           ,
           though
           they
           resemble
           ours
           more
           in
           Bulk
           than
           Shape
           ,
           being
           somewhat
           like
           wild
           Pigeons
           ,
           but
           a
           good
           deal
           bigger
           :
           These
           he
           says
           are
           white
           in
           the
           Winter
           ,
           and
           gray
           in
           the
           Summer
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXIV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Vegetable
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           ALearned
           Man
           that
           was
           Physician
           to
           the
           Governor
           of
           Jamaica
           ,
           being
           at
           his
           Return
           ask'd
           divers
           Questions
           by
           me
           ,
           concerning
           that
           Island
           ,
           gave
           me
           among
           others
           ,
           the
           following
           Answer
           :
           
             Lignum
             Vitae
          
           ,
           said
           he
           ,
           and
           most
           other
           Trees
           at
           Jamaica
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           newly
           cut
           down
           ,
           where-ever
           you
           cut
           the
           Wood
           ,
           that
           part
           which
           is
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           will
           quickly
           grow
           green
           ,
           though
           that
           which
           is
           a
           little
           beneath
           it
           be
           yellow
           ,
           or
           of
           another
           Colour
           ;
           and
           this
           
             Lignum
             Vita
          
           ,
           when
           green
           ,
           is
           as
           soft
           as
           Oak
           ,
           or
           softer
           ;
           and
           many
           other
           Jamaica
           Woods
           that
           are
           soft
           ,
           when
           newly
           cut
           down
           ,
           will
           afterwards
           so
           harden
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           ordinary
           Tools
           will
           make
           no
           Impression
           upon
           them
           ;
           and
           the
           Nails
           that
           pierced
           them
           easily
           before
           ,
           can
           no
           more
           be
           forc'd
           out
           of
           them
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           chiefly
           conspicuous
           in
           the
           Cabbage-Tree
           ,
           which
           being
           a
           Wood
           soft
           enough
           when
           't
           is
           cut
           down
           ,
           the
           Pith
           which
           is
           very
           copious
           will
           quickly
           rot
           of
           it self
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Tree
           serves
           for
           a
           Pipe
           of
           perhaps
           100
           Foot
           long
           ,
           that
           will
           not
           corrupt
           under
           Ground
           ,
           but
           grow
           almost
           as
           hard
           as
           Iron
           .
        
         
           Enquiring
           of
           an
           inquisitive
           Traveller
           ,
           what
           he
           had
           observed
           about
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           which
           I
           had
           been
           inform'd
           was
           great
           ,
           in
           working
           upon
           divers
           Bodies
           at
           the
           Island
           of
           St.
           Jago
           :
           He
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           and
           his
           Company
           had
           not
           staid
           long
           enough
           there
           to
           make
           much
           Observation
           of
           that
           kind
           ;
           but
           that
           seeing
           Aloes
           
           growing
           plentifully
           there
           ,
           they
           had
           gathered
           some
           Plants
           of
           it
           ,
           whose
           Juice
           he
           found
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           here
           in
           Europe
           ,
           to
           be
           very
           clammy
           ,
           and
           excessively
           bitter
           ,
           and
           ,
           which
           was
           wondred
           at
           ,
           of
           a
           very
           dark
           Colour
           ;
           but
           having
           carried
           them
           in
           the
           Ship
           towards
           the
           Equinoctial
           ,
           they
           found
           for
           a
           time
           the
           Juice
           to
           be
           altered
           ,
           having
           lost
           almost
           all
           its
           Bitterness
           ,
           and
           acquired
           a
           green
           Colour
           .
        
         
           Stains
           of
           Linen
           will
           best
           go
           out
           at
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           when
           the
           Fruits
           or
           Plants
           whose
           Juice
           made
           them
           ,
           are
           in
           their
           Prime
           :
           This
           a
           Gentlewoman
           assured
           me
           she
           had
           tried
           in
           new
           Linen
           stain'd
           with
           Juice
           of
           Quinces
           ;
           and
           the
           Lady
           
             N.
             N.
          
           affirmed
           ,
           that
           she
           had
           particularly
           tried
           it
           in
           Stains
           made
           with
           the
           Juice
           of
           Hopps
           ,
           which
           she
           says
           are
           the
           worst
           Stains
           of
           all
           ;
           and
           which
           having
           in
           vain
           tried
           to
           get
           out
           of
           her
           Linen
           ,
           she
           laid
           up
           her
           Linen
           in
           her
           Chest
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Year
           when
           Hopps
           flourish
           ,
           she
           found
           the
           Stains
           vanish
           of
           themselves
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Operations
             of
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             Colours
             of
             Mineral
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           AConsiderable
           Instance
           of
           the
           Changes
           that
           the
           Contact
           of
           Air
           is
           able
           to
           produce
           even
           upon
           solid
           Minerals
           ,
           I
           gave
           those
           that
           saw
           it
           by
           the
           following
           Experiment
           .
           We
           took
           one
           part
           of
           
             Lapis
             Calaminaris
          
           ,
           and
           about
           four
           Parts
           of
           good
           Salt-peter
           ;
           these
           being
           well
           pouder'd
           and
           mix'd
           ,
           were
           put
           into
           a
           strong
           Crucible
           ,
           and
           kept
           in
           a
           vehement
           Fire
           some
           Hours
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           the
           Matter
           ,
           as
           we
           expected
           ,
           was
           alcaliz'd
           :
           upon
           the
           thus
           prepared
           
             Lapis
             Calaminaris
          
           we
           poured
           a
           convenient
           Quantity
           of
           fair
           Water
           ,
           which
           afforded
           us
           a
           Solution
           that
           was
           somewhat
           muddy
           ,
           but
           appear'd
           of
           a
           deep
           red
           :
           this
           we
           pour'd
           into
           a
           wide-mouth'd
           Glass
           ,
           which
           we
           set
           in
           a
           Window
           ,
           that
           it
           might
           be
           the
           more
           accessible
           to
           fresh
           Air.
           There
           after
           a
           while
           our
           darkish
           red
           Solution
           turn'd
           quite
           green
           ,
           and
           more
           Diaphanous
           than
           before
           ;
           but
           continuing
           for
           some
           Days
           to
           keep
           the
           Glass
           in
           the
           same
           Window
           ,
           (
           which
           respected
           the
           South
           )
           we
           found
           our
           green
           Solution
           to
           lose
           its
           Colour
           by
           Degrees
           ,
           and
           at
           last
           to
           be
           resolv'd
           into
           a
           transparent
           Liquor
           ,
           and
           a
           subsiding
           Pouder
           ,
           that
           was
           not
           at
           all
           green
           ,
           but
           red
           ,
           or
           like
           Brick-Dust
           .
           These
           Changes
           of
           Colour
           succeeded
           in
           more
           than
           one
           Parcel
           of
           our
           Mineral
           Solution
           .
        
         
           We
           took
           a
           very
           strong
           Spirit
           of
           Vinegar
           ,
           and
           boiled
           it
           a
           while
           on
           crude
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           without
           finding
           that
           't
           was
           manifestly
           coloured
           by
           that
           Operation
           ,
           nor
           
           yet
           by
           letting
           it
           lie
           some
           Hours
           in
           the
           same
           Glass
           Egg
           wherein
           it
           had
           been
           boiled
           .
           Wherefore
           supposing
           this
           want
           of
           Coloration
           to
           depend
           upon
           the
           Air
           's
           not
           co-operating
           in
           the
           best
           manner
           it
           might
           easily
           be
           made
           to
           do
           ,
           we
           poured
           the
           Liquor
           and
           the
           Filings
           together
           into
           a
           broad
           flat
           Glass
           ,
           (
           which
           we
           plac'd
           in
           a
           Window
           shelving
           )
           so
           that
           though
           the
           Filings
           were
           wet
           ,
           yet
           but
           one
           part
           of
           them
           was
           cover'd
           to
           any
           Depth
           by
           the
           Menstruum
           .
           This
           done
           ,
           we
           observed
           ,
           as
           was
           expected
           ,
           that
           the
           Filings
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           changed
           Colour
           ,
           and
           became
           of
           a
           greenish
           Blew
           ;
           whilst
           those
           that
           were
           under
           the
           Liquor
           manifested
           no
           Change
           of
           Colour
           ,
           but
           kept
           that
           which
           belongs
           to
           Copper
           ,
           till
           the
           Menstruum
           evaporating
           by
           Degrees
           ,
           they
           also
           being
           accessible
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           acquir'd
           the
           same
           Colour
           with
           the
           former
           Vinegar
           .
           Q.
           Whether
           in
           a
           longer
           time
           the
           Coloration
           would
           not
           have
           been
           made
           ?
        
         
           We
           took
           some
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           and
           divided
           it
           into
           two
           Parcels
           ;
           one
           we
           put
           into
           a
           flat
           and
           shallow
           Glass
           with
           a
           wide
           Mouth
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           into
           a
           Glass
           Viol
           ,
           whose
           Neck
           was
           of
           the
           Breadth
           usual
           to
           such
           Vessels
           .
           Upon
           each
           of
           these
           Parcels
           of
           Filings
           we
           pour'd
           a
           convenient
           Quantity
           of
           one
           and
           the
           same
           strong
           Solution
           of
           
             Sal
             Armoniac
          
           made
           in
           fair
           Water
           ,
           and
           without
           covering
           each
           of
           the
           Vessels
           ,
           let
           them
           stand
           by
           one
           another
           for
           a
           competent
           time
           .
           Of
           which
           Trial
           the
           Event
           was
           such
           as
           was
           expected
           ;
           namely
           ,
           that
           the
           Liquor
           in
           the
           Viol
           was
           but
           faintly
           colour'd
           ,
           when
           that
           in
           the
           open
           Glass
           ,
           that
           had
           a
           large
           Surface
           exposed
           to
           the
           free
           Air
           ,
           was
           very
           richly
           tinged
           .
           And
           this
           Circumstance
           is
           not
           to
           be
           forgotten
           ,
           that
           whereas
           all
           the
           lower
           part
           of
           the
           Solution
           was
           of
           a
           deep
           Blew
           almost
           like
           Ultra-Marine
           ,
           that
           part
           which
           was
           contiguous
           to
           the
           Air
           was
           cover'd
           over
           with
           a
           kind
           of
           Film
           like
           thin
           Ice
           ,
           which
           was
           of
           a
           
           very
           differing
           Blew
           ,
           exceeding
           like
           that
           of
           the
           finer
           sort
           of
           Turcoices
           .
        
         
           We
           took
           two
           small
           Parcels
           of
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           and
           put
           each
           of
           them
           into
           a
           small
           Piece
           of
           Paper
           ,
           with
           the
           Edges
           turn'd
           upward
           ,
           and
           then
           put
           upon
           each
           of
           them
           three
           Drops
           of
           good
           Spirit
           of
           
             Sal
             Armoniac
          
           .
           One
           of
           these
           Papers
           we
           left
           in
           the
           Window
           ,
           the
           other
           we
           put
           into
           a
           small
           Receiver
           ,
           which
           by
           help
           of
           our
           Engine
           was
           emptied
           in
           little
           more
           than
           a
           Minute
           of
           an
           Hour
           .
           At
           the
           End
           of
           two
           Minutes
           ,
           after
           the
           putting
           on
           of
           the
           Spirit
           ,
           there
           appeared
           a
           manifest
           Blew
           on
           some
           Parts
           of
           that
           Paper
           that
           was
           left
           in
           the
           Window
           ;
           but
           that
           which
           was
           in
           the
           exhausted
           Receiver
           ,
           being
           deprived
           of
           the
           Air
           that
           should
           befriend
           its
           Operation
           ,
           continued
           there
           full
           a
           quarter
           of
           an
           Hour
           or
           more
           (
           by
           a
           Minute
           Clock
           )
           without
           appearing
           to
           be
           at
           all
           colour'd
           :
           Wherefore
           taking
           off
           the
           Receiver
           ,
           we
           remov'd
           the
           Paper
           to
           the
           same
           Window
           where
           the
           other
           stood
           ,
           and
           within
           about
           two
           Minutes
           it
           began
           to
           disclose
           a
           Blewness
           ,
           which
           within
           about
           two
           Minutes
           more
           was
           considerably
           heightned
           .
        
