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Published by Authority of the Common Council.
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BUILDING CODE
OF
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
Providing for All Matters Concerning, Affecting or Relating to
the Constructing, Alteration, Equipment, Repair or Removal
of Buildings, or Structures Erected or to be Erected, and for
the Use of Same; Also for Protection of Citizens of the City
and for the Conservation of Life and Property.
Published by Authority of the Common Council.
Price Seventy-five Cents




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BUILDING CODE
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Published by Authority of the Common Council.
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COMMITTEE ON REVISION
7-31-41 +6
Alderman Roger L. Morrison, Civil Engineer
Alderman Ralph W. Hammett, Architect
Alderman Glen L. Alt, Civil Engineer
City Engineer George H. Sandenburgh
Assistant City Engineer Harold R. Scovill
Building Inspector William C. Maulbetsch





BUILDING CODE
AN ORDINANCE PROVIDING FOR FIRE LIMITS AND REGU-
LATIONS COVERING THE CONSTRUCTION, ALTERATION,
EQUIPMENT, OCCUPANCY, REPAIR AND REMOVAL OF
BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES. Passed August 19, 1929;
Approved August 20, 1929.
The Common Council of the City of Ann Arbor Ordain:
The following provisions shall constitute and be known as the building
code and may be cited as such and presumptively provides for all matters
concerning, affecting or relating to the construction, equipment, occupancy,
alteration, repair and removal of buildings, or other structures whatsoever
erected or to be erected in the City of Ann Arbor.
ARTICLE I.
Section 1.—There shall be a Department of Buildings consisting of a
Chief Inspector and such assistants as may be necessary for properly enforc-
ing this ordinance. The City Engineer shall administer the Building Code
until such time as a separate Building Department is formed.
Section 2.—Chief Inspector.—The Chief Inspector shall be appointed by
the Common Council and shall be removed from office by the Common
Council when neccessary for the good of the service. His compensation shall
be as established from time to time by the Common Council.
It shall be his duty to enforce all the provisions of this ordinance and
supervise the work of his assistants.
He and his assistants shall have the power and authority to enter any
premises for the purpose of inspection at any reasonable hour when properly
identified.
He shall devote his entire time to the work of the Department and shall
not during his term of office be engaged in any private work pertaining to the
erection of buildings.
Section 3—Employees.—The employees of the Department shall be
appointed by the Chief Inspector and shall be paid such compensation as
established by the Common Council. They may be removed from office at
any time by the Chief Inspector for the good of the service.
They shall perform such duties as shall be prescribed by the Chief
Inspector and shall devote their entire time to work of the Department and
shall not during their terms of office be engaged in any private work pertain-
ing to the erection of buildings.


BUILDING CODE
Section. 4.—Appeal and Board of Appeals.—In case of dissatisfaction with
any decision of the Chief Inspector, except as to dangerous structures and
the management of the Department, including the dismissal of employees, an
appeal may be made to the Board of Appeals as herein provided, but if no
such appeal is made the decision of the Chief Inspector shall be final and
conclusive.
The Board of Appeals shall consist of seven (7) persons, two of whom
shall be architects or engineers, two contractors or builders, and three persons
not connected with the building trades. They shall be appointed by the
Common Council for a period of three years, and thereafter their successors
shall be appointed for three years each.
All appeals shall be filed in writing with the City Clerk. The Board shall
hold regular meetings on the second Monday of each month and for special
meetings at the call of the Chairman of the Board.
Section 5.—Powers and Duties.—The powers and duties of the Depart-
ment shall be to supervise and control the consjruction, alteration, and
repair of all buildings and other structures governed by this ordinance and
other ordinances, and to make and enforce the necessary orders to insure
safe and secure structures, adequate and safe exits and reasonable resistance
to damage by fire or conflagration.
It shall be the duty of the Department to inspect and, when necessary,
to condemn all dangerous and/or dilapidated structures, to inspect all build-
ings and other structures during the course of erection, alteration, repair or
removal; to inspect all places of public assembly at least once a year, and to
make such other inspections of buildings as may be deemed necessary by
the Chief Inspector for public safety, to receive and examine all plans, specifi-
cations for permits, to approve or disapprove them, to issue all building per-
mits and revoke them when necessary, to collect all fees and pay the same
over daily to the City Treasurer, and to keep proper records of the depart-
ment's work.
Section 6.—Scope of Code. All new buildings or other structures erected
in the City of Ann Arbor shall conform to the requirements of this code,
and all statements in this code, unless otherwise specified, shall apply to
new structures. Additions to buildings shall comply with the require-
ments given herein for new buildings even though the building to which
the addition is made does not so comply and no addition may be made
to a building which will result in a building not conforming to the require-
ments of this code, or which will extend or increase any existing non-
conformity.
Existing buildings damaged by collapse, or fire to the extent of less
than Ti'/' of their value may be rebuilt in their original form, but buildings
so damaged to an extent of more than 75% of their value must be rebuilt in
conformity to this code, but frame buildings in the fire limits when damaged
to the extent of 50% of their value shall be rebuilt in conformity with this
code.
Existing buildings may be maintained in their present condition and
occupancy except that such changes as are specifically required shall be
made when ordered by the Chief Building Inspector. Existing buildings
complying with the requirements of this code for existing buildings may be
altered and repaired at a cost of not exceeding fifty (50) per cent of their
value without being made to comply with the requirements for new buildings


BUILDING CODE
For wrecking frame or masonry buildings, not exceeding
25,000 cubic feet .—$2.00
For wrecking frame or masonry buildings, not exceeding
125,000 cubic feet 5.00
For wrecking frame or masonry buildings, exceeding 125,000
cubic feet 10.00
In the case of old dilapidated or condemned buildings not exceeding
25,000 cubic feet, the Department of Buildings shall have tne right to waive
the above fee.
The moneys thus collected shall be paid into the city treasury and cred-
ited to the general fund.
Section 12.—Double Fees. Whenever the construction, alteration, re-
pair or demolition of a building shall have been started before the permit
therefor has been issued, it shall be the duty of the department to charge a
fee double the amount herein established. The construction of any portion
of the foundation or the erection of any post or any other portion of the build-
ing shall be construed as constituting the starting of construction.
Section 13.—Refunding of Fees.—Holders of Permits upon which work
has not been started may make a written application for a refund of fees
paid for such permits provided such application is made and attested before
a Notary Public by the same person or corporation who originally applied
for such permit or by the estate of such person or receiver of such corporation
within one (1) year of date of issue. Upon verifying the facts in such cases,
tl.e Department shall refund seventy-five (75%) percent of all the fees in excess
of five (5.00) dollars, in such a manner as may be directed by the Common
Council. No such refunds shall be made in the case of permits for which a
double fee has been collected.
Section 14.—Called Inspections.—It shall be the duty of the holder of
every permit to notify the Department verbally or in writing of the time when
such building will be ready for inspection. Three such inspections must be
called for on all buildings except sheds and garages of less than eight hundred
(800) sq. ft. area, and one inspection shall be called for on such buildings.
The first of these inspections shall be called for as soon as the found-
ations are complete, but before backfilling the earth around foundations
or proceeding with the superstructure. The second inspection shall be called
when the main structural members are in place, but before covering same
with lath or plaster, or other covering. The third inspection shall be called
upon the completion of the building. The inspection on small sheds and
garages shall be called for as soon as the wall studs are in place.
Cards suitable for notifying the Department of the time for such in-
spection shall be furnished by the Department to all persons receiving per-
mits.
Failure to notify the Department of the time for such inspections shall
automatically cancel the permit. Before re-issuing such permit, the De-
partment may require the payment of a second fee and require that the
earth around foundations and lath and plaster on structural members be
removed for proper inspection.
A notice calling the attention of the holders of permits to the require-
ments of this section shall be printed on all permits issued.


EVILD1KG CODE
Section 1&.—Power to Order Changes.—When the Department shall
fin^ any bn£dmg or other rtracrure to be in violation oi this code in any part,
the Chief Inspector shall cause to he sent the owner, or if such owner can
not be found, to hit agent or tenant, a written notice of such facts bearing
the signature of the Chief Inspector Snch notice shall state the nature of the
violation and date when such defects shall be remedied. At the expiration of thfs
tfme a second notice shall be served personally upon the owner or hfs agent as
herein set forth. Should the necessary changes not be made within thirty (30 I
tiays after service oi such second notice, the Common Council may ordeT the
Chief Inspector to proceed with the work of making such changes. A state-
ment of the cost of such work shall be transmitted to the Common Council
who shall cause the srm to be paid and be levied as a special assessment
against the property. Should the owner or his agents refuse peaceable entry
to the Chief Inspector or his agents, the Chief Inspector shall apply
to any court of competent jurisdiction w-ho upon finding his statement of
facts to be true and in accoi dance with this ordinance shrll issue the necessary
writs of entry tc the premises.
Proper service as required herein shall be personal service tn>on the
owner of record if he shall be within the City of Ann Arbor If he shall
not be within the Cfty of Ann Arbor such service may be had upon any
person accustomed to collect rents upon the property in question who may
be in Ann Arbor, and in the absence of such a one upon the tenant of the
premises. Should such premises be vacant and the owner be not in Ann
Arbor, service will be complfte when snch a notice is sent by registered mail
to the best address obtainable from the records of Washtenaw Countv.
Whenever the owner, agent or tenant is a corporation, service may "oe made
upon the president vice-president secretary-, or treasurer, or in the absence
of all these on the local representative of such corporation.
Sectton 16.—Power to Remove Unlawful Structures.—In case where
it is not practical to alter an unlawful structure to make the same comply
with the requirements of this ordinance the Chief Inspector may apply to
the Circuit Court in Chancery to declare such a building or other structure
a nuisance and order same removed.
Section 17.—Records.— \11 plans, specifications and applications with the
Department for permits shall be retained as a permanent record.
A copy of each permit consecutively numbered shall be retained by
the Department and a suitable index of such nermits shall be made.
The original reports of inspections made by the Department inspectors
and a copy of all orders issued by the Department shall be retained as a
permanent record and shall be suitably filed.
Copies of all letters and other correspondence of the Department shall he
suitablv filed and retained for five years.
All records of the Department excent olans and specifications shall be
public records. Plans and specifications shall not be subject to inspection bv
persons other than persons filing them, and the owner of the premises affected
except by order of the Chief Inspector or of a court of law or chancery.
Section 18.—Penalty for Violation.—Whenever anv person shall will-
fully violate any of the provisions of this ordinance either oersonallv or hy
conspirine with or causing others to commit acts in violation of this ordin-
ance whether such person be the owner, contractor, architect or workman.


BUILDING CODE
he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not to exceed
$100.00 or confined in a penal institution for not to exceed ninety (90) days
or both at the discretion of the court.
The imposing of sentence under this section shall not be construed as
excusing or permitting the continuance of any violation, but the Department
shall, when necessary to compel correction of unlawful conditions, also pro-
ceed as required under Sections I5 and 16 of this article, and when the vio-
lation constitutes a nuisance, any owner of the premises, whether the owner
at the time the violation was committed or his assignee, shall be deemed
guilty of a violation of this ordinance for each day he shall permit such a
nuisance to continue unabated after due notice from the Department of
Buildings of the existence of such nuisance. The penalty for maintaining such
a nuisance for each day shall be a fine not to exceed One Hundred ($100.00)
Dollars or confinement in any penal institution for not to exceed ninety (90)
days, or both at the discretion of the court.
ARTICLE II
Definitions
Section 1.—The following words when used in this ordinance shall be
defined as given below; all other words shall be interpreted as having the
meaning customarily ascribed to such words by the building trades in the
United States.
Section 2.—(a) Basement.—A story of building partly below the adjoin-
ing grade, but so located that the vertical distance from the grade to the floor
is not greater than the vertical distance from the grade to the ceiling. If the
vertical distance from the grade to the ceiling is over five (5) feet such base-
ment shall be rated as a first story.
(b) Cellar.—A story of a building partly below the adjoining grade and
so located that the vertical distance from the grade to the floor is greater than
the vertical distance from grade to the ceiling. If the vertical distance from
the grade to the ceiling k over five (5) feet such cellar shall be rated as a
first story.
(c) Dead Load.—The actual weight of walls, floors, roof, partitions and
all other permanent elements of construction.
(d) First Story.—The lowest level or a story of a building, the ceiling of
which is more than five (5) feet above the grade.
(e) Grade.—The level of the earth at the front of the building which
shall be assumed to be the mean established level of the sidewalk against
which it abuts, plus a rise of not over one (1) inch per foot of distance from the
street line to the nearest part of the building. Where a building abuts on two
or more streets the grade shall be taken as a mean of the grades calculated
from the different streets.
(f) Heights of Buildings.—The vertical distance from the grade as
defined herein at the center of the front of the building to the highest point


BUILDING CODE
of the roof surface if a fiat roof, to the deck line for mansard roofs and to
the mean height level between eaves and ridges for gable, hip and gambrel
roofs.
(g) Inflammable Liquid.—Any liquid having a flash point of less than
two hundred (200) degrees Fahrenheit when tested in an open cup tester.
(h) Lintel.—The beam or girdle placed over a doorway, window or
other opening in a wall supporting the wall construction above and other
loads.
(i) Live Loads.—All imposed, fixed or transient loads other than the
dead loads and wind pressure.
(j) Masonry.—A mass of brick, stones or concrete or terra cotta
blocks, firmly cemented together with lime or cement mortar, not less than
eight (8) inches in its least dimension.
(k) Partition.—An interior wall dividing one room from another but
not including fire walls or party walls. Partitions may be non-bearing or
may carry loads.
(1) Repairs.—The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an ex-
isting building for the purpose of its maintenance in its original class of
occupancy and type of construction.
(m) Shed.—A light one or two story structure for temporary use during
the erection of a permanent building or a light one-story structure attached
to, or auxiliary to, another building for storage or shelter only.
(n) Side or Adjacent Property Line.—Any bounding line separating two
pieces of private property owned by separate owners whether the line is at
the side, back or front of such property. Railroad right-of-ways shall not
be considered as privately owned property under this definition.
(o) Stand Pipe.—A vertical iron or steel pipe with hose connections at
various points to supply water for fighting fire.
(p) Story Height.—The vertical distance from the top of one floor to the
top of the floor immediately above. Any story whose height exceeds the
limits given herein shall be rated as two stories for the purpose of this code.
Maximum height allowed for first story, nineteen (19) feet: for second, fifteen
(I5) feet; for third and above, except top. fourteen (14) feet; and for top
story, sixteen (16) feet, not including attic space.
(q) Street.—For the purpose of this ordinance any public way such as
a public street, avenue, boulevard, park or square, shall be regarded as a
street, but public or private allevs shall not be regarded as streets. Railroad
right-of-ways over thirty (30) feet wide and navigable water-ways may be
regarded as streets but no proiections onto railway property shall be per-
mitted without the consent of the owner thereof.
(r) Street Line.—The line of demarcation between streets as defined
above and property abutting thereon.
(s) Veneer.—The outer facing of brick, stone, concrete or tile of an en-
closing wall used for ornamental appearance; protection or insulation but
not counted as adding strength to the wall.
Section 3.—(a) Walls: Apron Wall.—That portion of an enclosing
wall between the floor and window sills above and that portion of the wall
between the floor and the window heads or lintels below when such wall is
non-bearing.


12 BUILDING CODE
ARTICLE IV.
Types of Construction and Limits of Height.
Section 1.—For the purpose of this Code, buildings shall be divided
into the following types of construction, based upon their resistance to fire,
and the maximum height as defined in Article II, Section 2 (f) as given
opposite each type of construction, unless further restricted under the class
of building.
Type 1. Fireproof construction, limited to one hundred and twenty-five
(125) feet, or ten stories.
0 Type 2. Incombustible construction, limited to five (5) stories or
sixty-five (65) feet.
Type 3. Protected construction, limited to four (4) stories or fifty-five
(55) feet.
Type 4. Mill construction, limited to three (3) stories or forty-five
(45) feet.
Type 5. Skeleton construction, limited to one (1) story and mezzanine,
or eighty (80) feet.
Type 6. Ordinary construction, limited to three (3) stories, or forty-five
(45) feet.
Type 7. All metal construction, limited to one (1) story, or twenty (20)
feet.
Type 8. Frame construction, limited to two (2) stories, or thirty-five
(35) feet, excepting ice houses as noted.
Pent houses, domes, spires, cupolas, sky-lights, or other roof construction
for the proper light, ventilation or mechanical operation of buildings or
ornamental features, specifically permitted in other sections of this code, may
be allowed to project above the heights as given above, but no such portions
of the building shall be used for storage, workshop, living rooms or for any
similar purpose.
When two types of construction occur in the same building and are not
separated by a complete fire separation, the entire building shall be subject
to the restrictions of both types, and shall be classified as the lower of the
two types.
Section 2 (a)—Type 1, or Fireproof Construction.—Limited to one
hundred and twenty-five (125) feet or ten stories in height, and limited in area
as given under class of buildings.
(b) Walls.—In this type of construction all enclosing walls and bearing
walls and bearing partitions shall be of masonry. Curtain walls may be eight
(8) inches thick. Interior non-bearing partitions may be of brick, concrete,
terra cotta, concrete block, tile gypsum, or metal lath and plaster on metal
studs, or gypsum, or concrete blocks on metal studs meeting the require-
ments of Article XVI. Section 11. or sheet metal on metal studs.
(c) No wood furring or wood lath shall be used.
(d) Enclosures for stairwells, elevator shafts and other vertical openings,
also for electric or gas meter closets shall be not less than four (4) inches
of brick, terra cotta. concrete, concrete block or tile, or gypsum, or two (2)
inches concrete applied to metal lath on metal studs, supported upon the fire-
proof floor construction or upon an independent fireoroofed steel frame, and
all openings shall be closed with self-closing fire doors of Type B (Specifica-
tion No. 29).


BUILDING CODE 15
shall not be located in same story height or shall either cover more than
twenty (20) per cent of the area of the building, except running tracks in
gymnasium, which may cover not over fifty (50) per cent of the gymnasium.
Such mezzanines shall not be used for spectators' galleries in Class D and E
buildings.
(v) Show Window frames and aprons below, also show cases and other
appurtenances on the first floor of stores and similar buildings may be of
wood with or without unprotected steel. Where the first floor is cut away to
light basement the bulkhead and platform of show windows shall be of fire-
proof construction.
(w) Partitions around cashiers' cages, wash stands, lockers, closets, etc.,
and partitions subdividing offices may be of wood, with or without glass
panels, but no such partitions shall be used for corridor walls or for separation
. of separate offices.
(x) Wood Trim may be used around doors and windows other than
those required to be fireproof and wood picture molds, chair rails and wain-
scoting or baseboards may be used. Wood doors may be used except on
stairs, elevators or other shaft enclosures, and in divisioon walls required
to be firewalls and closets for electric or gas meters.
Section 3 (a)—Type 2, or Incombustible Construction.—Limited in height
to five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet or less for certain classes of buildings
and limited in area as given under class of building.
(b) The type of construction shall be the same as Type 1, or fireproof
construction, except that floors and roofs may be constructed of pressed or
formed steel joists, steel bar joists, or other steel members, which will not
be limited in thickness. Such joists shall be protected immediately below
by a ceiling of metal lath and Portland cement plaster at least seven-eighths
kV%) of an inch thick and shall be covered on top with at least two (2) inches
of concrete. Where wood floor finish is used the wood sleepers may be
imbedded in two (2) inch top coat. Where roof or balcony purlins are
allowed to be left unprotected or to be protected by a suspended ceiling below
in fireproof construction, the same rule may be followed in this type of con-
struction.
Sect'on 4.—<a) Type 3, or Protected Construction.—Limited to four (4)
stories or fifty-five (55) feet, and limited in area as given under class of
building.
(b) Walls in this type ef construction, all enclosing walls and bearing
walls, and partitions shall be masonry. All enclosing walls, including cur-
tain walls in buildings over one (1) story high, shall be at least twelve (12)
inches thick.
(c) Partitions.—Interior non-bearing partitions may be of any of the
materials allowed for fireproof construction or wood studs with metal lath and
plaster on both sides. No wood furring or wood lath shall be used.
(d) Enclosures for stairways, elevator shafts and other openings shall
be constructed as follows: Those exceeding nine (9) square feet area shall be
masonry bearing walls or a partition of brick, tile, concrete or gypsum at


16 BUILDING CODE
least four (4) inches thick, supported on an independent fireproofed steel
frame. Enclosures for shafts less than nine (9) square feet may be of metal
lath and Poortland cement plaster on metal studs at least two (2) inches
thick, supported on a steel frame. All such enclosures shall be continuous
from floor to floor and no wood floor members shall project into or through
such enclosing partitions. All stairs, elevator and shaft doors shall be self-
closing fire doors of Type B (Specification No. 29).
(e) Vertical Members shall be as given under fire proof construction.
(f) Horizontal Members other than floor joists shall be as given under
fireproof construction or may be of steel protected on the sides and bottom
by one (1) inch of fireproofing as required for ceilings. Wood floor con-
struction may rest directly on steel beams or shelf angles. Lintels shall be
protected like other steel beams.
(g) Floors may be as given under Types 1 and 2 construction or may
be constructed of wood joists covered on top with one and five-eighths UH)
inch of matched flooring one (1) layer of asbestos paper weighing one and
one-half (V/t) pounds per yard and (1) layer of seven-eighths (?/%) inch
wood flooring. On the bottom of such joists there shall be one (1) inch
of metal lath and cement plaster or one (1) inch of gypsum board containing
not over six (6) per cent of fibre. Such ceilings shall incase the side and
bottom of all steel beams, girders or trusses.
(h) Roofs may be constructed similar to floors except that on top of the
one and five-eighths (l?Hs) inch matched roofing, there shall be an incom-
bustible roofing (see Specification No. 31). One and two-story buildings only
may have seven-eighth (%) inch roof boards. In buildings having an attic
space or cockloft and buildings with roofs supported on trusses with ceilings
below, the one (1) inch of ceiling protection may be placed below such
trusses instead of under roof joists, but all such attic spaces shall be com-
pletely sealed from the room below, and all openings through such space
shall be line with one (V inch protection similar to that used on ceiling.
When there are any unceiled onenings in this space, or where the attic is
used for any purpose, the one (1) inch fireproof protection shall be applied
to the underside of the roof joists and sides of the trusses. Fan rooms in
attic spaces shall be treated as under fireproof construction.
Sloping roofs pitched toward public wavs not over ten (10) feet away
shall be provided with snow guards. (See Specification No. 39.)
(i) Stairs may be of anv material allowed in fireproof construction or
they may be of one and five-eighths (1^6) inch wood floorings, stringers and
loists. protected on the soffits with one (1) inch protection as required for
ceilings. No wooden portion of stairs or landings shall be in contact with
wood of floor and all doorways shall be provided with iron, steel or masonry
thresholds.
<Tt Windows m^v be of nlain glass in wood frames except where re-
quired to be fire windows under class of buildings.
(k) Bays, Oriels and similar protections shall be of masonry at least
eight (8) inches thick, supported on fireproof steel or reinforced concrete.


