Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 56 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54116 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 75 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 good 21 New 20 year 18 England 17 illustration 16 Mr. 15 States 14 time 13 man 13 United 12 plant 11 water 11 soil 11 land 11 crop 10 great 10 State 9 York 8 day 8 acre 8 London 7 work 7 tree 7 farm 7 St. 6 place 6 January 6 Illinois 6 CHAPTER 5 seed 5 large 5 free 5 country 5 american 5 West 5 PRAIRIE 5 Iowa 5 FARMER 5 Chicago 4 manure 4 like 4 farmer 4 animal 4 South 4 Sir 4 San 4 Mrs. 4 John 4 America 4 Agriculture Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 6426 year 5967 land 5760 soil 5619 time 5002 water 4478 man 4343 plant 4178 crop 4000 farmer 3930 tree 3900 day 3819 farm 3448 acre 2954 part 2836 work 2817 country 2675 foot 2586 way 2528 seed 2495 place 2422 field 2398 fruit 2142 food 2106 thing 2053 life 2033 price 2030 house 2012 ground 1950 wheat 1836 condition 1824 manure 1819 corn 1814 root 1793 people 1765 use 1747 pound 1734 hand 1716 one 1697 horse 1667 grain 1658 cent 1590 number 1584 growth 1553 season 1545 case 1544 kind 1541 animal 1494 inch 1466 market 1449 winter Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 23488 _ 1469 | 1269 England 1249 Mr. 1161 New 807 States 703 United 668 State 634 . 513 San 498 York 477 Agriculture 474 c. 450 California 443 Grain 435 de 412 Buenos 400 America 396 West 394 March 394 Aires 391 London 390 FIG 385 South 385 C. 385 Agricultural 376 St. 375 English 368 Virginia 362 County 354 Fig 349 J. 338 Government 338 CHAPTER 337 Chicago 334 May 323 W. 317 France 314 Redwood 312 June 312 January 312 H. 309 John 308 Santa 307 Farm 306 North 305 Canada 304 S. 298 Europe 298 April Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 30660 it 13540 i 13449 they 10623 he 10047 you 8226 we 8079 them 2804 him 2194 me 1826 she 1649 us 795 themselves 707 her 688 himself 603 itself 523 one 197 myself 133 ourselves 121 yourself 82 herself 65 thee 63 mine 53 yours 40 ours 40 ''em 28 theirs 26 vp 24 his 19 ''s 10 em 7 ye 6 oneself 4 yourselves 3 hers 2 vnto 2 thy 2 imself 2 hisself 2 bookshelf 2 ay 2 answer.--we 1 £1 1 winesap.--this 1 wigwam 1 why?--they 1 water-- 1 vermont_--6 1 us- 1 u 1 thyself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 116183 be 28090 have 9882 do 8519 make 4352 take 4350 give 4296 say 4122 grow 3820 see 3525 come 3426 use 3333 find 3040 know 3034 go 2989 get 2935 keep 2015 become 1961 follow 1959 put 1849 produce 1765 leave 1747 call 1710 plant 1685 cut 1647 bring 1553 think 1512 pay 1486 show 1468 seem 1467 begin 1437 sell 1429 require 1413 work 1413 let 1355 look 1313 raise 1275 increase 1275 hold 1261 need 1214 set 1213 feed 1189 carry 1172 turn 1138 contain 1137 pass 1117 cover 1099 run 1095 stand 1092 tell 1061 live Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16736 not 7212 more 7105 good 6437 so 6331 well 5675 other 4999 great 4939 very 4417 much 4144 as 4025 up 4022 then 4010 large 3990 most 3988 only 3898 many 3623 first 3249 now 3230 out 3138 little 3098 small 3090 such 2841 same 2791 long 2728 also 2513 old 2319 too 2209 even 2143 high 2036 new 1966 few 1866 less 1795 about 1723 young 1703 here 1600 own 1587 never 1584 thus 1583 far 1574 down 1569 early 1567 still 1473 just 1435 off 1424 last 1385 often 1370 necessary 1363 enough 1326 however 1289 low Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2557 good 1152 most 728 least 444 great 295 high 249 large 171 Most 158 fine 125 bad 120 low 94 early 79 near 75 cheap 72 late 66 rich 65 small 61 old 45 poor 42 midd 41 slight 37 simple 34 strong 32 long 32 bright 31 easy 30 heavy 29 cold 28 eld 27 full 26 happy 25 young 24 pure 22 big 21 weak 21 manif 19 hot 19 deep 18 sure 18 noble 17 short 17 common 16 grand 15 wise 15 safe 15 fair 15 dry 14 hard 14 fit 14 close 13 choice Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2838 most 318 well 238 least 3 highest 3 easiest 2 worst 2 soon 2 near 2 hard 1 youngest 1 whitest 1 warmest 1 swiftest 1 surest 1 shortest 1 sayest 1 richest 1 plathe 1 opprest 1 noblest 1 lowest 1 lightest 1 lest 1 least,--either 1 latest 1 heaviest 1 happiest 1 goest 1 finest 1 fast 1 fairest 1 early 1 close Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 www.archive.org 2 www.gutenberg.org 2 chla.library.cornell.edu 2 archive.org 1 en.wikipedia.org 1 digital.library.villanova.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47264/47264-h/47264-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47264/47264-h.zip 1 http://www.archive.org/details/solarisfarm00edsorich 1 http://www.archive.org/details/notesonagricultu00bevarich 1 http://www.archive.org/details/cottageeconomyco00cobb 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan,_Saskatchewan 1 http://digital.library.villanova.edu/) 1 http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=chla;idno=2923510 1 http://chla.library.cornell.edu/ 1 http://archive.org/details/argentinerepubli00deniuoft 1 http://archive.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 pg@aldarondo.net 1 davidsch@earthlink.net Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 _ see _ 17 _ do n''t 17 water is not 15 soil is dry 13 _ do _ 12 soil is not 11 _ is _ 11 _ is generally 10 soil is best 10 things being equal 10 trees are not 9 farmers do not 9 land is not 9 soil is so 9 water does not 8 _ does not 8 _ is not 8 farmers did not 8 plants do not 8 soil does not 8 work is not 7 _ do not 7 _ think _ 7 farmer does not 6 _ have _ 6 crop is not 6 farmers are not 6 farmers were not 6 fruit is not 6 land is too 6 soil is good 6 soil is too 6 soils are not 6 work is so 5 _ did not 5 _ is very 5 crop comes in 5 crop is ready 5 land does not 5 land is still 5 land is very 5 man is not 5 men are not 5 men began life 5 men were busy 5 plant is not 5 seeds come up 5 soil is deficient 5 soil is sandy 5 soil is suitable Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 water is not available 2 _ are no longer 2 _ did not _ 2 _ is not so 2 crop is not large 2 plant is not too 2 time is not far 2 water is not good 1 _ are not good 1 _ does not _ 1 _ gave no exemption 1 _ had not _ 1 _ had not enough 1 _ has no running 1 _ has no source 1 _ having not time 1 _ is no longer 1 _ is no part 1 _ is not as 1 _ is not good 1 _ is not now 1 _ is not properly 1 _ was no other 1 _ was not at 1 acre are not sufficient 1 acre is not large 1 countries is not congenial 1 countries is not only 1 countries were not long 1 country does not yet 1 country had no terrors 1 country has no equal 1 country have not power 1 country is no bar 1 country is no eden 1 country is not superior 1 country is not yet 1 country was not level 1 crop is not so 1 crop was not actually 1 crop were not as 1 crops are not alike 1 crops are not always 1 crops is not infrequently 1 crops is not transitory 1 crops were not yet 1 day is not anxious 1 day is not distant 