         
           Into
           a
           slender
           Viol
           ,
           wherein
           we
           put
           a
           convenient
           Quantity
           of
           the
           Volatile
           or
           Urinous
           Spirit
           of
           the
           Lees
           of
           Wine
           (
           elsewhere
           by
           us
           described
           )
           which
           was
           of
           a
           yellow
           Colour
           ,
           we
           let
           fall
           some
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ;
           and
           stopping
           the
           Glass
           well
           ,
           we
           drew
           a
           Tincture
           ,
           which
           according
           to
           Expectation
           was
           manifestly
           green
           ,
           but
           not
           of
           the
           pleasantest
           and
           most
           transparent
           sort
           of
           green
           Liquors
           ;
           then
           suffering
           the
           Viol
           to
           rest
           in
           a
           Window
           for
           many
           Days
           ,
           we
           observed
           that
           the
           Liquor
           did
           then
           but
           slowly
           return
           to
           a
           yellow
           Colour
           ,
           which
           when
           it
           had
           acquired
           ,
           without
           any
           Mixture
           of
           Greenness
           ;
           we
           open'd
           the
           Viol
           for
           a
           very
           little
           while
           to
           let
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           then
           stopp'd
           it
           well
           again
           ;
           the
           admitted
           Air
           quickly
           
           began
           to
           change
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Liquor
           into
           a
           green
           Colour
           ;
           which
           ,
           though
           slowly
           ,
           extended
           it self
           downwards
           ,
           till
           it
           had
           tinged
           the
           whole
           Liquor
           .
           This
           Colour
           afterwards
           ,
           by
           long
           standing
           ,
           did
           by
           Degrees
           grow
           to
           a
           pale
           Yellow
           .
        
         
           The
           19th
           of
           August
           presented
           me
           with
           some
           Phaenomena
           that
           made
           me
           almost
           despair
           of
           reducing
           all
           those
           of
           our
           variable
           Liquors
           to
           a
           settled
           Theory
           .
           For
           coming
           that
           Day
           at
           about
           ten
           a
           Clock
           in
           the
           Forenoon
           to
           a
           Closet
           where
           I
           kept
           several
           Vials
           furnish'd
           with
           this
           Liquor
           ,
           I
           perceived
           one
           of
           them
           that
           stood
           in
           the
           Window
           ,
           that
           had
           once
           almost
           quite
           lost
           its
           Colour
           ,
           to
           have
           re-acquired
           a
           very
           fair
           Blew
           ,
           at
           least
           as
           deep
           as
           that
           of
           the
           Sky
           in
           a
           fair
           Day
           .
           This
           Viol
           I
           the
           rather
           watch'd
           ,
           because
           I
           had
           taken
           notice
           ,
           not
           without
           somewhat
           wondring
           at
           it
           ,
           that
           for
           two
           Days
           before
           ,
           instead
           of
           losing
           ,
           according
           to
           Custom
           ,
           the
           little
           Remains
           of
           Colour
           ,
           that
           after
           many
           Days
           standing
           it
           yet
           retained
           ;
           the
           Colour
           began
           again
           to
           increase
           ,
           though
           the
           Viol
           were
           constantly
           kept
           stopp'd
           as
           before
           ;
           and
           that
           which
           made
           this
           regaining
           of
           the
           Colour
           seem
           more
           strange
           ,
           was
           ,
           that
           there
           stood
           just
           by
           it
           another
           Viol
           furnished
           with
           the
           Spirit
           ,
           and
           with
           Filings
           taken
           out
           of
           the
           same
           Parcels
           ,
           yet
           the
           Liquor
           of
           this
           Parcel
           continued
           colourless
           .
           Wherefore
           suspecting
           that
           some
           Accident
           might
           have
           happened
           ,
           whereby
           some
           little
           Portions
           of
           Air
           might
           have
           insinuated
           themselves
           thorow
           the
           Cork
           of
           the
           altered
           Liquor
           ,
           I
           cast
           up
           my
           Eyes
           to
           another
           Viol
           that
           stood
           in
           so
           high
           a
           Place
           that
           was
           not
           easy
           to
           reach
           it
           ,
           and
           where
           it
           had
           long
           rested
           ,
           and
           lost
           its
           Colour
           :
           But
           upon
           this
           View
           I
           was
           confirmed
           ,
           that
           the
           Change
           lately
           mentioned
           in
           one
           of
           the
           Viols
           ,
           was
           not
           from
           the
           Cork
           ,
           but
           from
           some
           unobvious
           Cause
           :
           For
           though
           this
           upper
           Viol
           was
           furnish'd
           with
           a
           good
           Glass
           Stopple
           ;
           
           yet
           the
           Liquor
           it
           contain'd
           was
           again
           grown
           Caeruleous
           ,
           though
           the
           Liquor
           of
           another
           Viol
           that
           stood
           just
           by
           it
           continued
           colourless
           .
           Wherefore
           to
           satisfy
           my self
           further
           ,
           I
           presently
           went
           to
           a
           private
           Place
           ,
           where
           I
           had
           in
           a
           Cavity
           made
           in
           the
           Thickness
           of
           a
           Wall
           set
           aside
           two
           Viols
           ,
           that
           several
           Days
           before
           had
           quite
           lost
           their
           Colour
           ;
           and
           my
           former
           Surprize
           was
           increased
           ,
           when
           I
           found
           that
           one
           of
           them
           which
           was
           stopp'd
           with
           a
           Cork
           ,
           continued
           colourless
           ;
           yet
           the
           other
           that
           had
           a
           Glass
           Stopple
           ,
           and
           stood
           just
           by
           it
           ,
           had
           regain'd
           a
           fair
           Caeruleous
           Colour
           .
           Both
           these
           were
           fitted
           for
           Trial
           ,
           with
           the
           same
           Spirit
           and
           Filings
           ,
           and
           the
           same
           Day
           with
           the
           others
           above-mentioned
           ;
           and
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Weather
           had
           so
           little
           Influence
           upon
           this
           Effect
           ,
           that
           this
           Day
           was
           remarkably
           cold
           ,
           being
           made
           so
           by
           a
           Northern
           Wind
           ,
           which
           made
           me
           observe
           it
           more
           so
           than
           I
           had
           found
           it
           for
           some
           time
           before
           .
        
         
           I
           must
           not
           forget
           on
           this
           occasion
           ,
           that
           I
           was
           invited
           by
           the
           foregoing
           Phaenomena
           ,
           to
           look
           upon
           some
           Spirit
           ,
           not
           Oil
           of
           Amber
           ,
           that
           I
           had
           kept
           in
           a
           Viol
           for
           several
           Days
           upon
           Filings
           of
           Copper
           ,
           and
           had
           sometimes
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           by
           unstopping
           the
           Glass
           ,
           and
           found
           ,
           that
           though
           formerly
           the
           Spirit
           kept
           its
           native
           Colour
           better
           than
           I
           desired
           ,
           yet
           it
           had
           acquired
           a
           green
           Colour
           ,
           which
           whether
           it
           will
           lose
           again
           by
           longer
           standing
           ,
           Time
           must
           determine
           .
        
         
           The
           slender
           Viol
           ,
           with
           Spirit
           of
           Honey
           mention'd
           N
           o
           the
           
             _____
          
           though
           it
           had
           been
           wont
           to
           exchange
           its
           yellow
           Colour
           for
           a
           blew
           ,
           by
           the
           Contact
           of
           the
           external
           Air
           in
           a
           very
           short
           time
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           within
           a
           Minute
           or
           two
           ;
           yet
           being
           open'd
           this
           Afternoon
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           Place
           where
           it
           used
           to
           be
           so
           ,
           did
           not
           in
           above
           an
           Hour's
           time
           turn
           blew
           ,
           but
           remain'd
           a
           transparent
           yellowish
           Colour
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Viol
           with
           a
           Glass
           Stopple
           ,
           mentioned
           N
           o
           945.
           being
           for
           divers
           Weeks
           left
           unstirred
           in
           the
           Window
           where
           it
           stood
           before
           ,
           I
           several
           times
           observed
           it
           to
           lose
           and
           regain
           Colour
           ;
           and
           though
           sometimes
           it
           would
           only
           appear
           of
           a
           more
           faint
           or
           a
           more
           rich
           Blew
           ,
           yet
           sometimes
           also
           it
           would
           appear
           either
           quite
           or
           almost
           colourless
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           in
           a
           Day
           or
           two
           after
           it
           would
           be
           again
           as
           blew
           as
           the
           Sky
           .
           And
           this
           ,
           though
           I
           could
           not
           find
           that
           any
           thing
           in
           the
           Weather
           was
           the
           true
           Cause
           of
           this
           Change
           ,
           since
           the
           Liquor
           would
           not
           only
           gain
           ,
           but
           lose
           Colour
           in
           colder
           Weather
           ;
           and
           so
           it
           would
           also
           do
           in
           warmer
           :
           But
           on
           Michaelmas-Day
           I
           found
           it
           to
           have
           attained
           a
           deep
           Blew
           ;
           and
           though
           since
           it
           has
           been
           now
           and
           then
           somewhat
           more
           dilute
           ,
           yet
           during
           all
           the
           past
           Month
           of
           October
           ,
           I
           remember
           not
           to
           have
           seen
           it
           any
           thing
           mere
           colourless
           ;
           and
           this
           Day
           being
           the
           first
           of
           November
           ,
           I
           found
           it
           to
           have
           resumed
           a
           high
           Colour
           ,
           though
           a
           Viol
           with
           a
           Glass
           Stopple
           ,
           which
           had
           for
           many
           Weeks
           stood
           just
           by
           it
           ,
           and
           formerly
           did
           divers
           times
           correspond
           with
           it
           in
           its
           Changes
           ,
           has
           continued
           all
           the
           last
           Month
           of
           a
           very
           pale
           Blew
           ,
           without
           either
           deepning
           its
           Colour
           ,
           or
           growing
           quite
           colourless
           .
        
         
           An
           inquisitive
           Gentleman
           of
           my
           Acquaintance
           ,
           being
           ask'd
           by
           me
           about
           a
           Mountain
           in
           Wales
           ,
           called
           
             _____
          
           ,
           where
           solid
           Stones
           are
           said
           to
           change
           their
           Colour
           very
           oddly
           ,
           told
           me
           ,
           that
           within
           sight
           of
           that
           Hill
           ,
           in
           a
           large
           Piece
           of
           Ground
           that
           was
           then
           newly
           put
           under
           Tillage
           ,
           he
           saw
           good
           Numbers
           of
           Stones
           that
           look'd
           like
           Flints
           ,
           and
           were
           full
           as
           hard
           ,
           if
           not
           harder
           ;
           the
           Colour
           of
           most
           of
           them
           was
           dark
           ,
           the
           rest
           grey
           :
           these
           Stones
           ,
           which
           when
           the
           Ground
           was
           newly
           turn'd
           up
           ,
           were
           Rust-coloured
           ,
           he
           observed
           afterwards
           to
           grow
           lighter
           and
           lighter
           coloured
           ;
           so
           that
           after
           three
           or
           four
           Years
           ,
           being
           invited
           by
           this
           Observation
           to
           take
           notice
           
           of
           it
           at
           his
           coming
           to
           that
           Place
           again
           ,
           he
           found
           these
           Stones
           almost
           all
           of
           them
           turn'd
           white
           .
           About
           which
           Phaenomenon
           ,
           questioning
           the
           ancient
           Inhabitants
           ,
           with
           some
           Expressions
           of
           Wonder
           ,
           they
           seem'd
           to
           make
           little
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           assured
           him
           ,
           in
           the
           Neighbouring
           Mountain
           almost
           all
           the
           Stones
           that
           were
           exposed
           to
           the
           Air
           ,
           underwent
           the
           like
           Changes
           ,
           and
           within
           a
           few
           Years
           were
           blanch'd
           .
        
