fe is vet steep. Even today we hear echoes < idolatry, religious chauvinism and polit cal triumphalism in claims that Americ is a  Christian nation.  Not so! Americ is a nation of Catholics, Jews, Prote: tants, Eastern Orthodox, Muslims, Buc dhists, agnostics and nonbelievers. W must ever acknowledge, embrace an celebrate that religious and secular he  erogeneity. For it is precisely in wel coming such diversity that we keep on society free.
Public Morality
The two guidelines I have discussed ap ply to the content and the tone of th relation between religion and the publi order. My third guideline concerns th objective of that relationship, which ii my view should be to fashion a workin; consensus on matters of public morality
As Governor Cuomo made clear s< eloquently in his speech here, concern rooted in religious teachings influeno both law and the policies of govemmen most effectively and legitimately whei
27
9. UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL PLURALISM
they have gathered broad support. Of course, changes in law and policy also contribute to altering standards of public behavior. Ideally, however, the morality encoded in our laws represents a shared understanding of the common good. That morality ought not be the reflection of any one faith but of the varied traditions, secular and religious, of our nation.
Obvious illustrations of how religious leaders can contribute to building consensus on issues that unqestionably have implications for public policy are the recent Pastoral Letters from the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Both the letters on nuclear war and peace and on poverty and the American economy expressed strong moral stands. Yet both letters also stressed principle
over technique; allowed for, indeed, encouraged, debate over the implementation of the principles; and urged Catholics to work in various ways toward progress on the same objectives  reducing the threat of war and the circumstance of poverty. Both letters have, in fact, sparked considerable discussion and disagreement within the Roman Catholic church.
Let me here remind you that, as the great theologian John Courtney Murray once put it,  pluralism implies disagreement and dissension within a community [as well as] agreement and consensus.  So that while we must marshal our convictions toward achieving consensus, we must also live peacefully with people we consider, by our particu-
lar standards of right and wrong sinners.
These then are some of the gui I modestly suggest as we think how to engage our religious faith half of political purposes.
Those guidelines are, to repea that religious convictions should be too hastily nor too narrowly lated into public policy positions
Second, in political debate, h rather than self-righteousness characterize our appeals to re sources.
And, third, our objective sho on matters of public morality, t< consensus rather than to win lej tories that may incorporate our d< but divide us as a people.
172
Index
adoption, of Native American children, 98-99
advertising industry, Hispanics and, 108-114 125-127
affirmative action, 31, 32, 34, 35, 143-144, 146, 166, 197; alternatives to, 240-245
Afro-Americans. See blacks
Afrocentrism, 22, 130-137, 147-154, 162 Ali, Muhammed, 131-132
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 41
Allen, Richard, 138-139
American Civil Liberties Union, 28 American racial classification, 249-253 Americanization, of Mexican immigrants, 218, 223
Anglophones, Quebec and, 225-230 Asian Americans, 32, 33, 67, 83, 121;
Chinese diaspora and, 175-180; Indian, 181-187; stereotypes of, 166-168; U.S. citizenship and, 10-15
Atlanta Compromise, 139
Baltimore, MD, Josephite priests in, 157-158 Baragondoza, John Demescene, 234, 235 Bernardin, Joseph, 270-271
