693 Library of the Ohio State University Presented by United States Government CES NOT CIRCULA , SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Volume XV. 1892. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1893:- JELU Slank all U 62 V. 15 ADVERTISEMENT. The extension of the scope of the National Museum during the past few years, and the activity of the collectors employed in its interest, have caused a great increase in the amount of material in its possession. Many of the objects gathered are of a novel and important character, and serve to throw a new light upon the study of nature and of man. The importance to science of prompt publication of descriptions of this material led to the establishment, in 1878, of the present series of publications, entitled “Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” the distinguishing peculiarity of which is that the articles are published in pamphlet form as fast as completed and in advance of the bound volume. The present volume constitutes the fifteenth of the series. The articles in this series consist: First, of papers prepared by the scientific corps of the National Museum; secondly, of papers by others, founded upon the collections in the National Museun; and, finally, of facts and memoranda from the correspondence of the Smithsonian Institution. The Bulletin of the National Museum, the publication of which was commenced in 1875, consists of elaborate papers based upon the collec- tions of the Museum, reports of expeditions, etc., while the Proceedings facilitate the prompt publication of freshly-acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology and geology, descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants, the discussion of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditious. Other papers, of more general popular interest, are printed in the Appendix to the Annual Report. Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin of the National Museum are referred to the Advisory Committee on Pub- lications, composed as follows: T. H. Bean (chairman), A. Howard Clark, R. E. Earll, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Frederick W. True, and Lester F. Ward. S. P. LANGLEY, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. II 13209 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Allen, Harrison, M. D. (1) On a new subfamily of Phyllostome bats. (2) Description of a new genus of Phyllostome bats. (3) On Temminck's bat, Scotophilus temminckii... 437–444 NEW SCBFAMILY: Natalinæ. NEW GENUS: Ectophylla. NEW SPECIES: Ectophylla alba. Bean, Tarleton, H., M. D. Description of a new species of star-gazer (Cathetostoma albigutta) from the Gulf of Mexico..... 121-122 -Notes on fishes collected in Mexico by Professor Dugès, with descriptions of new species (with Plate XLIV). ... 283-287 NEW SPECIES: Algansea dugėsi, Fundulur robustus, Acara bartoni, Benedict, James E. Preliminary descriptions of thirty-seven new species of hermit crabs of the genus Eupagurus in the U.S. National Museum.. 1-26 NEW SPECIES: Eupajurus alaskensis, E. aleuticus, E. patagoniensis, E. smithi, E. im. pressus, E. floridanus, E. exilis, E. albus, E. gladius, E. defensus, E. capillatus, E. brandti, E. dalli, E. tanneri, E.confragosus, E. cornutus, E. townsendi, E. rathbuni, E. minutus, E. purpuratus, E. hemphilli, E. beringanus, E. newcombei, E. undosus, E. kennerlyi, E. setosus, E. munitus, E. gilli, E. curaçaonsis, E. californiensis, E. mexi. canus, E. roseus, E. corralinus, E. coronatus, E. varians, E. cervicornis. Corystoid crabs of the genera Telmessus and Erimacrus (with Plates XXV-XXVII). 223 230 NEW GENUS: Erimačrus. Bolles, T. Dix, Lieut. U. S. Navy. Chinese relics in Alaska (with Plate XXIV) 221-222 Cherrie, Geo. K. Description of two apparently new flycatchers from Costa Rica.... 27-28 NEW SPECIES: Vionectes semischistaceus. NEW SUBSPECIES: Ornithion pusillum subftavum. Eigenmann, Carl H. The fishes of San Diego (with Plates X-XVIII) 123-178 On the occurrence of the spiny boxfish (genus Chilomycterus) on the coast of California (with Plate LXXXI).... 485 Fontaine, William M. Description of some fossil plants from the Great Falls coal field of Montana (with Plates LXXXII-LXXXIV) 487-495 NEW SPECIES: Aspiuium montanense, A. monocarpum, Pecopteris montanensis, C'lado. phlebis heterophylla, Zamites montanensis. NEW VARIETY: Aspiuium angustipinnatum var. montanense. Hay, 0. P. On the ejectiou of blood from the eyes of horned toads. 