         
           Having
           put
           some
           
             Mercurius
             sublimatus
             dalcis
          
           ,
           and
           
             Vitriolum
             Romanum
          
           (
           tied
           up
           in
           several
           Papers
           apart
           )
           into
           one
           Box
           ,
           at
           the
           end
           of
           twenty
           two
           Months
           I
           found
           the
           sublimate
           Mercury
           wholly
           changed
           into
           a
           Substance
           so
           like
           Antimony
           ,
           that
           some
           not
           ignorant
           of
           the
           
             Materia
             Medica
          
           ,
           have
           taken
           it
           for
           the
           same
           :
           and
           the
           Superficies
           only
           of
           the
           Vitriol
           had
           acquired
           the
           same
           Colour
           ,
           but
           was
           not
           at
           all
           altered
           within
           .
           This
           from
           a
           credible
           Relator
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXVI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXVII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Vegetable
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           AN
           intelligent
           Gentleman
           that
           staid
           a
           Year
           in
           Guinea
           ,
           related
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           and
           his
           Company
           found
           the
           great
           Heat
           and
           Moisture
           of
           the
           Air
           to
           dispose
           Bodies
           so
           to
           Putrefaction
           ,
           that
           he
           observed
           the
           white
           Sugar
           to
           be
           sometimes
           full
           of
           Maggots
           ;
           and
           found
           that
           divers
           Drugs
           ,
           Salves
           ,
           and
           other
           medicinal
           things
           that
           were
           brought
           with
           him
           ,
           had
           quite
           lost
           their
           Virtue
           ;
           and
           some
           of
           them
           ,
           especially
           Ointments
           ,
           were
           verminous
           .
           And
           he
           added
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Island
           St.
           Jago
           (
           one
           of
           those
           of
           Cabo-verde
           )
           they
           laid
           store
           of
           Sweet-Meats
           upon
           Tables
           to
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           to
           dry
           up
           the
           superfluous
           Moisture
           ,
           which
           in
           strange
           Abundance
           they
           had
           contracted
           the
           preceding
           Night
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           would
           quite
           spoil
           the
           Sweet-Meats
           ,
           and
           bring
           them
           to
           putrify
           .
        
         
           Oxford
           ,
           though
           seated
           for
           the
           most
           part
           of
           it
           on
           a
           gravelly
           Hill
           ,
           I
           have
           known
           to
           be
           very
           disagreeable
           to
           some
           moist
           Splenetick
           and
           Valetudinary
           Bodies
           ,
           who
           I
           have
           heard
           complain
           ,
           that
           they
           could
           not
           be
           so
           well
           there
           as
           elsewhere
           ,
           especially
           in
           the
           Spring
           ;
           so
           that
           I
           take
           the
           Air
           of
           that
           Place
           to
           be
           generally
           moist
           .
           Mr.
           
             J.
             T.
          
           
        
         
         
           Air
           too
           dry
           ,
           though
           sufficiently
           hot
           ,
           is
           not
           favourable
           ,
           for
           the
           Production
           of
           divers
           Insects
           :
           for
           I
           have
           observed
           these
           two
           last
           dry
           Springs
           ,
           that
           there
           has
           been
           no
           soft
           Garden-Snails
           to
           be
           found
           abroad
           ,
           and
           very
           few
           Fleas
           bred
           in
           the
           House
           ,
           which
           I
           impute
           to
           extraordinary
           long
           Driness
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           for
           want
           of
           moist
           Vapors
           to
           nourish
           them
           ;
           since
           in
           wet
           Summers
           we
           always
           swarm
           with
           Snails
           ,
           Gnats
           ,
           Fleas
           ,
           &c.
           whereas
           this
           Year
           we
           have
           few
           or
           none
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXVIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             destroying
             or
             introducing
             other
             
               less
               obvious
               Qualities
            
             into
             Mineral
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           OBservandum
           etiam
           quod
           Antimonium
           Diaphoreticum
           
           quocunque
           modo
           ,
           sive
           cum
           solo
           Nitro
           aut
           addito
           etiam
           Tartaro
           ,
           paratum
           sit
           ,
           tractu
           temporis
           aeri
           expositum
           pravam
           ,
           &
           quasi
           malignam
           induat
           naturam
           ,
           sumptumque
           intra
           corpus
           cordis
           angustias
           ,
           cardialgias
           ,
           lipothymias
           ,
           vomitusque
           &
           similia
           prava
           Symptomata
           procreet
           ,
           quae
           facilè
           tamen
           evitabimus
           ,
           si
           vel
           singulis
           diebus
           vel
           tribus
           mensibus
           recenter
           illud
           conficiamus
           ,
           vel
           jam
           paratum
           Antimonium
           diaphoreticum
           vetustum
           additâ
           portiunculâ
           Nitri
           ,
           aut
           etiam
           absque
           Nitro
           ,
           per
           unam
           vel
           alteram
           horam
           Vulcano
           tradamus
           ,
           penitusque
           igniamus
           ,
           iterumque
           si
           Nitrum
           additum
           fuerit
           ,
           edulcoremus
           ,
           &
           parumper
           reverberemus
           .
           
        
         
           To
           prove
           that
           it
           proceedeth
           from
           a
           natural
           Cause
           ,
           this
           one
           ,
           though
           strange
           ,
           yet
           true
           Experiment
           ,
           will
           suffice
           ,
           Take
           of
           the
           Earth
           of
           Egypt
           adjoining
           to
           the
           River
           ,
           and
           preserve
           it
           carefully
           ,
           that
           it
           neither
           come
           to
           be
           wet
           nor
           wasted
           ;
           weigh
           it
           daily
           ,
           and
           you
           shall
           find
           it
           neither
           more
           nor
           loss
           heavy
           until
           the
           17th
           of
           June
           ,
           at
           which
           Day
           it
           beginneth
           to
           grow
           more
           ponderous
           ,
           and
           augmenteth
           with
           the
           Augmentation
           of
           the
           River
           ,
           whereby
           they
           have
           an
           infallible
           Knowledg
           of
           the
           State
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           proceeding
           ,
           without
           doubt
           ,
           from
           the
           
           Humidity
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           which
           having
           a
           Recourse
           through
           all
           passible
           Places
           ,
           and
           mixing
           therewith
           ,
           increaseth
           the
           same
           as
           it
           increaseth
           in
           Moisture
           .
        
         
           A
           learned
           Physician
           of
           the
           Colledg
           of
           London
           confessed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           found
           by
           his
           own
           Observation
           ,
           that
           
             Antimonium
             Diaphoreticum
          
           ,
           being
           kept
           some
           Years
           ,
           though
           in
           a
           cover'd
           Vessel
           ,
           acquir'd
           a
           Vomitive
           Quality
           ,
           which
           it
           had
           not
           before
           ;
           and
           that
           having
           long
           kept
           in
           a
           stopp'd
           Glass
           a
           Parcel
           of
           his
           own
           Ceruss
           of
           Antimony
           ,
           of
           which
           he
           used
           to
           give
           12
           ,
           15
           ,
           or
           more
           Grains
           ,
           without
           finding
           it
           Emetick
           ;
           he
           found
           that
           in
           process
           of
           time
           it
           was
           so
           degenerated
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           gave
           four
           or
           five
           Grains
           ,
           it
           would
           cause
           Vomits
           .
        
         
           Earth
           laid
           up
           together
           in
           the
           Air
           for
           four
           ,
           five
           or
           six
           Years
           ,
           does
           make
           far
           better
           Pots
           for
           Closeness
           ,
           and
           holding
           of
           the
           Fire
           ,
           than
           that
           which
           has
           lain
           but
           one
           Season
           above
           Ground
           ,
           though
           that
           it self
           be
           much
           better
           than
           that
           which
           is
           newly
           dug
           up
           ,
           which
           will
           be
           very
           apt
           to
           crack
           in
           the
           Fire
           ,
           or
           when
           it
           comes
           to
           wet
           ;
           as
           also
           those
           Bricks
           that
           lie
           at
           the
           Top
           of
           the
           Furnace
           ,
           and
           therefore
           are
           not
           so
           thick
           covered
           as
           they
           burn
           ,
           and
           are
           apt
           to
           deceive
           Builders
           when
           they
           come
           to
           be
           exposed
           to
           the
           Rain
           and
           Weather
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XXXIX
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             Propagation
             and
             Vegetation
             of
             Plants
             .
          
        
         
           AN
           ingenious
           Traveller
           that
           frequented
           the
           Pyrenean
           Mountains
           ,
           especially
           that
           which
           many
           count
           the
           highest
           of
           them
           ,
           and
           is
           known
           by
           the
           Name
           of
           
             Pic
             de
             Midi
          
           ,
           affirmed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           several
           others
           ,
           had
           manifestly
           observed
           a
           scarce
           credible
           Difference
           between
           that
           Side
           of
           those
           Mountains
           that
           regards
           France
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           reaches
           to
           Spain
           ;
           for
           at
           the
           same
           time
           the
           former
           was
           verdant
           and
           flourishing
           ,
           and
           yeilded
           a
           delightful
           Prospect
           to
           the
           Traveller
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           plentiful
           Provisions
           to
           the
           Inhabitants
           :
           the
           Spanish
           Side
           of
           the
           Hills
           was
           parch'd
           ,
           and
           russet
           ,
           and
           barren
           ,
           and
           look'd
           dismally
           ,
           like
           a
           Wilderness
           :
           Which
           great
           Difference
           of
           Countries
           ,
           observable
           in
           the
           same
           Hills
           at
           the
           same
           time
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           he
           imputed
           to
           the
           fierce
           Parching
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           blasting
           Winds
           beat
           upon
           the
           Spanish
           Side
           ,
           and
           made
           that
           look
           so
           squallid
           ,
           whilst
           the
           Hills
           that
           suffer'd
           this
           Mischief
           on
           one
           side
           ,
           did
           by
           their
           Height
           check
           these
           hurtful
           Winds
           ,
           and
           skreening
           from
           them
           ,
           the
           French
           Side
           of
           the
           Mountains
           left
           them
           to
           injoy
           Advantages
           that
           the
           Soil
           and
           Climate
           furnished
           them
           with
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XL.
           
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Air
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             
               Generation
               ,
               Life
               and
               Health
            
             of
             Animals
             .
          
        
         
           DE
           vita
           igitur
           ac
           morte
           ,
           &
           iis
           pene
           omnibus
           quae
           
           huic
           considerationi
           affinia
           sunt
           ,
           dictum
           est
           .
           Desanitate
           verò
           morboque
           non
           solum
           medici
           sed
           &
           Physiciest
           ,
           causas
           quadantenus
           referre
           .
           Quatenus
           verò
           hi
           differant
           ,
           &
           quatenus
           diversa
           contemplantur
           ignorare
           non
           convenit
           .
           Equidem
           quòd
           confinis
           sit
           quadantenus
           haec
           Medici
           Physicique
           Tractatio
           ,
           &
           res
           ipsa
           testatur
           .
           Nam
           &
           Medici
           ,
           quicunque
           paulò
           elegantiores
           &
           diligentiores
           sunt
           ,
           de
           natura
           dicunt
           ,
           &
           artis
           sua
           principia
           inde
           sumere
           dignantur
           ;
           &
           Physici
           omnes
           fere
           ,
           qui
           concinnitatis
           aliquid
           habent
           ,
           tractationem
           naturae
           usque
           ad
           medicinam
           persequuntur
           .
        
         
           August
           13.
           
           The
           Temperature
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           both
           as
           to
           Salubrity
           and
           other
           Regards
           ,
           may
           be
           deriv'd
           as
           well
           from
           the
           subterraneal
           Steams
           ,
           as
           the
           superficial
           Effluviums
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           both
           these
           sorts
           of
           Steams
           being
           variously
           transported
           and
           shuffled
           ,
           and
           compounded
           by
           the
           Winds
           and
           other
           Motions
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           upon
           the
           Mixtures
           of
           them
           ,
           the
           local
           Qualities
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           in
           differing
           Places
           ,
           may
           be
           supposed
           to
           result
           .
        
