id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 1 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 5 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 6 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 19 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 20 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 21 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 22 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 23 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 25 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 1 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 1 Please please UH en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 2 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 3 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 5 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 7 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 8 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 10 reliable reliable JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 11 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 2 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 1 Unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 2 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 5 challenged challenge VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 7 removed remove VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 3 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 1 Find find VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 6 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 7 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 12 news news NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 14 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 15 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 17 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 18 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 20 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 21 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 23 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 24 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 26 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 27 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 30 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 31 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 35 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 36 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 37 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 38 message message NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 40 Part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 43 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 46 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 48 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 49 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 50 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 51 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 52 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 53 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 54 Cuisine Cuisine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 55 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 56 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 57 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 58 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 60 performing perform VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 61 arts art NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 62 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 63 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 64 Television Television NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 65 Cinema Cinema NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 66 Sport Sport NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 67 Monuments Monuments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 68 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 69 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 70 Sites Sites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 71 Symbols Symbols NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 72 Flag Flag NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 73 Coat coat NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 74 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 75 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 76   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 77 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 78 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 79 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 80 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 81 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 82 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 83 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 84 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 85 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 86 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 87 intertwined intertwine VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 88 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 90 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 91 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 92 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 93 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 4 94 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 1 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 2 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 3 turned turn VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 4 successively successively RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 6 simultaneously simultaneously RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 8 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 9 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 11 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 13 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 14 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 17 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 21 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 22 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 5 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 3 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 6 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 7 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 9 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 12 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 13 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 15 inspiration inspiration NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 17 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 20 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 21 heroes hero NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 23 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 24 upheavals upheaval NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 27 cruelties cruelty NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 30 rites rite NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 6 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 4 nineteenth nineteenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 5 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 8 twentieth twentieth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 10 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 11 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 12 diaspora diaspora NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 13 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 14 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 15 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 16 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 17 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 18 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 20 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 21 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 22 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 23 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 25 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 26 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 27 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 28 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 29 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 30 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 31 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 33 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 34 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 35 Images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 36 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 37 nineteenth nineteenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 38 century[edit century[edit , en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 40 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 42 eighteenth eighteenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 43 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 45 settlers settler NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 46 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 47 descriptive descriptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 49 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 50 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 52 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 7 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 1 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 4 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 5 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 8 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 10 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 8 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 2 1804 1804 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 4 Fligneau Fligneau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 6 play play NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 8 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 9 expatriate expatriate NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 10 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 12 debut debut NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 9 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 1 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 3 ruling rule VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 4 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 7 intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 8 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 11 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 12 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 13 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 14 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 15 imbued imbued JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 17 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 18 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 10 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 4 patriotic patriotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 5 vein vein NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 7 recounted recount VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 9 deeds deed NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 11 convulsive convulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 12 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 11 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 2 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 4 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 6 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 10 successive successive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 11 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 12 currents current NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 13 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 15 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 17 classicism classicism NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 19 romanticism romanticism NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 21 Parnassianism Parnassianism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 24 symbolism symbolism NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 12 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 1 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 2 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 5 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 6 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 7 Antoine Antoine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 8 Dupré Dupré NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 10 1782–1816 1782–1816 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 13 Juste Juste NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 14 Chanlatte Chanlatte NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 16 1766–1828 1766–1828 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 19 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 20 Romain Romain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 21 Lhérisson Lhérisson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 23 1798–1859 1798–1859 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 26 Jules Jules NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 27 Solime Solime NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 28 Milscent Milscent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 30 1778–1842 1778–1842 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 33 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 34 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 36 journal journal NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 37 L'abeille L'abeille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 38 haytienne[1 haytienne[1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 41 1817 1817 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 13 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 3 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 5 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 6 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 7 turmoils turmoil NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 9 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 10 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 11 Le Le NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 12 Républicain Républicain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 14 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 15 L'Union L'Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 16 opened open VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 18 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 21 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 22 romantics romantic NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 14 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 1 L'Observateur L'Observateur NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 3 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 5 1819 1819 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 