BUILDING CODE 17
(1) Porches and Balconies shall be entirely of incombustible material
and may be of masonry or unprotected steel with steel balconies, stairs
and rails.
(m) Cornices, Eaves and Gutters not extending over lot line on build-
ings not over four (4) stories or sixty-five (65) feet may be of wood protected
with metal. All other cornices, eaves and gutters shall be entirely of incom-
bustible material.
(n) All projections over lot lines shall be as given under Article XX.
(o) Roof Structures.—Towers, domes, spires and cupolas not over two
hundred (200) square feet area and not nearer than twenty (20) feet to any
property line other than streets or alley lines, may be of wood covered with
metal at least 26 U. S. gauge, slate, stucco or other incombustible material
if not over forty (40) feet high measured from the supporting masonry of
roof (when supported from the roof) of the building and not over one hundred
(100) feet high measured from the grade. All other such structures shall be
made of incombustible material, but steel members need not be fireproofed.
All such structures which are not constructed of metal or masonry shall be
entirely sealed at the bottom by -means of firedoors or meial-covered trap
doors and shall not be used for any other purposes than as an ornament
or belfry.
(p) Pent Houses, Skylights, Lanterns, Monitors, Cooling Towers,
Photographic Studios and Dormers, less than two hundred (200) square feet
in area, and not exceeding one (1) story or sixteen (16) feet in height
measured from roof on buildings not over four (4) stories or sixty-five (65)
feet in height, may have walls of wood covered with metal of at least 26 U. S.
gauge and roof as required on remainder of structure, but all walls which are
continuations of the main walls below and all walls within twenty (20) feet
of an adjacent property line shall be of masonry and be provided with
windows of wired glass in metal frames. All glasf other than that set in a
vertical plane and more than twenty (20) feet from an adjacent line shall be
wired glass. All such structures more than two hundred (200) square feet
in area, or if located on a building more than four (4) stories high, shall have
walls constructed of masonry or concrete on steel studs two (2) inches thick
and all doors shall be firedoors and windows wired glass in metal frames;
roofs shall be constructed as required for remainder of building. All walls
which are continuations of the main walls below and all walls within twenty
(20) feet of an adjacent property line shall be of masonry and shall be pro-
vided with windows of wired glass in metal frames.
(q) Water Tanks for sprinklers shall be suoported on steel supports
which need not be fireproofed above the roof line. Tanks, and platform under
tanks, if not over three (3) feet wide, may be of wood with iron rails.
Section 5.—(a) Type 4, or Mill Construction.—Limited to three (3)
stories or forty-five (45) feet and limited as to area as given under class of
building.
(b) This type of construction shall be the same as Type 3 or protected
construction in all respects except as to interior vertical and horizontal mem-
bers, floors and roofs, which shall be as follows:


18 BUILDING CODE
(c) Interior Vertical Members shall be as given under fireproof con-
struction or may be solid wood posts of not less than sixty (o0) square inches
cross section area. Such posts shall be provided with steel or cast iron self-
releasing caps.
(d) Horizontal Members, Beams, Girders or Joists shall be of concrete,
steel or wood beams of at least fifty-six (56) square inches cross section area
Steel beams shall be protected on the bottom and sides and that portion of
the top not in direct contact with wood joists with at least one (1) inch of
Portland cement plaster on metal lath. Wood beams less than eighty (80)
square inches in area shall be solid pieces and those over eighty (60) square
inches area may be built up of pieces of at least forty (40) square incres area,
securely bolted together at intervals of not less than three (3) feet. All wood
beams supported on brick walls shall be fire cut.
(e) Floors shall be constructed as in Type 1 construction or of
solid wood sub-rloor, not less than one and five-eighths (l^s) inch
thick covered with a layer of asbestos paper weighting one and one-half
(\yi) pounds per square yard, and one (1) layer seven-eighths (7/i)
inch flooring. If the sub-rloor is less than three and one-half (314)
inches thick, it shall be of matched flooring. The under side of floor joists
shall be sealed as required under Type 3 construction.
(f) 0Roofs shall be constructed of joists and girders as used for
floors, above which there shall be matched roof boards not less than
one and five-eighths (1-Hs) inch thick, covered with an incombustible roofing
(see Specification No. 31). The underside of roof joists shall not be sealed
unless sealed as required for protected construction directly under roof joists.
Suspended ceilings under roofs, if used, shall be of metal lath and Portland
cement plaster on metal channels and metal hangers. Attic floors shall
comply with the requirements of other floors and all attic spaces or cocklofts
shall be completely sealed off from room below with one (1) inch of fire-
proofing or one and five-eighths (\y&) inches of matched flooring around all
vertical openings. Steel roof trusses shall be protected with one (1) inch of
metal lath and Portland cement plaster around all members except the top
of trusses in contact with wood purlins or with a complete ceiling of one (1)
inch of metal lath and cement plaster on metal channels and metal hangers,
but the fireproofing of roof trusses may be omitted in completely sprinklered
buildings.
Sloping roofs pitched toward public ways not over ten (10) feet away
shall be provided with snow guards. (See Specification No. 39).
Section 6.— (a) Type 5 or Skeleton Construction.—Limited to one (1)
story and one (1) mezzanine or eighty (80) feet, except when roof purlins
and roof boards are of wood, in which case such buildings shall not exceed
fifty (50) feet. Buildings of this type are permitted in fire limits only when
exterior walls are of masonry and are limited in area and located on lot as
given under class of building.
(b) Walls.—In this construction the enclosing walls shall be of masonry
at least eight (8) inches thick. Interior bearing partitions shall be masonry.
Interior non-bearing partitions may be of any material allowed for Type 3
construction.


BUILDING CODE 19
(c) Enclosures.—No enclosure will be required around stairs and shafts
except that where there is a basement the basement stairwell and other open-
ings through the first floor shall be enclosed in at least an eight (8) inch
masonry wall in the basement and shall be provided with a self-closing fire-
door of Type B. (See Specification No. 29.) There shall be no wood lath
and no wood furring used.
(d) Vertical Bearing Members shall be masonry, cast iron or steel.
Metal members may be unprotected.
(e) -Horizontal Members shall be reinforced concrete or unprotected
steel for principal members and wooden joists or purlins of mill size for
secondary members, but no "wooden member shall carry more than one
hundred fifty (150) square feet of floor or roof. Lintels need not be protected.
(f) Floors.—The first floor shall be as required for fireproof construction.
(g) Mezzanine Floors.—A mezzanine floor may be constructed if not
covering more than one-half (A) the area of the building. This floor shall
be of any material allowed for Type 1 or 2 construction or it may be made of
at least one and five-eighths (\V%) inches matched flooring supported on
horizontal members as given above. Two (2) inch nailing plates may be
bolted to the tops of steel beams.
(h) Roof.—The roof shall be carried on steel trusses or beams and
wood purlins as given above with one and five-eighths (\V%) inches matched
roofing covered with an incombustible roofing (see Specification No. 31), in
which case the building shall be limited to fifty (50) feet in height, or the
roof may be constructed of unprotected steel trusses, beams and purlins with
a roofing of reinforced concrete or gypsum slabs of any thickness required
for structural reasons, in which case the building may be eighty (80) feet
high. There shall be no cocklofts or attic spaces.
Sloping roofs pitched toward public ways not over ten (10) feet away
shall be provided with snow guards. (See Specification No. 39.)
(i) Windows may be nlain glass in wood frames except where required
to be fire windows under class of building.
(j) Bays, Oriols and similar projections shall be of masonry at least
eight (8) inches thick or two (2) inches of cement plaster on metal lath
supported on fireproof steel.
(k) Porches, Balconies, Cornices, Eaves and Gutters shall be entirely
of incombustible materials.
(1) All projections over lot lines shall be as given under Article XX.
(m) Roof Structures shall be as given under Type 3 construction.
Section 7.—(a) Type 6 or Ordinary Construction. Limited to three (3)
stories or forty-five (45) feet. Buildings of this type are limited in area as
given under class of building.
(b) In this type of construction, all enclosing walls or fire division walls
shall be of masonry and all bearing walls and partitions below the first floor
shall be of masonrv.


20 BUILDING CODE
(c) Partitions.—Interior bearing or non-bearing partitions other than
fire or division walls, stairs, elevators or shaft enclosures and bearing walls
or partitions below the first floor may be of wood studs with lath and plaster,
wood ceiling, or other material no more combustible than wood, (.see Article
XI, Section 9(a), for exception as to partition construction in Type 6
buildings used as dwellings if over two (2) stories flight).
(d) Enclosures for stairs, elevators and other vertical openings shall be
of brick, tile, gypsum or concrete at least four (4) inches thick, or Portland
cement plaster on metal lath at least two (2) inches thick, continuous from
floor to floor. Self-closing fire-doors of Type B (see Specification No. 29)
shall be provided on all openings in such enclosures.
(e) Vertical Members below the first floor line shall be of metal or
masonry, but all other vertical and all horizontal members may be of any
material structurally suitable for the purpose if not more combustible than
wood. Metallic members need not be fireproofed.
(f) Floors and Roofs may be of any material structurally suitable
if not more combustible than wood, but roof coverings shall be of
incombustible material. (See Specification No. 31.) All basement ceil-
ings shall be covered with metal lath, gypsum lath or other incombustible
lathing material and H inch Portland cement or gypsum plaster. Exceptions
and deviations—Class F buildings when of Type 6 construction if over two (2)
stories high shall have all wooden partitions, walls and ceilings covered with
metal lath, gypsum lath or other incombustible lathing material and M inch
Portland cement or gypsum plaster.
Sloping roofs pitched toward public ways not over ten (10) feet away
shall be provided with snow guards. (See Specification No. 39).
(g) Stairs may be wood of any thickness sufficient for structural re-
quirements.
(h) Windows may lie of plain glass in wood frames except where re-
quired to be fireproofed under class of building.
(i) Bays, Oriols and similar projections on street or alley faces of
buildings not extending over lot lines may be of wood covered with 26 U. S.
gauge metal or other material having an equal resistance to fire, but such
projections shall not be more than two (2) stories high nor more than fifteen
(15) feet wide and there shall be at least ten (10) feet of masonry between
any two such projections. Similar projections may be placed on sides of
buildings unless the requirements under class of building would demand fire
windows, in which case the entire projections shall be made of at least eight
(8) inch masonry walls, supported on fireproofed steel and provided through-
out with fire windows. Such projections, when larger than given above or
when projecting over lot lines, may be built on street and alley lines, but
shall be of incombustible material, but may have wood sash and plain glass.
No encroachment on a street or alley shall exceed that allowed in Article XX.
(j) Porches and Balconies.—Open porches and balconies not extending
beyond lot line and not more than two (2) stories high may be of wood
construction, but must be at least (5) feet from side property line or be pro-
tected with masonry walls parallel to the property line.


BUILDING CODE 23
two (2) inches of concrete, reinforced with wire mesh or eight (8) inches of
masonry veneering securely tied to wood frames.
Section 10.—Advertising.—It shall be a violation of this code to advertise
or represent a building to be a different and better type of construction than
that established by the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE V.
Classification of Buildings and General Requirements
Section 1.—Classification of Buildings.—For the purpose of this code all
buildings or parts of buildings shall be divided into the following classes
based upon their use or occupancy. Any occupancy not mentioned in the
following shall be placed by the Department in the class it most nearly
resembles.
Class A shall include all manufacturing buildings, wholesale stores, ware-
houses, sheds (other than those attached or pertaining to residences), power
houses, crane sheds, bridges, ice storage houses, chemical works, and all
similar buildings except as particularly mentioned under Class "B" and all
open shelter sheds, except those used for amusement and those attached to
dwellings.
The requirements for Class A buildings are given in Article VI.
Class B shall be divided into the following sub-classes, and shall include
the following:
Sub-Class B-l.—All garages, gasoline motor boat houses, hangars, paint
shops, enameling shops, rag shops, or rag storage rooms and buildings for
the manufacture, storage, use or sale of inflammable liquids and other highly
inflammable substances, including calcium carbide and all other buildings
subject to an unusual fire risk as specificallv mentioned under Sub-Classes
B-2 and B-3.
Sub-Class B-2.—All dry cleaning establishments, and all buildings used
for the storage or manufacture of celluloid, including nitro-cellulose motion
picture films and buildings for the storage or manufacture of explosives and
buildings used for generating acetylene.
Sub-Class B-3.—All stables for horses, cows or other domestic or wild
animals.
Requirements for Class B buildings are given in Article VII.
Class C shall include all semi-public buildings such as retail stores,
department stores, office buildings, business colleges, telephone exchanges,
recreation buildings for bowling, pool, billiards and similar games, baths,


28 BUILDING CODE
Section 7.—Fire Appliances.—High buildings and buildings involving
unusual risks to persons or property shall be provided with standpipes,
sprinkler systems, or other fire extinguishing equipment as shall be required
by Section 7 of the Article governing the class of occupancy.
Section 8.—Protection of Special Hazards.—In Section 8 of each article
governing a class of occupancy is listed the various special fire hazards liable
to be found in such rules as shall apply in each case are given together with
the numbers of the specifications to be found in Article XXII according to
which such apparatus be constructed. Whenever any such apparatus is
present in any occupancy from which it is not specifically excluded it may be
used even if not mentioned in Section 8 of the article governing that class
of occupancy but such apparatus shall be installed and constructed as
specified in Article XXII.
All electrical wiring in all classes of buildings shall comply with the
requirements of the National Electrical Code and such special rules as may
be adopted by the City of Ann Arbor.
Section 9.—Exceptions and Deviations.—In case of certain occupancies
where the general rules are given in Sections 1 to 8 inclusive work an unreas-
onable hardship or are either too exacting or not sufficiently restrictive, an
exception is made in Section 9 of the article governing such occupancy.
When it apnears to the Chief Inspector that an exception should be made for
any particular occupancy and no such exception is given he shall recommend
to the Roard of Appeals that such an exception be made as an amendment
to Section 9.
All occupancies affected bv an exception in Section 9 shall be marked
with an asterisk in Section 1, but failure to so mark an occupancy shall not
be deemed as excusing any perse n from complying with such requirement.
Secticn 10.—Existing Buildings, in order that they may lawfully be
continued in tl»eir occupancy at the time this code is adopted must be made
to comply with the requirements of Section 10 of the article governing such
occupancy within two (2) vears after the adoption of this Code or at any
time thereafter that the Chief Inspector may order such compliance.
Section 11—Existing Buildin? Chanted in Occupancy.—Existing build-
ings shall not be changed in occupancy from that occupancy present at the
adoption of this Code unless complying with the requirements of Section 11
of the article governing the new occupancv. A change in occupancy shall
consist in such a change as shall place the building in a different class of
occnancv as specified in this Code or in the different sub-class, but shall not
consist in such change in use of anv b'tilding as shall result in the buildin•*
being placed in the same class and sub-class.


BUILDING CODE 29
ARTICLE VI
Class "A" Buildings
Section 1.—Class A shall include all manufacturing buildings, wholesale
stores, warehouses, power houses, bridges, ice storage houses, chemical works,
and all similar buildings except as particularly mentioned under Class B, and
all open shelter sheds except those used for amusement and those attached to
dwellings.
Class A buildings shall be built of one of the following types of con-
struction:
If not over one (1) story or thirty-five (35) feet, of Types 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
If not over three (3) stories or forty-five (45) feet, of Types 1, 2, 3, or 4.
If not over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Types 1, 2, or 3.
If not over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Types 1 or 2.
If over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Type 1.
Section 2.—Mixed Occupancy.—When any minor part of any building
is used for the storage of merchandise, goods or materials of any sort inci-
dental to any other class of occupancy, the building shall be classed according
to the use of the minor portion of the building, and no separation between the
portion so used and the remainder of the building shall be required.
When Class A and Sub-Class Li-1 and B-3 occupancies occur in the same
building there shall be a complete fire separation (see Specification No. 37)
between the two occupancies, and the fire exits from the two portions shall
be separate. No Class A building shall have any part used for Sub-Class B-2
occupancy.
Where Class A and C occupancies occur in the same building, there shall
be a complete fire separation between the two occupancies and the exits from
the two portions shall be separate or the entire building shall be constructed
as provided for Class C. Offices of factories, warehouses and similar build-
ings when situated in such buildings may be classed as Class A.
Where Class A and D or E occupancies occur in the same building they
shall be separated by an unpierced fire separation (see Specification No. 37)
and no part of the building used for Class A purposes shall be above or below
any part used for Class D or E uses.
Where Class A and F occupancies occur in the same building, there shall
he a complete and unpierced fire saparation (see Specification No. 37) be-
tween the two occupancies, and the exits from the two portions shall be
separate.
Where Class A and G occupancies occur in the same building the con-
struction shall comply with the requirements for Class A, and there shall be
two separate and distinct exits from Class G portion.
Section 3.—Stairs and Exits.—Class A buildings not over two (2) stories
high, and not over three thousand (3000) square feet in area on second or
mezzanine floor must have one (1) stairs. If more than two stories, or if
more than three thousand (3000) square feet in area on any floor above the
first there shall be at least two (2) separate and distinct stairs or more if
necessary to fulfill the following conditions:


BUILDING CODE 31
the process carried on in such a building the Department may accept other
types of enclosures than those herein given and may omit such enclosures in
case they unduly hamper the operation of machinery. In all such cases
the Department may require such types of construction and such special
safeguards as may appear necessary for substantial safety.
Section 5.—Location and Exposures.—Class A buildings shall not be
limited in their location upon property except that no such building shall be
built nearer than ten (10' feet to any adjacent property line or any other
building upon the same property unless the walls of the new buildings are
of masonry. Buildings with masonry walls may be erected on adjacent
property lines but all walls within three (3) feet of adjacent property lines
or other buildings on the same property shall be solid and without openings
of any sort. ' All windows or doors in walls less than ten (10) feet from
adjacent property lines or other buildings on the same property shall be
fire windows or doors.
All windows in walls facing on streets, alleys or courts less than twenty
(20) feet wide shall be fire windows. Also, all windows or doors opening
over roofs less than ten (10) feet away shall be fire windows or fire doors
unless such roofs are of Type 1 or 2 construction.
Above all walls which are less than ten (10) feet from adjacent property
lines or which face upon streets, alleys or courts less than twenty (20) feet
wide there shall be a parapet at least eighteen (18) inches high for buildings
two (2) stories or less in height, or thirty-six (36) inches high for buildings
more than two (2' stories high. Such parapets may be omitted when the
roof is of Type 1 or 2 construction.
Section 6. (a) Fire Areas.—All Class A buildings shall be divided into
areas not exceeding those given in the following table by fire walls, and all
openings therein shall be provided with self-closing or automatic fire doors
of Type A.
Maximum Allowable Area in Square Feet
Fronting on
Type 1 Street 2 Streets 3 Streets
1 15.000 20,000 25,000
2 12,000 15,000 20.000
• 3 9,000 12,000 15,000
4 9,000 12,000 15,000
5 9,000 12,000 15,000
6 7,500 9,000 11,250
7 9,000 12,000 15,000
8 4,000 5,000 6,000
(b) The allowable area of each portion of the building shall be deter-
mined by the number of streets, alleys or courts upon which that portion
fronts. Courts or alleys not less than twenty (20) feet wide may be counted
as streets in this section. No area shall be so arranged that it does not border
on at least one court or alley.
(c) Buildings only one (1) story high or one (1) story with mezzanine
or second story not exceeding one-tenth (1-10) of the area of the first story
may be increased by one-half (y2) over the values here given. Buildings