         
           About
           three
           Months
           before
           the
           late
           great
           Plague
           began
           in
           London
           ,
           (
           in
           the
           Year
           1665
           )
           there
           came
           to
           Dr.
           M.
           a
           Patient
           of
           his
           ,
           to
           desire
           his
           Advice
           for
           her
           Husband
           ;
           and
           the
           Doctor
           having
           inquired
           what
           ail'd
           him
           ,
           she
           answered
           ,
           that
           his
           chief
           Distemper
           was
           a
           Swelling
           
           in
           his
           Groin
           ,
           and
           upon
           that
           occasion
           added
           ,
           that
           her
           Husband
           assured
           her
           of
           his
           being
           confident
           that
           the
           next
           Summer
           the
           Plague
           would
           be
           very
           rife
           in
           London
           :
           for
           which
           Prediction
           he
           gave
           this
           reason
           ,
           That
           in
           the
           last
           great
           Plague
           he
           fell
           sick
           of
           that
           Disease
           ,
           and
           he
           then
           had
           a
           Pestilential
           Tumor
           ;
           so
           in
           two
           other
           Plagues
           that
           since
           happened
           ,
           though
           much
           inferiour
           to
           that
           great
           one
           ,
           each
           of
           them
           had
           a
           rising
           in
           his
           Body
           to
           be
           its
           Fore-runner
           ;
           and
           now
           having
           a
           great
           Tumor
           in
           the
           forementioned
           Place
           ,
           he
           doubted
           not
           but
           it
           would
           be
           followed
           by
           a
           raging
           Pestilence
           ,
           which
           accordingly
           ensued
           .
           Having
           heard
           much
           Talk
           of
           something
           of
           this
           Nature
           ,
           as
           related
           by
           the
           Doctor
           ,
           I
           inquired
           of
           him
           how
           much
           of
           it
           was
           true
           ,
           and
           received
           for
           Answer
           the
           foregoing
           Narrative
           .
        
         
           You
           did
           not
           perhaps
           expect
           that
           the
           mere
           local
           Motion
           of
           the
           Air
           should
           be
           mentioned
           by
           me
           among
           the
           Causes
           of
           the
           Effects
           of
           its
           Changes
           :
           And
           indeed
           the
           Phaenomena
           I
           have
           yet
           met
           with
           reducible
           to
           this
           kind
           ,
           have
           been
           but
           very
           few
           ,
           notwithstanding
           which
           I
           shall
           take
           notice
           ,
           that
           this
           local
           Motion
           may
           in
           certain
           Cases
           operate
           on
           other
           Bodies
           ,
           either
           as
           it
           turns
           the
           Air
           into
           a
           Wind
           ,
           or
           as
           the
           tremulous
           Motion
           of
           the
           Air
           is
           modified
           into
           found
           ,
           or
           as
           the
           Air
           is
           put
           into
           a
           vehement
           and
           disorderly
           Motion
           by
           Thunder
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           first
           of
           these
           't
           is
           evident
           ,
           that
           upon
           the
           Vehemence
           or
           Slackness
           ,
           and
           the
           Places
           whence
           and
           where
           the
           changing
           Wind
           happens
           to
           blow
           ,
           there
           may
           divers
           Effects
           ensue
           ,
           especially
           in
           animated
           Bodies
           .
           And
           this
           not
           only
           as
           the
           Wind
           is
           accompanied
           with
           Cold
           and
           Hear
           ,
           or
           Moisture
           ,
           or
           Driness
           ,
           but
           (
           to
           restrain
           our selves
           to
           Instances
           more
           closely
           pertinent
           to
           our
           present
           Purpose
           )
           as
           the
           Wind
           is
           flowing
           Air
           ,
           or
           an
           
             Aireal
             Stream
          
           ,
           for
           only
           as
           such
           it
           may
           ventilate
           the
           Places
           
           through
           which
           it
           passes
           ,
           and
           by
           expelling
           the
           Stagnant
           Air
           ,
           and
           introducing
           other
           Air
           ,
           may
           contribute
           to
           many
           of
           those
           Changes
           (
           especially
           as
           to
           the
           Health
           of
           Animals
           )
           that
           we
           see
           to
           depend
           upon
           the
           Alteration
           of
           Air
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           among
           the
           more
           tender
           sort
           of
           Animals
           ,
           there
           may
           be
           found
           some
           in
           which
           the
           Motion
           of
           the
           external
           Air
           ,
           though
           excluded
           by
           Walls
           and
           Windows
           ,
           may
           have
           a
           considerable
           and
           immediate
           Operation
           :
           For
           I
           have
           learned
           by
           Enquiry
           from
           some
           curious
           Natives
           of
           Languedoc
           (
           where
           I
           had
           the
           Curiosity
           to
           look
           after
           Silk-worms
           ,
           abounding
           in
           that
           Province
           )
           that
           in
           case
           it
           happened
           when
           the
           Worms
           having
           eaten
           their
           fill
           ,
           began
           to
           dispose
           themselves
           to
           work
           their
           silken
           Eggs
           ;
           in
           case
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           it
           then
           happened
           to
           be
           thundering
           Weather
           ,
           a
           great
           part
           of
           the
           Worms
           ,
           especially
           the
           less
           vigorous
           ,
           would
           be
           destroyed
           .
        
         
           He
           affirmed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           some
           Mines
           of
           above
           a
           thousand
           Foot
           deep
           ,
           he
           saw
           Horses
           that
           had
           been
           let
           down
           by
           Ropes
           to
           the
           3d
           part
           of
           the
           Depth
           ,
           that
           is
           above
           a
           hundred
           Yards
           ,
           and
           that
           several
           of
           them
           died
           either
           in
           the
           letting
           down
           ,
           or
           by
           the
           Change
           of
           Air
           ;
           yet
           several
           of
           them
           survived
           ,
           and
           were
           imployed
           about
           the
           Engines
           belonging
           to
           the
           Mines
           ,
           and
           seem'd
           not
           to
           have
           any
           sensible
           Inconvenience
           as
           to
           Respiration
           ,
           though
           in
           the
           Receptacles
           they
           wrought
           in
           ,
           they
           were
           furnished
           with
           Air
           but
           from
           the
           Groove
           through
           which
           they
           were
           let
           down
           ,
           and
           by
           a
           moderately
           big
           Shaft
           .
        
         
           An
           ingenious
           Traveller
           that
           has
           had
           the
           Curiosity
           to
           visit
           the
           Mines
           of
           several
           Countries
           ,
           as
           
             Bohemia
             ,
             Saxony
             ,
             Swedeland
             ,
             &c.
          
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           the
           deepest
           Mine
           he
           saw
           in
           Bohemia
           was
           of
           about
           2000
           of
           our
           Feet
           .
        
         
           An
           intelligent
           Person
           that
           was
           for
           many
           Years
           Consul
           of
           the
           English
           Nation
           at
           Tripoli
           in
           Barbary
           ;
           and
           at
           
           another
           time
           Governour
           of
           the
           Castle
           (
           called
           )
           
             of
             the
             Coast
          
           ,
           belonging
           to
           the
           English
           African
           Company
           in
           Guinea
           ,
           being
           discoursed
           with
           by
           me
           ,
           about
           the
           Diseases
           incident
           to
           that
           very
           unhealthy
           Place
           ,
           and
           about
           the
           Worms
           that
           bred
           in
           Mens
           Legs
           ,
           told
           me
           ,
           That
           the
           great
           Noxiousness
           of
           the
           Air
           was
           not
           constant
           ,
           but
           frequently
           ceased
           ,
           and
           return'd
           within
           no
           long
           Compass
           of
           time
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           all
           his
           Men
           would
           continue
           in
           Health
           for
           many
           Days
           together
           ,
           and
           then
           on
           a
           sudden
           divers
           of
           them
           would
           fall
           sick
           ,
           especially
           of
           Feavers
           and
           Fluxes
           that
           usually
           killed
           them
           in
           forty
           eight
           Hours
           or
           less
           .
        
         
           Dr.
           C.
           chief
           Physician
           to
           the
           Russian
           Emperor
           ,
           confirmed
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           being
           in
           Russia
           in
           the
           Winter
           ,
           when
           the
           Frost
           was
           very
           hard
           ,
           and
           the
           East
           or
           North-East
           Wind
           blew
           cold
           ,
           if
           he
           turned
           his
           Face
           toward
           the
           Wind
           ,
           and
           walked
           against
           ,
           (
           which
           at
           other
           times
           he
           was
           wont
           ,
           and
           took
           a
           Delight
           to
           do
           )
           he
           found
           himself
           unable
           to
           fetch
           his
           Breath
           ,
           and
           almost
           stifled
           ,
           as
           if
           the
           Air
           were
           very
           thick
           ,
           or
           rather
           a
           great
           Stiffness
           brought
           upon
           the
           Organs
           of
           Respiration
           ,
           whereby
           he
           was
           unable
           to
           move
           them
           as
           at
           other
           times
           ,
           so
           that
           he
           was
           fain
           to
           turn
           his
           Head
           from
           the
           Wind
           that
           he
           might
           be
           able
           to
           fetch
           his
           Breath
           .
        
         
           An
           observing
           Person
           being
           ask'd
           about
           a
           Tradition
           of
           Sea-men
           ,
           that
           the
           Lice
           of
           Europeans
           die
           when
           the
           Ships
           pass
           the
           Line
           :
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           did
           not
           find
           it
           to
           be
           true
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           wont
           to
           be
           delivered
           ;
           but
           this
           he
           plainly
           observed
           in
           several
           of
           our
           English
           with
           whom
           he
           sailed
           ,
           that
           all
           the
           Lice
           quitted
           their
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           got
           up
           into
           their
           Heads
           ,
           whence
           they
           dispersed
           themselves
           again
           when
           the
           Ship
           had
           left
           the
           Equator
           a
           pretty
           way
           behind
           it
           .
        
         
         
           But
           I
           remember
           that
           another
           Acquaintance
           of
           mine
           ,
           that
           divers
           times
           passed
           the
           Equinoctial
           in
           Portugal
           Ships
           ,
           which
           use
           to
           go
           to
           the
           Indies
           well
           crouded
           with
           People
           ,
           many
           of
           them
           more
           poor
           than
           cleanly
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           heedfully
           observed
           those
           Peoples
           numerous
           Lice
           to
           die
           away
           as
           they
           cross
           the
           Line
           ,
           though
           in
           no
           long
           time
           after
           the
           same
           sort
           of
           Cattle
           would
           begin
           to
           molest
           them
           again
           .
        
         
           His
           Royal
           Highness
           the
           Duke
           of
           York
           ,
           at
           his
           Return
           out
           of
           Scotland
           ,
           having
           been
           pleased
           to
           discourse
           with
           some
           of
           us
           ,
           that
           had
           the
           Honour
           to
           be
           then
           near
           him
           ,
           of
           some
           Observations
           he
           made
           in
           his
           Journey
           ,
           mentioned
           among
           other
           things
           ,
           that
           Agues
           were
           very
           unfrequent
           in
           Scotland
           ,
           which
           yet
           that
           Year
           were
           very
           rife
           over
           almost
           all
           England
           .
           This
           gave
           me
           afterwards
           the
           Curiosity
           to
           inquire
           of
           a
           studious
           Person
           ,
           who
           is
           one
           of
           the
           chief
           of
           the
           Scotish
           Nobility
           ,
           what
           he
           knew
           about
           the
           Unfrequency
           of
           Agues
           in
           his
           Country
           .
           To
           which
           his
           Lordship
           replied
           ,
           that
           as
           to
           Quartan
           Agues
           it
           was
           generally
           taken
           notice
           of
           ;
           insomuch
           that
           when
           News
           was
           brought
           ,
           that
           a
           Gentleman
           whom
           he
           named
           fell
           sick
           of
           that
           Disease
           ,
           amongst
           them
           in
           the
           Country
           it
           was
           look'd
           upon
           as
           a
           strange
           and
           remarkable
           thing
           .
           And
           though
           divers
           Persons
           bring
           Quartans
           out
           of
           England
           to
           Edinburg
           ,
           yet
           they
           so
           seldom
           keep
           them
           long
           there
           ,
           that
           a
           Scotish
           Physician
           ,
           whom
           he
           named
           to
           me
           ,
           offered
           to
           lay
           five
           to
           one
           of
           the
           quick
           Recovery
           of
           several
           Patients
           of
           his
           ,
           if
           they
           would
           make
           some
           reasonable
           Stay
           in
           that
           City
           .
        