7 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 8 romantic romantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 9 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 15 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 2 1836 1836 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 4 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 7 Cénacle Cénacle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 9 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 13 romantic romantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 14 poets poet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 15 Ignace Ignace NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 16 Nau Nau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 18 1808–1845 1808–1845 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 21 Coriolan Coriolan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 22 Ardouin Ardouin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 24 1812–1838 1812–1838 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 16 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 1 Later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 2 Oswald Oswald NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 3 Durand Durand NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 5 1840–1906 1840–1906 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 8 Massillon Massillon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 9 Coicou Coicou NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 11 1867–1908 1867–1908 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 13 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 15 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 17 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 1 Theatrical theatrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 2 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 4 equally equally RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 5 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 7 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 9 parallel parallel JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 12 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 14 melodrama melodrama NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 16 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 18 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 1 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 2 genres genre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 4 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 6 prose prose JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 7 drama drama NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 9 tragedy tragedy NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 11 comedy comedy NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 14 works work VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 15 reflecting reflect VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 16 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 18 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 19 mores more NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 19 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 3 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 6 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 9 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 10 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 12 imbued imbue VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 15 prestige prestige NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 18 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 19 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 21 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 22 exclusively exclusively RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 23 oriented orient VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 24 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 25 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 20 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 1 Touching touch VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 2 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 4 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 5 francophone francophone NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 6 minority minority NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 9 ignored ignore VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 10 Haitians Haitians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 11 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 12 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 13 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 15 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 17 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 18 patriotic patriotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 19 dimension dimension NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 21 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 2 twentieth twentieth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 3 century[edit century[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 6 twentieth twentieth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 8 opened open VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 11 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 14 magazine magazine NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 15 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 16 Ronde Ronde NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 18 Pétion Pétion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 19 Gérome Gérome NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 21 1895 1895 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 22 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 2 poets poet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 5 intimate intimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 7 delicate delicate JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 8 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 10 Etzer Etzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 11 Vilaire Vilaire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 13 Georges Georges NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 14 Sylvain Sylvain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 16 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 18 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 19 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 22 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 24 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 23 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 2 vein vein NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 3 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 4 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 7 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 10 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 13 poets poet NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 16 Dantès Dantès NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 17 Bellegarde Bellegarde NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 19 Ida Ida NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 20 Faubert Faubert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 24 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 2 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 3 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 5 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 6 1915 1915 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 10 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 25 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 2 génération génération NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 3 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 4 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 5 gifle gifle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 7 slap slap NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 8 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 10 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 11 successive successive JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 12 militant militant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 13 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 14 magazines magazine NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 16 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 17 Revue Revue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 18 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 19 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 20 ligue ligue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 21 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 22 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 23 jeunesse jeunesse NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 24 haïtienne haïtienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 26 1916 1916 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 29 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 30 Nouvelle Nouvelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 31 Ronde Ronde NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 33 1925 1925 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 37 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 38 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 39 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 40 Revue Revue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 41 indigène indigène NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 43 1927 1927 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 26 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 2 Indigeniste Indigeniste NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 3 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 5 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 6 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 7 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 8 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 9 Price Price NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 11 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 12 invited invite VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 13 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 15 start start VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 16 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 17 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 18 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 19 imitating imitate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 21 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 24 draw draw VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 27 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 28 roots root NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 31 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 32 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 27 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 2 resistance resistance NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 5 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 8 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 9 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 11 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 13 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 15 legends legend NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 28 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 3 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 6 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 7 realism realism NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 9 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 11 advanced advance VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 13 Jacques Jacques NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 14 Roumain Roumain NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 16 Gouverneurs Gouverneurs NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 17 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 18 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 19 rosée rosée NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 21 1944 1944 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 24 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 25 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 29 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 2 novel novel NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 3 depicted depict VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 5 darkness darkness NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 7 peasant peasant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 11 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 30 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 1 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 2 Alexis Alexis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 4 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 5 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 8 Gérald Gérald NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 9 Bloncourt Bloncourt NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 10 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 12 magazine magazine NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 13 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 14 Ruche Ruche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 16 1945 1945 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 31 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 2 1946 1946 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 4 André André NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 5 Breton Breton NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 7 appointed appoint VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 10 Director Director NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 12 Cultural Cultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 13 Affairs Affairs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 15 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 17 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 18 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 20 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 21 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 32 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 3 midst midst NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 6 student student NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 7 strike strike NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 8 opposing oppose VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 10 Lescot Lescot NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 11 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 14 speeches speech NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 15 resonated resonate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 18 insurgents insurgent NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 20 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 22 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 24 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 25 