BUILDING CODE 33
stresses and such buildings shall be used for no other purpose than the storage
of ice.
(b) Power Houses.—Power Houses of fireproof construction may have
fireproofing omitted from crane supports, coal pockets and other mechanical
devices necessary to the proper operation of the plant and may have un-
protected steel roof trusses and purlins, steel balconies and unprotected and
unenclosed steel or iron stairs to provide access to working parts of machinery.
The general requirements for risers, treads, and width will not be demanded of
such stairs. No combustible material other than fuel, lubricants and cooling
oils shall be used in such buildings.
(c) Chemical Plants.—Chemical plants, grain elevators, coal pockets
and similar special constructions, may be constructed in accordance with the
best practices and necessities of the trade. The Department may permit such
variations from this Code as are necessary to permit useful and economical
construction but may insist upon such provisions as are deemed necessary
to minimize the risk from fire or deterioration. Due regard will be given
in making such rulings to the isolation of the structure in question and the
risk of the surrounding property owners.
(d) Storage Building and Warehouses of Types 1 or 2 not exceeding
five (5) stories high may have only one (1) stairway if provided with at
least one (1) fire escape (Specification No. 38), but not more than five persons
shall be employed above the first floor of any such building.
(e) Bridges constructed only to serve as passageways between two or
more Class A buildings shall be of the same type of construction as re-
quired for a building of the height of the roof of such bridge, but the walls
of such bridges may be of cement plaster on metal lath not less than two (2)
inches thick and the soffit of such bridges shall be of Type0l construction.
(f) In buildings used for assembling machinery, the painting of parts
during the assembly shall not cause such building to be classed as a Class B
building. The quantity of paint stored and the manner in which it is stored
and used shall be determined by the Chieef Inspector.
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Buildings of Class A existing at the
time this ordinance was adooted, may be continued in the use if structurally
safe and provided with adequate exits. The Department shall have the
power to order such changes as are necessary to provide substantial structural
safetv and to provide exits to meet the requirements of Section 3 of this
article with the following exceptions:
Any existing interior stair which extends to the ground floor shall be
given credit as one (1) stair, even though it does not meet the requirements of
Section 3. and one (1) standard fire escane (See Specification No. 38) mav
be provided for each stair reauired in Section 3. No existing interior stair
shall be removed unless replaced bv a new interior stair, and anv new interior
stair which mav be built shall meet the requirements of Section 3, whether
it is built to replace an old stair or not.
Rvisting building shall not be increased in size or height unless complying
with all the requirements for new buildings, but additions complying with all


.34 BUILDING CODE
new requirements may be erected. If such additions exceeds fifty (50%)
per cent of the volume of the existing building they shall be provided with a
fire separation from the existing building.
Section 11.—Buildings Altered to Class A Occupancy.—Existing buildings
of other classes of occupancy may be altered to Class A occupancy if struct-
urally safe and complying with the requirements of Sections 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 and
10 of this article.
ARTICLE VII
Class "B" Buildings
Section 1. Class B buildings shall be divided into the following sub-
classes and shall include the following, and shall be constructed of one of
the following types of construction:
Sub-Class B-l.—All garages, gasoline service stations, gasoline motor
boat houses, hangers, paint shops, enameling shops, rag shops, or rag storage
rooms and buildings for the manufacture, storage, use or sale of in-
riammable liquids and other highly inflammable substances including calcium
carbide and all other buildings subject to an unusual fire risk except as
specifically mentioned under Sub-Classes B-2 and B-3.
If not over one (1) story or twenty (20) feet high, and not over four
hundred (400) square feet in area, of Types 1, 2. 3, 4. 5, or 7.
If not over one (1) story or twenty (20) feet high, but over four hundred
(400) square feet in area, of Types 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
If not over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Types 1 or 2.
If over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Type 1.
Sub-Class B-2.—All dry cleaning establishments, and all buildings used
for the storage or manufacture of celluloid, including nitro-cellulose motion
picture films and buildings for the storage or manufacture of explosives, and
buildings for generating acetylene.
If not over one (1) story high, of Types 1 or 2.
If over one (1) story high, of Type 1.
Section 1.—Sub-Class B-3.—All stables for horses, cows or other domestic
or wild animals.
If not over one (1) story and storage loft, or twenty (20) feet in height,
of Types 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
If not over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Types 1 or 2.
If over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Type 1.


BUILDING CODE 37
be provided with self-closing or automatic fire doors of Type A (See Speci-
fication No. 28).
Sub-Class B-2 buildings shall be similarly divided by fire walls but the
areas in this case shall be only twenty (20) per cent of those allowed for
Class A buildings in Article VI, Section 6, Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c).
Section 7.—Fire Appliances.—Every Class B building over fifty (50) feet
high shall be provided with at least one standpipe for each seven thousaand
five hundred (7,500) square feet of floor area or fraction thereof but there
shall not be more than seventy-five (75) feet from any part of the building to
a standpipe. (See Specification No. 24.)
Also, there shall be one hand fire extinguisher for each one thousand
(1,000) square feet of floor area uniformly distributed throughout the building
(See Specification No. 27). The type of the hand extinguisher shall be that
most suited for the occupancy of the premises in the judgment of the Chief
of the Fire Department.
Section 8.—The following apparatus shall be installed and constructed
in accordance with the specifications referred to by number after each such
piece of apparatus:
Ovens, Etc. 8
Warm Air Ducts 17
Vent Flues 18
Heating and Ventilating Ducts 19
Gas Supply Lines 22
Oil Burners 15
Other Sources of Heat and Flame 16
Chimneys and Stacks 1
Steam or Hot Water Heating Plants 5 & 6
Warm Air Furnaces 4
Steam and Hot Water Pipes 20 & 21
Kilns 10
Incinerators 12 & 14
In all buildings used as garages or in which inflammable liquids are used
or stored there shall be adequate natural ventilation to prevent accumulation
of explosive vapors.
In Sub-Class B-l buildings no heating apparatus shall be used except
when included in separate heating rooms and all heating rooms containing
boilers, stoves, and similar apparatus shall be separated from the remainder of
the building with an unpierced fire separation. When in basements the
entrance to such heating rooms must be from the outside of the building or
through a vestibule ventilated to the outside air when such buildings are
used as garages or other purposes involving the use of inflammable liquids.
Sub-Class B-2 shall not contain any heating apparatus but may be heated
from separate buildings at least ten (10) feet away. In Sub-Class B-3 build-
ings heating rooms need not be separated.





BUILDING CODE 37a
Open gas flames and other bare flames shall not be used in Class B
buildings.
Nitrocellulose picture films shall not be used in Class B buildings except
in that part of Class B building used exclusively for the manufacture, storage,
handling, repair or sale of such films.
Torches, forges, welding apparatus, battery charging apparatus, grind-
stones and similar apparatus producing flame, heat or sparks shall not be
used in Class B buildings unless essential to the trade or occupation pursued
therein, in which case such apparatus may be used when installed in a
separate room isolated from the remainder of the building with an incom-
bustible partition provided with self-closing fire door of Type B.
Spray Coating of Manufactured or Fabricated Articles. Paints, lacquers,
enamels, stains and similar surface coatings by means of compressed air and
the handling and storage of inflammable materials shall conform with the
regulations of the State Fire Marshal under Section 5 of Act 178 of 1915, as
amended by Act 283 of 1927.
Section 9.—Exceptions and Deviations: Domestic Garages and Motor
Boat Houses. Garages of frame or other construction and motor boat houses
of not over eight hundred (800) square feet area, when accessory to a
dwelling and upon the rear one-half (y2) of the lot upon which such
dwelling is located may be built within two (2) feet of any side or rear prop-
erty line and shall be exempt from the requirements of Section 5 above, except
that they shall be not less than ten (10) feet away from any building or other
dwelling on the same property. When nearer than two (2) feet to the side
property lines, there shall be a solid masonry wall adjacent to the property
line. ,
Domestic garages when attached to a dwelling0or closer than ten feet
from a dwelling shall comply with the provisions of the Mishigan state
housing law.
Airplane Hangars when forty (40) feet from any property line or other
building and twenty (20) feet from any other hangar may be of Type 8
construction if not over five thousand (5,000) square feet in area. The
height may be more than twenty (20) feet if necessary but not more than
thirty-five (35) feet.
Fire Engine Houses may contain garages for fire apparatus and dormi-
tories for firemen without fire separation as required in Section 2 above.
Temporary Storage Explosives.—Explosives used in construction work
may be stored during progress of work in a building of any type or construc-
tion not over four hundred (400) square feet in area. Such building shall
not be nearer than fifty (50) feet to any other building and shall be painted
red and plainly marked "Explosives—Dangerous" in letters at least twelve
(12) inches high on all sides.
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Buildings of Class I! existing at the
time this ordinance was adopted, if structurally safe and provided with ade-
quate exits, may be continued in use with the exception that they shall be
made to comply with the additional requirements below within two (2)
years after the adoption of this ordinance, or as soon thereafter as ordered
by the Chief Inspector. The Department shall have the power to order


BUILDING CODE 39
If not over one (1) story or twenty (20) feet, of Type 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6.
If not over two (2) stories or thirty-five (35) feet, of Type 1, 2, 3, or 6.
If not over four (4) stories or fifty-five (55) feet, of Types 1, 2, or 3,
except first floor, which must be Types 1 or 2.
If not over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Types 1 or 2.
If over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Type 1.
Section 2.—Mixed Occupancy.—For Class C occupancy mixed with
Class A see Article VI, Section 2. For Class C occupancy mixed with
Class B, see Article VII, Section 2.
Class C occupancy may be mixed with Class D occupancy, provided the
Class D occupancy does not provide accommodations for a total of more than
four hundred persons and the exits for the Class C and D portions are separ-
ate. Such buildings shall comply with all the requirements for Class D build-
ings. Class C occupancies shall be separated from Class D occupancies
providing accommodations for more than four hundred (400) persons by an
unpierced fire separation (See Specification No. 37) and shall have separate
exits, but this shall not exclude stands for the sale of merchandise or restaur-
ants being located in railways stations, court houses, club houses, dance halls,
or similar buildings where the Class C occupancy does not exceed twenty
(20) per cent of the total floor area of the building, nor from the holding of
bazaars in churches, and similar buildings. In Class D buildings recreation
rooms for bowling, pool, billiards and similar games, baths and restaurants
when accessory to the general occupancy may be classed as of Class D.
All Class C occupancies shall be separate from any Class E occupancy
by an unpierced fire separation (See Specification No. 3/) and the exits shall
be separate.
Class C occupancies may be mixed with Class F or G occupancies but
the type of construction of such buildings shall meet the more restrictive
requirements of both occupancies and each portion of the building shall meet
tie requirements for that class of occupancy.
Section 3.—Stairs and Exits.—The stair and exit requirements shall be
the same as for Class A buildings in Article VI, Section 3.
Section 4.—Enclosure of Vertical Openings.—The requirements for en-
closures of vertical openings shall be the same as those for Class A buildings
in Article VI, Section 4, except that monumental stairs in buildings of Type
1 or 2 construction or buildings completely snrinklered may be unenclosed
from the first to the second floor if the shaft enclosure above the second
floor is closed with a Type B fire door. In all cases there shall be at least one
(1) stair completely enclosed to the ground floor.
Section 5.—Location and Exposures.—The requirements for location and
exposures shall be the same as those for Class A occupancies in Article VI,
Section 5, except that fire windows may be placed in the walls of buildings of
Type 1 construction when such walls are upon lot lines or less than three feet
therefrom, provided that all rooms lighted by such windows shall also be
adeanately lighted from other windows placed in light courts or upon streets
or alleys.


BUILDING CODE 41
Paint and varnish stores may store and dispense the inflammable liquids
ordinarily sold by that trade if such liquids are stored on the ground floor
and the building is of Type 1 or 2 construction if over two (2) stories high.
Such buildings shall not contain any Class D, F or G occupancies. The
inflammable liquids stored shall not exceed one hundred fifty (150) gallons
in approved metal containers.
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Requirements for existing buildings
shall be the same as those for Class A buildings in Article VI, Section 10.
Section 11.—Buildings Altered to Class C Occupancy.—Existing build-
ings of other classes of occupancy may be altered to Class C occupancy if
structurallv safe and complying with the requirements of Sections 1, 2, 4, 6,
7, 8, 9 and 10.
ARTICLE IX
Class "D" Buildings
Section 1.—Class D shall include all pubic buildings such as City
or County administrative buildings, court houses, libraries, or museums,
railway passenger stations, post offices, schools, boarding schools, seminaries!
churches and church houses, club houses, lodge halls, drill halls, dance halls,'
skating rinks, gymnasiums, auditoriums, amusement devices providing shelter
and similar building, but shall not include major or minor theaters as defined
under Class E.
Class D buildings shall be built of one of the following types of con-
struction:
If not over two (2) stories and one (1) balcony or forty-five (45) feet in
height and not over ten thousand (10.000) square feet in area, of Types 1, 2,
or 3.
If not over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Types 1 or 2.
If over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet, of Type 1.
Section 2.—Mixed Occupancy.—For Class D occupancy mixed with
Class A. see Article. VI. Section 2. For Class D occupancy mixed with Class
R, see Article A II. Section 2. For Class D occupancy mixed with Class C
see Article VIII. Section 2.'
Class D and Class F occupancies may be mixed provided the building
meets all the requirements for Class F occupancv and the exits from the
occupancies are senarate and distinct. If the portion used for Class D occu-
pancy does not meet the Class E requirements, the two occupancies shall be
-eparated by an unpierced fire separation (see Specification No. 37) and
the exits shall he separate.


42 • BUILDING CODE
Where Class D and F occupancies occur in the same building they shall
be separated by an unpierced fire separation (See Specification No. 37) and
the exit/ shalr be Wept separate (See Article IX. Section 9, fdr exceptions
on club houses, boarding schools and similar buildings).
Class D and G occupancies may be mixed provided the building complies
with all the requirements for Class D buildings.
Section 3.—Stairs and Exits.—Every Class D building shall have at
least one (1) stairway if more than one (1) story high, or if provided with
a basement, and there shall be two (2) stairs from every floor above the
first or from any basement used for assembly purpose, or from any floor above
the first or any basement, whether or not used as an assembly hall if over
two thousand (2,000) square feet in area or from any balcony seating more
than fifty (50) persons. These two (2) stairs shall be separated by at least
seventy-five (75) per cent of the longest dimension of the floor served.
More stairs shall be provided if necessary to provide one (1) stair for each
four hundred (400) persons having access to such stairs in buildings of Type
1 or 2 construction and one (1) stair for each two hundred (200) persons in
buildings of other types, and there shall not be more than one hundred twenty-
five (125) feet from any part of the building measured along corridors to a
stair or horizontal exit in buildings of type 1 or 2 construction or seventy-five
(75) feet for buildings of other types of construction. On the ground floor
there shall be a corridor or unobstructed passageway, not over thirty (30) feet
long, at least as wide as the stairs leading to a street, alley or court leading
to street or alley. The doors on all exits shall swing out and the doors on
all stair wells shall swing in the direction of travel when used as an exit.
The risers of stairs shall not exceed seven (7) inches and the treads shall
not be less than ten and one-half (10;/) inches.
Exits.—Every building whether one (1) story or more in height shall
have at least two (2) exits leading to streets, alleys or courts leading to
streets or alleys and these exits'shall be separated by at least seventy-five
(75) per cent of the longest dimension of the building. More exits shall
be provided if necessary to furnish twenty (20) inches of exit width to each
two hundred (200) persons in buildings of Types 1 or 2 or one hundred (100)
persons in all other buildings on the first floor in addition to the exits at the
base of stairs. In no case shall there be more than one hundred twenty-five
(125) feet from any part of the building to any exit measured along the
corridors in buildings of Type 1 or 2, or seventy-five (75) feet for buildings of
other types of construction.
Rooms either on the first or other floors of a building, when accom-
modating more than one hundred (100) persons, shall be provided with two
(2) or more exit doors meeting the requirements as to width, number and
location required for exit from one (1) story buildings. No such openings
shall be less than three (3) feet four (4) inches wide.
All entrances to exit stairs and all exits from rooms accommodating
over one hundred (100) persons and all exits from buildings shall be marked
with electrically illuminated red signs having letters at least six (6) inches
high. All such illuminated signs shall be wired on a circuit separate from
the service lights.
Hardware on stairwell doors and exit doors shall be of such a tvpe a*
to open readily in the direction of travel without the use of a key. Top and


BUILDING CODE 45
(c) Class D buildings used as club houses, boarding schools, seminaries,
and for similar purposes may contain sleeping rooms incident to the general
occupancy of the building. Such buildings shall comply with all the require-
ments for Class D buildings except that the portion used as sleeping quarters
shall comply with the requirements of Sections 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Article XI
governing Class F buildings in place of the corresponding sections of
Article IX.
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Buildings of Class D existing at the
time of this ordinance was adopted may be continued in use if structurally
safe, if provided with adequate exits ana if not in the same building with any
garage, dry cleaning establishment or other place where inflammable liquids
or.other highly inflammable substances are used or stored.
The Department shall have the power to order such changes as are
necessary to provide substantial structural safety and adequate exits. No
Class D building containing a hazardous occupancy as mentioned above
shall be continued in use.
Adequate exits shall be exits complying with the provisions of Section
3 of this article except that any existing stair not less than three (3) feet
wide and extending to the ground floor shall be given credit as a standard
stair and that fire escapes (See Section No. 38) may be substituted for not
more than one-half (y2) of the required stairs. Such fire escapes shall be
located as directed by the Chief Building Inspector.
Existing buildings shall not be increased in size or height unless com-
plying with all the requirements for new buildings, but additions complying
with all new requirements may be erected if provided with fire separation
from the existing buildings.
Section 11.—Buildings Altered to Class D occupancy.—Existing build-
ings of other classes of occupancy may be altered to Class D occupancy only
if structurally safe and complying with all the requirements of Sections,
1. 2. 3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
ARTICLE X
Class "E" Buildings
Section, 1.—Class E shall include all theatres, all buildings provided with
an auditorium and stage provided with fly galleries for movable scenery and
all other buildings containing an auditorium used frequently for viewing
moving pictures, dramatic or theatrical performances to which admission is
customarily charged either in money or other consideration.
Class E buildings shall be built of one of the following types of con-
struction:
If providing seating capacity for not over six hundred (600) persons
of Types 1, 2 or 3.


46 BUILDING CODE
If providing seating capacity for over six hundred (600) persons of
Types 1 or 2.
But in all theatres the stage shall be of Type 1 except as provided in
Section 9.
Section 2.—Mixed Occupancies.—No building of Class E occupancy
shall be mixed with buildings of Class A, B, D, F or G occupancies. For
Class E occupancies mixed with Class C occupancies, see Article VIII,
Section 2.
Section 3.—(a) Stairs and Exits.—Main exits of auditorium. At
the rear of the main auditorium, there shall be a foyer having an area
of one (1) square foot for each seat using such foyer for an exit.
The foyer shall be on the same level as the back of the auditorium
and there shall be no steps between the foyer and the public street to which
the foyer communicates but changes of elevation shall be by ramps of
not more than one (1) foot in twenty (20) feet. The foyer shall abut
upon a public street or communicate thereto by a straight and unobstructed
lobby which shall be used for no purpose except as an exit or entrance,
but may contain a ticket booth. The unobstructed width of the lobby shall
not be less than that of the exits. The least width of the exits from the
the auditorium to the foyer shall be twenty (20) inches per one hundred
(100) seats for which exit is provided. The least width of the exits from
the foyer to the street shall be twenty (20) inches per one hundred! 100)
seats for all seats communicating with the foyer.
(b) All aisles and exits including foyer shall be kept clear and free
of all obstructions, either permanent or movable, at all times building is
in use. This shall be construed as prohibiting radiators, chairs, stools,
stands, slot machines, signs, easels and similar objects from being placed
in any exit, aisle, or foyer where in line of travel or where they encroach
upon the required unobstructed width and as prohibiting a ticket booth
from obstructing any part of the required exits.
(c) Emergency Exits and Cross Aisles in Auditorium: At the sides
of the auditorium there shall he one (1) or more exit doors lead-
ing directly to an open court leading to a street or alley or into
a fireproof passage leading to a street or alley. Such exits shall be
located not less than one-half {y2) of the length of the auditorium from the
lover. The width of the emergency exits on each side of the auditorium shall
be the same and the combined width shall not be less than ten (10) inches
per one hundred (100) seats in the auditorium. No exit shall be less than
three (3) feet six (6) inches wide. The unobstructed width of the court
or corridor shall not be less than that of the exits. When corridors are used
for emergency exits, there shall be no openings into such corridor of any
sort except the entrance and exit doors. The entrance doors shall be type
R (see specification No. 29) fire doors hung to swing in the direction of
travel when used as exits and shall not block the required exit space. There
shall be no steps in such courts or corridors and all changes of level shall
be made by ramps of not over one (1) foot in ten (10) feet. There shall
be a cross aisle entirely across the auditorium, at least thirty (30) inches
wide from the edge of seat when down to back of chair in next row, leading to
each emergency exit.