         
           Aer
           autem
           corrigetur
           causa
           corruptionis
           ablata
           ,
           &
           
           quod
           jam
           inductum
           est
           mali
           extinguendo
           ,
           si
           igitur
           ex
           nimio
           humore
           aer
           putrescit
           ,
           ignibus
           accensis
           qui
           omni
           putredini
           remedio
           sunt
           ,
           exsiccandus
           ,
           sic
           ignes
           ,
           per
           vias
           
           &
           domus
           fiant
           ex
           odoratis
           plantis
           ,
           qualis
           Laurus
           est
           ,
           Mirtus
           ,
           Pinus
           ,
           Cupressus
           ,
           Rosmarimus
           ,
           &
           reliquae
           ejus
           generis
           ,
           qua
           ratione
           pestem
           Athenis
           Hippocrates
           extinxit
           ;
           vapores
           praeterea
           maligni
           per
           aerem
           sparsi
           ,
           dissipandi
           sunt
           ,
           id
           quod
           a
           magnis
           ventis
           fieri
           solet
           .
           Sic
           Olysiponi
           ,
           cum
           trium
           dierum
           ingens
           procella
           venisset
           pestis
           extincta
           nuper
           est
           &
           in
           Maroco
           ingens
           pestilentia
           vento
           quodam
           evanuit
           ;
           qui
           veluti
           è
           fornace
           (
           adeo
           calidus
           erat
           )
           exire
           videbatur
           ,
           aerem
           autem
           nos
           imitando
           ventos
           commovere
           poterimus
           ;
           si
           bombardarum
           strepitus
           multos
           fieri
           curemus
           ;
           si
           verò
           vapores
           ex
           paludibus
           ,
           ac
           stagnantibus
           aquis
           fieri
           videntur
           ;
           eas
           resiccare
           aut
           novare
           oportet
           frequenter
           ,
           maximè
           per
           aestatem
           .
           Renovantur
           autem
           novis
           supervenientibus
           aquis
           quas
           è
           fluminibus
           per
           canales
           traducere
           oportet
           ;
           aut
           siccandae
           sunt
           factis
           rivulis
           ,
           &
           fossis
           per
           quae
           superfluant
           ad
           flumina
           ;
           quod
           cum
           primus
           magnus
           Etruriae
           Dux
           Cosmus
           Pisis
           fecisset
           ;
           &
           magna
           animi
           contentione
           ,
           nunc
           faciat
           Ferdinandus
           ,
           factum
           est
           ,
           ut
           saluberrimus
           ejus
           urbis
           aer
           per
           omne
           anni
           tempus
           sit
           redditus
           verum
           si
           cadaverum
           inhumatorum
           multitudo
           aerem
           inficit
           ;
           magna
           &
           profunda
           facta
           fovea
           sepeliantut
           ;
           si
           ab
           immunditie
           ,
           &
           excrementis
           ,
           quae
           per
           urbem
           &
           domos
           sparguntur
           ,
           id
           quod
           ,
           ut
           reor
           Bisantii
           ,
           &
           Olysiponi
           ,
           in
           causa
           est
           ,
           cur
           pestis
           adeo
           saeviat
           ,
           ac
           duret
           ,
           mundare
           oportet
           omnia
           ;
           viae
           ac
           domus
           quotidiè
           ,
           vel
           saltem
           semel
           in
           septimanâ
           repurgandae
           .
        
         
           1.
           
           
             Joh.
             Beguinus
             in
             Tyrocin
             .
             Chymic
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
          
           13.
           
           Dignum
           admiratione
           est
           ,
           quod
           quamvis
           in
           viciniâ
           Hydriae
           Comitatûs
           Goriciensis
           ,
           ubi
           reperitur
           copiose
           Mercurius
           ,
           singulis
           ferè
           annis
           Lues
           pestifera
           grassatur
           ,
           illa
           tamen
           semper
           immunis
           ab
           hac
           manere
           soleat
           ,
           idque
           viri
           provectae
           aetatis
           se
           observasse
           ,
           &
           à
           majoribus
           suis
           accepisse
           ,
           
           mihi
           sanctè
           confirmarunt
           .
           Hinc
           patet
           ,
           Mercurium
           esse
           summum
           omnis
           putredinis
           ac
           corruptionis
           alexipharmacum
           .
           2
           
             Michael
             Majerus
             in
             lusu
             de
             Mercurio
             .
          
           Argentum
           vivum
           est
           plurimorum
           morborum
           alexipharmacum
           ,
           &
           ut
           testantur
           quidam
           ,
           ipsius
           Pestis
           (
           cum
           eo
           loco
           ubi
           Mercurius
           effoditur
           ,
           &
           tractatur
           ,
           nunquam
           aut
           rarissimè
           hoc
           Contagium
           grassetur
           )
           dummodò
           maneat
           in
           suâ
           propriâ
           naturâ
           ,
           &
           non
           à
           salibus
           aut
           aquis
           corrosivis
           inficiatur
           ,
           ac
           venenosus
           reddatur
           .
        
         
           A
           very
           ingenious
           Physician
           that
           travell'd
           much
           in
           the
           East-Indies
           ,
           and
           visited
           some
           Islands
           in
           the
           South-Sea
           ,
           to
           which
           our
           English
           were
           not
           permitted
           to
           have
           Access
           ,
           being
           ask'd
           of
           me
           some
           Questions
           about
           the
           Effects
           and
           Changes
           of
           the
           Air
           in
           those
           Parts
           ,
           related
           to
           me
           ,
           that
           having
           made
           some
           stay
           in
           the
           fam'd
           Island
           of
           Ternate
           ,
           he
           learned
           ,
           that
           the
           Dutch
           (
           who
           had
           master'd
           the
           Inhabitants
           )
           did
           ,
           upon
           a
           Composition
           made
           with
           the
           King
           for
           his
           Damages
           ,
           cut
           down
           almost
           all
           the
           numerous
           Clove-trees
           that
           grew
           in
           that
           Island
           ,
           that
           thereby
           they
           might
           keep
           up
           the
           high
           rate
           of
           that
           Spice
           ,
           as
           indeed
           they
           have
           done
           .
           Whereupon
           there
           happened
           a
           Change
           in
           the
           Temperature
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           gave
           cause
           to
           conclude
           ,
           that
           the
           Exhalations
           of
           the
           Blossoms
           which
           (
           being
           dried
           )
           afford
           the
           Cloves
           ,
           were
           not
           only
           very
           pleasant
           ,
           but
           very
           healthful
           too
           :
           For
           no
           long
           time
           after
           the
           Excision
           of
           these
           fragrant
           Trees
           ,
           the
           Island
           became
           very
           unhealthful
           ,
           which
           this
           Physician
           very
           probably
           imputed
           to
           the
           corrosive
           and
           noxious
           Steams
           ,
           which
           plentifully
           issuing
           out
           from
           a
           kind
           of
           Vulcan
           ,
           or
           smoaking
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           burning
           Hill
           ,
           depraves
           the
           Air
           of
           that
           Island
           that
           is
           but
           little
           ,
           but
           had
           their
           hurtful
           Effects
           formerly
           prevented
           by
           the
           Aromatick
           and
           benign
           Emanations
           of
           those
           numerous
           Blossoms
           
           and
           Trees
           that
           richly
           impregnated
           the
           Air
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           volatile
           and
           oily
           Salts
           ,
           opposed
           and
           hindred
           the
           Effects
           of
           the
           sulphureous
           ,
           and
           other
           sharp
           Steams
           of
           the
           Vulcan
           .
           And
           my
           Relator
           assures
           me
           ,
           that
           this
           Change
           of
           the
           Air
           's
           Constitution
           was
           so
           remarkable
           ,
           and
           acknowledg'd
           when
           he
           was
           there
           ,
           that
           whereas
           formerly
           sick
           and
           valetudinary
           Persons
           used
           to
           be
           sent
           thither
           from
           Batavia
           to
           recover
           their
           Health
           by
           the
           Goodness
           of
           the
           Air
           (
           as
           we
           often
           send
           consumptive
           Persons
           into
           France
           )
           the
           Air
           at
           his
           being
           in
           Ternate
           had
           been
           for
           divers
           Years
           so
           unhealthful
           ,
           that
           the
           Dutch
           were
           fain
           (
           from
           Batavia
           ,
           or
           other
           more
           healthy
           Places
           )
           to
           send
           Men
           twice
           a
           Year
           to
           releive
           the
           Garisons
           ,
           and
           bring
           back
           the
           many
           sick
           they
           usually
           found
           at
           their
           Arrival
           in
           that
           formerly
           healthy
           Island
           .
        
         
           An
           observing
           Physician
           lately
           return'd
           from
           Tangier
           ,
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           though
           otherwise
           it
           be
           a
           healthy
           Place
           ,
           he
           took
           notice
           that
           't
           was
           not
           unusual
           for
           new
           Comers
           to
           find
           themselves
           feverish
           for
           many
           Weeks
           ,
           or
           some
           Months
           after
           their
           Arrival
           ,
           especially
           if
           the
           piercing
           easterly
           Wind
           happened
           to
           reign
           .
           This
           ,
           he
           says
           ,
           he
           found
           in
           himself
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           a
           constant
           Heat
           and
           some
           other
           Symptoms
           ,
           but
           by
           that
           main
           one
           of
           the
           praeternatural
           Quickness
           of
           his
           Pulse
           .
           He
           added
           ,
           that
           this
           Disease
           ,
           though
           very
           mild
           ,
           held
           him
           near
           four
           Months
           :
           When
           the
           Easterly
           Winds
           happened
           to
           blow
           ,
           on
           which
           his
           Feaverishness
           so
           depended
           ,
           that
           he
           could
           easily
           ,
           when
           he
           awaked
           in
           the
           Morning
           ,
           know
           without
           asking
           whether
           that
           Wind
           blew
           or
           not
           .
        
         
           May
           16.
           
           We
           put
           into
           a
           small
           Receiver
           five
           or
           six
           little
           Ants
           ,
           which
           run
           about
           very
           briskly
           ;
           but
           the
           Air
           being
           pump'd
           out
           ,
           they
           presently
           lost
           their
           Motion
           ,
           which
           they
           soon
           recovered
           upon
           the
           restoring
           of
           the
           Air
           to
           them
           .
           Then
           the
           Air
           was
           again
           withdrawn
           ,
           and
           
           the
           Insects
           thereby
           brought
           to
           lie
           (
           some
           upon
           their
           Backs
           )
           as
           stark
           dead
           :
           in
           which
           Condition
           they
           were
           suffered
           to
           remain
           about
           five
           or
           six
           Hours
           ;
           after
           which
           the
           Air
           being
           let
           in
           upon
           them
           ,
           they
           nevertheless
           continued
           seemingly
           dead
           for
           many
           Minutes
           ,
           (
           as
           we
           guessed
           between
           15
           and
           30
           )
           but
           at
           length
           all
           recovered
           ,
           running
           nimbly
           up
           and
           down
           the
           Glass
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           late
           at
           Night
           .
        
         
           Si
           Patrono
           queste
           barche
           dalla
           costa
           della
           pescaria
           ,
           e
           
           vanno
           all
           isola
           di
           Ceilam
           ,
           nella
           costa
           della
           quale
           per
           la
           lunghezza
           di
           venti
           miglia
           ,
           tre
           sole
           miglia
           lontane
           da
           terra
           ,
           sette
           braccia
           abbasso
           arrivando
           sino
           alli
           dieci
           nel
           fondo
           ,
           si
           ritrova
           infinita
           quanta
           di
           madreperle
           ,
           escono
           per
           questa
           pesca
           le
           barche
           la
           matina
           col
           vento
           di
           terra
           ,
           &
           arrivando
           al
           posto
           delle
           madreperle
           ,
           gettare
           l'ancore
           ,
           e
           fermaresi
           in
           quel
           posto
           ,
           cominciano
           a
           tuftarsi
           nel
           mare
           i
           marinari
           ,
           de
           quali
           ogni
           barca
           ne
           ha
           quindeci
           ,
           e
           venti
           ,
           e
           ciafcuno
           di
           essisi
           lega
           nel
           mezzo
           ,
           con
           una
           fune
           ,
           della
           quale
           ha
           cura
           uno
           ,
           che
           resta
           in
           barca
           e
           con
           un
           '
           altra
           func
           segandosi
           una
           pietra
           alla
           gamba
           ,
           un
           '
           altro
           ha
           pure
           cura
           di
           quella
           ,
           e
           cingendosi
           un
           '
           sacco
           di
           cuoio
           dinanzi
           ,
           mettendosi
           le
           guante
           alle
           mani
           ,
           cosi
           legato
           si
           tufta
           con
           violenza
           nel
           mare
           ,
           lentando
           quelli
           le
           funi
           ,
           e
           col
           peso
           della
           Pietra
           ,
           va
           con
           grandiss
           '
           violenza
           giu
           ,
           &
           arrivato
           ch'e
           ,
           scioltasi
           dalla
           gamba
           quella
           fune
           ,
           con
           la
           quale
           sta
           legata
           la
           pietra
           ,
           resta
           egli
           libero
           ,
           &
           la
           pietra
           viene
           subito
           tirata
           soprada
           quello
           ,
           che
           n'ha
           cura
           ,
           et
           il
           marinaro
           poi
           comincia
           con
           molta
           follecitudine
           à
           pigliare
           quelle
           madreperle
           ,
           che
           li
           vengono
           dinanzi
           ,
           e
           le
           mette
           nel
           sacco
           ,
           e
           sentendosi
           mancare
           la
           respiratione
           ,
           tocca
           la
           fune
           ,
           con
           la
           quale
           sta
           legato
           nel
           mezzo
           ,
           e
           quello
           subito
           con
           grandiss
           '
           velocita
           lo
           tira
           et
           arrivando
           nella
           barca
           ,
           scaricando
           le
           madre
           perle
           ripiglia
           fiato
           ,
           e
           dopo
           torna
           a
           legarsi
           