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 33 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 4 surrealist surrealist JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 5 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 7 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 8 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 9 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 10 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 12 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 13 real real JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 34 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 7 openly openly RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 8 claimed claim VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 10 Clément Clément NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 11 Magloire Magloire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 13 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 15 Aude Aude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 17 collaborator collaborator NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 19 Griots griot NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 35 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 2 réalisme réalisme NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 3 merveilleux merveilleux NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 5 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 6 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 8 Jacques Jacques NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 9 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 10 Alexis Alexis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 13 1950s 1950 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 14 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 16 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 18 fruitful fruitful JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 36 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 1 Contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 2 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 3 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 5 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 8 Francophone Francophone NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 9 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 10 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 11 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 14 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 15 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 16 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 37 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 1 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 2 diaspora[edit diaspora[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 5 Duvalier Duvalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 6 regime regime NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 7 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 9 exodus exodus NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 12 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 13 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 38 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 2 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 4 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 5 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 8 diaspora diaspora NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 9 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 12 militant militant JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 13 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 15 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 16 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 18 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 20 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 22 suffering suffering NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 25 guilt guilt NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 27 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 28 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 30 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 32 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 39 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 1 Books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 4 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 5 Métellus Métellus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 7 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 8 Vortex Vortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 10 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 12 réédition réédition NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 13 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 15 depict depict VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 17 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 20 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 21 exiles exile NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 24 host host NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 25 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 40 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 3 Duvalier Duvalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 4 dictatorship dictatorship NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 6 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 9 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 10 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 12 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 14 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 15 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 18 parading parade VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 19 themes theme NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 21 madness madness NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 23 possession possession NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 25 misery misery NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 27 violence violence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 29 culminating culminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 30 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 31 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 33 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 35 bitterness bitterness NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 38 dispersal dispersal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 41 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 1 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 2 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 3 forced force VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 5 exile exile NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 8 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 9 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 12 twentieth twentieth JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 14 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 15 Renè Renè NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 16 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 18 Dany Dany NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 19 Laferrière Laferrière NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 21 Jacques Jacques NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 23 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 24 Alexis Alexis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 26 Marie Marie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 27 Vieux Vieux NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 29 Chauvet Chauvet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 32 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 42 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 3 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 5 indigenism indigenism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 6 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 8 advocated advocate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 9 re re NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 10 - - VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 11 appropriating appropriate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 13 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 16 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 19 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 20 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 22 Duvalier Duvalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 23 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 24 dictatorship dictatorship NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 25 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 26 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 27 about about RP en-wikipedia-org-1064 43 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 5 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 6 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 9 dictatorship dictatorship NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 11 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 13 Papa Papa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 14 Doc Doc NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 16 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 17 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 19 Baby Baby NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 20 Doc Doc NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 44 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 2 exploitative exploitative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 3 sweatshop sweatshop NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 4 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 7 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 10 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 11 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 13 started start VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 14 sending send VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 16 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 17 citizens citizen NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 18 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 19 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 21 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 23 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 24 plantations plantation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 27 Dominican Dominican NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 28 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 45 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 1 Edwidge Edwidge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 2 Danticat Danticat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 3 explains explain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 6 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 7 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 9 Chauvet Chauvet NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 11 Love Love NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 13 Anger Anger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 15 Madness Madness NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 46 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 1 Writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 3 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 5 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 6 leaving leave VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 8 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 10 throngs throng NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 47 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 5 contemporary contemporary NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 6 authors[edit authors[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 8 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 10 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 12 Frankétienne Frankétienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 14 1936 1936 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 17 Lyonel Lyonel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 18 Trouillot Trouillot NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 20 1956 1956 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 21 - - , en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 23 Gary Gary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 24 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 26 1958 1958 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 27 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 29 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 32 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 34 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 35 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 36 Anthony Anthony NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 37 Phelps Phelps NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 39 1928 1928 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 42 Émile émile NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 43 Ollivier ollivier NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 45 1940–2002 1940–2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 47 Maximilien Maximilien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 48 Laroche Laroche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 50 1937 1937 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 51 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 52 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 54 Gary Gary NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 55 Klang Klang NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 57 1940 1940 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 58 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 60 Josaphat Josaphat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 61 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 62 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 63 Large Large NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 64 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 65 1942 1942 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 66 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 67 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 68 Joel Joel NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 69 Des Des NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 70 Rosiers Rosiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 71 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 72 1951 1951 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 73 - - : en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 74 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 75 Dany Dany NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 76 Laferrière Laferrière NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 77 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 78 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 79 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 80 