BUILDING CODE 47
(d) Seats and Aisles in Auditoriums: Seats shall be so spaced
as to be not less than twenty-eight (28) inches back to back and
shall not be less than twenty (20) inches wide. There shall not be more
than fourteen (14) seats between any two (2) aisles and not more than
seven (7) seats between any aisle and a wall. All seats shall be securely
fastened to the floor.
All aisles shall be at least two feet, six inches (2'6'') wide if having
seats on only one side and three (3) feet wide if having seats on both
sides, at the end furthest from the foyer and shall increase in width by
two inches for each ten (10) feet toward the foyer for aisles having seats
on one side only, and four (4) inches for each ten (10) feet for aisles
having seats on both sides. There shall be no steps in aisles but aisles may be
inclined by not more than one (1) foot in ten (10) feet.
(e) Main Exits from Balcony and Gallery: There shall be at
least one (1) stair for every balcony or gallery and if such bal-
cony or gallery seats fifty (50) or more persons, there shall be two (2) stairs
or more if necessary to provide twenty (20) inches in total width for each
one hundred (100) seats or fraction thereof. Such stairs must lead directly
to a public street or into the auditorium foyer. When two (2) or more
stairs are required, one (1) shall lead from each side of such balcony or
gallery. No such stair shall be less than three (3) feet six (6) inches wide. The
risers shall not be over seven (7) inches and the treads not less than ten
and one-half (10J4) inches. There shall be no winders.
(f) Aisles, Seats and Cross Aisles in Balcony and Gallery:
Seats shall be so spaced as not to be less than twenty-eight (28)
inches back to back and there shall not be more than fourteen (14)
seats between any two aisles or seven (7) seats between aisle and
a wall. Risers in aisles shall be the full width of the aisle and no risers
shall be over eight (8) inches and no tread less than ten (10) inches. When
the rise from row to row is three (3) inches or less, the aisle shall be
ramped. All aisles shall be three (3) feet six (6) inches wide and cross
aisles of the same width shall lead to all main exits and tunnel openings.
There shall not be more than nine (9) rows of seats in any balcony or
gallery between exits by means of a tunnel or cross aisle at least three (3)
feet six (6) inches wide leading to the main exit stairs.
(g) Emergency Exits from Balcony and Gallery: Every balcony
and gallery shall have one (1) emergency exit and if seating fifty
(50) or more persons shall have two (2) emergency exits or more if
necessary to provide ten (10) inches in width of combined emergency exits for
each one hundred (100) seats. No emergency exit shall be less than two (2)
feet six (6) inches wide. Emergency exits shall be as remote as possible
from the main exits and shall lead to a street, alley or open court, but not
to the main auditorium foyer, by means of an outside iron balcony fire
escape (specification No. 38) or by a stair enclosed in a fireproof shaft.
These emergency exits must be kept entirely separate from the main exits but
may terminate in the courts or corridor serving as emergency exits from
the auditorium provided the width of such courts or corridors is increased
to provide ten (10) inches of width for each one hundred (100) seats
served. Fire escape stairs shall not obstruct any of the required emergencv
exit width in the court below. Requirements as to risers, treads and winders
shall be the same as for main exit stairs.


BUILDING CODE 51
ARTICLE XL
Class "F" Buildings.
Section 1.—Class F building shall be divided into the following sub-classes
and shall include the following and shall be constructed of one of the follow-
ing types of construction.
Sub-Class F-l: All multiple dwellings for three or more families and
all hotels, lodging or rooming houses, dormitories, monasteries, convents,
boarding schools, club houses and similar buildings containing more than
ten (10) sleeping rooms. For the purpose of this classification, rooms of
more than one hundred sixty (160) square feet will be regarded as two or
more rooms, each eighty (80) square feet or fraction thereof being considered
one (1) room.
If not over two (2) stories or thirty-five (35) feet high and not over
two thousand (2,000) square feet area, of Types 1, 2. 3, 6 or 8.
If not over three (3) stories or forty-five (45) feet high, of Types 1,
2, 3, or 6. (See Section 9 for special requirements where Type 6 is used).
If not over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet high, of Types 1 or 2.
If over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet high, of Type 1.
Sub-Class F-2: All hospitals, sanitariums and medical institutions pro-
viding more than ten (10) sleeping rooms as defined above.
If not over two (2) stories or thirty-five (35) feet high, of Types 1,
2 or 3.
If not over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet high, of Types 1 or 2.
If over five (5) stories or sixty-five (65) feet high, of Type 1.
Sub-Class F-3: All prisons, reformatories, jails, asylums, and other
places of detention for human beings:
Type 1 in all cases, but mezzanine floors and cell blocks may be unpro-
tected steel.
Section 2.—Mixed Occupancy.—
For Class F occupancy mixed with Class A occupancy, see Article
VI, Section 2.
For Class F occupancy mixed with Class B occupancy, see Article VII,
Section 2.
For Class F occupancy mixed with Class C occupancy, see Article
VIII, Section 2.
For Class F occupancy mixed with Class D occupancy, see Article
IX, Section 2.
For Class F occupancy mixed with Class E occupancy, see Article
X, Section 2.
No portion of a Class F building shall be considered separately as a
Class G building.
Section 3.—Stairs and Exits—
(a) Sub-Class F-l and F-2.—There shall be two (2) separate and distinct
. exits from c-erv floor, regardless of height of building, and more if necessary
to meet the following requirements.


52 BUILDING CODE
(a-1) There shall be at least one (1) stairway for each sixty (60) rooms
above the first floor in all buildings except buildings of Types 1 and 2 and
one (1) stairway for each one hundred fifty (150) rooms above the first floor
in buildings of Types 1 and 2 but in buildings over seven (7) stories high
only one (1) stairway for each one hundred fifty (150) rooms on the six
(6) most densely populated floors will be required. In computing the
number of stairs required all sleeping rooms, living rooms and dining rooms
shall be included and dormitories shall be calculated as one (1) room for
each eighty (80) square feet.
(a-2) There shall not be more than seventy-five (75) feet from any
room to a stairway measured along corridors in all buildings except buildings
of Type 1 or 2 construction and not more than one hundred fifty (150) feet
from any room to a stairway measured along corridors in buildings of Types
1 and 2.
(a-3) The least distance between the two (2) most widely separated
stairs shall not be less than fifty (50) percent of the longest dimension of
the building.
(a-4) In buildings required to be divided into areas by firewalls in
Section 6 of this article there shall be at least one (1) stairway in each such
section.
(a-5) All stairs shall be inside stairs except that in buildings three (3)
stories or less in height one-half {y2) of the stairway may be outside stairs,
provided every part of the building has access to at least one (1) inside stair.
(b) Sub-Class F-3—The number and location of exits shall be determined
solely by the authorities having charge of such institutions.
(c) The width of stairs in buildings not over two (2) stories high and
not over two thousand (2.000) square feet in area shall be at least three (3)
feet and in all other Class F buildings the stairs shall be standard widths of
three (3) feet six (6) inches and over, as given in Article V, Section 3.
(d) Xo stair shall have a riser of more than seven and one-half (7y2)
inches or a tread of less than ten (10) inches.
(e) No closet shall be constructed under anv stair.
(f) Every basement over two thousand (2 000) square feet in area shall
have at least two (2) exits, and if used for habitation the number and location
of exits shall meet the requirements for stairs from upper floors except in
Class F-3 buildings.
(g) Every one (1) story building shall have at least two (2) exits and
more if necessary to —eet the requirements as for stairs from upper floors
except in Sub-Class F-3 buildings.
(h) Hardware shall be of such a character that all exit doors can be
opened from the inside without the use of a key except in Class F-3 buildings.
Section 4.—(a) Enclosure of Vertical Openings.—All vertical openings
for elevators, stairs and other purposes shall be completelv enclosed as re-
quired under tvpe of construction except as noted below. All shaft openings
shall be provided with Type B self-closing fire doors (see Specification No 29)
and no hardware shall be permitted for holding such doors open. All stair en-
closures except in buildings of Type 1 or 2 shall have an exit directly into a
street, alley or court open to a street or alley, and in Tvpe 1 or 2 buildintrs
at least one-half (V2) of the stairs shall meet this requirement, but this shall
not prohibit an exit leading through a fireproof corridor to a street, allev or
court open to a street or alley.


BUILDING CODE 53
(b) In buildings not over two (2) stories high, stair enclosures may
be omitted in the first and second floor, but shall be provided in basement
in all cases.
(c) In buildings not over three (3) stories high and having not more
than two (2) families or ten (10) sleeping rooms on any floor above the first
the shaft enclosure around one of the stairs may be omitted above the base-
ment.
(d) In buildings of Type 1 or 2 there may be one (1) monumental stair
unenclosed from the first to the second floor, but the stair shaft above the
second floor shall be closed at the second floor by a Type B fire door so
as to prevent smoke rising from the first floor up this shaft.
(e) Outside stairs permitted in Section 3 above need not be enclosed.
(f) Clothes chutes in buildings not over four (4) stories high may be of
wood, lined with at least 26 United States gauge sheet iron or tinned plate.
(g) Open wells or rotundas more than two (2) stories high shall not
be permitted, but this shall not prohibit the construction of cell blocks in
Class F-3 buildings.
(h) In buildings of types 3 or 6 not over three (3) stories high the walls
of light wells starting at the second floor line or above may be of wood
covered on the outside with one (1) inch of metal lath and cement plaster,
provided such walls are not continuous with or form any part of the outside
walls of the building or any required fire wall in the building. Other light
wells shall have walls constructed as required for exterior walls.
Section 5.—(a) Location and Exposures.—All Class F buildings shall
be located as required by the Michigan State Housing Code and the Zoning
Ordinance of the City of Ann Arbor and all windows nearer to adjacent
property lines than is allowed by this law for legal light shall be fire windows.
(b) Xo wall of any building shall be less than five (5) feet from the
line of any adjacent property or any other building upon the same property
unless it is of masonry without opening of any sort.
(c) All windows opening into light courts smaller than those allowed
by the State Housing Code and those opening into light courts which are
used in common by two or more sections of a building which are required
by Section 6 below to be divided by fire walls shall be fire windows.
(d) On buildings not over two (2) stories high there may be com-
bustible eaves or cornices projecting not more than eighteen (18) inches into
required side yards, but all buildings over two (2) stories high except buildings
of Types 1 and 2, shall have parapet walls at least eighteen (18) inches high
above all walls less than ten (10) feet from adjacent property lines.
(e) No porch or balconv of combustible material shall be constructed
nearer than three (3) feet from any adjacent property line or the end of
any required fire wall within the building, and in buildings over two (2)
stories high this distance shall be increased one (1) foot for each story above
the second.
(f) Class F buildings shall not be located less than ten (10) feet from
any Class B building on the same property unless the Class B building is of
Type 1, 2 or 3 construction.
Section 6.—(a) Fire Areas.—Buildines of Type 3 shall be divided into
areas not exceeding twelve thousand (12000) square feet by fire walls.
(b) Buildings of Tvpe 6 construction shall be divided into areas of not
exceeding four thousand (4,000) square feet by fire walls.


54 BUILDING CODE
(c) There shall be no openings in such fire walls except corridor
openings, which shall be provided with automatically closing swinging fire
doors of Type A. (See Specification No. 28.)
Section 7.—Fire Appliances.—Every building over seventy-five (75) feet
high shall be provided with at least one (1) standpipe for each ten thousand
(10,000) square feet area or fraction thereof, but there shall not be more than
one hundred (100) feet from any part of the building to a standpipe. (See
Specification No. 24).
Section 8.—(a) Protection of Special Hazards.—The following apparatus
shall be installed and constructed in accordance with the specifications referred
to by number after each such piece of apparatus:
Chimneys and Stacks 1
Fireplaces 3
Warm Air Furnaces 4
Steam and Hot Water Heating Plant? 5
Steam and Hot W?ater Heating Pipes 20
Ovens, etc 8
Drying Rooms 9
Incinerators 11
Stoves and Gas Ranges 12, 13 & 14
Warm Air Ducts 17
Vent Flues 18
Heating and Ventilating Ducts 19
Gas Supply Lines 22
Gas Outlets 23
Oil Burners 15
Other Sources of Heat and Flame 16
(b) Inflammable liquids shall not be used or stored in quantities greater
than one (1) pint in Class F buildings except that in Sub-Class F-2 buildings
necessary medical supplies may be stored in vaults complying with the re-
quirements of Specification No. 34. Paints and varnishes "other than those
used for decorating building shall not be stored or used except in fireproof
rooms provided with automatic sprinklers.
(c) Celluloid and nitro-cellulose products, calcium carbide and acetylene
shall not be used or stored in Class F buildings except that in Sub-Class F-2
building films for X-ray or other photographs may be used if all storage in
excess of twenty-five (25) pounds is in accordance with Specification No. M.
(d) High pressure steam boilers shall not he used in Class F buildings,
but may be installed in separate building with reducing valves on all steam
lines entering the Class F building.
(e) Inflammable motion picture films shall not be used in Class F
buildings.
(f) Warm air furnaces may be used in buildings not over two (2) stories
high.
_ (g) He^tinsr plants in Class F-3 buildings shall be separate from re-
mainder of building by a fire separation.
Section 9.—(a) Exceptions and Deviations.—Class F buildings when
not of Type 1 or 2 construction if over two (2) stories high shall have all
wooden nartitions. walls and ceilings including basement ceiling covered with
metal lath and plaster.


BUILDING CODE 55
(b) Buildings used as club houses, boarding schools, seminaries and
similar purposes shall comply with the requirements of this article unless
some portion of the building is used for Class D purposes, in which case it
will be constructed as required in Article IX, Section 9 (c).
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Buildings of Class F existing at the
time this ordinance was adopted may be continued in use if structurally safe,
provided with adequate exits and complying with the requirements of Section
8 above. The Department shall have the power to order such changes as
are necessary to provide substantial structural safety and to provide exits to
meet the following requirements:
Every part of every building over two (2) stories high shall have access
to at least two (2) means of exit, one (1) of which may be standard fire
escape (See Specification No. 38). All other stairs shall be interior stairs
except where outside stairs are permitted in new buildings. All new interior
stairs shall comply with the requirements for stairs in new buildings both as
to construction and enclosure. Also all existing interior stairs in Sub-Class
F-l buildings over three (3) stories high if not of fireproof construction and
similar stairs in Sub-class F-2 buildings over two (2) stories high if not of
fireproof construction shall be inclosed in a partition of wood studs covered
on both sides with metal lath and plaster or kalomine or hollow metal par-
titions with or without panels of wired glass or of some other material
equally fire-resisting. All such enclosures shall be provided with Type B
self-closing fire doors.(See Specification No. 29).
Section 11.—Buildings Altered to Class F Occupancy.—Existing buildings
of other classes of occupancy may be altered to Class F occupancy if struc-
turally safe and complying with the requirements of Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (a)
and (f), 6, 7. 8 and 9 of this article, but no new part of the building shall be
constructed contrary to the provisions of Section 5 (b), (c), (d) or (e).
ARTICLE XII.
Class "G" Buildings
Section 1.—Class G buildings shall include all single or two (2) family
dwellings and all lodging or rooming houses, dormitories, monasteries, con-
vents and other similar buildings providing not more than ten (10) sleeping
rooms as defined under Class F, also all sheds and outhouses other than
garages attached to or pertaining to the above buildings.
Class G buildings shall be built of one of the following types of con-
struction:
If not more than two and one-half (2]/2) stories high or thirty-five (35) feet,
of any type.
Tf not more than three (3) stories high, of Types 1, 2, 3 or 4.
If over four (4) stories high, of Type 1 or 2.


BUILDING CODE 57
Warm Air Ducts 17
Vent Flues 18
Heating and Ventilating Ducts 19
Gas Supply Lines 22
Gas Outlets 23
Oil Burners I5
Other Sources of Heat and Flame 16
Inflammable liquids may be stored and used in quantities not exceeding
one (1) gallon.
Section 9.—Exceptions and Deviations.—Xone.
Section 10.—Existing Buildings.—Buildings of Class G existing at the
time this ordinance was adopted may be continued in use if structurally safe
and complying with the requirements of Section 3 (a) of this article.
The department shall have the power to order such changes as are
necessary to provide substantial structural safety and in the case of buildings
more than two (2) stories high not complying with requirements of Section 3
(a) may order an additional means of exit from any third floor having
more than three (3) sleeping rooms or from the third and upper floors
of anv building over three (3) stories high. Such additional means of exit
may be a standard fire-escane (See Specification No. 38) or such other means
of exit as the Chief Inspector may permit.
Section 11.—Buildings Altered to Class G Occupancy: Existing buildings
of other classes of occupancy may be altered to Class G occupancy if struc-
turally safe and complving with the requirements of Sections 1, 2, 3, 5 (a)
and (d), and 8 of this Article, hut no new part of the buildings shall be con-
structed in violation of Section 5 (h) or (c).
ARTICLE XIII
Miscellaneous Structures
Section 1.—Open Shelter Sheds of wood construction not exceeding
thirtv (30) feet in height may be erected outside of fire limits if at least five
(5) feet from adjacent property lines and ten (10) feet from any other build-
ing or open shelter shed on the same property except that such sheds may
abut against unpierced masonry walls of buildings on the same property.
The area of such sheds shall not exceed the areas allowed for Type 8 con-
struction in Article VI, Section 6.
See Article III, Section 3, for limitations of open shelter sheds in fire
limits.
Open shelter sheds of all metal construction may be erected outside of
the fire limits subject to the same restrictions as those of wood construction
except that the area mav be that given in Article VI, Section 6, for Type 7
construction. If any side of such shed is enclosed the enclosure shall be of
masonry or metal construction. In the fire limits such metal sheds shall he
subject to the same limitations as for wood open shelter sheds in Article III,
Section 3.