           di
           nuovo
           la
           pietra
           ,
           e
           di
           nuovo
           si
           tufta
           come
           sopra's
           '
           e
           detto
           ,
           e
           sempre
           cosi
           per
           tutta
           la
           giornata
           .
           Et
           è
           tanto
           faticosa
           questa
           pesca
           ,
           ch'
           essendo
           ,
           tanto
           profunde
           le
           Madre
           perl
           nel
           mare
           ,
           molti
           mancando
           loro
           la
           respiratione
           si
           trovano
           affogati
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           ,
           by
           long
           Observation
           and
           often
           repeated
           Experience
           ,
           found
           certain
           ,
           that
           if
           any
           Foreigner
           lie
           on
           shore
           all
           Night
           at
           Johanna
           ,
           they
           seldom
           miss
           to
           be
           taken
           with
           Sickness
           there
           ,
           or
           within
           a
           few
           Days
           after
           their
           Departure
           from
           the
           Island
           ,
           and
           are
           commonly
           seized
           with
           putrid
           Feavers
           ,
           whereof
           most
           die
           in
           two
           or
           three
           Days
           ,
           though
           those
           that
           have
           remained
           upon
           the
           Place
           all
           Day-long
           ,
           for
           several
           Days
           together
           ,
           are
           almost
           always
           safe
           ,
           if
           they
           go
           on
           board
           of
           Ship
           every
           Night
           about
           a
           Mile
           ,
           or
           a
           little
           further
           ,
           from
           the
           Shore
           .
           The
           Island
           abounds
           with
           the
           greatest
           Variety
           of
           Plants
           and
           Trees
           that
           can
           be
           almost
           imagined
           in
           that
           Circumference
           ,
           and
           is
           generally
           excessive
           hot
           in
           the
           day-time
           ,
           but
           cold
           after
           Sun-set
           .
           Whence
           it
           may
           possibly
           be
           supposed
           ,
           that
           the
           most
           volatile
           Parts
           of
           those
           promiscuous
           (
           and
           probably
           many
           of
           them
           poisonous
           )
           Plants
           ,
           exalted
           in
           the
           day-time
           by
           Degrees
           ,
           and
           suddenly
           condensed
           at
           Night
           ,
           may
           by
           Inspiration
           infect
           the
           Mass
           of
           Blood
           much
           after
           the
           same
           manner
           as
           in
           Pestilential
           Airs
           .
           The
           Inhabitants
           themselves
           are
           very
           much
           subject
           to
           Feavers
           ,
           (
           of
           what
           sort
           I
           could
           not
           learn
           )
           for
           which
           they
           cut
           or
           scarify
           their
           Breast
           or
           Abdomen
           in
           several
           Places
           :
           but
           they
           observe
           that
           few
           live
           ,
           except
           their
           Feaver
           terminates
           in
           a
           considerable
           number
           of
           Botches
           in
           divers
           Parts
           of
           the
           Body
           .
           There
           is
           one
           Hill
           there
           remarkable
           for
           Height
           ,
           which
           is
           seldom
           or
           never
           free
           from
           thick
           Fogs
           or
           Clouds
           hovering
           over
           the
           Top
           of
           it
           ,
           sometimes
           higher
           ,
           sometimes
           lower
           ,
           according
           as
           the
           Weather
           alters
           .
        
         
         
           Upon
           the
           Coast
           of
           Cormandell
           ,
           and
           most
           maritime
           Places
           of
           the
           East-Indies
           ,
           there
           are
           sometimes
           (
           I
           think
           yearly
           )
           Fogs
           so
           thick
           (
           notwithstanding
           it
           is
           then
           very
           hot
           )
           that
           all
           ,
           or
           most
           Inhabitants
           from
           other
           Nations
           ,
           and
           the
           tenderer
           sort
           of
           the
           Natives
           ,
           are
           necessitated
           to
           keep
           their
           Houses
           ,
           with
           the
           Doors
           and
           Windows
           fast
           shut
           ,
           there
           being
           little
           or
           no
           Commerce
           at
           that
           time
           .
        
         
           At
           Balassore
           in
           the
           Bay
           of
           Bengale
           ,
           and
           in
           divers
           other
           Parts
           in
           that
           Country
           ,
           there
           happens
           after
           great
           Rains
           ,
           so
           great
           Corruption
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           the
           stinking
           Smell
           is
           very
           nauseous
           to
           the
           Inhabitants
           :
           which
           I
           presume
           may
           be
           chiefly
           occasioned
           by
           a
           great
           number
           of
           Frogs
           ,
           and
           other
           Reptiles
           (
           wherewith
           those
           Places
           abound
           )
           left
           upon
           the
           dry
           Places
           after
           the
           Inundation
           ,
           and
           then
           putrified
           by
           the
           excessive
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun.
           At
           this
           time
           there
           is
           great
           Sickness
           and
           Mortality
           amongst
           the
           Natives
           ,
           chiefly
           by
           violent
           Feavers
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           return
           of
           English
           Ships
           from
           the
           East-Indies
           ,
           they
           generally
           put
           their
           sick
           People
           on
           Shore
           at
           St.
           Helena
           ,
           where
           they
           find
           so
           sensible
           Alteration
           ,
           that
           altho
           carried
           thither
           ,
           there
           are
           few
           that
           do
           not
           recover
           so
           much
           Strength
           as
           to
           walk
           about
           in
           two
           or
           three
           Days
           ,
           which
           ,
           in
           all
           Probability
           ,
           must
           chiefly
           be
           attributed
           to
           the
           Alteration
           of
           Air
           ,
           not
           of
           Food
           ,
           there
           being
           in
           most
           Ships
           much
           the
           same
           Benefit
           of
           fresh
           Provision
           for
           those
           that
           are
           diseased
           .
        
         
           Le
           chemin
           plus
           court
           de
           Mosul
           a
           Bagdad
           ,
           est
           par
           la
           Mesopotamie
           ;
           mais
           on
           n'y
           trouve
           aucun
           Village
           ,
           &
           le
           Samiel
           y
           regne
           tout
           l'Eté
           depuis
           Mosul
           jusques
           a
           Sourat
           ;
           ce
           qui
           oblige
           a
           prendre
           l'eau
           ,
           sur
           le
           Tigre
           où
           ce
           vent
           ne
           Souffle
           point
           .
           Le
           nom
           de
           ce
           vent
           et
           composé
           des
           mots
           ,
           Sam
           et
           jel
           ,
           c'est
           a
           dire
           poison
           et
           vent
           comme
           qui
           diroit
           vent
           de
           poison
           .
           Ce
           pourroit
           être
           le
           vent
           urens
           ,
           
           dont
           parle
           Job
           xxvii
           .
           21.
           
           Lorsque
           quelqu
           '
           un
           a
           respiré
           ce
           vent
           ,
           il
           tombe
           mort
           subitement
           quoi
           qu'il
           en
           ait
           quelques
           uns
           qui
           ont
           le
           temps
           de
           dire
           qu'
           ils
           brûlent
           au
           dedans
           .
           D'
           abord
           qu'
           on
           est
           mort
           ,
           on
           devient
           tout
           noir
           ,
           et
           si
           on
           tire
           le
           mort
           par
           le
           bras
           où
           par
           la
           jambe
           où
           par
           un
           autre
           endroit
           la
           chair
           quite
           les
           os
           et
           reste
           entre
           les
           mains
           de
           ceux
           qui
           la
           touchent
           .
           Thevenot
           dans
           le
           Bibliotheque
           Universel
           Tom.
           xiii
           .
           p.
           266.
           
        
         
           Doctor
           Colins
           relates
           ,
           that
           in
           Muscovy
           their
           Horses
           are
           much
           subject
           to
           a
           very
           scurvy
           Disease
           ,
           whose
           Russian
           Name
           I
           have
           forgot
           ,
           from
           which
           the
           Natives
           are
           wont
           to
           preserve
           them
           ,
           by
           keeping
           Goats
           in
           their
           Stables
           :
           And
           being
           ask'd
           by
           me
           ,
           whether
           he
           had
           this
           by
           Tradition
           ,
           or
           upon
           his
           own
           Trial
           ?
           He
           affirmed
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           found
           it
           true
           himself
           ,
           and
           that
           he
           therefore
           was
           wont
           to
           keep
           Goats
           in
           his
           own
           Stable
           .
        
         
           The
           ingenious
           Mr.
           Rycaut
           ,
           English
           Consul
           at
           Smyrna
           ,
           being
           ask'd
           of
           me
           ,
           whether
           at
           Smyrna
           as
           well
           as
           at
           Aleppo
           ,
           he
           observed
           that
           the
           Plague
           that
           uses
           to
           rage
           in
           the
           former
           part
           of
           the
           Summer
           ,
           degenerates
           into
           other
           Diseases
           about
           the
           latter
           End
           of
           June
           ,
           and
           beginning
           of
           July
           :
           He
           answered
           me
           ,
           that
           at
           Smyrna
           the
           Observation
           does
           not
           hold
           so
           much
           as
           at
           Aleppo
           ;
           but
           yet
           at
           Smyrna
           they
           generally
           observe
           ,
           that
           about
           that
           time
           of
           the
           Year
           ,
           though
           exceeding
           hot
           ,
           that
           the
           Malignity
           of
           the
           Plague
           does
           notably
           lessen
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           not
           quite
           so
           infectious
           ,
           nor
           near
           so
           generally
           mortal
           as
           it
           was
           in
           the
           former
           part
           of
           the
           Summer
           .
           When
           many
           Years
           ago
           I
           heard
           of
           this
           strange
           Phaenomenon
           of
           the
           Pestilence
           at
           Aleppo
           ,
           I
           began
           to
           think
           whether
           a
           possible
           ,
           though
           not
           perhaps
           the
           true
           Cause
           of
           it
           may
           not
           be
           such
           as
           this
           :
           That
           the
           Pestilential
           Corpuscles
           that
           rove
           up
           and
           down
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           during
           the
           former
           part
           of
           the
           Summer
           ,
           require
           