375-378 Some observations on the turtles of the genus Malaclemys.. ... 379-384 On the breeding, habits, eggs, and young of certain spakes. 385-397 Holm, Theo. Notes on the flowers of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (with Plate XLVIII)... 399-403 Howard, L. 0. Insects of the subfamily Encyrting with branched antennw (with Plates XLVI-XLVII) ... 361-369 NEW GENERA: Pentacnemus, Tetracladia, Calocerinus. New SPECIES: Pentacnemus bucculatricis, Tetracladia texana, T. gracilis. Jordan, David Starr. A description of the golden trout of Kern River, California, Salmo mykiss Agna-Bonita 481-483 NEW SUBSPECIES: Salmo mykiss agua-bonita. Linton, Edwin, Ph. D. Notes on avian Entozoa (with Plates IV-VIII) 87-113 NEW GENT'S: Epision. NEW SPECIES: Filaria serrata, Echinorhynchus rectus, Distomum (?) verrucosum, D. flerum, Dibothrium exile, Epision plicatus, Tænia macrocantha, T. compressa. Rathbun, Mary J. Catalogue of the crabs of the family Pericerida in the U. S. National Museum (with Plates XXVIII-XL).... 231-277 NEW SPECIES: Libinia macdonaldi, L. spinimana, L. mexicana, Pericera triangulata, P. atlantica, P. contigua, Macrocoeloma tenuirostra, Othonia carolinensis, O. nicholsi, 0. rotunda, Mithrax pilosus, M. hemphilli, M. sinensis, M. bahamensis, M. braziliensis. III [V TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Ridgway, Robert. Descriptions of two new forms of Basileuterus rufifrons, from Mex- ico... 119 NEW SUBSPECIES: Basileuterns rufifrons jouyi, B. rufifrons dugèsi. Shufeldt, R. W., M. D. A maid of Wolpai, (with Plate I).. 29-31 The evolution of house building among the Navajo Indians (with Plates XLI-XLIII)..... 279-282 Simpson, Charles T. Notes on the Unionida of Florida and the Southeastern Sta es (with Plates XLIX-LXXIV) 405-436 NEW SPECIES: I'nio subluridus. Smith, John B., Sc. D. Revision of the genus Cucullia; revision of the Dicopinæ; revision of Xylomiges and Morrisonia (with Plates 11-111).... 33-86 NEW SPECIES: Cucullia similaris, C. obscurior, C. dorsalis, C. bistriga, C. cinderella, Eu. tolype bombyciformis, Copipanolis borealis, C. fasciata, Xylomiges peritalis, X. ochra. cea. Stejneger, Leonhard. Preliminary description of new genus and species of blind cave salamander from North America (with Plate IX).... 115-117 NEW GENUS: Typhlotriton. NEW SPECIES: Typhlotriton spelaus. Notes on collection of birds made by Harry V. Henson in the Island of Yezo, Japan (with Plate XLV) .... 289-359 NEW SPECIES: Parus hensoni. NEW SUBSPECIES: Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni. Two additions of the Japanese avifauna, inciuding description of a new species...... 371-373 NEW SPECIES : Acanthopneuxte ijima. True, Frederick W. An annotated catalogue of the mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilima-Njaro region, East Africa (with Plates LXXV-LXXX) 445-480 NEW SPECIES: Yus aquilus, Dendromys nigrifrons, Sciurus undulatus. Williamson, Mrs. Burton M. An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and vicinity (with Plates XIX-XXII) ...... 179-219 NEW SPECIES: Vitrinella williamsoni, Amphissa bicolor. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TEXT FIGURES. Front view of an embryo of Natalusstramineus. Mus aquilus ... Dendromys nigrifrons Sciurus undulatus Megaderma cor Page. 438 461 463 465 468 PLATES. 32 52 86 114 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 220 222 I. A maid of Wolpai... II. Genitalia of Cucullia. III, Genitalia of Xylomiges and Morrisonia IV-VIII. Avian Entozoa.... IX. Typhlotriton spelæus... X. Stolephorus compressus XI. Clupea mirabilis XII. Stolephorus ringens and delicatissimus. XIII. Atherinopsis californiensis XIV. Clevelandia and Gillichthys XV. Typhlogobius and Gillichthys XVI. Sebastodes and Fierasfer XVII. Oligocuttus analis and Isesthes gilberti XVIII. Zyphlogobius .... XIX-XXIII. Shells of San Pedro Bay XXIV, Alaskan mask with Chinese medals. 