Bilbo, Theodore, 154, 270 bilingual education, 49 Bill of Rights, 90, 91, 93 birthright citizenship, 10, 11-12 Bishop, Sanford, 29, 30 Black Panthers, 135, 148, 162 Blackmun, Harry, 27, 242 blacks, 32, 33, 67; Afrocentrism and, 130-137, 147-154; civil rights movement and, 155-156; and Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6-9; and Josephite priests in Baltimore, MD, 157-158; O. ]. Simpson trial and, 19-26; school segregation and, 19-26; ten most dramatic events in U.S. history of, 138-141; in the workplace, 142-146
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, racial classifications of, 249-253
Boorstin, Daniel )., 67, 69, 160
Bouchard, Lucien, 225, 226, 230
Brimelow, Peter, 38, 65
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS, 16-18, 21-22, 35, 138, 140, 148, 153, 154 Burr, Aaron, 159-160
business: Chinese diaspora and, 175-180;
Native American ownership of, 86
California: Proposition 187 and, 216-224; Proposition 209 in, 31-34, 35, 119
California Civil Rights Initiative, 240-245 Caminker, Evan, 31, 32
Canada: Quebec and, 225-230; rights of
Native Americans in, 96-97
Carson, Julia, 29-30
Carter, Jimmy, 48, 81, 203
casinos. See gambling industry
Caucasian racial classification, 263; historical view of, 249-253
celebrity, cult of, O. J. Simpson trial and, 159-160
Census, U.S., 125; racial classifications in, 51-58, 260-266
children: adoption of Native American, 98-99; of Asian Indian immigrants, 186-187
Chinese diaspora, Asian Americans and 175-180
Chinese Exclusion Act, 10, 46, 121, 169
Chretien, Jean, 226, 230
citizenship: international views on, 70-71;
racial restrictions on, 6-9, 10-15; and
Soviet immigrants to Israel, 212-213
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 72
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 11, 199
Civil Rights Act of 1965, 242
civil rights movement, 140-141; religion
and, 155-156
Civil War, 199
"claiming," of racial identity, by teenagers, 246-248
Clark, William, 102-103
clines, 263
Clinton, Bill, 30, 33, 38, 59, 60, 68, 72, 79,
81,	120, 161, 236
Cochran, Johnny, 161, 162
Cold War, 46, 173
Congress, race-based redistricting of, 27-28, 29-30
Constitution, U.S., 11, 38, 223. See also individual amendments
Cortina, Betty, 125, 127
cowgirls, Mexican, 122
Crouch, Stanley, 134, 136
Cumming v. County Board of Education, 17
Cuomo, Mario, 268, 270, 271
Cypress, Creek-Americans and, 203-204
Czechoslovakia, Potsdam Declaration and, 231-233
Darwin, Charles, 221, 251
Declaration of Independence, 43, 67, 249, 253
demographics: Hispanic marketing, 108-114; of U.S. ethnic groups, 51-58, 62-63
Depression, 46, 156, 218
Deriev, Regina and Alexander, 212-213
diaspora, Chinese, 175-180
Diop, Chiekh Anta, 134-135
Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 46
Dole, Bob, 120, 240
Douglass, Frederick, 139, 262
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 6-9, 11, 12, 35
Du Bois, W. E. B., 19, 131, 135, 139-140, 147, 151, 262
Dubois, Rene-Daniel, 228-229
education, migrant, 219-220. See also schools
Emancipation Proclamation, 138
English as a Second Language programs, 219
Enlightment, 251
entrepreneurs, Asian Indian, 182-183
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, 242
equal protection clause, of the Fourteenth
Amendment, 16, 18, 35
Ethiopian racial classification, 249-253
ethnic groups, demographics of U.S., 51-58, 62-63
Eurocentrism, 132, 133, 134, 135
Europe, immigrants from, 40-45
Falwell, Jerry, 267, 271
family ties, as immigration requirement, 64-66, 182
Farrakhan, Louis, 131-132, 148, 243, 262, 2< Fauset, Jessie, 147, 151-152, 153 feminism, black, 130-131
Fields, Cleo, 27, 29
Fleming, Thomas, 67-68, 69
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 179
Foung, Casey K. C., 176, 178 Fourteenth Amendment, to the U.S.