           such
           a
           Bulk
           or
           Grossness
           to
           enable
           them
           to
           exercise
           their
           pernicious
           Operations
           ;
           but
           when
           the
           Weather
           grows
           to
           be
           exceeding
           hot
           ,
           that
           Heat
           of
           the
           Air
           becomes
           able
           to
           dissipate
           those
           Corpuscles
           ,
           and
           deprive
           them
           of
           that
           Bulk
           that
           we
           have
           supposed
           necessary
           to
           their
           destructive
           Efficacy
           .
           For
           Illustration
           of
           this
           Conjecture
           ,
           we
           may
           take
           notice
           of
           the
           Smoak
           that
           issues
           out
           of
           the
           Weik
           of
           a
           Candle
           newly
           blown
           out
           ;
           for
           whilst
           the
           sooty
           Corpuscles
           retain
           their
           Bigness
           and
           Texture
           ,
           they
           are
           able
           to
           offend
           the
           Nostrils
           very
           much
           by
           their
           Stink
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           to
           cause
           Convulsive
           Motions
           and
           Abortions
           in
           teeming
           Women
           ;
           but
           if
           you
           apply
           a
           Flame
           to
           this
           Smoak
           ,
           it
           presently
           discusses
           this
           fuliginous
           Matter
           ,
           and
           dissipates
           it
           into
           Particles
           of
           quite
           another
           Nature
           ,
           which
           by
           this
           means
           are
           deprived
           of
           all
           their
           offensive
           Smell
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           ill
           Qualities
           .
           It
           may
           also
           be
           said
           ,
           that
           the
           great
           Increase
           of
           Heat
           in
           July
           ,
           may
           enable
           the
           Sun-beams
           ,
           by
           penetrating
           ,
           the
           Earth
           deeper
           ,
           and
           agitating
           its
           lower
           Parts
           stronger
           ,
           and
           producing
           Crevisses
           ,
           and
           other
           new
           or
           formerly
           obstructed
           Passages
           in
           the
           upper
           Parts
           of
           it
           ,
           may
           elevate
           into
           the
           Air
           divers
           saline
           and
           other
           new
           Corpuscles
           ,
           which
           may
           either
           divide
           or
           dissipate
           the
           Pestilential
           ones
           ,
           or
           else
           by
           associating
           themselves
           with
           them
           ,
           make
           up
           new
           Concretions
           ,
           differing
           from
           the
           Pestilential
           Corpuscles
           ,
           in
           Bulk
           ,
           Shape
           ,
           Texture
           or
           Motion
           ,
           in
           most
           or
           all
           of
           these
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           the
           morbifick
           Corpuscles
           being
           much
           altered
           ,
           their
           Operations
           on
           the
           humane
           Bodies
           they
           invade
           ,
           may
           be
           so
           too
           ,
           and
           the
           Diseases
           they
           produce
           may
           become
           less
           malignant
           ,
           or
           degenerate
           into
           some
           other
           Disease
           .
           And
           if
           it
           be
           demanded
           why
           this
           does
           not
           happen
           elsewhere
           as
           well
           as
           at
           Aleppo
           and
           Smyrna
           ?
           it
           may
           be
           answered
           ,
           That
           the
           Concourse
           of
           Causes
           may
           not
           be
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           particularly
           that
           
           the
           Soil
           of
           those
           two
           Places
           may
           be
           peculiarly
           disposed
           to
           emit
           Pestilential
           Corpuscles
           of
           such
           a
           determinate
           Nature
           ,
           with
           such
           a
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           ,
           and
           dissipable
           by
           a
           greater
           ,
           or
           with
           a
           more
           intense
           Heat
           ,
           to
           afford
           also
           Exhalations
           capable
           to
           correct
           the
           former
           ,
           as
           't
           is
           delivered
           by
           good
           Authors
           ,
           and
           ingenious
           Men
           have
           confirmed
           it
           upon
           their
           own
           Observation
           ,
           that
           yearly
           ,
           at
           
             Grand
             Cairo
          
           ,
           in
           the
           Heat
           of
           Summer
           the
           Plague
           ceases
           to
           be
           mortal
           ,
           and
           almost
           to
           be
           infectious
           ,
           when
           the
           Nile
           begins
           to
           overflow
           ,
           which
           wonderful
           Change
           I
           should
           not
           so
           much
           ascribe
           to
           a
           Frigeration
           of
           the
           Air
           ,
           that
           usually
           accompanies
           the
           Swellings
           of
           the
           Waters
           ,
           (
           since
           Pestilences
           rage
           in
           much
           cooler
           Weather
           than
           can
           be
           supposed
           in
           so
           hot
           a
           Climate
           as
           that
           of
           Egypt
           in
           July
           )
           as
           to
           some
           nitrous
           and
           other
           corrected
           Exhalations
           that
           are
           plentifully
           emitted
           by
           the
           freshly
           arriving
           Waters
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           an
           Account
           that
           has
           not
           ,
           that
           I
           know
           of
           ,
           been
           taken
           notice
           of
           ,
           upon
           which
           the
           supervening
           Coldness
           and
           Heat
           of
           the
           Air
           may
           
             pro
             tempore
          
           very
           much
           alter
           the
           Qualities
           of
           it
           ,
           in
           reference
           to
           the
           Bodies
           and
           Health
           of
           Men
           :
           For
           the
           Air
           being
           a
           fluid
           Body
           as
           well
           as
           Water
           ,
           and
           impregnated
           with
           Salts
           of
           different
           kinds
           ,
           some
           merely
           saline
           ,
           and
           others
           associated
           with
           sulphureous
           and
           other
           kinds
           of
           Particles
           ;
           it
           seems
           not
           improbable
           ,
           that
           what
           happens
           in
           that
           grosser
           fluid
           Water
           ,
           impregnated
           with
           differing
           sorts
           of
           Salts
           ,
           and
           alter'd
           by
           succession
           of
           Heat
           and
           Cold
           ,
           takes
           place
           also
           in
           the
           Air.
           I
           purposely
           tried
           in
           Water
           ,
           that
           by
           dissolving
           in
           it
           convenient
           Quantities
           of
           two
           differing
           Salts
           ,
           though
           whilst
           the
           Liquor
           was
           hot
           ,
           or
           perhaps
           so
           much
           as
           lukewarm
           ,
           they
           would
           swim
           together
           undistinguishably
           in
           the
           Liquor
           ,
           and
           so
           were
           in
           a
           Capacity
           to
           act
           jointly
           ,
           and
           as
           the
           Schools
           speak
           ,
           
             actione
             communi
          
           ,
           
           on
           divers
           Occasions
           :
           yet
           when
           the
           Liquor
           was
           cold
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           when
           there
           was
           only
           a
           considerable
           Remission
           of
           the
           Heat
           ,
           the
           saline
           Particles
           of
           one
           kind
           ,
           being
           not
           capable
           of
           being
           any
           longer
           sufficiently
           agitated
           by
           so
           faint
           a
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           ,
           would
           convene
           into
           Grains
           or
           Cristals
           ;
           and
           losing
           their
           Fluidity
           and
           Motion
           ,
           visibly
           separate
           themselves
           from
           the
           other
           kind
           of
           Salts
           ,
           which
           yet
           continued
           fluid
           in
           the
           Water
           where
           it
           could
           now
           act
           but
           by
           its
           own
           particular
           Qualities
           ,
           and
           not
           as
           formerly
           ,
           
             actione
             communi
          
           .
        
         
           The
           clearest
           Instance
           I
           found
           of
           this
           Observation
           was
           afforded
           me
           by
           an
           Experiment
           made
           with
           the
           Solutions
           of
           Alum
           and
           Nitre
           ;
           a
           Relation
           of
           which
           I
           find
           among
           my
           Adversaria
           ,
           in
           the
           following
           terms
           .
        
         
           Equal
           Parts
           of
           Alum
           and
           Nitre
           being
           dissolv'd
           in
           the
           same
           Portion
           of
           fair
           Water
           ;
           and
           the
           Liquor
           being
           in
           good
           measure
           evaporated
           ,
           the
           Earthen
           Vessel
           that
           contain'd
           it
           was
           set
           in
           the
           cold
           ,
           by
           which
           means
           ,
           at
           the
           bottom
           and
           the
           lower
           part
           of
           the
           sides
           ,
           the
           Alum
           appear'd
           to
           be
           first
           coagulated
           in
           many
           Octaedrical
           Grains
           ,
           no
           Chrystals
           of
           Nitre
           yet
           being
           visible
           .
           Afterwards
           ,
           upon
           a
           further
           Evaporation
           of
           the
           Water
           ,
           and
           the
           Removal
           of
           the
           Vessel
           from
           the
           Fire
           ,
           there
           appear'd
           more
           Grains
           of
           Alum
           ,
           but
           as
           yet
           no
           Nitre
           :
           wherefore
           having
           yet
           further
           evaporated
           the
           Liquor
           ,
           at
           length
           the
           Nitre
           shot
           plentifully
           into
           fine
           little
           Chrystals
           of
           the
           Shape
           proper
           to
           that
           Salt.
           
        
         
           This
           is
           the
           Account
           my
           Note-Book
           contains
           of
           this
           Trial
           ,
           which
           seems
           to
           invite
           us
           to
           conjecture
           ,
           that
           of
           the
           numerous
           sorts
           of
           saline
           Corpuscles
           that
           rove
           up
           and
           down
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           whilst
           it
           is
           well
           heated
           by
           the
           Sun
           ,
           or
           other
           Causes
           ,
           some
           sorts
           may
           by
           the
           Absence
           of
           that
           Heat
           ,
           or
           some
           supervening
           Causes
           of
           Coldness
           ,
           be
           made
           to
           separate
           from
           the
           others
           ,
           which
           were
           thereby
           
           contemperated
           ,
           or
           perhaps
           enabled
           to
           co-operate
           to
           divers
           Purposes
           that
           they
           were
           not
           fit
           for
           alone
           ;
           and
           to
           form
           Concretions
           ,
           which
           though
           not
           singly
           visible
           ,
           may
           be
           too
           great
           to
           be
           kept
           in
           a
           State
           of
           Fluidity
           by
           the
           diminish'd
           Heat
           of
           the
           Air.
           
        
         
           A
           Mouse
           lived
           ten
           Minutes
           at
           least
           with
           a
           quarter
           Air
           ,
           and
           three
           afterwards
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             heavy
             Bodies
             sustained
             in
             ,
             or
             
               taken
               up
            
             into
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Dew
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLIII
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Rain
             .
          
        
         
           AN
           eminent
           Virtuoso
           informed
           me
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           Country
           of
           Campen
           ,
           he
           had
           seen
           divers
           Pits
           that
           are
           digg'd
           for
           Turf
           ,
           or
           rather
           Peat
           ,
           which
           were
           not
           deep
           ,
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           but
           reach'd
           to
           a
           kind
           of
           quick
           Sand
           ,
           upon
           which
           the
           Rain
           falling
           ,
           did
           by
           Degrees
           in
           some
           Years
           ,
           form
           a
           kind
           of
           slimy
           Earth
           or
           Clay
           ,
           which
           was
           much
           of
           a
           martial
           Nature
           ;
           and
           being
           skilfully
           handled
           ,
           would
           yield
           good
           Iron
           .
        
         
           The
           same
           Person
           assured
           me
           ,
           that
           he
           had
           divers
           times
           distilled
           the
           Water
           of
           Campen
           in
           new
           and
           fine
           Glasses
           ,
           and
           still
           found
           them
           to
           leave
           a
           considerable
           Quantity
           of
           stony
           Matter
           at
           the
           Bottom
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           Rectification
           .
        
         
           Quicquid
           erit
           ,
           sine
           fuco
           significat
           ,
           velut
           Rottenberg
           ,
           
           Silesiae
           compastum
           appellant
           ,
           perinde
           Milessow
           Temporum
           prognostes
           ,
           jure
           merito
           dici
           posset
           .
           Vidi
           ex
           proximo
           totum
           aliquando
           montem
           densissimis
           Nebulis
           contectum
           ,
           eâ
           prorsus
           imagine
           ,
           qua
           Mons
           Sinai
           Moyse
           in
           Nebula
           latente
           depingitur
           ,
           at
           caeteri
           circum
           Montes
           ,
           innubes
           &
           hilares
           velut
           rerum
           gerendarun
           ignari
           stabant
           ,
           Sol
           ipse
           formosissimus
           ibat
           ;
           at
           accolae
           locorum
           domum
           fugiebant
           ,
           pecora
           urgebant
           ,
           meque
           ,
           ut
           domum
           protinus
           recipirem
           ,
           properarem
           ,
           &
           equos
           currum
           trahentes
           concitari
           juberem
           ,
           monebant
           ,
           neque
           horae
           quadrans
           intercessit
           ,
           jam
           Coelum
           obduci
           ,
           Sol
           contegi
           ,
           eripi
           omnis
           aspectus
           .
        
         
           
           
             Virg.
             
          
           
             Immensum
             Coelo
             ruit
             agnem
             aquarum
             ;
          
           
             —
             ruit
             arduus
             aether
             ,
          
           
             Et
             pluvia
             ingenti
             sata
             laeta
             ,
             boumque
             labores
             .
          