60 BUILDING CODE
ARTICLE XIV
Section 1.—Every building or other structure hereafter erected,
altered, or repaired shall be well and substantially constructed in
a sound and workmanlike manner and shall be designed to carry at least
the actual dead loads and the minimum live loads required in this section
without stressing any of the structural elements beyond the allowable
stresses as set forth in Article XV to XIX inclusive. In addition to ver-
tical loads, all buildings and other structures shall be adequately braced
against all lateral or horizontal stresses due to wind pressure, operation of
machinery, settlement of foundations and all other ordinary conditions. In
designing members to support moving bodies, the weight of such bodies shall
be multiplied by an impact factor of from one and one-quarter (\1/a) to two
(2), the exact factor to be determined by the Chief Inspector.
Section 2.—The following minimum live loads in pounds per square
foot shall be assumed in calculating all floor construction:
Apartments 40
Apartments (places of assembly in) 80
Assembly halls (fixed seats) 80
Assembly halls (movable seats) 100
Attics (not used for habitation or storage) 20
Churches (fixed seats) 80
Churches (movable seats) 100
Dance hails, drill halts, gymnasiums 125
Driveways over vaults, tunnels, etc. (See note C) 400
Dwellings 40
Garages (first floor). (See note B) 150
Garages (upper floor) (See note B) 100
Grandstands, bleacher stands (See note D) 100
Hospitals, asylums, convents, detention buildings. (Bed and living
room floors). 40
Hospitals, asylums, convents, detention buildings. (Other floors) 80
Hotels and clubs (Living room floors) 40
Hotels and clubs (first floors, corridors and dining room) 80
Manufacturing and mercantile buildings, first floor 125
Manufacturing and mercantile buildings, other floors 100
Municipal and county buildings, including court houses, libraries
museums, corridors and public rooms 100
Private office space 50
Office buildings, first floors 125
Office buildings, other floors 50
Roofs (See note A) 30
Restaurants 80
Schools (fixed seats) 50
Schools (movable seats) 60


BUILDING CODE 63
Section 5.—(a)—Floor Load Placards: It shall be the duty of the owner
or tenant leasing for one (1) year or more any warehouse, storage, manufac-
turing or mercantile building to post in conspicuous places throughout such
buildings placards setting forth the safe live loads for which such buildings
with the rollowing legend: "The Maximum Safe Live Load on This Floor
is Pounds per Square Foot. It shall be unlawful to fail to place
such placards; to place such placards showing a higher safe load than that
allowed by the Department of Buildings, to remove, cover up, alter or deface
such placards.
(b) It shall be the duty of the Department of Buildings to check and
approve or show cause for disapproving any calculations as to the safe
carrying capacity of any floor construction and in order to so check such
calculations it shall be allowed to examine any plans of such building in the
possession of the owner or his agent, or may require any portions of the
building to be uncovered for inspection, including footings, that it deems
necessary.
(c) It shall be unlawful for any owner, agent or tenant to advertise or
represent any building to have a greater safe load upon the floors than
allowed by the Building Department and when any tenant or sub-tenant can
be shown to have suffered damage or serious inconvenience by virtue of such
misrepresentation, then the one so misrepresenting the facts shall be deemed
to have violated this code.
Section 6.—Wind Loads: The basic unit of wind load to be used in
the design of structures governed by this code shall be fifteen (15) pounds
per square foot.
Every building or other structure except chimneys, signs, roof signs,
and billboards shall be designed to resist a horizontal force of one and one-
half (IK) times the basic unit wind load. Fifty (50) per cent of this force
shall be considered as a pressure on the windward side and fifty (50) per cent
shall be considered as a negative pressure or suction on the leeward side.
Chimneys, signs, roof signs, and billboards shall be designed to resist a
horizontal wind force of twice the basic unit wind load on any exposed
surface.
In no case shall the overturning moment due to wind load exceed two-
thirds (Yi) of the moment of stability due to dead load only, unless provision
is made for adequate anchorage.
Cylindrical bodies having a cross section approximately circular shall be
assumed to offer to wind directed against the side of the cylinder at least
two-thirds (2/s) of the resistance obtained by taking the product of twice the
basic unit wind load and the projected area of the cylinder on a vertical
plane.
Roof surfaces, pitched on an angle of sixty (60) degrees or more to the
horizontal, shall be assumed to be loaded normally to their windward surface
with ninety (90) per cent of the basic unit wind load and loaded normally
to their leeward surface with a negative pressure or suction of sixty (60)
per cent of the basic unit wind load. If the angle between the roof and the
horizontal is less than sixty (60) degrees, the pressure normal to the surfaces
shall be assumed as follows:


66 BUILDING CODE
combination of concrete and steel in which the steel shall be completely
encased in concrete or upon piles
(e) All footings and other projections of foundations of stone, brick or
mass concrete shall be designed so that the projection shall not exceed
one-half (Vz) of the vertical height. Such projections as well as all continu-
ous footings and foundations constructed of reinforced concrete or steel in
concrete shall be designed as steel or concrete beams in accordance with
the principles of design given in Article XVIII and XIX.
(f) All foundations other than those mentioned in Paragraph (a) of
this section shall extend at least three (3) feet six (6) inches below the
adjoining grade and all foundations except piles shall rest upon good firm
soil other than black top soil and filled soil.
Section 3.—Bearing Capacity.—The calculated load per square foot upon
the soil below foundations shall not exceed the following maximum values:
Ordinary clay and sand, wet and springy, two (2) tons per square foot.
Clay or fine sand, firm and dry, three (3) tons per square foot.
Very firm coarse sand, stiff gravel or hard clay, four (4) tons per square
foot.
Section 4.—Piles.—Piles may be of wood or of concrete and may be set
by driving or be moulded into place, and they shall be spaced to safely carry
the super-imposed load. They shall be driven in accordance with the customs
of good engineering practice and the safe bearing capacity shall be calculated
with due regard to conditions and in accordance with the best methods used
by experienced engineers. The minimum requirements whicli shall be ob-
served are as follows:
(a) Wooden piles of twenty (20) feet or less in length, shall not be
at the smaller end of less dimensions than six (6) inches, nor at the butt end
less than eleven (11) inches. When more than twenty (20) feet in length
the smaller end shall not be less than six (6) inches and the butt end not
less than twelve (12) inches.
(b) The top of all wooden piles shall be cut off at least two (2) inches
below the average low water line or the line of permanent wet earth when
supporting a permanent building. Concrete shall be rammed down into
the spaces between piles at least ten (10) inches and for at least twelve (12)
inches outside of every pile, throughly sealing the heads of piles.
(c) If pile construction is used under water, and ranging and capping
ti nbers are used for foundations, these timbers shall not be less than two
(2) inches thick, properly joined together, and the tops laid at least six (6)
inches below the average low water mark.
(d") No wooden pile shall be weighted with a load exceeding fifty thous-
and (50.000) pounds; nor to exceed three hundred and fifty (350) pounds per
square inch of the top section of the pile.
(e) Concrete piles shall be made of a mixture of not less than one (1)
part Portland cement, two (2) parts sand, and four (4) parts of broken stone
or pebbles.
(f) Concrete piles cast in place shall be cast in forms sufficiently rigid
to prevent collapse before the concrete has been set.
(g) Concrete piles driven in place after casting shall be sufficiently
:einforced with steel to prevent damage in driving. Every pile broken in
driving shall be withdrawn and replaced. No concrete pile shall be loaded
to exceed four hundred (400) pounds per square inch at the top section.


68 BUILDING CODE
ARTICLE XVI
Masonry Walls and Masonry and Miscellaneous Partitions.
Section 1.—Materials for Bearing Walls: The materials which may be
used in the construction of masonry bearing walls shall be stone, brick, terra
cotta, clay, shale tile, mass concrete, reinforced- concrete and concrete blocks
or tile, when meeting the following specifications when tested in accordance
with the procedure of the American Society of Testing Materials:
(a) Stone: Any good stone with a crushing strength of over six
thousand (6,000) pounds per square inch may be used. Coursed or uncoursed
ashler walls and piers may be of the same thickness required for other
masonry walls. Rubble stone walls shall be four (4) inches thicker than
required for other masonry walls.
(b-1) Brick (Clay): Any good hard common or face brick in which
there are not more than five (5) percent bats. For load bearing or exterior
walls, brick shall be at least as good as grade C bricks given herein. For the
purpose of this code, brick shall be classified as follows, all strengths being
expressed in pounds per square inch:
Minimum
Minimum
Modulus of
Average
Strength
Average
Rupture of
Crushing
of Any
Modulus
Any One
Grade
Strength
One Sample
of Rupture
Sample
A
4.500 or over
3.500
600 or over
400
B
3.000 or over
2.500
450 or over
300
C
2.000 or over
1.500
300 or over
200
In testing brick, five representative samples shall be selected by the
department and each broken in cross bending to determine the modulus of
rupture. One-half of each sample shall then be bedded in plaster and tested
flatwise.
All brick of a grade equal to C or better shall be assumed for purposes
of computations to he of grade C unless tests are made at expense of con-
tractor or other suitable evidence furnished to the department to prove that
such brick is of a better grade.
(b-2) Brick (Sand Lime):. Any good grade of sand lime brick meeting
tl e requirements of paragraph B-1 for grade C clay bricks Sand lime brick
meeting the requirements of grade A or B brick may be allowed the stresses
permitted for clav brick for these grades under the same terms and conditions
as required for clav brick.
(b-3) Brick (Concrete): Any good fjrade of concrete brick meeting the
requirements of paragraph B-1 for grade C clay brick, as to crushing strength
and modulus or rupture and having an average absorption in five (5) hours
of not over ten (10) per cent by weight of cold water and in no individual
case of more than twelve (12) per cent. All tests shall be made upon brick
twenty-eight (28) days old or when delivered to the job if less than twenty-
ei0rht (28) days old. All such units shall be manufactured by a licensed
manufacturer as required in section 10.
Concrete brick meeting the requirements of grade A or B brick may be
allowed the stresses permitted for clay brick of these grades under the same
terms and conditions as required for clay brick.


BUILDING CODE 69
(c) Terra Cotta, Clay or Shale Tile: Shall be any products formed by
burning clay or shale to make a block containing cells or voids. The average
crushing strength when tested with the cells vertical shall be not less than
lourteen hundred (1,400) pounds per square inch of gross sectional area and
no individual sample shall test less than one thousand (1,000) pounds per
square inch. The average crushing strength when tested with the cells hori-
zontal shall not be less than seven hundred (700) pounds per square inch of
gross sectional area and no individual sample shall test less than five hundred
(500) pounds per square inch. For tile exposed to the weather the average
absorption ill five hours shall not exceed sixteen per cent by weight of cold
water and no individual sample shall exceed nineteen (19) per cent. For
tile used only in interior walls and in walls having at least one course of
solid brick outside facing the average absorption may be twenty-one (21)
per cent with no one sample exceeding twenty-four (24) per cent.
Whenever structural clay tile units are required to have any specified
number of cells in the thickness of the wall, the number of cells shall be taken
as one less than the number of load bearing webs parallel to the face of wall.
When double shells are provided, these shall count as two webs. When tile
is bonded to a course of brick, the brick shall be counted as equal to two
webs. Units used in end construction shall have their webs so aligned as to
have an effective mortar bed having an area of not less than one-third (J4)
of the gross area of the wall. When tile is used in end construction,, all
vertical voids shall be completely firestopped with at least two (2) inches of
mortar or other incombustible material at one place in each story height.
They may be used in interior and exterior bearing walls and curtain walls of
b ildings two (2) stories or less in height, also in panel walls of all type 1
buildings when complying with the requirements given in Article IV.
(d) Concrete: Mass concrete shall be equivalent to a two thousand
(2,000) pound concrete as specified in Article XIX. Plain mass concrete
wall may be erected of the same thickness as required in section 5 and shall
be allowed the stresses permitted for solid brick walls with Portland cement
mortar. Reinforced concrete shall meet the requirements of Article XIX.
(e) Concrete Blocks or Tile shall be any product formed from Portland
ce nent concrete having voids or cells therein which is suitable for bearing
wall construction. All such units shall be manufactured by a licensed man-
ufacturer .as required in section 10. The aggregate shall be sand and gravel
or hard burned cinders free from soft ash and containing not more than
twenty (20) percent by weight of combustible. Cinders shall be free from any
substance vvhicb will slack or soften when moistened or weathered or any ma-
terial which will attack and weaken the cement. Also any other hard, durable,
incombustible mineral matter of adequate strength may be used provided it
does not alter its character or lose its strength when wet and exposed to
we'ther. The average crushing strength at twenty-eight (28) days or when
delivered to the job shall not be less than seven hundred (700) pounds per
-quare inch of gross sectional area and no individual sample shall test less
t' an five hundred (500) pounds per square inch. Tests shall be made with
the block or tile placed as actually used in wall. The average absorption of
cold water in five (5) hours shall not exceed twelve (12) per cent by weight
?nd no individual sample shall exceed fifteen (15) per cent by weight except
that in the case of blocks or tile weighing less than one hundred twenty-five


70 BUILDING CODE
(125) pounds per cubic foot the average absorption of water in per cent by
weight shall not be more than fifteen hundred (1,500) divided by the weight
of the material per cubic foot and no individual sample shall exceed this value
by more than twenty-five (25) per cent of the allowable average value. Units
used in end construction shall have their webs so aligned as to have an
effective mortar bed having an area of not less than one-third (J/s) of the
gross area of the wall. If the effective mortar bed at corners is not at least
equal to this requirement, solid units shall be introduced in alternate courses
or special corner blocks shall be provided to produce the required mortar bed
area. They may be used in curtain and bearing walls of buildings two (2)
stories or less in height, in foundations as defined in Article XV, Section 2,
and in panel walls of all type 1 buildings when complying with the require-
ments given in Article IV.
(f) Hollow walls of brick, concrete or terra cotta may be constructed
when provided with such cross ties of brick, concrete or terra cotta either with
or without metal reinforcement as are required to cause the wall to resist
pressure as a whole. When cross ties are not reinforced with metal the area
of such ties shall be equal to at least fifteen (15) per cent of the area of the
wall. Metal cross ties not imbedded in concrete or other protecting material
shall not be accepted. Such walls shall have a gross crushing strength of
seven hundred (700) pounds per square inch of gross section and the merits
of such construction shall be determined in case of dispute by actual test.
Such hollow wall construction may be used in walls not exceeding two (2)
stories in height.
(g) New Materials: Structural glass and structural materials not
specified herein may be approved and accepted by the department for use
provided complete and thorough tests shall have been made which prove the
material in question to be equivalent to comparable materials specified in this
code in strength, durability, practicability of construction, and fire and weather
resistive qualities.
Glass and other veneers may be used on masonry buildings for a height
of not over one story or twelve (12) feet above the sidewalk if approved
by the Building Department.
Section 2.—Mortar: AH masonry shall be well laid in mortar of
a composition as given herein. All mortars shall be made of lime.
Portland cement, natural cement or prepared mortar cement or a mixture of
these with sand. All mortar materials shall meet the requirements as given
herein and when tested the tests will be made in accordance with the current
methods of the American Society for Testing Materials.
(a) Lime; Shall meet the current specifications for quick lime and/or
hydrated lime by the American Society for Testing Materials.
(b) Portland cement shall conform to the current "standard specifica-
tions ard tests for Portland cement" by the American Society for Testing
Materials.
(c) Natural cement and prepared mortar cements shall be tested by
making two (2) inch cubes of norma! consistency with one (1) part cement
;ind three (3) parts standard sand and testing at seven (7) and twenty-eight
(28) days. The compressive stress at seven (7) days shall not be less than
three hundred (300*1 pounds per square inch and at twenty-eight (28) days
of four hundred (400) pounds per square inch but in no case shall the material
be approved if the twentv-eight (28) dav test is less than the seven (7) day
test. Further than this, these cements shall conform to the current "standard


72 BUILDING CODE
Section 4.—
(a) In building up new walls, to provide proper bonding, straight or
toothed joints in any vertical section of such walls shall be prohibited. All
masonry shall be racked back at least scaffold height at an angle of thirty (30)
degrees to the vertical.
(b) Walls supporting wood joists shall be tied to such joists by steel
straps at least one-eighth (Ms) by one and one-half (1J4) inches, spaced not
over six (6) feet on centers. Beam, girders and trusses shall be tied to walls
or piers supporting them with similar steel straps.
(c) Hollow walls and walls built of hollow concrete or terra cotta blocks
or tile shall be made solid for at least two (2) inches under all joists and built
solid under all beam, girder or truss bearings for an adequate distance to
safely distribute the load.
(d) The exposed top of all parapet and other walls shall be finished
with stone, concrete, terra cotta or approved metal coping.
(e) Joist and Beam Bearing. Wood or steel joists and lintels shall have
a bearing of not less than four (4) inches on masonry walls. Beams and
girders shall have a bearing of at least six (6) inches and trusses of at least
eight (8) inches. In all cases the bearing shall be sufficient to distribute the
stress so that no concentrated bearing stress shall exceed the values permitted
in Section 3. When necessary to properly distribute loads, steel bearing
plate or grillages shall be provided and accurately bedded in a level position
with Portland cement mortar.
Section 5.—(a) Thickness of Walls.—No masonry exterior or interior
bearing wall, exterior non-bearing wall, firewall or parapet wall shall be less
than twelve (12) inches thick unless specifically excepted herein and all
such walls shall be increased in thickness when necessary according to the
following rules:
(b) In Class F and G buildings the uppermost three (3) stores may be
twelve (12) inches thick and shall be increased by four (4) inches for every
three (3) stories or fraction below this, the basement being counted as a
story.
(c) In Class A, B, C. D and E buildings the upper two (2) stories may
be twelve (12) inches thick and shall be increased by four (4) inches for
every two (2) stories or fraction below this, the basement being counted as
a story.
(d) Every wall over one hundred five (105) feet long without a cross
wall shall be increased four (4) inches in thickness or provided with pilasters
four (4) inches thick and having a width of at least one-tenth (1/10) of their
center to center spacing.
(e) No masonry wall shall have a height between horizontal lateral
supports of more than twenty-two (22) times its thickness.
(f) Every wall having more than fifty (5O) per cent of openings of any
horizontal section shall be increased four (4) inches in thickness except for
spandrels and aprons.
(g) Eight-inch masonry walls may be used in the following:
1. Basement walls for Class F and G buildings of frame but not of brick-
veneer construction. Such walls shall not extend below grade more than
five (5) feet. All such basement walls over twenty (20) feet long shall have


BUILDING CODE 73
pilasters on the inside built integral with the wall which shall increase the
wall thickness by at least four (4) inches and have a width of at least one-
tenth (1-10) of the intervening spaces with a minimum of sixteen (16) inches.
Brick veneer buildings shall have foundation walls as speciiied in Article XV,
Section 2.
2. Foundation walls of Class A, B. C and D buildings of frame construc-
tion without basements but such walls shall not extend more than three (3)
feet above grade.
3. Interior bearing walls not over one (1) story or fourteen (14) feet
high and not over sixty (60) feet long in any class of building.
4. Interior bearing walls in Class F and G buildings not over two (2)
stories or twenty (20) feet high and not over thirty-live (oo) feet long.
5. Interior bearing walls surrounding stair or other shafts in Class F
and G buildings not over three (3) stones or thirty (30) feet high and not over
twenty (20) feet long.
6. Exterior bearing walls above grade of one (1) story buildings of any
class if not over fourteen (14) feet nigh, walls over thirty (30J teet long
shall have pilasters four (4) inches deep and have a width of at least one-
tenth (1-10) of the intervening spaces.
7. Exterior bearing and non-bearing walls above grade in Class G build-
ings, if not over two (Z) stories or twenty (ZU) feet high and not over lorty
(40) feet long. An additional rive (5) feet of height may be added for gauies.
8. Exterior non-bearing or curtain walls above grade in buildings of any
class, when of Types 1, 2 or 5 construction, supported from fioor to noor on a
skeleton frame of steel or concrete, if not over fourteen (14) feet high or thirty
(30) feet long.
9. Parapet walls not over four (4) feet high, when laid in cement mortar.
(h) Curved walls shall be made as much thicker than the above re-
quirements as is judged necessary by the Department.
Section 6.—Piers.—Masonry piers shall not have a free standing height
of greater than twelve (12) times their least dimension. Any facing of stone.
terra cotta, face brick or other materials not fully bonded with masonry
headers shall not be considered as a part of the pier. All piers shall be loaded
within the center third and piers carrying two or more loads shill be provided
with a cap stone or steel bearing plate.
Section 7.—Lining Existing Walls.—In case it is desired to increase the
height of existing walls which are less in thickness than required under this
code, the same shall be done by a lining of masonry to form a combined
thickness with the old wall of not less than four (4) inches more than the
thickness required for a new wall under this code. The new lining shall
be supported on proper foundations.
(a) No lining shall be less than eight (8) inches in thickness, and shall
be bonded to the old wall with iron or steel anchors at least one-quarter
( lA) of a square inch in area, snaced not over eighteen (18) inches apart.
vertically and horizontally, and properly fastened or driven into the old wall
in staggered rows: the old wall being first cleaned of all platter and other
coating.


72 BUILDIXG CODE
Section 4.—
(a) In building up new walls, to provide proper bonding, straight or
toothed joints in any vertical section of such walls shall be prohibited. All
masonry shall be racked back at least scaffold height at an angle of thirty (30)
degrees to the vertical.
(b) Walls supporting wood joists shall be tied to such joists by steel
straps at least one-eighth (yt) by one and one-half (\yi) inches, spaced not
over six (6) feet on centers. Beam, girders and trusses shall be tied to walls
or piers supporting them with similar steel straps.
(c) Hollow walls and walls built of hollow concrete or terra cotta blocks
or tile shall be made solid for at least two (2) inches under all joists and built
solid under all beam, girder or truss bearings for an adequate distance to
safely distribute the load.
(d) The exposed top of all parapet and other walls shall be finished
with stone, concrete, terra cotta or approved metal coping.
(e) Joist and Beam Bearing. Wood or steel joists and lintels shall have
a bearing of not less than four (4) inches on masonry walls. Beams and
girders shall have a bearing of at least six (6) inches and trusses of at least
eight (8) inches. In all cases the bearing shall be sufficient to distribute the
stress so that no concentrated bearing stress shall exceed the values permitted
in Section 3. When necessary to properly distribute loads, steel bearing
plate or grillages shall be provided and accurately bedded in a level position
with Portland cement mortar.
Section 5.—(a) Thickness of Walls.—No masonry exterior or interior
bearing wall, exterior non-bearing wall, firewall or parapet wall shall be less
than twelve (12) inches thick unless specifically excepted herein and all
such walls shall be increased in thickness when necessary according to the
following rules:
(b) In Class F and G buildings the uppermost three (3) stores may be
twelve (12) inches thick and shall be increased by four (4) inches for every
three (3) stories or fraction below this, the basement being counted as a
story.
(c) In Class A, B, C. D and E buildings the upper two (2) stories may
he twelve (12) inches thick and shall be increased by four (4) inches for
every two (2) stories or fraction below this, the basement being counted as
a story.
(d) Every wall over one hundred five (105) feet long without a cross
wall shall be increased four (4) inches in thickness or provided with pilasters
four (4) inches thick and having a width of at least one-tenth (1/10) of their
center to center spacing.
(e) No masonry wall shall have a height between horizontal lateral
supports of more than twenty-two (22) times its thickness.
(f) Every wall having more than fifty (5O) per cent of openings of any
horizontal section shall be increased four (4) inches in thickness except for
spandrels and aprons.
(g) Eight-inch masonry walls mav be used in the following:
1. Basement walls for Class F and G buildings of frame but not of brick
veneer construction. Such walls shall not extend below grade more than
five (5) feet. All such basement walls over twenty (20) feet long shall have


BUILDING CODE 75
The Department shall have the power to demand that a test be made
at the expense of the manufacturer of the concrete blocks on each and every
job when such blocks do not carry a distinctive brand mark identifying the
manufacturer, notwithstanding that a license may have been issued to such
maker. To be considered as an identifying mark, such marks must be re-
corded with the Department at the time application is made for license.
Section 11.—(a) Block Partitions.—Incombustible non-bearing interior
partitions may he built of brick, terra cotta tile, gypsum blocks, concrete
blocks, or tile or other similar material approved for this use by the Depart-
ment. Such blocks shall be strong enough for the purpose for which they
are to be used" but need not meet the requirements of Article XVI, Section 1.
The height of such partitions shall not exceed forty (40) times the thickness.
(b) Miscellaneous Partitions.—Incombustible non-bearing partitions may
also be constructed of a combination of metal lath and plaster on metal studs
not less than two (2) inches thick or a combination of sheets of gypsum
hoard containing not more than six (6) per cent fibre, or similar material
approved by the Department, supported by metal studs and having a thickness
of not less than two (2) inches.
ARTICLE XVII
Wood
Section 1.—All wood used in structural members shall be good sound
material free from large or loose knots, cross-graining or other important
defects. The carrying capacity of all members shall be calculated by the
accepted principles of mechanics and shall be based upon the actual dimen-
sions of the timbers used and not upon nominal sizes.
Section 2.—Unit Stresses.—The allowable unit stresses on various
kinds of wood shall be those recommended by the forest products
laboratory, U. S. Forest Service for material complying with structural grades
of the American Society for Testing Materials.
The allowable unit stresses are given for three conditions of exposure
during use:
fa) Continuously dry. This contemplates use in interior or protected
construction not subject to conditions of excessive dampness or high humidity.
(b) Occa.Monally wet. Occasionally wet but quickly dried assumes use
in such exterior structures as bridges, trestles, and exposed framework of
open sheds.
fc) Usually wet. This would apply to material exposed to waves or in
contact with earth, or used in portions of structures that would be more or
less continuously wet.
See Table 1.