230 230 XXV. Telmessus cheiragonus XXVI. Telmessus acutidens, T. cheiragonus, and Erimacrus isenbeckii XXVII. Erimacrus isenbeckii XXVIII. Libinia setosa XX Libinia macdonaldi XXX. Libinia spinimana XXXI. Libipia dubia, L. emarginata, L. mexicana XXXII. Pericera triangulata, P. contigua ... XXXIII. Macrocoeloma tenuirostra, M. camptocera XXXIV. Othonia aculeata, (. Therminieri XXXT, Othonia carolinensis, 0, nicholsi XXXVI, Othonia rotunda, Mithrax braziliensis... XXXVII. Mithrax (Nemausa) acuticornis, M. hemphilli XXXVIII. Mithrax bahamensis, M. sinensis XXXIX. Mithrax pilosua.... XL. Tiarinia depressa, T. spinigera XLI-XLIII. Navajo Indian houses at Fort Wingate, N. Mex.. XLIV. Algansea dugėsi, Fundulus robustus, Acara bartoni.. XLV. Wing feathers of Motacilla lugeng. XLVI, XLVII. Encyrtina XLVIII. Anthoxanthum odoratum XLIX-LXXIV. Florida unios LXXV. Tree Danian. LXXVI. Pencil-eared oryx LXXVII. Thompson's gazelle LXXVIII, LXXIX. Abbott's antelope.. LXXX. Damara-land pygmy antelope LXXXI, Spiny boxfish ... LXXXII-LXXXIV. Fossil plants from Montana... 230 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 282 288 360 370 404 436 480 480 480 480 480 486 496 V DATES OF PUBLICATION OF ARTICLES. No. 887, March 28, 1892; 888, March 25; 889, August 2; 890, 891, 892, 893, August 5; 894, August 2; 895, 896, July 18; 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, August 2; 905, 900, 907, 908, 909, September 19; 910, October 5; 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, October 26; 910, 917, 918, July 21, 1893. PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 1892. VOLUME XV. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS OF THE GENUS EUPAGURUS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BY JAMES E. BENEDICT, Department of Marine Invertebrates. 1. Subgenus EUPAGURUS. Typical species Eupagurus bernhardus (L.). Eupagurus with the large surface of the left hand horizontal. Species not inclined to be hairy. Subgenus TRIGONOCHIRUS. Typical species Eupagurus trigonocheirus Stimpson. Eupagurus with the outer face of the left hand oblique and more or less triangular. In some cases it is flattened, in others concave, or very much swollen, as in hirsutiusculus. The species are frequently very hairy. 3. Subgenus ELASSOCHIRUS. Typical species Eupagurus tenuimanus (Dana), Eupagurus with the left hand very small, in some cases almost rudi. mentary. The large hand is always wide or broadly ovate, excepting in munitus and gilli, where the carpus is exceedingly wide, and the hand moderately so. Eye scale semnicylindrical, grading to triangular, sharp pointed. Species not hairy; many of them very smooth and glabrous. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 887. DN A 2 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. 4. Subgenus LABIDOCHIRUS. Typical species Eupagurus splendescens (Owen). Eupagurus with the manus of the left cheliped cylindrical. Under this section I have included but three species, the type, E. mertensi Brandt, and E. parvus nov. Subgenus EUPAGURUS. Eupagurus alaskensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little broader than long. Rostral tooth produced to the base of the eye scales ; lateral projections much less produced. Eye-stalks short and stout, constricted in the middle. The eye scales taper from the base to a blunt apex; the subterminal spine is conspicuous from above. The acicles of the antennæ reach the proximal end of the flagella and are three-sided ; sides flat, iridescent. The inner margin is armed with from 12 to 16 short conical teeth, and is set with bunches of hair. The merus of the right cheliped is very stout and strong, and extends beyond the eye by about one-half its length. The carpus is armed on its inner margin with a line of stout spines; there are also two longi- tudinal rows of spines on its upper surface; elsewhere thickly set with spiny granules. The band is set with sping granules forming a border on the outer margin. On the fingers the surface is very coarsely gran- ular. The left cheliped is much smaller than the right; its carpus has a row of strong spines on the inner margin, and a parallel row further down on the outer surface; otherwise it is set with spiny granules as in the large hand. The dactyl does not show from above any flattened sur- face, but from the prehensile edge to the outer margin it is evenly rounded. The ambulatory legs of the right side overreach the right cheliped but little; in very large specimens not at all. The upper surface of the merus joints are a little flattened. The upper margin of the carpus is armed with a single row of spines. Upper surface of propodal joints flattened, armed with a row of short spines on the summit and else- where with spiny granules. The dactyls are very wide, compressed, and twisted. The upper surface is