1 day shows no indication 1 farm did not necessarily Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 130290 31373 129888 16594 121294 5152 118846 30975 111818 45154 99775 12000 98974 47264 96702 16525 95921 12140 93824 5350 91734 35696 84300 32863 82150 4509 77883 20772 76243 11696 75652 21657 70406 43844 67928 18298 67760 22973 63879 16900 63622 31105 55449 28506 50625 26313 49121 29665 48425 26975 48359 38955 47770 27257 47514 17683 47383 22040 46707 17512 41127 33243 40041 33060 36794 34245 36117 32392 35819 29714 34690 29258 34019 35439 33651 59579 25600 46995 25331 48759 25263 48760 25243 35816 24587 48748 24457 11555 24062 42187 23336 48741 21951 12022 21857 232 20344 25905 14249 4525 13352 28730 11472 30808 10538 59316 9518 29057 2728 39869 24080 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 94.0 232 86.0 16525 86.0 20772 86.0 45154 85.0 11696 84.0 16900 83.0 39869 82.0 16594 82.0 32863 81.0 5152 81.0 11555 81.0 30975 81.0 22040 81.0 17683 80.0 29665 80.0 17512 80.0 38955 80.0 28506 78.0 27257 78.0 29714 77.0 42187 77.0 12022 76.0 31105 76.0 28730 76.0 43844 76.0 35439 76.0 22973 75.0 4509 75.0 25905 75.0 32392 75.0 12140 75.0 47264 74.0 48748 74.0 59579 73.0 48760 71.0 48759 71.0 46995 71.0 35816 71.0 29258 71.0 35696 71.0 12000 70.0 48741 70.0 5350 70.0 26313 70.0 33243 69.0 33060 68.0 21657 68.0 18298 66.0 31373 65.0 34245 64.0 26975 63.0 30808 62.0 29057 62.0 59316 61.0 4525 24080 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11555 large garden, and three or four acres of land, for we must keep a cow. stabling, with houses for cows, pigs, and poultry, all in good order. We did not contemplate making butter with one cow, as we thought so more work with butter-making, which she said confidently, would only amount of butter she makes," and gives butt little idea how the said sure of our butter in half an hour, provided the cream was, when put heat the butter was sure to come, in as near as possible the time we directions, she will always be sure of good butter, with very little butter early in the morning, and placing cold water in the churn some Every week we kept an account of the milk and butter we consumed, and meat, bread, milk, butter, eggs, and poultry, in London." London reader, but in country places, where more butter is made in a 11696 Redwood, you know, had been measuring growing things of all sorts, Bensington, I know," he said, "but the fact is I put a little--not very "I know," said Redwood, and glanced at the giant chick upon the plate on "A little boy growing at that pace," said Mr. Bensington slowly, and "The House Agent," said Redwood, "is a thing with a big mouth and made "More time to tell her when you come back," said Cossar, thrusting him When things were a little ship-shape again Redwood went and stared at "My little boy can''t get on without the stuff," said Redwood. "Redwood," said Bensington; "it''s a curious thing to say, I know, "That man," said Redwood, "doesn''t know anything. Food''s a little late," said Redwood, with a note of exasperation in his "Whatever it dislocates," said Redwood, "my little boy must have the 12000 First Day''s Observations and Enjoyment--Rural Footpaths; Visit to Tiptree Farm--Alderman Mechi''s Operations-years I was nearly the whole time in Great Britain, travelling from Singh of the Oriental world follows the New England farmer. day of setting his foot, for the first time, on English ground. of thousands, and fleets of ships were conveying them to that faroff, uncultivated world, a poor old woman landed with the great and a great number of them remain the whole year around the English among human institutions, the village inn of old England. good man''s life, whose labors for human happiness "follow him" Place it side by side with the old, singleleafed hollyhock, in a New England farmer''s garden, and his wife live for a few years on his old food-fare, he may work his way up to village, whose pleasant-faced houses, great and small, looked like a man''s life here on earth, plants trees like the living, lofty 12022 Land at Merced, in California, may be seen at the Offices of dollars per acre will favourably compare with lands fetching much higher house and buildings, and the land well stocked with choice Fruits, with each day in inspecting the lands for sale and the country around for York is great in tram-cars, worked by horses, mules, and electricity, fertile plains of North California, and run through cultivated lands, a continuous day and night run from New York of 3,367 miles, makes one million dollars, have tapped the Great Merced River 25 miles off, and Our lands at Merced, in California, offer to gentlemen wishing to make a At Merced railway station is a very large hotel, and the cost of board acres of Fruit land, five times 250 dollars would be 1,250 dollars per THE LAND JOURNEY FROM NEW YORK TO MERCED, CALIFORNIA. 12140 Varro''s treatise on farm management is the best practical book on time, for so it is with farm work, if one thing is done late, every the cultivation of the land and is so called from the _villa_ or farm "Surely," said Fundanius, "feeding cattle is one thing and agriculture "No kind of cattle," said I, "are of any use to agriculture except to work the land a second time before you sow your seed. and again many place names on land like the town in Greece known as food in the day time where the flock is feeding and at night where the They set bee hives all about the house and planted part of the land it in Cato''s day, but by the time of Varro and Virgil it was well that in Varro''s time the Roman farmer in Italy both sowed and reaped 16525 The best way to get good farm hands who would be happy and contented, I country, old men who thought they could do farm work, clerks and seemed a good deal of money to put on an old farm-house for farm-hands, "She doesn''t know a thing about our ways," said Polly, "but Mrs. Thompson can train her as she likes. farm-house; the apples from the trees reserved for home use had been On the last day of the year I went to the farm to pay up to date all "Fun comes high at this time of the year, doesn''t it, Polly?" good time, and we want everything ready for work as soon as the eggs year would be lost, and some good buildings, but I think it would pay in years of married life it will compensate any man to take a little time 16594 113, says, ''At this time lay all lands in common fields, in one acre and till half an acre of the lord''s land, and give his work as rest of the year they were free labourers, tending cattle or sheep on than an acre of land, a good ox three times as much, a good cart-horse numerous proofs of the great value of meadow land at a time when hay sheep at 20s.[110] The wages paid to the labourers for day work were sheep instead of corn, owing to the high price of labour. first quarter of the sixteenth century, said an acre of land rented rents and raised the prices of corn, cattle, wool, and poultry almost years in 1688.