        
         
           Diluit
           ,
           implentur
           fossae
           ,
           &
           quae
           divinus
           Poeta
           prosequitur
           .
           At
           contra
           etiam
           accidere
           vidi
           ,
           ut
           caeteri
           fumarint
           montes
           ,
           Milessow
           nihil
           se
           commovente
           ,
           nihil
           aut
           nubilum
           ,
           aut
           turbidum
           minante
           ;
           Incoloe
           rogati
           ,
           nihil
           esse
           magnopere
           timendum
           à
           caeteris
           spondebant
           ,
           hunc
           unum
           intuendum
           esse
           ,
           horum
           nubila
           omnia
           à
           Milessow
           quodammodo
           devorari
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLIV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Hail
             .
          
        
         
           ON
           ecrit
           de
           l'Isle
           en
           Flandres
           le
           25
           May
           ,
           style
           nouveau
           ,
           qu'il
           tomba
           dans
           cette
           ville
           la
           une
           graifle
           dout
           les
           moindres
           grains
           estoient
           comme
           des
           oeufs
           de
           Pigeon
           .
           Cet
           orage
           a
           passé
           sur
           la
           Citadelle
           &
           la
           ville
           ,
           &
           na
           pas
           laissé
           une
           vitre
           entiere
           du
           coste
           du
           vent
           :
           les
           maisons
           sont
           toutes
           decouvertes
           ,
           &
           les
           arbres
           rompus
           ,
           les
           bleds
           coupez
           ,
           &
           les
           perdrix
           &
           les
           lieures
           morts
           .
           On
           a
           pese
           plusieurs
           grains
           de
           cette
           graisle
           ,
           dout
           les
           uns
           estoient
           d'un
           quarteron
           ,
           de
           demi
           livre
           ,
           de
           trois
           quarterons
           ,
           et
           les
           plus
           gros
           d'une
           livre
           &
           d'avantage
           .
           Il
           y
           en
           avoit
           un
           entr
           '
           autres
           qui
           avoit
           dans
           le
           milieu
           une
           espece
           de
           matiere
           brune
           qu'ou
           mit
           dans
           le
           feu
           ,
           qui
           fit
           faire
           un
           grand
           bruit
           .
           Il
           y
           en
           avoit
           un
           qui
           estoit
           diaphane
           ,
           lequel
           estant
           mis
           aupres
           du
           feu
           ,
           fondit
           tout
           aussi
           tost
           comme
           du
           plomb
           ,
           quoy
           qu'il
           fut
           beaucoup
           plus
           dur
           que
           les
           autres
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLV
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Snow
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLVI
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             other
             things
             falling
             out
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
           EO
           ipso
           anno
           quo
           Dux
           Eboracensis
           postremo
           rediit
           e
           Scotia
           Londinum
           ,
           depluere
           tanta
           copia
           pisciculi
           halecibus
           colore
           ,
           figurâ
           ,
           sapore
           quam
           simillimi
           in
           superiore
           Gallocidiae
           in
           Scotia
           parte
           non
           procul
           a
           mari
           ,
           ut
           duo
           terrae
           jugera
           ad
           Robertum
           Murray
           de
           Brughton
           equitem
           pertinentia
           nunc
           Londini
           ,
           ut
           audio
           ,
           degentem
           ,
           cooperuerint
           .
           Rem
           autem
           totam
           serenissimo
           Duci
           Eboracensi
           prius
           de
           eadem
           ab
           eo
           interrogatus
           ,
           quod
           tum
           certior
           ab
           aliis
           de
           hâc
           pluvia
           factus
           esset
           ,
           tanquam
           testis
           oculatus
           ,
           ut
           qui
           aliquos
           horum
           pisciculorum
           videram
           ;
           confirmavi
           :
           is
           porro
           ingeniosissime
           ,
           summâque
           veri
           specie
           nodum
           ita
           solvit
           ,
           ut
           diceret
           hos
           pisciculos
           unà
           cum
           aquis
           furentium
           ventorum
           gyro
           in
           turbinem
           actis
           evectos
           esse
           nubes
           ,
           e
           quibus
           non
           procul
           inde
           pondere
           rursus
           suo
           relapsi
           fuerint
           in
           vicinam
           terram
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLVII
           .
        
         
           
             Promiscuous
             Experiments
             and
             Observations
             of
             the
             Air.
             
          
        
         
            
        
      
       
         
         
           TITLE
           XLVIII
           .
        
         
           
             Desiderata
             in
             the
             History
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             Proposals
             towards
             supplying
             them
             .
          
        
         
            
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Books
           Printed
           for
           ,
           and
           Sold
           by
           A.
           and
           
             J.
             Churchill
          
           ,
           at
           the
           
             Black
             Swan
          
           in
           Pater-Noster-Row
           .
        
         
           
             Livius's
             Roman
             History
             .
          
           
             Boccacio's
             Novels
             and
             Tales
             .
          
           
             Sir
             Ricaut's
             Lives
             of
             the
             Popes
             of
             Rome
             .
          
           
             —
             History
             of
             the
             Turks
             .
             Two
             Vol.
             
          
           
             Rushworth's
             Historical
             Collections
             .
          
           
             
               Lloyd
               Dictionarium
               Historicum
               ,
               Poeticum
               ,
               Geographicum
               .
            
          
           
             Statutes
             of
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             Bolton
             Justice
             of
             Ireland
             .
          
           
             Sir
             Wheeler's
             Travels
             into
             Greece
             .
          
           
             Leybourn's
             Dialling
             .
          
           
             Buchanan's
             Chronicle
             and
             History
             of
             the
             Kings
             of
             Scotland
             .
          
           
             Machiavel's
             Works
             .
          
           
             
               Thesaurus
               Brevium
            
             .
          
           
             Sir
             Dew's
             Journal
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             Q.
             Elizabeth
             .
          
           
             Dr.
             Brady's
             Introduction
             to
             the
             History
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             Milton's
             Paradise
             regain'd
             .
          
           
             
               Leybourn
               Cursus
               Mathematicus
            
             .
          
           
             Sir
             Aesop's
             Fables
             .
          
           
             Bp.
             Hall's
             Contemplations
             .
          
           
             
               Clark
               Praxis
               Cur.
               Ecclesiasticis
            
             .
          
           
             Dr.
             Gibson's
             Anatomy
             .
          
           
             Dr.
             
               Patrick
               Mensa
               Mystica
            
             .
          
           
             Gentleman's
             Recreations
             .
          
           
             Monsieur
             Clerc's
             Logica
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Drelincourt
             of
             Death
             .
          
           
             Leybourn's
             Arithmetick
             .
          
           
             Protestant
             Reconciler
             ,
             Compleat
             .
          
           
             Homer's
             Iliads
             .
          
           
             
               Poetae
               Minores
            
             .
          
           
             Royal
             Grammar
             .
          
           
             Gibbon's
             Heraldry
             .
          
           
             Partridge's
             Treasury
             of
             Physick
             .
          
           
             Bp.
             Wilkins
             of
             Prayer
             and
             Preaching
             .
          
           
             Thibault's
             Chymistry
             .
          
           
             Glasier's
             Chymistry
             .
          
           
             
               Valerius
               Maximus
            
             ,
             English
             .
          
           
             Two
             Treatises
             of
             Government
             .
          
           
             The
             Three
             Letters
             for
             Toleration
             .
          
           
             Some
             Considerations
             of
             the
             Consequences
             of
             Lowring
             Interest
             ,
             and
             raising
             the
             Value
             of
             Money
             .
          
           
             Sir
             Temple's
             Observations
             on
             Holland
             .
          
           
             —
             Misellanea
             .
          
           
             Dr.
             Burnet's
             Travels
             .
          
           
             
               Plato
               Redivivus
            
             .
          
           
             Selden's
             Table-Talk
             .
          
           
             Debates
             of
             Oxon
             and
             Westminster
             Parliaments
             .
          
           
             
               Titi
               Petronii
               arbitrii
               Satyricon
               ,
               cum
               fragmentis
               Attaece
               Graecaerecuperatis
               .
            
             Anno
             1688.
             
          
           
             
               Livii
               Orationes
               selectae
            
             .
             12o.
          
           
             
               Sleidan
               de
               quatuor
               summis
               Imperiisve
            
             .
          
           
             Aristotle's
             Rhetorick
             ,
             English
             .
          
           
             Dr.
             Whitby's
             several
             Pieces
             .
          
           
             Partridge's
             Astrology
             .
          
           
             
               Isocrates
               Orationes
            
             ,
             large
             12o.
             Lat.
             
          
           
             Guide
             to
             Heaven
             .
             24o.
          
           
             Latin
             Testament
             ,
             the
             Cambridg
             Edition
             .
          
        
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A28985-e3030
           
             Casati
             Mechanicorum
             ,
             lib.
             8.
             cap.
             5.
             p.
             792
             ,
             793
             ,
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e3210
           
             Experiment
             I.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             :
             II.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             III.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             IV.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             V.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             VI.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             VII
             .
          
           
             Experiment
             VIII
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e4190
           
             A
             Transcript
             of
             an
             Observation
             made
             at
             Stanton
             .
          
           
             Experiment
             I.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             II.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             III.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e4720
           
             Journal
             des
             Scavans
             III.
             1685.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e4850
           
             Experiment
             I.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             II.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             III.
             
          
           
             Experiment
             IV.
             
          
           
             Agricola
             de
             Re
             Metallicâ
             ,
             Lib.
             duodec
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e5790
           
             Voyage
             de
             Levant
             ,
             p.
             203.
             
          
           
             Accident
             extraordinaire
             à
             Santorini
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e7430
           
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Water
             .
          
           
             The
             Weight
             of
             a
             Cubick
             Inch
             of
             Quick-silver
             .
          
           
             The
             Weight
             of
             a
             Pillan
             of
             the
             Atmosphere
             .
          
           
             In
             all
             those
             Papers
             the
             Mercury
             was
             still
             about
             
               12
            
             of
             one
             Inch
             higher
             than
             is
             set
             down
             ,
             for
             the
             Numbers
             signify
             only
             bottom
             of
             the
             Cap.
             
          
           
             
          
           
             
          
           
             
          
           
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e84750
           
             Ludolp
             .
             Hist
             .
             of
             Ethiop
             .
             l.
             1.
             c.
             5.
             
          
           
             Ludolp
             .
             Hist
             .
             of
             Ethiop
             .
             l.
             1.
             c.
             5.
             
          
           
             Petri
             Bellonii
             ,
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             16.
             
          
           
             Jacobi
             Zaharelli
             de
             Regionibus
             Aeris
             ,
             c.
             8.
             
          
           
             Balbini
             Hist
             .
             Bohem.
             l.
             1.
             c.
             9.
             
             De
             montibus
             ,
             &
             de
             valle
             Lauezka
             ,
             p.
             29.
             
             Chanowsky
             in
             vestigio
             Boh.
             piae
             ,
             C.
             ult
             .
             Montes
             parte
             alterâ
             aestatem
             ,
             altera
             hiemem
             referentes
             .
          
           
             Id.
             ibid.
             
          
           
             Observations
             on
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             Pyreneans
             .
          
           
             I'
             .
             Francesco
             Barretto
             Relatione
             della
             Provincia
             di
             Malavar
             .
             p.
             52.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e89740
           
             Novemb.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e91150
           
             Zwelfer
             ,
             pag.
             800.
             
          
           
             Purchas's
             2d
             Part
             ,
             lib.
             6.
             cap.
             8.
             
             A
             vulgar
             Experiment
             generally
             affirmed
             ,
             as
             by
             
               Alpinus
               in
               Med.
               Egypt
            
             .
             l.
             4.
             c.
             8.
             who
             long
             liv'd
             here
             upon
             the
             Testimony
             of
             
               Paulus
               Moucilus
            
             ,
             the
             French
             Consul
             ,
             
               Baptistae
               Elianus
            
             a
             Jesuit
             ,
             and
             
               John
               Varot
            
             an
             English
             Man.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e91460
           
             Aristot
             .
             de
             Respirat
             .
             cap.
             21.
             &
             parag
             .
             87.
             
          
           
             Roderici
             Fons
             .
             de
             Sanit
             .
             tuend
             .
             pag.
             105
             ,
             106.
             
          
           
             Relatione
             della
             Provincia
             di
             Malavar
             .
             pag.
             64
             &
             65.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28985-e92710
           
             L.
             1.
             c.
             8.
             
             De
             Mont.
             Bohemiae
             ,
             p.
             26.
             
             A
             Milessow
             monte
             temporum
             praesagia
             capiuntur
             .