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 81 Marie Marie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 82 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 83 Célie Célie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 84 Agnant Agnant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 85 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 86 Péan Péan NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 87 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 88 1966 1966 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 89 - - , en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 90 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 91 Edwidge Edwidge NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 92 Danticat Danticat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 93 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 94 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 95 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 96 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 97 Fred Fred NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 98 Edson Edson NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 99 Lafortune Lafortune NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 100 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 101 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 102 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 103 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 104 Lenelle Lenelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 105 Moise Moise NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 106 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 107 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 108 - - , en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 109 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 110 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 111 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 112 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 113 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 114 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 115 Depestre Depestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 116 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 117 1926 1926 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 118 - - , en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 119 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 120 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 121 Métellus Métellus NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 122 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 123 1937 1937 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 124 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 125 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 126 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 127 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 128 Claude Claude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 129 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 130 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 131 1949 1949 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 132 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 133 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 134 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 135 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 136 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 137 Philippe Philippe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 138 Dalembert Dalembert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 139 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 140 1962- 1962- CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 141 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 142 Dimitry Dimitry NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 143 Elias Elias NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 144 Léger Léger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 145 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 146 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 147 - - : en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 148 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 149 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 150 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 151 issue[edit issue[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 152 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 153 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 154 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 155 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 156 hypotheses hypothesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 157 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 158 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 159 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 160 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 161 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 162 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 48 163 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 1 Linguist Linguist NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 2 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 3 Singler Singler NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 4 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 8 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 9 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 11 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 12 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 14 colonial colonial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 15 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 16 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 17 shifted shift VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 19 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 20 focused focus VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 21 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 23 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 24 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 49 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 2 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 5 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 6 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 7 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 9 enslaved enslave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 10 Africans Africans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 12 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 13 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 16 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 17 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 19 circumstances circumstance NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 22 dialect dialect NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 24 evolve evolve VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 27 pidgin pidgin NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 30 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 50 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 1 His -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 2 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 5 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 7 Claire Claire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 8 Lefebvre Lefebvre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 11 Université Université NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 12 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 13 Québec Québec NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 14 à à NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 15 Montréal Montréal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 16 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 18 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 20 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 21 drawing draw VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 22 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 23 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 25 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 26 lexicon lexicon NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 28 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 32 syntactic syntactic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 33 cousin cousin NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 35 Fon Fon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 38 Gbe Gbe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 39 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 42 Niger Niger NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 44 Congo Congo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 45 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 46 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 48 Benin Benin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 51 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 3 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 6 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 8 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 9 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 11 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 12 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 15 enslaved enslave VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 16 Africans Africans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 18 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 20 Gbe Gbe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 21 speakers speaker NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 52 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 2 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 3 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 4 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 6 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 7 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 8 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 9 creole creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 11 creole creole NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 14 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 53 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 1 Whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 2 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 4 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 6 Portuguese portuguese JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 8 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 10 Dutch dutch JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 12 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 16 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 18 creole creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 23 collective collective JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 24 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 26 carrying carry VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 28 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 30 resistance resistance NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 54 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 1 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 3 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 5 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 7 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 9 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 11 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 13 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 14 Perse Perse NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 16 Aimé Aimé NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 17 Césaire Césaire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 19 Derek Derek NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 20 Walcott Walcott NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 24 novels novel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 26 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 27 Chamoiseau Chamoiseau NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 29 Raphaël Raphaël NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 30 Confiant Confiant NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 55 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 2 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 4 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 6 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 8 remained remain VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 10 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 12 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 13 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 56 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 1 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 4 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 6 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 7 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 8 prestige prestige NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 11 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 14 elite elite NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 17 creole creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 18 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 20 enter enter VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 22 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 23 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 24 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 26 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 27 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 30 20th 20th JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 31 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 57 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 3 vast vast JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 4 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 7 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 10 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 11 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 12 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 13 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 15 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 18 signage signage NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 20 educational educational JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 21 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 22 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 23 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 24 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 27 remnant remnant NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 30 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 58 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 1 Only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 3 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 4 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 5 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 6 join join VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 7 