TABLE.
COMPRESSION
МАХ.
TO GRAIN
SPECIES
AXIAL TENSION ALSO BENDING IN EXTREME FIBER PERPENDICULAR HORIZONTAL
SHEAR
CONT. DRY OCCASIONALLY WET USUALLY WET
SLLLCT OR AL CONDITIONS
COMMON GRADEB OR EXPOSURE
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
14IN & THINNER SIN & THICKER 14 IN & THINNER SIN. & THICKER
SELECT COMMON SELECT COMMON SELECT COMMON SELECT COMMON SELECT COMMord
CONT
DRY
OCCASION
ALLY
WET
USUALLY
WET
SELECT Cortmore
CEDAR : western red
: northern & Southern while
: Port Orford
530
: Alaska
COMSEL COMS.com
90
CYPRESS : southern
DOUGLAS FIR: Coast Region
.: Dense
. . : Rocky Mountain Region
FIR : balsam
: goldan, noble, silver, white
70
900 720 710 600 800 640 670 570 750 600 200
125 80
750 600 580 490 -
1450
175
10o
70
1,100 880 890 7601.000 800 800 680 900 720 250 200 150 90
1,100 880 890 760 – | | Boo 1680
250 200 150 90
1,300 1,040 980 830 — — 800 680 — |
350 250 225 | 100
1,600 1,200 1240 980|1,385 1.040 950 750 1.065 800 5925
25 260 225 215| loo
1.750 1.400 1.370 1.145 151512101050 875 1165 930 380 265 235 105
1.100 880 800 680 900 720 620 530 700 560 275 225 200 85
900 720 670 570 - - 530 450
150 125 100 70
1.100 880 800 6801 -
710 600
300 225 200
1,300 1,040 980 830 1.100 880 800 680 900 720 | 300
200 75
1.1 00 880 800 680 —
30o 225 200 70
1.200 960 980 | 830 1.100 8801 800 680 900 720 325 225 | 200l 100
- 1200 - 980 1,040 — 750
800 325 225 | 200
1,750 1400 1.370 1.145 15 15 1210 1.050 875 1,165 930 380 265 | 235 128
900 720 710 600 -
670 570
250 150 125 85
1.100 880 890 760 - - 710 6001 -
Joo 175 115085
1,200 960 890 760 1,000 800 710 600 800 640 250 150 125
1.1 00 880 800 680 900 720 710 600 800 640 250 150 125 85
750 600 580 490
440 370 -
175 140 100
1,200 960 980 830
800 680
300 225 200
64 1.000.000
56 Bogooo
721200.000
721,200,000
80 1200000
721600poo
841600000
68 1200000
36 1000000
561100000
60 1,400.000
56 1,100000
80 1300.000
881600.000
103 1600000
68 1000000
68 1209000
T10006-
203 120doc
981poo'oc
HEMLOCK : West Coast
| 225
: eustern
710 600
-
LARCH: Western
PINE : Southern
: Southern dense
California, Idaho and northern white
Pondosa and sugar.
: Norway
70
56126
REDWOOD:
SPRUCL : red, white, Silka
. : Englemann
TAMARACK: eastern
70
Sa
95
76
881600.00
03 16000
Note: for Stresses in compression parallel to groin see Table
100000



LUMNS AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS
COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN
(POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH)
EXPOSURE
25
SELECT STRUCTURAL GRADES COMMON STRUCTURAL GRADES
SPECIES
RATIO OF LENGTH TO LEAST DIMENSION () RATIO OF LENGTH TO LEAST DIMENSIONS)
11:0OR LESS 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 0 OR LESS 12 14 16 18 20 25 30
Блок Фи
CEDAR: western red
700 686 674 656 629 5921 438 304 560 553 547 538 524 505 425 304
DOUGLAS FIR: Coast Region
1.175 1149 1,127 1,093 1045 975 7024871 880 870 861 847| 826 796 675/487
Dense
1,285 1251 1222 1.176 1,112 1,022 702 487 1,025 1017 996 965 1935 893 698 487
Rocky Mountain Region 800| 786 774 753 726 1688 526 365 640 632 627 617 602 582 500 365
HEMLOCK West Coast
900 1885 872 1652 823 1783 614 426 720 1712 706 696 680 660 573 426
LARCH: western
1.1 oo 1068 1041 999 937 851 570 396 880063 849 828 798 752 570 396
PINE: Southern
880 870 861 847 826 796 675 487
Southern Dense
1,285 | 1231 | 1222 1176 1,112 10 22 702 487 1.025 | 1017 996 965
965 935 893 698 487
REDWOOD:
1.000 972 947 910 856 781 | 526 365 800 786 773 754 726 686 526 365
OSPRUCE: red, white. Sitko
800 786 774 753 726 688 526 365 640 632 627 1602 582 500 365
CEDAR: western red
700
673 654 628 591 438 304
560 552 1546 537 523 1 504 425 304
DOUGLAS FIR: coost Region
1065 1045 1,0281003 968 915 702 487
800 792 784 773 758 736 6441 487
Dense
11651.13911181,083 1,036 971 702 1487 935
1924
905 886 858 830 681 487
Rocky Mountain Region 800 785 772 753 728 688 526 365 640632 1625 1616 602 582 502 | 365
HEMLOCK: West Coast
900 885 671 831 624 763 612 426
720 712 705 695 681 659 372 426
LARCH: Western
100o 1976 955 922 877 810 570 396 800 787 777 760 736 704 564 396
PINE: Southern
800 792 784 773 758 736 644 487
1165 1.139 1118 1,083 10 36 1971 702 487
Southern Dense
935 924 905 1886 856
856 830 681
1487
REDWOOD:
900 879 661 034 794 798 326 365 7201 709 700 685 666 1637 518 365
SPRUCE: rea, white, Sitka
750 738 728 712 690 1657 525 365 600 594 588 580 568 552
365
CEDAR: western red
650 638 629 614 594 565 437 304 520 1 514 509 502 491 1475 413 304
DOUGLAS FIR: Coast Region
9051 893 883 867 846 614 663 487 680 675 1670 664 655
641 588 482
990 974 961
Dense
940 910 871 698 487 795 785 1 777 767 753 730 642 1482
Rocky Mountain Region
700 690 681 669 651 1623 514 365
560 554 551 544 535 521 465 365
HEMLOCK: West Coast
Boo 789 780 766 745 717 600 426 640 634 629 622 1612 598 537 426
LARCH: western
800 787 776 760 736 704 565 396 640 633 627 618 606 588 519 396
PINE: Southern
680 1675 670 664 655 641 588
482
Southern Dense
990 974 961 940 910 871 698 487 795 1785 777 767 753 730 642 482
REDWOOD:
7501 737 727 712 690 657 525 365 6oo | 594 588 580 568 552 483 365
SPRUCE: red, white, Sitka
650 642 635 625 611 589 500 365 520 515 512 507 500 489 446 365
Note For Modulus of Elasticity see Table
OCCASIONALLY WET CONTINUOUSLY DRY
1
USUALLY WET


r . '. BUILDING CODE 81
Bear-
Com-
Rivet
ing
pres-
Double
Single
Shear
sion
Shear
Shear
12,000
15,000
30,000
24,000
8,000
10,000
20,000
16,000
10,000
18,060
20,000
16,000
r" ARTICLE XVIII
Structural Steel, Iron and Cast Iron
Section 1. All steel, iron and cast iron used for structural members shall
meet the current standard specifications of the American Society for Testing
Materials. All such materials shall be fabricated and erected in accordance
with the best practices.
Section 2. Allowable Stresses: Allowable unit stresses shall be as fol-
lows in pounds per square inch:
Extreme
Fibre
Stress in
Material Bending
Steel 18,000
Wrought iron 14,000
Cast steel 14,000
Cast iron: Tension 3,000
Compression . 10,000 3,000 10,000 .-,-.-
Power-driven
and Turn bolts 18,000 13,500 .-,„. 30,000 24,000
Hand-driven rivets
and unfinished bolts 16,000 10,000 20,000 16,000
Section 3.—Design.—All steel-framed structures shall be designed as
tar as possible to have the lines of stresses coincide with the line of center
of mass of the rolled or built-up sections, whether in tension or compression.
When eccentric loading is unavoidable the stresses resulting from such eccen-
tricity shall be added to the other stresses in computing the safe load which
may be resisted.
(a) Rivets shall be used for all shop work, and for field work where
practicable. Where bolts are used in the field, care shall be taken to have
all the bolts in any joint in bearing at the same time. Unfinished bolts shall
be used only in connecting purlins and secondary members.
(b) In the design of structural steel framing, for buildings or other
structures in which the steel must be encased and fireproofed, ample clearances
must be allowed for the full specified thickness of fireproof covering or fire-
proof masonry enclosure on all steel members and over all connection or
other projections on same. Piping, conduits and similar objects shall not be
installed so as to interfere with fireproofing.
Brackets for the support of mains, risers, elevator guides and similar
appliances, and connections for stairway framing, metal window and door
frames, or other attachments to be supported by the steel framing, shall be
provided for and attached to the steel frame before the fireproofing is in-
stalled.
(c) Where the floor or roof construction consists of brick, hollow tile
or concrete arches, or other systems not providing reinforcement to resist
all thrust and tensile stress and rigidly tie together the beams supporting same,
tie rods of the required area to resist these stresses shall be installed.


BUILDING CODE 83
Section 6.— (a) Trusses, Beams, and Girders.— The safe bending
moment of beams and girders shall be determined by multiplying the section
modulus by the allowable extreme fibre stress. In the case of built-up
girders, the net section modulus shall be used after deducting all rivet and
other holes.
(a-1) When the laterally unsupported length "L" of the top chord
of any beam, girder, or truss exceeds fifteen (15) times the width "b"' of
the compression flange, the stress in pounds per square inch in the latter
shall not exceed:
20,000
L2
!+-
2,000 b2
Both L and b being measured in the same units. The laterally un-
supported length of a compression chord shall not exceed forty (40) times
"b" in any case.
(a-2) The maximum allowable average shear on the webs of rolled
beams and plate girders, when properly stiffened with intermediate stiff-
ening angles, shall not exceed 12.000 pounds per square inch of gross area.
The depth of a plate girder web "h" measured between flange angles, shall
never exceed 160 times "t", the thickness of web plate, and when "h" is
equal to or less than 60 t, no intermediate web stiffeners are required. When
"h" is greater than 60 t but less than 160 t, and intermediate stiffeners are
not used, the maximum allowable average shear on the web must be re-
duced to the value given by the formula.
V = v = 18,000 Pounds per square inch.
~A h2
1
7200 tz
If h exceeds 60 t but does exceed 160 t intermediate web stiffeners
must be used in all cases that the shearing stress exceeds the value permitted
by this formula.
(a-3) Intermediate web stiffeners, when required, shall be spaced at
distances in inches between centers, not greater than
85 t I18.OOO A — 1
t /18.000 A
V V
and not exceeding 6 feet, where A is the gross area of the web in square inches
V is the total shear in pounds, and t is the web thickness in inches. Inter-
mediate stiffeners shall consist of pairs of angles, with outstanding legs not
less than h + 2 inches and may be crimped over flange angles or be
24
placed on fillers.
Webb stiffeners at the ends and under load concentrations shall be
provided for all beams and plate girders whenever h is greater than
85 t F 18^0CTA^ir~
V


84 BUILDING CODE
Such stiffeners shall be designed as columns to carry the total end shear,
or load concentrations where they occur, at a unit stress of not exceeding
15,000 pounds per square inch, including in the column area a portion of
web not wider than the stiffener plus 3t on each side of the stiffening angles.
These stiffening angles shall be placed on fillers of same thickness as flange
angles of plate girders and shall have outstanding legs extending as nearly
as possible to the edge of the flange angles.
All stiffening angles shall have a close bearing against the flange angles,
especially those at the ends or under concentrated loads. The rivet pitch in
stiffeners shall not exceed 6 inches.
(b) All steel trusses shall be fabricated in a shop so far as possible.
Only the necessary connections and splices will be made in the field.
(b-1) All trusses shall be thoroughly and carefully braced vertically with
a complete system of steel or concrete struts and steel tie rods at the center
and when necessary near supports to prevent overturn and similarly braced
horizontally in the plane of the top chord to prevent lateral deflection. The
unsupported length of the top chord considered as a strut shall be measured
between points of suport by lateral bracing, but steel, concrete or wood
purlins adequately fastened to top chord of trusses may be assumed as
lateral supporters if at least one (1) out of every five (5) bays is provided
with sway bracing.
(b-2) Details of design and construction not covered by this code
shall be in accordance with the standard specification of the American In-
stitute of Steel Construction dated July, 1, 1923, or the latest revision thereof.
Section 7.—Rivets-Bolts.—In all riveted work the holes shall be not
more than one-sixteenth (1/16) inch larger than the diameter of the rivet to
be used.
(a) Holes shall accurately placed opposite each other and no drifting
to distort the metal shall be allowed. When such holes do not match they
shall be enlarged by reaming and larger rivets used.
(b) Rivets, where driven, shall completely fill the holes and have heads
in full contact with the surface.
(c) Rivet heads shall be of true hemispherical shape and concentric with
the axis of the rivet.
(d) No cold driven rivets shall be used in structural work.
(e) Turned bolts shall have full bearing against steel entirely on the
unthreaded portion.
(f) Bolt holes for turned bolts shall be carefully reamed to take the
bolts snugly when lightly driven into place.
(g) All turned bolts shall be provided with washers and nuts. All nuts
to be sent to a solid bearing without using sufficient force to damage bolt.
(h) Unfinished bolts shall fit as snugly as practical and shall be long
enough to penetrate the members to be connected at one standard nut.
Section 8.—Painting.—All steel and iron work shall have at least one (1)
coat of mineral paint before being put in the building and one (1) coat after
erection, except such material as shall be completely covered and imbedded
in concrete.


BUILDING CODE 85
Section 9.—Erection.—In the erection of steel work the various members
shall be kept plumb and true and firmly held with temporary bracing until
riveted and enclosed.
(a) Planking.—In erecting steel frame buildings of four (4) stories
and over in height, planking shall be provided by contractors over the entire
Moor area at points directly under where erection work is being carried on as
required by Section 5 of Article XXI.
(b) Enclosures Required.—Enclosures shall be erected around all steel
frame buildings in process of erection sufficient for the protection of the
public as required by Sections 3 and 4 of Article XXI.
(c) Equipment Protection.—All engines, compressors and other appa-
ratus used in the erection of buildings shall be protected from the public to
the satisfaction of the Department.
(d) Hoisting of Men Prohibited.—Hoisting men from the ground by
derricks on steel or other material shall not be allowed.
(e) Acetylene Blow Torches or other sources of great heat shall not
be used for cutting or punching steel work during erection and no such
torch or apparatus shall be kept on or near the job without the written per-
mission of the Chief Inspector, who may refuse or revoke such permission
whenever he finds such instruments being improperly used.
Section 10.— Welding.— Welding by the fusion method or by electric
resistance methods may be used in erecting the metallic structural members
of buildings or in shop assembly of parts when done in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
(a) Fusion welding shall include both electric arc and acetylene welding.
All such welding shall be done in accordance with the rulings of the depart-
ment of buildings and in the absence of such rulings in accordance with the
code for fusion welding in building construction of the American Welding
Society designated as Code 1, Part A, Edition of 1930, or latest revisipn
thereof.
The permissible unit stresses in fusion welds shall be in pounds per
square inch on section through throat of weld:
Shear 11,300
Tension 13,000
Compression 15,000
Maximum fibre stresses due to bending shall not exceed the values given
above for tension and compression respectively. In designing welded joints
subject to eccentricity the stresses due to eccentricity shall be added to the
primary stresses in determining the total stress.
(b) Electrical resistance welding may be used either as a method of
shop assembly or as a method of connecting members in the erection of
buildings. All resistance welding shall be performed by properly designed
machines. The adequacy of the design and adjustment of such machines
shall be determined by testing to destruction samples of welds made with
such machines when adjusted for actual working conditions. All resistance
welding machines used for welds which must withstand structural stresses
must be constructed so as to automatically control amount of current, amount
of pressure, and time of current flow but the department of buildings may per-
mit the use of machines in which the time of current flow is not automatically
determined if it is satisfied that the nature of the weld and the skill of the


BUILDING CODE 87
The owner of any building or other structure any part of which projects
into or encroaches upon any public property shall re.nove at once any part or
all of such encroaching portion of his building or other structure upon being
ordered to do so by the Common Council, and the City of Ann Arbor shall
not be liable for any damages resulting to the property owner by reason of
such an order.
Section 2.—Footings or Foundations may extend into street or alley lines
not to exceed three (3) feet when wholly below the level of the ground
provided such footings or foundations do not interfere with or damage any
sewers, pipes or conduits of the City of Ann Arbor or any public service
corporation.
Section 3.—Base Course of buildings above the sidewalk shall not pro-
ject beyond the street line.
Wheel Guards may extend into alley not more than eight (8) inches but
such guards shall be of metal or concrete and not over twenty (20) inches
high.
Pilasters of masonry at entrance of buildings may project into streets
not more than four (4) inches.
Window Sills and cornices over windows, if of masonry, may project into
streets or alleys not to exceed four (4) inches.
Section 4.— Cornices and Eaves (including gutters) of buildings of
classes F and G of combustible material may project from buildings not
more than eighteen (18) inches. Such cornices must be at least twelve
(12) feet above the ground level and not more than twenty-five (25) feet,
and the projection shall not exceed one (1) inch for each foot above the
ground level.
All'cornices and eaves on buildings of other classes or on-buildings
of classes F and G when more than twenty-five feet above the ground
level or projecting more than eighteen (18) inches shall be constructed of
incombustible material.
No cornice or eave shall project into any street or alley at a less height
than fourteen (14) feet above the ground level.
No cornice or eave shall project into any public property more than
one (1) inch for each foot that such projection is located above the ground
level, and in no case shall this projection exceed eighteen (18) inches.
Section 5.—Bays and Orioles shall not be projected into public property.
Section 6.— Balconies and Stairs.— No porch balcony or-stairs shall
project into public property except balconies and stairs of open latticed
metal construction for fire escapes when constructed as specified in specifi-
cation No. 38. The latter may project not more than four (4) feet, but
no such fire escapes shall be constructed unless the chief inspector deems
such a fire escape necessary for the safety of the occupants of the building.
The lowest part of such projection shall not be less than twelve (12) feet
above the sidewalk or fourteen (14) feet above the alley grade.