Constitution, 11, 16, 18, 35 Francophones, Quebec and, 225-230 Franklin, Benjamin, 40, 67 French and Indian War, 40
gambling industry, Native Americans and, 83-87, 100-101
Garvey, Marcus, 132, 133, 136 genocide, 254
Genocide Convention of 1948, 80
Germany: immigrants to, 216-224; Potsdam Declaration and, 231-233. See also Nazis gerrymandering, racial, in Congress, 27-28, 29-30
Gingrich, Newt, 65, 240 glasnost, 212 Goldman, Ronald, 159, 161 Gong Lum v. Rice, 17 Gonzales, Freddy, 115-118 Great Migration, 140 Great Society, 47 Greek Americans, 202-204 group rights, of Native Americans, 88-95 guanxi, 178
Hamilton, Alexander, 159-160 Harlem Renaissance, 152, 153 Haubegger, Christie, 125-126 Hesburgh, Theodore, 267, 270 Himmler, Heinrich, 205, 206, 207 Hing, Bill Ong, 11, 65 Hispanics, 21, 32, 33, 67, 83, 264; and California's Proposition 187, 216-224; as immigrants, 119-121; internment of Japanese, during World War II, 72 73; marketing demographics of, 108-114; and Mexican women in the U.S., 122-124; in the military, 115-118; stereotypes of, 166-168; U.S. citizenship and, 10-15 history: of racial classification schemes, 249-253; ten most dramatic events in African American, 138-141
Hitler, Adolf, 12, 46, 221, 231, 268; Holocaust and, 205-211. See also Nazis; World War I)
Holocaust, Polish Americans and, 205-211 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, 265 hooks, bell, 130-131 housing, racial segregation and, 22 Huerta, Dolores, 123-124
Hughes, Langston, 132, 152 human rights, 210-211; of indigenous peoples, 77, 88, 93, 94; in Zaire, 234-235 See also minority rights
Hurston, Zora Neale, 135, 147, 148, 153 Hutu people, of Zaire, 234-235 Hyde, Henry, 268, 270
immigration, 164, 194, 245; citizenship and, 10-15; in Germany and California, 216-224; Greek, 202-204; Hispanic, 108-114, 119-121; history of U.S., 38-50; from India, 182, 184; and Proposition 187, 216-224; public opinion on U.S., 59-61; Soviet, to Israel, 212-213; U.S. policy toward, 64-66
Immigration Act of 1965, 47
India, Asian Americans from, 181-187
Indian Child Welfare Act, 98-99
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, 90 Indians. See Native Americans indigenous peoples, United Nations and, 76-82. See also Native Americans international views: on citizenship, 70-71; on minority rights, 254-259
Israel, Soviet immigrants to, 212-213 Italian Americans, 197-201
Jackson, Jesse, 27, 163, 268
Jain, Arun, 183, 184, 187
Jefferson, Thomas, 41, 136, 249, 253, 261
Jim Crow, 142, 147, 150, 151, 154
job skills, as immigration requirement, 64-66 John XXIII, Pope, 269
Johnson, Gary E., 100, 101
Johnson, Lyndon, 47, 141, 203, 241, 242 Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 45-46, 169 Jones, Absalom, 138-139
Josephite priests, of Baltimore, MD, blacks and, 157-158 jury nullification, 162
Kang, Eliot, 182-183
Kelly, John )., 100, 101
Kennedy, Edward M., 65, 66
Kennedy, John F., 203, 241, 270
Kibbee Memorandum, 197
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 27, 136, 140-141, 144, 146, 243, 262, 270
Kinkel, Klaus, 231, 232
Know-Nothing political party, 43 Kohl, Helmut, 231, 232 Kothari, Pradip, 184, 186, 187 Krajewski, Stanley, 206-207 Ku Klux Klan, 45, 162, 163, 268 Kwanzaa, 1321
Landry, Bernard, 226, 230
Lane, Rose Wilder, 153, 154
languages, Indian, 185
Lanser, Thomas R., 70-71
Latinos. See Hispanics Law of Return, Israel's, 212-213 Lee Kuan Yew, 177, 178 legal issues, O. J. Simpson trial and, 159-163 Levesque, Ren^, 226, 228 Lewis, Meriwether, 102-103 Li Ka-shing, 178, 179 Lincoln, Abraham, 43, 271 local knowledge, importance of, and minority rights, 254-259
Loving v. Virginia, 263
magazines: Hispanic, 125-127; Indian, 187 magnet schools, 31, 32 Malay racial classification, 249-253 Manifest Destiny, 217, 223 Margolin, Malcolm, 83-84, 87 marketing, of magazines to Hispanic women, 125-127
Marlin, Myron, 72-73 Marx, Karl, 130, 133, 134
McCarran-Walter Act, 46, 121
McDonald, Forrest, 68, 69
McGovern, George, 192, 194, 195
McIntosh, Peggy, 19, 21
McKinney, Cynthia, 29, 30
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 17
media, O. J. Simpson trial and, 159-163
Mehta, Sonya, 186, 187
mestizos, 264
middle class, Native American, 83-87
military-civilian schism, widening of, 236-237 minority rights, and importance of local
knowledge, 254-259
miscegenation, 261, 263
Missouri ex rei. Caines v. Canada, 17
Missouri v. jenkins, 22
Mongolian racial classification, 249-253,
263, 264
moral majority, 267, 271
Moses, Wilson Jeremiah, 130, 137
Muhammad, Ashaari, 256-257
Muhammad, Khalid, 162, 243
mulattos, 262
multiculturalism, 39, 222
multiracial, lack of, as U.S. census category, 260-266
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 10, 28, 29, 35, 140, 141
National Or