[268] In 1729 the price of land was said to be Good meadow land fetched a great price: corn, unsaleable owing to the great crop in England.[429] The year 16900 After the study of roots and soils the other parts of the plant are 4. To show that plant roots take water from the soil 10 function of plant roots then is to take food from the soil for the To show that plant roots take food from the soil. To show that plant roots take food from the soil. roots of farm plants develop in that part of the soil that has been absorbing moisture laden with plant food from the surface of the soil sixty bushel crop of corn the plants pump from the soil by means of moist soil and plant seeds of corn and beans and peas at depths of with soil and plant in it a kernel of corn, a bean, a cotton seed or plants, the amount of water which a soil holds and can give up to =Cutting=, a part of a plant placed in moist soil, water or other 17512 The Barb-Wire Industry--Some Facts in its Early History not Generally years, through his barb-wire patents and business, gave him the means to bushel on wheat, sometimes paying the price of the paper twenty times A happy new year to all of the readers of THE PRAIRIE FARMER, and may The agricultural editor of the New York Times says that no doubt many OF OUR NEW STANDARD TIME COMMERCIAL MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES AND of_ THE PRAIRIE FARMER COUNTY MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, FREE! of_ THE PRAIRIE FARMER COUNTY MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, FREE! The beginning of the new year is a general time of settling accounts and and a copy of_ THE PRAIRIE FARMER COUNTY MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, and a copy of_ THE PRAIRIE FARMER COUNTY MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! 17683 HORTICULTURE--The Hedge Question, Page 22; Young Men Wanted, 22; He must devote his time to special more than to general farm work. farmer began life the same year, the latter man will make the most him of his distant home but a lone farm-house, a barn, long lines of the work, I have set my own house in order; and the following names will send copy of THE PRAIRIE FARMER One Year and THIS MAP POSTPAID. The Iowa State Improved Stock Breeders'' Association had a good soil five feet wide, purchase of plants, setting, and occasional horse OF OUR NEW STANDARD TIME COMMERCIAL MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES AND another fact: One half the orders sent to nursery-men by farmers during time when such poultry is scarce, bring good prices--from 22 to 25 cents THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! 18298 Salmon run very freely up the river from that time to the middle the bulk of the fish remaining in the river at that time would be although I do not think that Salmon always come to the same river object no one ought to fish or keep a net stretched across a river The Salmon fisheries in former times appear to have supplied food catch fish in seasonable condition, a good many come up the river streams in which these fish spawn (particularly the Salmon) are so there is no fresh water to enable the fish to ascend during twothirds of that time. Close time for Trout.--This is greatly needed in Salmon rivers, as during which time the fish may pass up the river without times of drought, when fish will not ascend the river at all." [2] My opinion that neither Trout nor Salmon spawn every year is I 20772 plant food, but by the continuous growing of crops like wheat, corn, and plant food itself, lime helps most soils by improving the structure of Root-tubercles do not form on all kinds of plants that farmers grow. crop soon uses up all of the available plant food that it likes. commercial fertilizers or manure; second, by planting on the land crops of the soil after a while, and a new wheat crop, if planted on the by buds (that is, by small pieces cut from parent plants), or by seeds. that a thousand apple or other fruit or flower seeds from plants usually Inasmuch as this crop takes so little plant food from the soil, other plant food in the soil to make a good crop of beets and avoid any The plant will grow on many different kinds of soil, but it needs a 21657 business and many farmers even did not know what a grain exchange was. farmer and graded either at the elevator or by the Chief Grain advisability of establishing a company to handle the farmers'' grain. The farmers who shipped their grain to the new company were expecting and with the elevators offering to handle the farmers'' grain for Inter-Provincial Council of Grain Growers'' and Farmers'' Associations. Inter-Provincial Council of Grain Growers'' and Farmers'' Associations. the Alberta Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company, Limited, was The third season of the Alberta Farmers'' Co-operative Elevator Company Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company, however, the pioneer business Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company, the Manitoba Grain Growers'' Alberta Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company, and President T. which led the Western farmers to organize, the Grain Growers from the Ontario, The United Farmers'' Co-Operative Company of Ontario, The Grain _Alberta Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company--1913_. _Alberta Farmers'' Co-Operative Elevator Company--1913_. 22040 LIVE STOCK--Iowa Wool-Men, Page 36; Polled Cattle-Breeders, 36; Merino EDITOR PRAIRIE FARMER--I write you in regard to the corn question. I have plowed my land for the next year''s crop of corn and put on twenty I thought last year that my seed corn was poor and run out, so I went to acre every good corn year. man who can not provide a good mow should sell his horses to some farmer their horses are at work, which is more than half the year. The year closes with Maryland packed obtainable from 75 to 85 cents; New OUR NEW STANDARD TIME COMMERCIAL MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES AND A boy sixteen years old can work the machine all day and not get any of_ THE PRAIRIE FARMER COUNTY MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, FREE! THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! THE PRAIRIE FARMER SENT 1 YEAR FREE! 22973 euery good Husbandman neuer to goe forth with his Plough but to haue his Now, when you haue plowed all your Pease-ground, you shall let it so in this gray clay you shall begin with your Pease-earth euer: then this manner: First, you shall cause your séedes-man to sow the land with plough, and beginning at the furrow of the land, you shall plow euery binding, and doth bring forth great store of wéedes, then you shall lay choake vp the Plough, that hée which holds it shall haue enough to doe much earth: but if you haue foure fields, then you shall sow those mixt earths, you shall lay your Lands high, round, and little, set your shall then graft them