BUILDING CODE 93
shall be at least two (2) feet clear of the top of the boiler, and if less than
three (3) feet the ceiling shall be protected with a double metal shield or one
(1) inch of metal lath and plaster or equivalent material extending at least
four (4) feet beyond the furnace on all sides. No combustible partitions or
other material shall be placed within four (4) feet of the sides or seven (7)
feet of the front of such furnace.
All such heating plants shall be connected by a smoke pipe to a chim-
ney as required in Specification numbered 2 and 1.
Specification 7.— Boilers.— Large boilers for power or other pur-
poses or for generating high pressure steam shall be so located
that no combustible ceiling or partition or other combustible material
shall be less than ten (10) feet from the top or sides or twenty (20) feet
from the front of such apparatus, all ceilings and partitions less than ten
(10) feet from the top or sides or less than twenty (20) feet from the front
shall be fireproof or protected with at least four (4) inches of concrete,
brick or similar incombustible material and shall be well ventilated to pre-
vent the temperature rising above 125 degrees fahrenheit. Steel, cast iron or
concrete columns adjacent to such boilers shall not be in direct contact with
furnace settings, but there shall be an open and unobstructed space at least
four (4) inches wide for ventilation.
Specification 8.—Large Ovens, Coffee Roasters and Similar Appliances.—
Large ovens, coffee roasters and similar appliances in which fires are main-
tained shall have the same clearance and protection required for steam plants
for over fifteen (15) pounds pressure, except that the Department may permit
such appliances to be set upon wood floors when protected below by a one-
eighth (,'/%) inch steel plate turned up one (1) inch at edge and filled with
four (4) inches of hollow tile or hollow brick. Such floor protection shall
extend two (2) feet on each side and four (4) feet in front of such appliances.
All such installations shall be connected by means of a smoke pipe into a
chimney as required in Specifications numbered 2 and 1.
Specification 9.—Drying Rooms.—Drying rooms for use at temperatures
of one hundred twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit or less may be of wood,
but when designed to be used for temperatures above one hundred twenty-five
degrees Fahrenheit they shall be of metal, masonry or other incombustible
material and shall be insulated from all wood other combustible materials
by four (4) inches of masonry or by a four (4) inch air space and an asbestos
or metal shield.
Specification 10.—Kilns.—Kilns and similar apparatus for use at temp-
eratures of one hundred twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit and over shall
be constructed of masonry, concrete or metal, and all wood and other com-
bustible material shall be so protected and ventilated that the temperatures
thereof cannot rise above one hundred twenty-five (125) degrees Fahren-
heit under maximum working conditions.
Specification 11.—Incinerators for garbage and other materials shall be
supported on masonry and shall be protected from all wood or other com-
bustible materials by eight (8) inches of masonry or by four (4) inches of
masonry and a terra cotta or cast iron lining and shall be provided with a
flue constructed as required for furnace chimneys in Specification No. 1


94 BUILDING CODE
Specification 12.—Stoves.—All stoves for heating, cooking or laundry
purposes using solid or liquid fuel when resting on wood floors shall be
securely supported at least six (6) inches above such wood floors by metal
supports and there shall be a metal and asbestos pad at least three-eighths
(Y%) inch thick below such stove extending at least six (6) inches on each side
and at least twelve (12) inches in front of such stove. Such stoves shall not
be placed nearer than six (6) inches to any wood partition or other com-
bustible material, and if placed nearer than twelve (12) inches such wood or
other combustible material shall be protected with a metal or asbestos shield.
There shall be at least three (3) feet clearance between such stoves and any
wood or other combustible material above. All such installations shall be
connected by a smoke pipe to a chimney meeting the requirements of Speci-
fications 2 and 1.
Specification 13.—Gas Ranges, Domestic Hot Water Heaters
and Hot Plates.—Gas ranges, domestic hot water heaters and
hot plates shall be supported at least six (6) inches above
any wood floor or other combustible material. Where such stoves or
hot plates are not provided with a shield below the burners, the wood or
other combustible material on which they rest shall be protected with a double
metal shield with one (1) inch air space between or with a one-quarter (!^)
inch pad of metal and asbestos or equivalent. Such ranges and hot plates
shall not be nearer than three (3) inches to any wood partition or other
combustible material and if less than six (6) inches the wood or the com-
bustible material shall be protected with sheet metal or asbestos. Wood
ceilings or other combustible material shall be at least three (3) feet above
such installations.
Specification 14.—Gas Ranges for Restaurants or Hotels shall be support-
ed at least six (6) inches above any wood floor, and if less than twelve (12)
inches above the floor the wood shall be protected by a metal shield, or such
ranges may rest on a steel and terra cotta support as called for under
"Large Ovens,'' Specification No. 8. Such ranges shall not be placed nearer
to any wood partitions or other combustibles than six (6) inches, and if nearer
than twelve (12) inches such partitions shall be protected with a metal or
asbestos shield. The distance from any such range to any wood ceiling or
other combustible material above shall not be less than twelve (12) inches,
and if less than three (3) feet the ceiling or combustible material above shall
be protected with a double metal shield with one (1) inch air space between
or with one (1) inch of metal lath and Portland cement plaster or one (1)
inch of asbestos. Hood and ventilating flues from such ranges may be of sheet
metal or masonry, and if of sheet metal shall be protected from all wood
or other combustible materials by four (4) inches of concrete, gypsum or
terra cotta tile or an eight (8) inch air space and a metal shield. Such ven-
tilating flues shall not be carried through wood floors or uo combustible
partitions unless protected with at least four (4) inches of masonry or
concrete.
Specification 15.— Oil burners in stoves, furnaces, etc., and fuel oil
storage: Stoves, furnaces, and other heating or power apparatus in
which oil burners are installed shall be constructed and erected as re-
quired for similar apparatus using solid fuel. In addition the following re-
strictions shall be observed:


BUILDING CODE 95
Oil burners burning gasoline or other inflammable liquid having a flash
point in an open cup tester of less than one hundred thirty (130) degrees
Fahrenheit shall not be provided with tanks of more than one (1) gallon
capacity.
Oil burners burning kerosene or other inflammable liquid having a flash
point of over one hundred thirty (130) degrees fahrenheit shall conform
to act No. 319 of the public acts of 1929 of the state of Michigan and/or as
amended from time to time.
Specification 16.—Other sources of heat and flame not specifically men-
tioned herein shall be so constructed and so protected as to prevent heating
any wood or other combustible material used in the construction of floors,
ceilings, partitions or other parts of the buildings to a temperature of over
one hundred twenty-five (125) degrees Fahrenheit when is full operation, and
shall be so constructed as not to be liable to undue corrosion or deterioration
and not subject to accidental overturn or other derangement conducive to
dangerous conditions.
Specification 17.—Warm air ducts or pipes for warm air furnaces for
houses not over three (3) stories high shall be not less than 30 U. S.
galvanized iron: Provided that pipes twelve inches or more in diam-
eter shall not be made of material lighter than No. 26 U. S. galvanized
iron, wall stacks may be single thickness, but all pipes shall be properly and
securely supported. No nails shall be driven through stacks or pipes or fittings
at any point. All pipe and duct sections shall be securely joined together by
locked or lapped and soldered seams but no pipes which depend wholly on
soldered joints shall be used. All register boxes may be double-walled metal
boxes with five-sixteenths (5/16) of an inch between the inner and outer wall,
or register faces may be placed directly at duct outlets providing such
register faces and ducts are provided with proper flanges so that no
leakage of heated air occurs around the outside. Great care must be taken
by workmen in installing duct work, and it shall be considered a mis-
demeanor for any workman to cut any plate, joist, beam or studding that
will materially weaken the structure. All such cases should be brought
to the attention of the building inspector for his approval.
Specification 18.—Vent flues and ducts of any kind shall not pass
through interior fire walls unless unavoidable and allowed by the
building inspector. When ducts pass through interior fire walls, they
shall be provided with approved automatic fire doors or shutters, on both
sides of the walls, and in no case shall such vents be terminated in any attic
space. No vent flues for stoves, water heaters, gas stoves, or for ventilation
shall be used except with the approval of the building inspector. Such
vents when used shall be of sheet metal, crock or terra cotta. Such vents
when of metal shall not come in contact with wood, but shall be separated
therefrom by a one-half (Vz) inch space or by one-quarter (l/i) inch of
asbestos C- similar matrrirl. All such vents shall have tight locked joints
without solder and shall be carried to the outside of the building.
Specification 19.—Forced air heating and ventilating systems: (a)
Ducts of blower or exhaust systems shall be constructed of fire-
resistive or non-combustible materials of amnle strength and thick-
ness to meet the conditions of the service for which they are used and the
conditions under which they are installed. Ducts shall be tight throughout


96 BUILDING CODE
and no openings shall be permitted except those necessary to perform the
required functions of the system. Ducts shall be thoroughly braced where
required and unless built within masonry work shall be substantially support-
ed by metal hangers, brackets, or their equivalent. (See Specification No. 17.)
No room, hallway, attic, void hollow, or concealed space, nor other part of
a building shall be used as part of a blower or exhaust system unless it is
an integral part thereof and used for no other purpose, and is constructed
of or adequately protected by fire-resistive materials.
(b) Fans shall be installed on proper foundations or otherwise firmly
secured to substantial supports, and constructed throughout of non-com-
bustible materials. Fans shall be so located and installed as to be readily
accessible for repairing, cleaning, inspecting and lubricating. Connections
between discharge end of the fan and main duct shall be made in such a
manner as to prevent leakage of fine dust.
Specification 20.—Low pressure steam and hot water pipes: Where
steam pipes for not more than fifteen (I5) pounds pressure and hot
water heating pipes pass through partitions, ceilings, or floors, the
holes for such pipes shall have a diameter not more than one-quarter
(%) inch greater than the pipe. Such pipes shall be provided with
tightly-fitted flanges at all such openings in partitions, ceilings, and floors.
Covering for steam or hot water pipes, when used shall be of incombustible
material for the inner one-eighth (%) inch at least, and the entire covering
used any place within four (4) feet of the boiler shall be incombustible and
shall not have any covering of cloth or other combustible material.
Specification 21.— Steam pipes for more than fifteen (15) pounds
pressure: Steam pipes for more than fifteen (I5) pounds pressure
shall not be placed nearer than one-half (]/i) inch to any wood or other
combustible material and shall be protected with sleeves of one-half (14)
inch of asbestos or similar incombustible covering at such places where
pipes pass through partitions, ceilings, and floors. All such pipes shall be
provided with tightly fitted flanges at all such openings in partitions, ceilings
and floors.
Specification 22.—Gas supply lines when installed in Class A, B, C. D.
E or F buildings shall be provided with a shut-off located outside of the
building in some place accessible to the Fire Department and keys for shutting
off same shall be supplied by the company installing the gas. Not more than
two types of keys shall be required for all valves installed. All such valves
shall be plainly labeled "GAS'' and the company installing such valves shall
be responsible for keeping them in operating condition.
Gas shall not be installed in Class E buildings except in the furnace room
or carpenter room.
Outside valves will not be required in Class G buildings.
Specification 23.—Gas Outlets.—No gas outlet or bracket shall be placed
less than eighteen (18) inches below any ceiling of wood or other combustible
material and if placed less than thirty (30) inches below, the ceiling above
shall be nrotected with a shield of metal or asbestos. No fixed gas bracket
shall be less than six (6) inches long and all movable brackets shall be so
constructed that the burner cannot be brought closer than six (6) inches from
the wall.


BUILDING CODE 97
Specification 24.— (a) Stand Pipes: Size of stand pipes shall be as fol-
lows: For buildings less than seventy-five (75) feet high not less than four
(4) inches in diameter. For buildings seventy-five (75) feet or more in height
not less than six (6) inches in diameter for first seventy-five (75) feet, and not
less than four (4) inches in diameter for remaining height. Piping for stand
pipes and sprinkler systems shall be wrought iron or steel strong pipe and
heavy fittings. All valves to be equal in strength to pipe. All piping shall be
tested for leaks and defects under working pressure by the Ann Arbor Fire
Department. Application for test shall be made to the Chief of the Fire
Department, who shall order such test and record made of the same.
(b) Standpipes shall be located within fireproof stair shafts when prac-
tical, otherwise as near stair shafts as possible.
(c) Standpipes shall extend from sub-basements, basement or cellar to
and through the roof.
(d) Standpipes shall be equipped on all floors, with a two and one-half
(2J/2) inch angle valve with renewable soft disc for cold water, valve to be
equipped in such a manner as to provide a two and one-half (2j4) inch U. S.
Bureau of Standards male coupling for use by the Ann Arbor Fire Depart-
ment. There shall also be provided at each standpipe such number of feet
of one and one-half inch Underwriters approved unlined linen hose, equipped
with a two and one-half (2%) inch female reducing coupling and one and
one-half (1J4) inch by twelve (12) by one-half (J-2) inch smooth bore brass
nozzle as specified by the Chief of the Fire Department. Hose racks shall be
provided on all floors and must be of the self-releasing type of approved
pattern; same shall be located not higher than five (5) feet from the floor.
(e) Roof Standpipes: Where there is only one standpipe in a building
a two-way spreader shall be provided and so arranged that each opening may
be used independently. Where more than one (1) standpipe is in a building
one (1) opening on each will be deemed sufficient. These openings are to be
provided with standard two and one-half (2J/2) inch U. S. Bureau of Standards
male coupling and all roof hydrants shall be equipped with a shut-off valve
and drain located below the roof to prevent freezing. Hose may be omitted
from all roof hydrants if so desired.
(f) Siamese pumper connection shall be installed in such numbers and
locations as are designated by the Chief of the Fire Department. Same shall
be equipped with clapper valves, substantial caps and a drain shall be provided
between check valve and siamese. Each such pumper connection shall pro-
vide two (2) two and one-half (2J4) inch U. S. Bureau of Standards female
threaded hose connections. Siamese connections shall be elevated at least
eighteen (18) inches above grade and not more than three (3) feet and there
shall also be provided with a straight-way check valve on horizontal section
rf pipe just inside of building and one (1) on supply pipe from water supply
tank.
(g) Water sunply may be from one (1) of the following sources: Gravity
tank, pressure tank, or house service tank; provided they are located above
roof or immediately below roof and are capable of maintaining at least fifteen
(15) pounds pressure per square inch at the highest outlet other than roof
outlet. Where water supply is used for combined standpipe use, the house
supply pipe shall extend above bottom of the tank to such a height as will
reserve the required a-nount of water for fire purposes. The amount of water


BUILDING CODE 99
tion having equal resistance to fire and water. Such doors shall be con-
structed and erected in accordance with the current specifications of the
National Board of Fire Underwriters for corridor type fire doors. All frames
for such doors shall be metal covered as required in specifications referred to
above.
Specification 30.—Fire Shutters and Fire Windows: Fire windows shall
have frames and sash of iron or steel bars or of sheet iron or steel hollow
forms fabricated by pressing, welding or crimping together but not by the
use of solder or other fusible alloy. Wood cores may be used if completely
incased in metal as required for fire doors but no exposed wood shall be used.
All glass shall be wired glass.
Fire Shutters shall be constructed of roller steel curtains or shall be of
any material allowed for fire doors. All fire shutters shall be attached with
metal fastenings to the inside of windows and shall operate by gravity with
fusible links as required for fire doors. Where fire windows are required
ordinary windows with fire shutters may be provided.
Specification 31.—Roofing—Incombustible: To be used on all buildings
in the fire limits and all buildings outside of the fire limits except frame or
Type 8 buildings and private residences less than three (3) stories high shall
consist of terra cotta, concrete, sheet metal, slate or any of the following:
Tar or asphalt covered roofing, felt covered, with at least one-quarter
(%) inch of gravel.
Asbestos prepared roofing.
Other prepared roofing material with at least one cap sheet of asbestos
paper weighing one and one-half (IA) pounds per yard.
Other roofing of equal fire resisting value if approved after test by
the Chief Building Inspector.
Specification 32.—Wood shingles may be used for roof covering on build-
ings outside of the Fire Zone providing the thickness of five (5) shingles at
the butt measure not less than two (2) inches and be vertically grained and
of clear grade not less than sixteen (16) inches in length. Shingles of this
length shall not be laid greater than five (5) inches to the weather.
No prepared shingles shall be used on a new dwelling of a shorter
length than twelve and one-half (\2y2) inches. All gutters, valleys and
flashings on new work shall be composed of metal. All metals other than
copper, lead, zinc shall be painted both sides before installation.
Roll roofing and asphalt shingles used for covering of old roofs, private
garages and temporary structures must conform with the requirements of the
National Board of Fire Underwriters for Class "C" roll roofing and asphalt
shingles.
For valleys in connection with this type of work, two thicknesses of roll
roofing material weighing not less than sixty-five (65) pounds per square
may be used.
Specification 33.— Moving Picture Machine Booths: Every moving
picture machine using inflammable fil ns together with all electric devices,
rheostats, sewing machines and other films present in buildings shall be en-
closed in a booth large enough to permit the operator to walk freely on
either side or in back of the machine and at least seven (7) feet high.


BUILDING CODE 103
(g) The stringers shall be at least three (3) inches, four (4) pound
channels for spans under ten (10) feet and shall be increased in size for larger
spans to provide a safe floor load of at least sixty (60) pounds per square
foot. The ends of platforms shall be finished with the same size channel.
(h) The floor slats shall be at least two (2) by one-quarter (%) inch flat
irons set three (3) inches on centers, fastened with at least one-quarter 04)
inch rivets to stringers or to one and one-half (1^4) by one-quarter (J4) inch
battens. Battens shall be fastened every two (2) feet to stringers.
(i) The railings shall be at least three (3) feet high in the clear with
uprights of at least one and one-half (1A) by one and one-half (1J4) by one-
quarter (J4) inch angles not over five (5) feet apart and top rail of same
material. Uprights to be bolted to channel stringers with at least two (2)
three-eighths (-Ms) inch bolts and to top rail with one (1) three-eighths
(f6) inch bolt or rivet. Top rails shall be braced from the top chord of each
bracket with at least a five-eighths (¥%) inch round brace.
(j) Brackets: Brackets spaced not over eight (8) feet centers shall be
made as follows: Top, bottom and wall chords to be at least one (1) two (2)
by two (2) by one-quarter (A) inch angle with two (2) bracing members of
at least one and one-half (1^£) by one and one-half (VA) by one-quarter (A)
inch angle, riveted together with one-half (A) inch rivets. Lower end of
bottom chord to be bent at right angles to face of wall and set into same at
least three (3) inches. Top chord of bracket to have one and one-quarter
(1J4) inch diameter bolt flattened for eight (8) inches at one end to not less
than one-half (Vz) inch thick, riveted to same with not less than three (3)
one-half (A) inch rivets, bolts to extend through wall and to be threaded with
standard one and one-quarter (1J4) inch nut and washer not less than five (5)
inches by one-quarter (A) inch on inside of wall. Brackets spaced over eight
(8) feet and not more than fifteen (15) feet centers to consist of at least two
(2) two (2) inch by two (2) inch by one-quarter (A) inch angles for top,
bottom and wall chords, with two (2) bracing members of at least one (1)
two (2) inch by two (2) inch by one-quarter (A) inch angle each. Three (3)
corners of brackets to be connected together with at least one-quarter (%)
inch gusset plates with at least two (2) one-half CA) inch rivets for each pair
of angles. The bolt through wall and the washer inside to be as specified for
lighter brackets. One of the inside brackets shall extend in a vertical position
directly under the middle stringer of balcony, the other to run in a diagonal
direction from the base of this upright to the wall end of the top chord. The
minimum distance between upper and lower chords of brackets shall not be
less than twenty (20) inches at the wall line. The top chord of brackets shall
entend five (5) inches beyond edge of balcony to support five-eighths (5^)
inch round brace to top rail.
(k) Stairs shall not be less than twenty-four (24) inches wide and shall
rise at an angle of not more than fifty-one (51) degrees but when used as
emergency exits for theatres this angle shall be determined by the riser and
tread given below. The risers shall not be more than eight (8) inches and the
treads not less than six (6) inches and one-half (A), but when used as
emergency exits from theatres the risers shall not exceed seven (7) inches
and the treads shall not be less than ten and one-half (10^) inches. The
stringers shall consist of at least five and one-quarter (5^4) inch plates. The
treads shall consist of at least one (1) piece of one and one-quarter (1*4)
inch by one-fourth (A) inch angle on outer edge and two (2) pieces of at


104 BUILDING CODE
least one and one-half OH) by one-quarter (J4) inch flat iron all resting on
and riveted to shelves of at least one and one-quarter (1J4) by one and one-
quarter (1J4) by one-quarter (J4) inch angles riveted to stringers with two
(2) three-eighths (H) inch rivets. Stair stringers are to be securely fastened
to balcony stringers above and below. Stairs shall be set on the outer side
of balconies whenever possible and shall be set on the inner side only when
on dead walls.
(1) Stairs shall have handrails on both sides (except where one side
is against a dead wall) at least two (2) feet six (6) inches high with top bar
of at least three-quarter (H) inch pipe or equivalent securely fastened to
uprights of at least one and one-quarter (1J4) by one and one-quarter (1/4)
by one-quarter (%) inch angles or three-quarter (J4) inch pipe set not more
than five (5) feet apart and fastened to stair stringers with at least two (2)
three-eighths (H) inch bolts or rivets.
(m) Drop stairs shall be constructed the same as other stairs but shall
be pivoted on at least a one (1) inch bolt and so counterbalanced as to remain
in a horizontal position when not in use. They shall drop into position in-
stantly when stepped upon and when down shall remain there until raised.
They shall be properly braced to prevent them from springing out of shape.
Stairs counterbalanced with weights hung from cables will not be allowed.
(n) Ladders: All ladders shall be at least eighteen (18) inches wide in
the clear, with side bars of at least two (2) inches by one-half (yi) inch bars
and rungs of at least three-quarters (Ya) inch round iron spaced not over
twelve (12) inches on centers and secured to the side bars. The ladder to
the roof shall have side bars, extending at least thirty (30) inches above the
roof and curved over and fastened to the roof and shall have braces to the
wall where necessary.
(o) Maintenance: Every fire escape shall be kept in perfect repair and
shall receive at least one (1) coat o-f mineral paint each year.
(p) Every fire escape shall be kept clear at all times of rubbish, snow,
ice or other obstruction and all doors and windows leading to fire escape shall
be kept unlocked except for locks easily released from the inside without the
use of a key as well as free from all ice, snow or other foreign material,
which might prevent the instant opening of same.
(q) Live Load Requirements: Every part of a fire escape shall be
made strong enough to safely carry sixty (60) pounds of live load per square
foot of platform and the stairs shall be designed to safely carry two hundred
(200) pounds per tread uniformly distributed when designed in accordance
with the provisions of Article XVIII.
(r) Placards: Every building having fire escapes shall have placards
bearing the inscription "Fire Escape" posted in conspicuous places in the
corridor of every floor above the first floor indicating the location of the fire
escape and it shall be the duty of the owner, manager or any person or persons
having charge of a building to see that such placards are provided, properly
placed and maintained.
Specification 39.—Snow Guards shall be provided on all roofs pitching
toward public ways not over ten (10) feet away if sloping more than one (1)
foot in four (4) feet provided the eaves are more than thirty-five (35) feet
above grade.