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 10 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 13 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 59 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 5 indianists indianist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 8 1930s 1930 NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 11 Négritude Négritude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 12 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 14 incarnated incarnate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 16 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 18 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 19 Price Price NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 21 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 23 emphasized emphasize VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 25 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 26 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 28 Antillean antillean JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 29 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 31 giving give VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 32 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 34 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 35 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 37 deportation deportation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 39 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 40 colonization colonization NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 60 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 1 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 4 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 6 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 8 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 9 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 11 impure impure NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 12 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 14 slavery slavery NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 61 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 2 Créolité Créolité NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 3 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 5 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 6 succeeded succeed VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 7 indianists indianist NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 10 Négritude Négritude NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 11 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 13 rehabilitated rehabilitate VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 15 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 18 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 19 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 23 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 25 slavery slavery NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 27 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 31 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 32 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 33 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 35 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 62 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 5 shift shift NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 7 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 8 about about RP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 10 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 11 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 14 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 16 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 19 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 20 français français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 21 vers ver NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 22 le le NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 23 créole créole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 26 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 28 dialogue dialogue NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 29 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 31 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 32 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 63 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 1 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 4 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 6 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 8 drama drama NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 64 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 1 Frankétienne Frankétienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 4 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 6 writes write VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 7 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 8 plays play NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 9 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 11 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 65 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 2 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 3 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 5 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 7 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 8 suited suit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 10 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 11 genres genre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 12 elevating elevate VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 14 voice voice NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 66 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 2 Even even RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 3 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 4 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 5 Haitians Haitians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 6 speak speak VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 8 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 9 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 12 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 14 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 67 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 2 novels novel NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 6 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 8 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 10 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 12 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 14 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 16 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 17 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 19 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 68 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 2 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 4 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 6 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 9 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 10 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 12 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 13 creative creative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 14 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 16 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 18 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 19 residing reside VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 21 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 69 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 1 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 2 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 4 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 5 literature[edit literature[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 8 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 9 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 10 essay essay NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 11 writer writer NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 12 Maximilien Maximilien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 13 Laroche Laroche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 15 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 16 fr fr NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 18 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 19 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 22 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 23 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 25 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 26 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 30 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 31 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 32 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 34 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 70 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 2 compared compare VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 3 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 4 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 5 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 6 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 8 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 11 Caribbean Caribbean NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 13 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 15 Québec Québec NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 17 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 19 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 21 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 23 Brazil Brazil NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 26 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 71 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 2 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 4 Francophone francophone NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 5 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 6 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 7 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 8 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 10 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 11 Maximilien Maximilien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 12 Laroche[5 Laroche[5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 14 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 16 references[edit references[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 18 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 19 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 21 Bibliography Bibliography NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 24 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 26 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 27 Milscent Milscent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 72 29 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 73 1 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 73 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 73 3 1817 1817 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 73 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 73 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 2 L'abeille L'abeille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 3 haytienne haytienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 5 journal journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 6 politique politique NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 7 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 8 littéraire littéraire NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 74 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 1 L'Abeille L'Abeille NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 2 Haytienne Haytienne NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 5 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 6 Politique Politique NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 7 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 8 Littéraire Littéraire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 75 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 76 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 76 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 76 3 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 76 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 76 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 77 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 77 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 77 3 45081563 45081563 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 77 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 2 Lucas Lucas NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 4 Rafael Rafael NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 6 R.H. R.