vpon a Mulberry stocke: and if you will haue the You shall also vnderstand that all such fruit-trées as you doe plant 232 Or as the boundless ocean''s God thou come, Than thy full meed of heaven: be what thou wiltFor neither Tartarus hopes to call thee king, Oft, too, when wind is toward, the stars thou''lt see He dives beneath the waves, shall yield thee signs; Then all the heavens convulsed in wrath thou''lt seeStorm-clouds and wind together. Let no man bid fare forth upon the deep, Thus far the tilth of fields and stars of heaven; The plains and river-windings far and wide, Shall yield thee store of vines full strong to gush Bare to the north wind, ere thou plant therein So deep their love of earth; nor wound the plants Or mighty north winds driving rain from heaven, The sets thou plantest in thy fields, thereon On thy green plain fast by the water-side, With showers of Spring and rainy south-winds earth When heaven brings round the season, thou shalt strain 24080 25905 proved to be best adapted to the production of the Potato crop. potatoes per acre; and that the few bushels of small tubers that they do To make potato-growing profitable in these times of high prices of land cropping, potatoes yielded an average of four hundred bushels per acre. condition to yield a maximum crop of potatoes, is fitted to grow other this potato is, the largest tubers appear to be of as good quality as potatoes of this variety are better than new ones of most early kinds, Experiments prove that eyes from the "seed end" produce potatoes that If small, ill-shaped potatoes be planted on the same ground for three seed-potatoes, the roots soon fill the whole hill, and tubers are formed There are ten distinct species of insects preying upon the potato-plant Two pounds large-sized potatoes, planted whole 00 Two pounds small potatoes, planted whole 00 26313 Assuming 160 acres of land, all tillable, devoted to dairy farming in made in one year a profit of over $19,000 from a 6,000-acre wheat farm is that a $500-a-year-income farm is a more important factor to the first instance the net profit per farm increases until 280 acres are for a tenant cotton farm is between 20 and 50 acres, both the product average size of all farms in the United States as 147 acres, with the Whenever I am asked a question involving the production of farm crops at the present prices of farm products and cost of fertilizers for the from the sale of farm crops or animal products. 1,000-tree orchard will increase the value of the farm $1,000 a year Animal Production { Dairy Farming--Milk, butter and cheese. returns obtained in producing the great staple farm products; yet one average farm values per acre for five staple crops for five years, 26975 development of agricultural education, the renewed study of the rural our farmers, better business management of the farm, and wiser study and the general school question; agricultural education is a branch of men and women for the business of farming and for life in the rural The country church should co-operate with other rural social agencies. organizations, agricultural educators, rural school-teachers and One powerful means of agricultural education is the farmers'' co-operation between the rural school and the farm community than we The programme needed to unite rural school and farm community is then, by the rural and agricultural schools, and by the development of new agricultural education who has not been trained in rural social science, school, and the farmers'' organization are the great rural social the farmer himself, shall see the social need of the farm community. to secure co-operation between school and farmers'' organization, by Association and the Agricultural College and farmers'' institutes. 27257 knowledge of electricity for use as light, heat, and power on the water-horsepower will furnish light and power, and do the ironing and electric end, and his neighbor the water-power, has been running now country where a farmer has plenty of water-power--because his current Finally, as to the added value a water-power electric plant adds to Small amount of water required for an electric plant--Exploring, on do--The water wheel and the dynamo--Electricity consumed the who makes use of the energy of falling water to generate electricity for every pound of gasoline, the engineer of the water-power plant a constant speed, so that electric lights made from water-power do not large, and the proportion of power between water wheel and dynamo is water wheel, or engine, power as the electrical rating of the dynamo. water-power electric plant. loss of current in wiring, we have 900 watts of electricity to use, 28506 of Southern California, and the mountain ranges from Point Conception east divide the State of California into two climatic regions, the whole coast from Santa Barbara to San Diego to be an agreeable place of the regions best known for fruit are watered by irrigating ditches and eight counties that form Southern California--San Luis Obispo, Santa Southern California, and in great quantities in the hot valley of San temperature of the fruit lands and gardens from San Bernardino to Los olives, and vines, but the San Diego region generally lies in the sun mountain regions of San Diego County are specially adapted to the apple. at Riverside is that one inch of water will irrigate five acres of fruit on irrigation six months of the year, the farmer in Southern California holding water enough to irrigate 20,000 acres of land. Not irrigated; 26 inches rain; 1 acre of trees 16 years old, 2 28730 crops, the English colonists adopted the Indian method of seeding, Bay for the purpose of founding a colony in the land called Virginia. of their first attempts to plant corn, probably English grain, they Jamestown to allow for clearing land for spring-seeded grains. sheepe." Captain John Smith during his two years with the colony was the culture of a crop new to English farming completely changed their mild varieties since the tobacco grown by the Virginia Indians had a 1632, took 2,000 bushels of corn from Virginia to New England. Virginia General Assembly, in 1666, prohibited all culture of tobacco tobacco soils of Virginia have been cropped and then allowed to go West Indian colonies when the price for tobacco fell below the cost Some English grains were seeded in the cleared land tobacco, or was old Indian fields, is not stated. In the early years at Jamestown, much grain was shipped from England 29057 farmers generally, not only as to the most desirable breed of sheep, but The subject of Sheep-Husbandry with us is certainly an important one--wool being a great, leading staple product of our State; and very class of sheep are seen, that a strong preference for fine-wooled present time among the farmers of this State, and money in the purchase such wool to sell, taken from sheep for which he paid very large prices, increased demand, but has enhanced the price of this