BUILDING CODE 105
Snow guards shall be made of wrought iron or soft steel bars standing
not less than six (6) inches above roof and shall be securely attached to roof
construction. They shall be placed not over three (3) feet on centers and
within one (1) foot of the eaves.
Specification 40.—Material to be Used as Substitute for Three-Quarter
(-54) inch sheathing shall possess the following properties:
(a) When applied to two (2) by four (4) inch wood studs placed sixteen
(16) inches on centers it shall possess at least as great a resistance to distor-
tion in the planes of the face of the material as three-quarters (}i) inch pine
sheathing of fair quality.
(b) It shall have a hard, durable surface which will not readily absorb
water or become disintegrated or deteriorated by the action of the elements
or ordinary wear and tear.
(c) It shall not rot or decompose more readily than pine timber or
become infested with vermin.
(d) It shall be at least equal to three-quarter (fi) inch pine sheathing
as a thermo insulator.
(e) It shall not burn more readily than pine timber.
ARTICLE XXIII
Effect
Section 1.—This ordinance shall take effect on and after ten (10) days
from legal publication thereof.


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Concrete Around Piles 15 4
Concrete Blocks—In Fireproof Buildings L 4 2
Foundations 15 2
Concrete Blocks or Tile—Strength of 16 1
Manufacture of 16 10
Partitions 16 11
Concrete Brick—Bearing Walls 16 1
Manufacture of 16 10
Concrete Buildings—Protection of Public 21 6
Concrete Chimneys 22 1
Footings 15 2
Concrete—Mass in Bearing Walls' 16 1
Concrete or Iron Stairs—Type 7 4 8
Concrete Piles 15 4
Concrete Tile, Manufacture of 16 10
Condemned Property—Peimits on 1 8
Construction Costs to be Posted 1 11
Construction—New Methods of 14 7
Construction of Masonry 16 4
Construction Started Before Permit Obtained 1 12
Construction—Types of 4 1—10
Convents 11 1—11
Cooling Towers—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Coping on Parapet Walls 16 4
Cornices—Projection Into Street 20 4
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 6 Buildings 4 7
Type 8 Buildings 4 9
Corridor Fireproof—Class F 11 4
Corridors—Class D Buildings 9 3
In Theaters 10 3
Costs of Construction—To be Reported 1 11
To be Revised 1 11
Cost of Correcting Violations—To be assessed against
property 1 15
Cost of Making Buildings Safe—To be assessed 1 7
County Buildings 9 1-11
Court Houses 9 1-11
Courts at Side of Theater Auditorium 10 3
Cross Walls—Definition 2 3
Crushing Strength—Brick, Tile, Etc. 16 1
Cupolas—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Curtain—Asbestos in Theater 22 35
Walls—Definition 2 3
Wall—Thickness 16 5
Wall—Fireproof Construction 4 2
Damage by Fire—When Buildings to be Rebuilt 1 6
Damaged Buildings 1 6
Damages—Due to Encroachments, Owner Liable for 20 1
Dance Halls o i-l]


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Class D Buildings 9 4
Class F Buildings 11 4
Class G Buildings 12 4
Enclosures of Stairways, Etc.—Theaters 10 4
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Type 6 Buildings 4 7
Vertical Openings 5 4
Encroachment into Public Property 20 1~8
Removal of 20 1
Engineer (Registered) to sign plans 1 8
Entrance to Boiler Rooms of Class B 7 8
Entry—Writ of, Refusal of, to be Issued by Court 1 15
Erection of Steel Work 18 9
Excavations for Easement and Footings, Protection and
Responsibility 15 1
Exceptions—Class A Buildings 6 9
Class B Buildings 7 9
Class D Buildings 9 9
Class E Buildings 10 9
Class F Buildings 11 9
To Requirements 5 9
General 5 10
Existing Buildings—Alteration of 1 6
Definition 2 4
Change of Occupancy 5 11
Class A 6 10
Class B 7 10
Class D 9 10
Class F 11 10
Class G 12 10
Existing Buildings Governed by Code 1 fi
Existing Walls—Lining of 16 7
Exit Lights—Theaters 10 3
Exits—Class A Buildings 6 3
Class B Buildings 7 3
Class C Buildings 8 3
Class D Buildings 9 3
Class E Buildings 10 3
Class F Buildings 11 3
Class F Buildings, Existing 11 10
Class G Buildings 12 3
Class G Buildings, Existing 12 10
Emergency—From Theater Auditormium to Fover,
Balcony, Etc. 10 3
General Requirements 5 3
Signs—Class A Buildings 6 3
Signs—Class B Buildings 7 3
Signs—Class D Buildings 9 3
Main Theater 10 3
Stage 10 3


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article
Protection of in Class E Buildings 10
Protection of in Class F Buildings 11
Protection of in Class G Buildings 12
Headers in Masonry Walls 16
Hearths 22
Heat and Flame (Miscellaneous Source of) 22
Heating Plants—Hot Air 22
Heating Plants—Class D Buildings 9
Class F Buildings 11
Class B Buildings 7
Steam 22
Steam (over I5 lbs. pressure) 22
Theaters 10
Heating and Ventilating Ducts 22
Height—Buildings 4
Definition 2
High Pressure Boilers in Class F Buildings 11
Hoist—Building Operations 21
Hoisting Workmen, Prohibited 18
Hoistways, Enclosure of i 5
Hollow Walls 16
Solid under Joists, Etc. 16
Safe Loads for 19
Horizontal Members—Type 1 Buildings 4
Type 3 Buildings 4
Type 4 Buildings 4
Type 5 Buildings 4
Hospitals 11
Hotels 11
Hot Plates 22
Hot Water Heaters, Etc. 22
Hot Water Pipes 22
Hot Weather—Pouring Concrete in 19
Ice Houses 6
Frame 4
Incinerators—Specifications for 22
Incombustible Construction 4
Height of 4
Incombustible Roofing 22
Fire Limits 3
Inflammable Liquids, Buildings for 7
Class A Buildings 6 8
Class C Buildings ,, 8 8
Class D Buildings 9 8
Class F Buildings 11 8
Class G Buildings 12 8
Definition 2 2
Fire Limits 3 5
Theaters 10 8
Inspection—Called for 1 14
Reports to be Fled 1 17
Jails 11 1-11
Section
8
8
8
4
3
16
4
8
8
8
5
6
8
19
, • 1
2
8
4
9
4
1
1
6
2
4
5
6
1-11
1-11
13
13
20
24
1-11
9
11
3
1
31
2
111


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Joists, Headers, Etc., Support of 17 6
Joists, in Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Kilns, Specifications for 22 10
Lamp Brackets, Projection of 20 8
Large Buildings, Plans for 1 8
Lattice Columns 18 4
Length of Wall—Definition 2 3
Libraries 9 1—11
Licenses for Concrete Blocks, Etc., and Revocation Thereof-- 16 10
Light Wells 11 4
Lime Mortar 16 2
Lining Existing Walls 16 7
Lintels 16 8
Definition of 2 2
Type 1 Buildings , 4 2
Live Load—-Definition 2 2
Placards for Floor 14 5
Reduction of 14 34
Sidewalk Covers 21 3
Various Occupancies 14 2
Loads—Concentrated 14 2
General Requirements 14 1
Dead and Live 2 2
Wind 14 6
Masonary, Safe for 16 3
T.ocation—Buildings 5 5
Class A Buildings 6 5
Class B Buildings 7 5
Class C Buildings 8 5
Class D Buildings 9 5
Class F Buildings 11 5
Class G Buildings 12 5
Theaters 10 5
Lodge Halls 9 1-11
Lodging Houses 11 1—11
Lot Line, Distance of Sheds from 3 2
Lowering Workmen 21 4
Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Pipes 22 20
Machine Shops, Painting in 6 9'
Manufacturing Buildings 6 1-11
Markets 8 1-11
Marquise, Projection of 20 7
Masonry 16 111
Arches 4 2
Buildings in Fire Limits 3 2
Definition - -
Fireproof Construction 4 2
Masonry Walls —Height of 16 5
Retaining 16 9
Thickness of 16 5
Materials—Hoisting of 21 4
Bearing Walls 16 1


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Metal Cleanout Door 22 1
Metal Buildings in Fire Limits 3 2
Metal Lath and Plaster—Theater Ceiling 10 9
Type 4 Building Ceiling 4 5
Ceiling, Under Trusses 4 2
Class F Buildings 11 9
Light Wells 11 4
Stairs in Class F Buildings 11 10
Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Type 5 Buildings :4 6
Metal Studs—Fireproof Construction 4 2
Partitions '--. 16 11
Mezzanine—Floors in Class F Buildings 11 1
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Mill Construction 4 5
Height of 4 1
Vertical Members 4 5
Minor Theaters 10 1—11
Miscellaneous Projections 20 8
Miscellaneous Structures 13 1~6
Mixed Occupancy 5 2
Class A Buildings 6 2
Class B Buildings 7 2
Class C Buildings 8 2
Class D Buildings 9 2
Class E Buildings 10 2
Class F Buildings 11 2
Class G Buildings 12 2
Monasteries 11 1—11
Monitors—Tyoe 1 Buildings 4 2
Monumental Stair«—Class C Buildings 8 4
Class D Buildings 9 4
Class F Buildings 11 4
Mortar 16 2
Motion Picture Films—Buildings for 7 1—11
Motion Picture Films—Class C Buildings 8 8
Class D Build'ngs' 9 8
Hass F Buildings 10 8
Cla=s F Buildings 11 8
Wotn' Boat Houses 7 1—11
Motion Picture Booths. Specifications 22 33
Multiple Dwellings 11 1~11
Natural Cement Mortar 16 2
New Building—-Definition 2 4
New Method of Construction .- 14 7
New Materials 16 1
Night Ruilding 21 1
Nitro-Cellulose Films. Class B Buildings 7 8
Class C Buildings 8 8
NotiVe of Dancprsus Structures, and How Served 1 7
Notice of Violations 1 I5


XIV
INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article
Notification Cards, for Inspection 1
Nuisance—Penalty for 1
Unlawful Structures to be Declared 1
Wrecking, Not to Create 21
Obstructions—Theater Aisles 10
Occupacnies—Live Loads for 14
Occupancy (Existing Buildings), Change of 5
Mixed, in Class A Buildings 6
Mixed, in Class B Buildings 7
Mixed, in Class C Buildings 8
Mixed,'in Class D Buildings '- 9
Mixed, in Class E Buildings 10
Mixed, in Class F Buildings 11
Mixed, in Class G Buildings 12
Of Street, Permit for 21
Office Buildings
Oil Burners
Openings—In Walls, Framing of
Open Shelter Sheds
Ordinary Construction, Details of
Height of
Oriol Windows, Projection of
Oriols—In Type 1 Buildings
Outside Stairs in Class F Buildings
Ovens, Coffee Roasters, Etc., Installation of and Specifications
Paint Shops
Painting—Machinery, Parts of
Steel Construction
Paper—Storage of in Fire Limits
Parapet Walls—Class A Buildings
Tops of
Partitions, Block
Definition -
Fireproof Construction
Frame BVildings
Miscellaneous
Type 1 Buildings
Type 3 Buildings
Type 5 Buildings
Type 6 Buildings
Type 7 Buildings
Party Wall—Definition
Penaltv for Violation
Pent Houses—Tyoe 1 Buildings
Type 3 Buildings
Permits—Procedure to Obtain
Buildings on Condemned Property
Cancellation of
Expiration of
Fees, for
Revocation of
Reinstatement of
22
16
3-13
4
4
20
4
11
11
7
6
IK
3
6
16
16
2
4
4
16
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
4
4
Section
14
18
lo
8
3
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1-11
15
8
3-1
~
1
2
3 4
8
1-11
9
8
5
5
4
11
2
2
8
4
6
7
8
3
18
2
-i
8
8
9-14
o
II
9
9


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Photographic Studios—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Piers—Construction and Facing of 16 6
Pilasters—Projection of into Streets 20 3
Piles—Loads on, Etc. 15 4
Pipes for Steam and Hot Water—Low Pressure Boilers 22 20
Pipes or Ducts for Warm Air 22 17
Piping in Steel Construction 18 3
Placards—Floor Load 14 5
Plans—Examination of 1 8
Filing of A 8
Signing of 1 8
Required 1 8
Plate Girders 18 6
Police Department, Assistance of 1 7
Porches, Balconies, etc., in Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Type 6 Buildings 4 7
Tyne 1 Buildings 4 2
Poster Boards, in Fire Limits 3 3
Post Offices 9 1-11
Power Houses 6 1—11
Power of Depart nent 1 5
To Remove Structures 1 lfi
Pressed Steel in Type 2 Buildings 4 3
Prisons 11 1-11
Private Dwellings 12 1—11
Procedure in Building Operations 21 1~8
Projection^—Into Public Property 20 1-8
Type 7 Buildings 4 8
Proscenium—Curtains 22 35
Wall, Openings in 10 6
Protected Construction 4 4
Height of 4 1
Protection—Building Operations 21 3
Excavations 15 1
Hazards in Class A Buildings (i 8
Hazards in Class B Buildings 7 8
Hazards in Class C Buildings 8 8
Hazards in Class D Ruildings *• 8
Hazards in Class E Buildings 10 8
Hazards in Class F BuiHings 11 8
Hazards in Class G Buildings 12
si
Ovens. Coffee Roasters. Etc. ?' 8
Steel Framing Construction ?1 5
Steel Work (Under) 18 °
Wrecking Buildings, When 21 8
Public Buildings q 1~11
Property Encraochments intn 20 1-8
Purlins (Fireproofed) in Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Radio Towers »*'
Rag Shops 7 M1


1NDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Specifications 22 l--tG
filing 01 Same with bians 1 8
Spikes—shear for in wood 17 6
Spires—l ype 1 Buildings 4 2
Spray Coating 7 b
bprinklered buildings, Exits from Class B 7 3
Sprinkler S3'stems—Specifications 22 2o
theaters lO /
Stables / 1-11
Stacks—Steel or Iron '22 1
Stage—Class D buildings 9 8
Exits (Theaters) 10 3
Floors (Theaters) 10 9
Ventilators—Specifications ^.Z 3o
Stairs and Exits—'Class A buildings 0 3
Class B Buildings 7 3
Class C Buildings 8 3
Class D Buildings 9 3
Class E Buildings 10 3
(..lass r auild.ngs 11 3
Class G Buddings 12 3
General 5 3
Stairs—toiler Rooms Class A Buildings 6 3
Easting CLss A Build.ngs 6 10
Projection of 20 6
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 6 Buildings 4 . 7
Type 7 Buildings 4 8
Stairway Enclosure—Class C Buildings 8 4
Stand Pipes—Amusement Parks 13 6
Definition 2 2
Class A Buildings 6 7
Class B Buildings 7 7
Class D Buildings 9 7
Class F Buildings 11 7
Specifications for 22 24
Theaters 22 25
State Housing Code—For Class G Buildings 12 5
Steam and Hot Water Pipes—Low Pressure 22 20
Steam Heating Plants 22 5~6
Steam Pipes—High Pressure 22 21
Steel and Iron Stresses 18 2
Steel—Columns, Safe Load on 18 4
Frame Buildings, Protection 21 5
Skeleton for Lining Walls 1') 7
Stacks 2? 1
Structural IS 1-0
Tension Members, Stress on 18 5
Work, Erection of 18 9
Steel Structures—Design of 18 3
Stens—Theaters 10 3


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Torches, Welding, Etc., Class B Buildings 7 8
Towers—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Trap Doors—Stage Floors 10 4
Trusses—Fireproofed 4 2
Live Load Reduction 14 4
Steel 18 6
Theaters - 10 9
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Wood 17 5
Tunnels, Theater 10 3
Two Family Dwellings 12 1—11
Type 1 Construction 4 2
Type 2 Incombustible Construction 4 3
Type 3 Protected Construction 4 4
Type 4 Mill Construction 4 5
Type 5 Skeleton Construction 4 6
Type 6 Ordinary Construction 4 7
Type 7 Construction—All Metal 4 8
Type 8 Frame Construction 4 9
Types of Construction 4 1—10
Underpinning—Adjacent Foundation 15 1
How Done 21 7
Unit Stresses—Wood Members 17 2~3
Unlawful Structures 1 16
Unlimited Area—1-Story Buildings 6 6
Vacation of Dangerous Buildings 1 7
Vaults for Inflammable Films, Liquids, Etc. 2.1 34
Veneer—-Definition 2 2
Vent Flues—Specifications for 22 18
Ventilating—Ducts 22 19
Shafts—Theater Attics 10 4
Ventilators—Theater Stage 10 6
Specifications 22 36
Vertical Members—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Type 6 Buildings 4 y
Violations—Correction of 1 15
Notice of 1 K)
Penalty for 1 18
Volume of Building, Base of Fees 1 n
Wall—Apron—Definition of 2 3
Basement 15?


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Bearing—Definition of 2 3
Bearing—Materials for 16 1
Cross—Definition of 2 3
Curtain—Definition of 2 3
Definition 2 3
Eight-inch 16 5
Fire, Definition 2 3
Fireproof Construction 4 2
Foundation—Definition 2 3
Frame Buildings 4 9
Free Standing 16 9
Height of 16 5
Hollow 16 1
Division Wall—Definition of 16 1
Lining of Existing 16 7
Wall—Masonry . 16 1-11
Metal Buildings 4 8
Openings, Increased Thickness of 16 5
Over 105 Feet 16 5
Party, Definition 2 3
Recesses and Openings in 16 8
Retaining 16 9
Retaining, Definition 2 3
Skeleton Construction 4 6
Thickness of 16 5
Thickness of. Definition 2 3
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Type 6 Buildings 4 7
Warehouses 6 1—11
Warm Air—Ducts or Pipes, Specifications for 22 17
Furnaces, Specifications for 22 4
Water Heaters 22 13
Waterproof Card to be Furnished 1 8
Waterproof Permit Card to be Posted 1 8
Water Supply for Stand Pipes 22 24-g
Water Tanks—Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Webs—Plate Girders 18 6
Steel or Iron, Shear on 18 6
Welding . 18 10
Welding. Operator's Qualifications 18 10
Wheel Guards as Encroachments 20 3
Wholesale Stores 6 1-11
Window Sills Projecting into Street 20 3
Windows—Fire—Specifications for 22 30
Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Type 5 Buildings 4 6
Type 6 Buildings 4 7
Type 7 Buildings 4 8


INDEX TO BUILDING CODE
Article Section
Wind Pressure, Construction for 14 1
Wind Stresses 14 . 6
Wire Glass in Fire Doors 22 29
Work—When Stopped . , 1 1-©
Wood Beams—Strength of i-- ' 17 4
Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Wood Columns, Strength of . 17 3
Wooden Piles 15 4
Wood Roof Trusses 5 4
Wooden Structures in Fire Limits 3 3
Wood in Type 1 Buildings 4 2
Wood Joints in Type 3 Buildings 4 4
Wood, Not Allowed Near Smoke Pipe - 22 2
Wood, Not to Enter Chimney 22 1
Wood Posts, Type 4 Buildings 4 5
Wood—Unit Stresses 17 2
Structural Members - 17 1
Studs (Frame-Buildings) 4 ,9
Trusses, Construction of: 17 '5
Wrecking of Buildings 21 8
Wrought Iron Columns 18 4
Stresses for Steel, Wrought Iron, Cast Iron and Bolts 18 2