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 7 Mitsch Mitsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 78 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 3 Aesthetics Aesthetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 5 Degradation Degradation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 7 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 8 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 79 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 1 Research research NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 3 African African NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 4 Literatures Literatures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 6 Vol Vol NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 80 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 81 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 81 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 81 3 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-1064 81 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 3 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 5 1804 1804 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 6 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 9 Literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 11 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 14 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 82 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 83 1 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 83 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 84 1 Web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 84 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 2 Dec. December NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 3 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 5 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3821345 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3821345 NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 6 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 8 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 9 Hoover Hoover NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 11 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 85 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 2 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 3 Squalor Squalor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 5 Splendor Splendor NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 7 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 8 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 10 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 11 Crisis Crisis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 86 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 87 1 Sampsonia Sampsonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 87 2 Way Way NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 87 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 88 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 88 2 Aug. August NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 88 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 88 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 89 1 Web web NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 89 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 2 Dec. December NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 3 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 5 http://www.sampsoniaway.org/bi-monthly/2010/08/09/between-squalor-and-splendor-haitian-literature-and-national-crisis/ http://www.sampsoniaway.org/bi-monthly/2010/08/09/between-squalor-and-splendor-haitian-literature-and-national-crisis/ NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 6 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 8 celle celle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 9 qu'on qu'on VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 11 fabriquée fabriquée NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 12 ensemble ensemble JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 13 pour pour NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 14 survivre survivre NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 18 Maximilien Maximilien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 19 Laroche Laroche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 90 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 1 Wikipédia Wikipédia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 4 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 91 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 1 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 3 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 5 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 92 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 1 Images[edit Images[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 3 Oswald Oswald NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 4 Durand Durand NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 6 1840 1840 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 8 1906 1906 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 10 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 12 Philippe Philippe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 13 Dalembert Dalembert NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 93 15 b. b. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 1 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 3 Maximilien Maximilien NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 4 Laroche Laroche NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 6 1937 1937 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 10 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 11 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 12 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 13 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 15 articles article VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 16 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 17 Taíno Taíno NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 18 chiefdoms chiefdom VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 19 Captaincy Captaincy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 20 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 22 Santo Santo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 23 Domingo Domingo NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 24 Colonial Colonial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 25 governors governor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 26 Atlantic atlantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 27 slave slave NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 28 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 29 Maroons Maroons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 30 Peace Peace NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 32 Ryswick Ryswick NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 33 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 35 Domingue Domingue NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 36 Colonial Colonial NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 37 governors governor NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 38 Slavery Slavery NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 39 Le Le NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 40 Jeune Jeune NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 41 Case Case NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 42 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 43 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 44 1804 1804 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 45 massacre massacre NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 46 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 47 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 48 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 49 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 50 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 51 1806–1820 1806–1820 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 52 1820–1849 1820–1849 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 53 Unification Unification NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 55 Hispaniola Hispaniola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 56 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 57 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 58 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 59 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 60 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 61 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 62 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 63 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 64 Duvalier Duvalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 65 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 66 Anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 67 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 68 Duvalier duvalier JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 69 protest protest NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 70 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 71 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 72 coup coup FW en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 73 d'état d'état NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 74 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 75 earthquake earthquake NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 76 Hurricane Hurricane NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 77 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 78 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 79 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 80 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 81 revolutions revolution NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 82 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 83 coups coup NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 84 d'état d'état NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 85 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 86 Administrative Administrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 87 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 88 Arrondissements Arrondissements NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 89 Border Border NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 90 Cities Cities NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 91 Deforestation Deforestation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 92 Departments Departments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 93 Earthquakes Earthquakes NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 94 Environment Environment NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 95 Hispaniola Hispaniola NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 96 Islands Islands NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 97 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 98 parks park NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 99 Rivers Rivers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 100 Wildlife Wildlife NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 101 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 102 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 103 Sites Sites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 104 Politics Politics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 105 Constitution Constitution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 106 Elections Elections NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 107 Foreign Foreign NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 108 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 109 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 110 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 111 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 112 Law law NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 113 enforcement enforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 114 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 115 Parliament Parliament NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 116 Political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 117 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 118 President President NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 119 Prime Prime NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 120 Minister Minister NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 121 Supreme Supreme NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 122 Court Court NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 123 Economy Economy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 124 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 125 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 126 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 127 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 128 debt debt NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 129 Foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 130 aid aid NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 131 Gourde Gourde NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 132 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 133 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 134 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 135 Poverty Poverty NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 136 Telecommunications Telecommunications NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 137 Tourism Tourism NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 138 Transport Transport NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 139 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 140 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 141 Demographics Demographics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 142 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 143 Ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 144 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 145 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 146 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 147 People People NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 148 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 149 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 150 Water water NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 151 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 152 sanitation sanitation NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 153 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 154 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 155 Coat coat NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 156 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 157 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 158 Cinema Cinema NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 159 Citadelle Citadelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 160 Laferrière Laferrière NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 161 Cuisine Cuisine NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 162 Flag Flag NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 163 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 164 Creole Creole NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 165 Haitian Haitian NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 166 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 167 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 168 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 169 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 170 Mythology Mythology NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 171 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 172 anthem anthem NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 173 Palais Palais NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 174 Sans Sans NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 175 Souci Souci NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 176 Public Public NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 177 holidays holiday VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 178 Television television NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 179 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 180 Unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 181 Maroon Maroon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 182 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 183 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 184 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 185 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 186 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 187 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 188 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 189 North north JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 190 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 191 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 192 Sovereign sovereign JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 193 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 194 Antigua Antigua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 195 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 196 