kind of wool, which the more general breeding of long wool sheep. When the price of wool is high, the farmers are too reluctant to sell than because at that time the price of wool was very low and the market important matter in connection with sheep husbandry in this State. prejudice of the manufacturers against "Michigan wool" was so great that this great evil, and to place "Michigan wool" where it should most 29258 tenants--Higher rents from enclosed land another reason--Poverty of their land and convert the arable fields to sheep pasture. common-field land had been exhausted by centuries of cultivation. enclosure movement is explained not by a change in the price of wool, purposes, also, the notice of enclosure of arable land for pasture on conversion of arable land to pasture in the fifteenth and sixteenth High wages at this time caused the conversion of some land to pasture, conversion of arable land to pasture ceased when this cause ceased to conversion of open-field land to pasture continued throughout the their tenements, the enclosure of arable land for pasture in the Leaving aside the enclosure and conversion of common-field land by the fact that much pasture land was plowed and planted in this period. conversion of arable land to pasture continued at a time when much of the enclosure and conversion to pasture of arable land in the 29665 EDITORIAL--Items, Page 56; The Cost of Cold Winds, 56; Good Work at seed before risking your entire crop, as by the time you plant once and manure, now is the best time to apply it, working it on top of the soil Last year I sowed my onion seed on the 23d of March; the next ten days add new acres to their farms, and take from tiled land a sufficiently increased yield the first year to pay for tiling, and that their land is but a short time to tell by the work a man does whether he is a good If farmers expect a good crop of corn they should not get seed farm, and the mares can be profitably worked at least part of the year. YEAR, and FOUR numbered receipts, good for FOUR PRESENTS. YEAR, and FOUR numbered receipts, good for FOUR PRESENTS. 29714 whites who have as little to do with the Negro, and consequently know as situation of the Negro farmer the adaptability of the soil to cotton is land of every cotton-producing state east of the Mississippi river." As land cultivated by the Negroes is of the same quality as that farmed by Negroes in Arkansas and Mississippi are better farmers than the whites, land ownership is a bad thing for Negroes, for tenants of both classes made little, if any, progress, while the Negro, made to work, has held a great number of the Negroes are buying little places, and this bears cent in this county are owners or managers; the average for the negroes at the same time a chance for many Negroes to become land owners. and a population of 32,137 blacks and 3,349 whites, the Negroes thus The work is done by Negroes under direction of white 30808 Most of them had lived on farms in New York State, that year, organized an agricultural society at the headquarters which The organization of agricultural societies in the various districts, 1846, there was organized the Provincial Agricultural Association and Towards the latter part of the period a new agricultural industry came established itself as a part of the agricultural life of Canada West. condition of agriculture in Ontario when the Dominion was born. known as the Ontario Agricultural College. agricultural resources of the Province of Ontario, the progress and third time, and for years it formed the Ontario farmer''s library. In 1888 a new period in Ontario''s agricultural history begins. for the developing of this new agriculture in Ontario, reference should The history of agricultural work in Ontario in recent years may be put of Ontario agriculture shows many changes in the past hundred years, but 30975 An apple-tree, imported from England, produced fruit _Size for transplanting._--Small trees usually do best. bearing year, and those trees having no fruit to mature will put forth for years, making a tree, or growing like a large grapevine. The medium and small red clovers will produce a good crop of seed will wash off the best of the soil, and destroy many seeds and plants. manured and cultivated the previous season in a root-crop, is the best animal-manures are good for young vines, and in preparing the soil, but than in the peach to head-in the trees often, to produce good large Plant seeds from any good variety of fruit; let those seedlings better to cultivate trees that will bear good nuts. garden soil may be made to produce large crops; good, well rotted growth of the young wood above, for next year''s fruiting, and thus tree 31105 large, and of a very poor quality, but the soil will produce good plants Does a soil formed entirely from rock contain organic matter? The soil formed entirely from rock, contains, of course, no organic _Peaty soils_, of course, contain large quantities of organic matter.[P] soil contains organic matter in varied quantities. containing organic matter, such as peat, muck, animal manure, etc., Again the growth of plants has supplied the surface soil with roots, How do such manures increase the organic matter of soils?] Many soils contain lime enough for the use of plants, in others Many soils contain lime enough for the use of plants, in others If the soil do not contain a sufficient quantity of absorbent matter, plants, or produce such chemical effects on matters in the soil as shall minerals of the soil; and its carbonic acid, being absorbed by the water 31373 progressive unit; with improved farm methods on co-operative lines, as introduce a new era for agriculture, in which co-operative working shall farm work, this is a new and untried field which promises grand results. it possible to treat large tracts of land as a single farm, this great Applied to my chosen life work, it demands my best thought, my entire work at the farm, so encouraged Fillmore Flagg and his co-workers, so importance and the advantages of this new kind of co-operative work, work was the grand purpose of Fern Fenwick''s Washington life. By the end of Fillmore Flagg''s first year at Solaris Farm, Fern Fenwick forward his great work for humanity at Solaris Farm. lavish use of electric power in operating the factory works and farm Five years of co-operative work, have convinced the people of Solaris, "When we consider the future of the co-operative farm, as a working 32392 which large numbers of trees, plants and seeds are issued. trees and other plants and seeds are annually distributed at low rates, Good work has been done of late years in the improvement of Cyprus sheep Cyprus produces a considerable variety of fruits, the chief ones For several years choice kinds of fruit trees have been imported from grown in Cyprus; the most largely cultivated being the following: small, sweet, white variety, locally called "antelounika," is grown. that the fruit-producing carob tree of Cyprus is really hermaphrodite, Seed was first imported into Cyprus by the Agricultural Department in There is a small export of black cumin seed from Cyprus. The olive tree grows wild in Cyprus, but the wild fruit is small and The varieties locally grown include plants producing large, medium and ten years ago it was cultivated on a small scale and an annual export of 32863 propose to treat of brewing Beer, making Bread, keeping Cows and Pigs, teach them a great number of useful things, _add greatly to their value those things which, to the hard-working man, is almost a necessary of for _four pounds_ make a great _hole_ in a man''s wages for the year; and five pounds a year which the day-labourer now drizzles away in tea-messes, if the state of things be such that a labouring man can, with the usual Can any man, who knows any thing of the labourer''s life, deny this? Another thing is, can a man who has brewed beer at his own house in is the thing to give her food in; and she should be fed three times a day, things of that sort, all ought to be good in their nature, of a durable poor-laws are the things which men of property, above all others, _ought 33060 Country homes backed by intensive types of agriculture serve modern human of industrial life, the mind turns to the country, to the soil, to growing tract of good, productive soil will usually be found a better investment a small home garden to supply the vegetable needs of the household to the locate on a productive type of soil may easily lead to loss of the Many types of services are available to the country home owner, including homes it is necessary to construct a water-supply system, which means Every type of real soil contains all the elements of plant growth. that the only way to determine which plants will grow best on a given soil to get a soil type that will meet the requirements of most plants. Nearly all country places have sufficient area for planting small fruits Produce at home all farm products offered for sale, if possible, and make 33243 specialization in agriculture, the farmers of Fairfax County persisted Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, grew wheat on her family''s farm to fifty-acre farm shows the mix of old and new owned by the typical farmer In the end, Fairfax County farmers generally farm as a milk producing plant, with "little time or space for anything pure-bred bunch," the county agents helped Fairfax farmers develop so [131] "Fairfax Farmer States Facts," _Herndon News-Observer_, March 1, production per farm in Fairfax County to be 400% above the average in B. Derr, "Helping Farmers," _Herndon News-Observer_, April 14, Fairfax County farm organization. Dairy Marketing Company and Fairfax County Farmer''s Service Company work of the Floris Vocational High School and the Future Farmers of [180] _Ibid._, 14 and 26; "Farm Home Water Supply for Fairfax County," Fairfax County farmers marketed little of their grain production, the [Illustration: The farmer''s house at Frying Pan Farm. 34245 lands that are being made ready for the more ordinary grain crops--the But in such a splendid garden land as Egypt, where cultivated produce in Lower Egypt, and produce beautiful and profitable crops of fruit, as not requiring great care in cultivation, nor much water; while an thirty days after sowing, and the land ready for another crop, a fact Experience of long years employed in gardening and farming in Egypt planting was carried on in the rich lands of Upper Egypt bordering on turned Egypt into its present state as one of the great cotton-growing An average crop on good land may produce 1,890 pounds of raw cotton, Maize is a most important crop in Egypt, as upon this grain the natives In some parts of Upper Egypt a great deal of land is sown with the crop to grow on newly redeemed land, provided that water is abundant; 35439 A settler may bring into Canada, free of duty, live stock for the farm proceeds of their crop of wheat, which yielded 41-1/2 bushels per acre.] A farmer in southern Alberta raised 350,000 bushels of grain last year, Saskatchewan, and Alberta as 12,760 miles, the Canadian Pacific Railway splendid, high-yielding land, free to the homesteader or open to years, have placed their capital in Canadian wheat lands. =Available Homesteads.=--One and a half million acres of land are open for =Manitoba Farm Lands Year.=--In addition to circumstances which point to [Illustration: In many parts of Western Canada, large farms are operated Farm at Indian Head, Marquis wheat produced 48 bushels to the acre, and of a farming country where lands have increased from $8 to $30 per acre, years has grown oats that averaged 60 bushels to the acre, and sometimes barley yield on irrigated land was from 65 to 100 bushels per acre, 35696 farmers that draining, irrigation, deep plowing, heavy fertilizing, &c., Many farmers far above want will this Winter feed out fields of Corn and farmers who have become poor while usually growing good crops. grow into a good farm more easily and far more surely than they can pay Good farming land, improved or unimproved, is this day cheaper in the especial suggestions to young farmers with regard to tree-planting. I. Land wisely planted with trees, and fenced so far as need be to keep New-England farms, whereof five to ten acres might be thus irrigated at The farmer who has a good team may profitably keep the plow wherewith he is breaking up and fitting his farm to grow a good crop farmers grow some crops at a profit, others at a loss; ought they not to The farmer who annually grows a thousand acres of good Grain, 35816 several of the citrus fruits that have free stamens in the form of a pomelo, citron, lemon, and lime in his "Citrus Fruits and Their most of the more distinctive Philippine citrus fruits, and several broad, and cuneiform; flowers not seen; fruit 5.7 centimeters long, 7 pulp orange colored, juicy, acid, with distinct aroma; juice cells budded plants growing at Lamao, propagated from material collected acid, lemon flavored; juice cells rather slender, long, and pointed; juicy, acid, scarcely edible; juice cells small, short, containing thin, flesh light colored; pulp acid; juice sacs long and pointed; skin comparatively thick; pulp acid; juice cells small, short and the citrus fruits cultivated in the Philippines, and now and then distinct, 5 millimeters long; stigma large; fruit 5 to 7.3 centimeters in the planting of robusta coffee on a very large scale in Java while the coffee trees are small, perhaps no plant can compete with 38955 LIVE STOCK--Items, Page 180; Polled Aberdeen Cattle, 180; Grass for Hogs, if any Iowa farmer will come and look at my crib of corn of this year''s variety in the kernel upon the ear; a dent corn seed may furnish a sweet late New York Times: Every Northern farmer knows the common coarse grass Stock Show of Chicago he took first place among the best three-year-olds not know how to grow it, or the seed is not good, or the soil is too new. new heads, that made large growth and bore good crops the following ornamental nursery stock, etc., Centralia, Ill. Illustrated catalogue and price list of grape vines, small fruits, etc. THE MAGNETON APPLIANCE CO., 218 State Street, Chicago, Ill. NOTE.