Barbuda Barbuda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 197 Bahamas Bahamas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 198 Barbados Barbados NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 199 Belize Belize NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 200 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 201 Costa Costa NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 202 Rica Rica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 203 Cuba Cuba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 204 Dominica Dominica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 205 Dominican Dominican NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 206 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 207 El El NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 208 Salvador Salvador NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 209 Grenada Grenada NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 210 Guatemala Guatemala NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 211 Haiti Haiti NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 212 Honduras Honduras NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 213 Jamaica Jamaica NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 214 Mexico Mexico NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 215 Nicaragua Nicaragua NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 216 Panama Panama NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 217 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 218 Kitts Kitts NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 219 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 220 Nevis Nevis NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 221 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 222 Lucia Lucia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 223 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 224 Vincent Vincent NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 225 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 226 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 227 Grenadines Grenadines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 228 Trinidad Trinidad NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 229 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 230 Tobago Tobago NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 231 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 232 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 233 Dependencies Dependencies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 234 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 235 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 236 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 237 Anguilla Anguilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 238 Aruba Aruba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 239 Bermuda Bermuda NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 240 Bonaire Bonaire NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 241 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 242 Virgin Virgin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 243 Islands Islands NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 244 Cayman Cayman NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 245 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 246 Curaçao Curaçao NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 247 Greenland Greenland NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 248 Guadeloupe Guadeloupe NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 249 Martinique Martinique NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 250 Montserrat Montserrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 251 Puerto Puerto NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 252 Rico Rico NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 253 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 254 Barthélemy Barthélemy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 255 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 256 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 257 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 258 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 259 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 260 Miquelon Miquelon NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 261 Saba Saba NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 262 Sint Sint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 263 Eustatius Eustatius NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 264 Sint Sint NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 265 Maarten Maarten NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 266 Turks Turks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 267 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 268 Caicos Caicos NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 269 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 270 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 271 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 272 Virgin Virgin NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 273 Islands Islands NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 274 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 275 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 276 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 277 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 278 cb12030354 cb12030354 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 279 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 280 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 281 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 282 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 283 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 284 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 285 sh85058375 sh85058375 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 286 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 287 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 288 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 289 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_literature&oldid=965588603 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_literature&oldid=965588603 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 290 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 291 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 292 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 293 Haitian haitian JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 294 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 295 North north JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 296 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 297 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 298 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 299 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 300 : : : en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 301 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 302 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 303 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 304 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 305 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 306 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 307 fr fr NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 308 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 309 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 310 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 311 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 312 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 313 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 314 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 315 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 316 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 317 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 318 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 319 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 320 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 321 Region Region NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 322 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 323 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 324 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 325 suffix suffix NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 326 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 327 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 328 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 329 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 330 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 331 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 332 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 333 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 334 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 335 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 336 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 337 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 338 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 339 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 340 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 341 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 342 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 343 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 344 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 345 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 346 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 347 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 348 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 349 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 350 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 351 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 352 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 353 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 354 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 355 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 356 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 357 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 358 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 359 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 360 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 361 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 362 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 363 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 364 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 365 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 366 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 367 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 368 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 369 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 370 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 371 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 372 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 373 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 374 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 375 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 376 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 377 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 378 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 379 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 380 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 381 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 382 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 383 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 384 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 385 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 386 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 387 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 388 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 389 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 390 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 391 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 392 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 393 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 394 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 395 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 396 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 397 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 398 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 399 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 400 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 401 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 402 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 403 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 404 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 405 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 406 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 407 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 408 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 409 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 410 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 411 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 412 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 413 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 414 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 415 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 416 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 417 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 418 Kreyòl Kreyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 419 ayisyen ayisyen NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 420 日本語 日本語 . en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 421 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 422 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 423 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 424 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 425 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 426 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 427 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 428 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 429 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 430 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 431 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 432 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 433 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 434 06:42 06:42 CD en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 435   _SP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 436 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 437 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 438 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-1064 94 439 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-1064 95 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 96 15 Policy Policy NNP 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Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 97 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-1064 98 13 statement statement NN