--Send one dollar in postage stamps or currency (in letter at our THE MAGNETON APPLIANCE CO., 218 State Street, Chicago, Ill. NOTE.--Send one dollar in postage stamps or currency (in letter at our 39869 use of "Red Cross" Dynamite on the farm. tells just how to use "Red Cross" Dynamite safely and easily, and make Cross" Dynamite in their work, they are constantly reporting new uses If you want to remove a whole tree, "Red Cross" Dynamite will lift it hard-pan, or clay subsoils, without the use of "Red Cross" Dynamite. rendered fertile at once by blasting with "Red Cross" Dynamite. With "Red Cross" Dynamite you can break up the ground all over the field land blasted by exploding charges of about 3 ounces of dynamite in holes In the orchard "Red Cross" Dynamite not only saves much labor and time "Red Cross" Dynamite not only excavates the required hole, but also "Red Cross" Dynamite is especially useful in excavating wells and "Red Cross" Dynamite is a big saver of time and labor in making new This work can be done with "Red Cross" Dynamite in one-tenth the time 42187 To-day this man owns four hundred acres of improved land, in a circle sixty acres of government land in Fillmore county, Minnesota. to be done for those coming to the Catholic colonies of Minnesota. The Catholic immigrant coming now to Minnesota will not be subject to making a home on land in Minnesota, plenty of hard work, and the best of another page, Minnesota with only 3,000,000 acres of her land under year, 1850, she had under cultivation 1,900 acres of land. over twenty bushels of wheat to the acre; a fact creditable to the land, We have now come down to the harvest and the second year on the land price of lands in Swift County Colony is $6.50 per acre; the actual cash State; the largest of these farms adjoins the colony lands of St. Adrian. The price of lands in the colony are from $5 to $6.50 per acre, on the 43844 THE DILIGENCE--OLD GUIENNE AND THE ENGLISH IN FRANCE--BORDEAUX AND A twisted like turbans round their heads--each man and woman with a deep "Only you wouldn''t like to drink it so well," said the Bordeaux man. at the soil, and great wains and carts drawn by oxen, looking like black "The green-looking land," he said, "Pay me," said the imp; and he passed the bird-like hand over the water, while the sand-hills appeared right and left for a moment, and street and the _Place Royale_ look, so far as the passengers go, like not," said the old man. "Look up there!" he said, pointing to a high-wooded ridge to the right; Pyrenees makes the boys and girls look exactly like odd, quaint little dead-and-gone sort of place, of which I asked an old man the name. there is anything like a generally cultivated taste for good wine in "These were the good old times," I said. 4509 To raise good crops costs time and attention and rent for good land, he pays out in cash $300, besides farm wages. wants to can have a home garden--it needs but a small plot of land. that vacant land near a large city at $100 per acre may be cheaper run to buy that good plot of land in a high state of cultivation "Millions of acres of farm land are being held out of use and other twenty acres) on average lands, on very good ground only ten to half an acre of land to garden early, especially as I started "If the land will produce over one hundred pounds per year per acre, To run a successful market garden for profit, land suitably such land, hoed garden or farm crops may be profitable while the large crops of small fruits and market garden vegetables. 45154 who are doing great things now started as boys and girls with work to rugs, drying herbs, corn and fruits, raising queen bees, collecting planting nuts from trees that produce fine ones abundantly every year, Boys and girls who like to harvest nature''s crops are missing a lot Every boy or girl that helps to harvest nature''s crops can do a little Boys and girls of a more enlightened generation know better ways and years of time, you will begin with good Angora does which cost from know about, or thirty dollars a year, like the twenty-five good cows, of good stories of boys who have begun chicken raising at twelve 1, Housing and Care; 2, Food and Feeding; 3, Raising Young Stock; 4, of clean water, clean houses and yards and good feed are needed to get a dozen, and raises a family, she does a pretty good year''s work, and 4525 The plant food required for one acre of wheat yielding 50 bushels, soil--either directly or in farm fertilizer--then the loss per acre years increased the yield of corn by 10.7 bushels where no organic truth is that by soil enrichment alone the average crop yields of a 100-bushel crop of corn removes 150 pounds of nitrogen from the (6) Average farm manure contains 16 pounds of nitrogen per ton. If the grain farmer grows 40 bushels of wheat to the acre, clover pounds of nitrogen an acre would leave the farm if the total grain and then the crop residues or farm manure is returned to the soil to value of the farm land in the United States increased by 118 per cent soil enrichment will increase the crop yield by two bushels of corn acre; while a six-year average yield of 90 bushels has been produced 46995 Whether that great country, now left rich by nature, persons as any of the states _now existing_ shall think proper to The plough, the great instrument of agricultural labour, was well crops as are most profitable for culture, and at the same time best average crops of wheat, barley, and Indian corn, at their greatest these root crops require any considerable expenditure in seed, and just before the proper time for planting Indian corn; for this crop, seed the product of the corn crop in particular will soon be found crop apply some of this latter manure after the plants are up. in August, is the proper time to transplant this crop, the plants few years, the United States will produce wine for their domestic The _general_ average value of the products of the United States country like the United States, where land is plenty and labour 47264 _August 1913_: Region of the Pampas (Province of Buenos Aires). The railway from Buenos Aires reached Tucumán before 1880; Mendoza, San of the Pampas, to the north-east of Santa Fé and the south of San Luis, prairie in the Paraná region as far as south of Buenos Aires. east of the Buenos Aires province, as far as Entre Rios. 5. The south of the Buenos Aires province and the central Pampa are the from the north of Buenos Aires and the south of Santa Fé, who were the maize district (north of Buenos Aires), where cattle-rearing did At that date the whole west and south of the Buenos Aires province north-west of Buenos Aires and south of Córdoba and in the Pedernera and the Rio de la Plata (Santa Fé, Rosario, San Nicolas, Buenos Aires lines north-west of Buenos Aires serve a wheat-area that is exposed to 48741 tenent by lease, not to crop the soil more than _three_ years in the pumpkin, in the first years crop, and perhaps in such soil the in cultivating the crop in the way we propose, nearly as great a clayey lands are naturally dry enough for winter crops, we advise lands which are to be cultivated for spring crops, as well as all the gravelly lands just mentioned, are not, in their natural state, no lands are better adapted for root crops of almost every sort, would render the land better adapted for grain crops of every grain and root crops, this manure should be buried in the soil, at manure for drill crops, burying it at a good depth, and raising the crop of wine and brandy in the vine country of France alone--though produces good crops of fine wine, and supplies the province and 48748 Miss Busy lived opposite to Julia''s father''s; and generally took _water_ was the source of vegetable life, and that the earth was _An Expose of the Causes of Intemperate Drinking, and the means existence, so long will the use of that article as a drink continue, word against the _moderate_ or _reasonable_ use of ardent liquors. and other places, on days of public parade and festivity. great length of time anterior to the year 1740." "The great number of public holy-days (as they are termed) which general suspension of useful employment on those days, is followed continue to use spirituous liquor as _a daily table drink_, and The late King is said to have given between 60 and $70,000 a year in consignments for two houses in this place, from the city of New In this state I left them some time, in order to observe what effect 48759 If thou art placed in the truly responsible situation of head of little better success was experienced in a variety of trees planted plant this tree in the place of a line of the Athenian poplars, various opinions exist; one, that light enters vegetable matter, plants exposed to _light_, produce oxygen gas in water. prepared flax in a day, and would require one man or woman and three John Adams!" Let us consider how great a space those men have filled as blessed by a grateful people, and a good old age has come upon life of a youth in a strange land, far removed from friends and exponas_ or other writ shall issue for the sale of said lands, such lands, tenements or hereditaments, shall be stayed for one year the said premises shall be stayed for one year from the return day said personal property shall be returned and redelivered into the 48760 twenty years of a poor man''s life might be so employed as to provide a great point gained, to have brought young men to the age of 18 mechanical or other means, is a work of time, labour and expense, _Any green crop, ploughed into the soil, has an effect highly power employed, which is equal to that of six horses, and the number year in different parts of the trees, sometimes higher and sometimes 40 years, a sum of money equal to the soil; to say this, appears, life in plants thus raised, being young and energetic, operate Agricultural Society_) will, this year, raise double as many branch, and in two years produce fruit of the kind you wish. A pear tree, brought from Holland, and planted in the year 1647, is this time can obtain but little more for his corn than in the year 5152 Shallow soil above standing water is not good for fruit trees. year''s crop is made, is probably the best way to strengthen the tree for We wish to plant orchard trees on land cleared this winter: manzanita better to grow a cultivated crop like corn, potatoes, beets, squashes, I have planted a lot of one-year-old cherry trees and would like to know that the fruit trees that spring from planted seeds yield only poor Will summer pruning cause apple trees to bear fruit instead of growing five-year-old trees half the season''s growth; others only cut back six Cherry trees under good growing conditions and proper care are very long Avoid all such trouble by planting good clean trees budded in nursery If the land is yielding good crops of these plants and the roots are Which are the best fruit trees to plant on black adobe soil with water 5350 Japan 56 per cent of the cultivated fields, 11,000 square miles, is The average area of the rice field in Japan is less than five square grave lands had become nearly naked soil, as seen in Fig. 27 where a Fields which had matured two crops of rice during the long summer, applied to rice, Fig. 45 showing a field as seen in Japan. lands is largely used upon the rice fields, more than sixteen inches inches of water applied to the rice fields of the three main islands a closer view than Fig. 27 of the farmer watering his little field The basal food crop of the people of China, Korea and Japan is rice, of water rice on the plains land at 44 bushels per acre, and that of cultivated land produces a crop of water rice each year and 7.96 per 59316 Information Available Online from USDA, State, and How do you select useful computer programs (software) and equipment Besides analyzing farm management problems and storing data, computers information networks linking farmers and other users to the State Service has published a directory of agricultural software programs Some agricultural programs use 48K or 64K of memory. =Information available Online From USDA, State, and Private Online computer services also include buying and selling farm products; in agriculture, can use some form of online information. of the major private online information services with agricultural agricultural production technology service offering data bases from 40 by Capital Publications in Arlington, Va. The service provides market information, such as prices and shipments, national information system for use by State Extension Services, CMN CompuServe Information Service offers access to more than 500 data this marketing information project involves several State farm agricultural commodities, and carries farm management programs as 59579 The best method of killing fowls, is to cut their heads off at a single for the purpose of forming a good stock, as the different varieties of the field cut at the same time, was only beginning to spring or As the annual show of the New York State Agricultural Society is now The Agricultural Society of the State of New York --The annual meeting of the New York State Agricultural Society, will the insertion of a bud, instead of a shoot or cutting, into the bark of the wounded parts both of the stock and the scion, use grafting-clay lines in the stock at the place where you wish to insert the bud, and Some gardeners leave a piece of the stock about six inches long for he was examining the fine-wooled flocks of the United States, and wheat per acre, for 30 years, we shall have as the result 36,000 lbs.