convex, its summit and margins each set with a row of granules. Between these rows are long, smooth, surfaces. The inner surface of the dactyl is flat. The outer surface is very con. vex near the proximal end, but becomes much more flattened near the tip. In alcoholic specimens the general color above is a light purple with iridescent reflections ; below, light, tinged with reddish. A red streak runs around the prehensile edge of the thumbs and behind the dactyls to the inner margins of the bands. There is an oblong patch of red VOL3 1852PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] ?. XVon the outer distal margins and on the inner upper surface of the merus joints of the cheliped. The lower outer surface of the carpal joints of the ambulatory legs are pointed with red. The propodal joints and dactyls are longitudinally streaked with red. This species is very close to bernhardus, but is easily distinguished by its broader and shorter left hand, by the wide dactyls of the ambula- tory legs, by the acicula, and by its pearly iridescence. Alaska. Eupagurus aleuticus. Front with three teeth sharper and a little more prominent than in alaskensis. The middle or rostral tooth is not quite so much produced. Eye-stalks much stouter and some longer than in alaskensis. The eye scales are larger and less acuminate. The subterminal spine does not show from above. The acicles are broader at the base than in alas- kensis. The chelipeds are stout. The carpal joints are armed with numer. ous sharp spines. That of the left cheliped is three-sided, and not four, as in alaskensis. The dactyls of both hands show from above a smooth oblique surface, either flat or a trifle concave. In the small hand this surface is free from hair and granules; in the large hand it is bordered with short spiny granules, and the granules inclosed are very small. The spines of both hands are bifurcate, except those of the margin, which are simple. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are very wide and thin. The upper surfaces are entirely occupied by a sulcus, deep at the base of the article, becoming shallow at the end. This character of the dactyls is sufficient to distinguish this species from any other species of the bernhardus type. The color is dark in most specimens. Aleutian Islands. Eupagurus patagoniensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little broader than long. Front with three rounded lobes equally produced. Lateral lobes armed with a single small sharp spine pointing directly forward. The eye-stalks are stout, smallest in the middle, dilated and flattened at the corneæ, and enlarged but cylindrical at the base. Eye scales much as in alas- kensis. The subterminal spine is black-tipped and shows from above. The acicles reach the base of the flagella. In form they are very closely like that of bernhardus, and not so much flattened as in the related Alaskan species. The chelipeds are a little shorter than the ambulatory legs of their respective sides. Carpus of large cheliped shaped like that of bern- hardus, but it is evenly set with short sharp spines with black points. Spines of upper surface of hand black pointed and arranged in about seven more or less distinct longitudinal rows. The hand is more than twice as long as broad. The outer margin is arcuate; the inner margin 4 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. is nearly straight. The prehensile edges of the fingers are armed with large tubercles slightly horny near the tips. The merus joints of both chelipeds are very smooth on their large surfaces, but bordered with spines below. The left cheliped reaches to the base of the dactyl of the large hand. It is similar in shape and armature, with the exception of the prehen- sile edges of the fingers, which are much more horny. The carpus has an evenly convex outer and upper surface armed with spines. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are curved, bent and twisted as in bernhardwo and allied species, but are not compressed. Although this species differs from the typical species of the genus, in the horny tips of the fingers of the large hand, yet in all other re- spects it so closely resembles the characteristic species that I cannot place it outside the limits of the genus under consideration. East coast of Patagonia. Eupagurus smithi. The three projections of the front are about equally advanced; all are angular but not sharp; the lateral are each armed with a short spine. The eye-stalks are short, stout, and much dilated at the corneæ. The eye scales are short and round. The small subterminal spine shows froin above. The second article of the antennal peduncle has its outer spine produced and spinulose on the inner edge. The terminal article ex- tends beyond the eye one-half of its length. The terminal article of the antennular peduncle originates opposite the distal end of the eye-stalk. The merus of the large cheliped is compressed. Its anterior upper margin and a flattened patch on the distal upper surface are spiny. The carpus is covered with small spines, and the inner margin is set with about eight large sharp spines curved slightly forward. The outer surface of the carpus is flattened, making a distinct surface, but there is no dividing line of spines or granules. The hand is broadest at the middle of the palm. The outer margin is fringed with short, sharp spines. The inner margin is unarmed except the distal half of the dactyl, which has a few short spines. The upper surface is paved with flat- tened plates or tubercles, each of which is surmounted by a small spine. The plates are raised above the true surface of the hand and, as in simi. lar cases, there are many irregular-shaped fissures between them. The plates themselves are not all circular, but many of them have a small deep sinus on one side. The left cheliped is strong and reaches the proximal end of the dactyl of the large cheliped. Its merus is much compressed, making its upper margin thin. Tbe distal end of this margin is armed with two strong spines, which project directly forward over the carpus. The carpus is broad; its inner edge is crested with sharp spines. The upper surface is covered with small spines, as in the other cheliped. The hand is en- VOL5 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . . ] . XVtirely bordered with spines, and its surface is horizontal and covered with plates, as in the large band. The ambulatory legs are moderately stout, with slender, curved, and twisted dactyls. The carpal and propodal joints are crested with spines. The spines on the propodal joints of the second pair are very small. The dactyls are broadest two-thirds of their length from the propodal joints and are bordered with hair above and with spines and nair below. The color in alcoholic specimens is pink. Gulf of California. Eupagurus impressus. Anterior portion of carapace about as broad as long, flattened. Rostral projection on a line with lateral projections, much rouuded. Lateral projections angular. Eye-stalks long, slender, dilated, and flattened at the corneæ. Scales semioval. Subterminal spine large. A ciculæ slender, very hairy, not extending beyond the eye-stalks. The chelipeds are stout and strong. The large hand is much wider than the carpas. Its outer margin is arcuate, set with about twenty blant teeth. The inner margin is without marginal spines or granules except at the distal end of the dactyl, where the margin beyond the angle is spiny. The upper surface is covered with granular plates, making a nearly even surface above the true surface. There is a de- pression near the onter margin opposite the base of the dactyl, and an- other running from the carpus nearly to the gape of the fingers in each hand. The left hand is broader in proportion to its length than the right. Its surface is about the same in character. The arcuate outer margin is set with teeth, with small angular projections near the base of each. The inner margin is nearly straight, behind the dactyl having a row of five or six teeth. The margin of the dactyl is tuberculate. The ambulatory legs extend but little beyond the cheliped. The dactyls are hairy and a little bent and twisted. This species is allied to pollicaris. Florida. Eupagurus floridanus. Anterior portion of carapace wider than long. Rostral projection rounded; lateral projections angular and a little in advance of the ros- tral. Eye-stalks slender, much flattened and dilated at the corneæ, and dilated at the base. Eye scales elongated, conical, with a large sub terminal spine. The aciculæ of the antennæ do not extend beyond the the eye. The ultimate joint of the antepnulæ is more than twice as- long as the penultimate. The chelipeds are very much as in pollicaris, but the hands are much narrower. The angle of the outer margin of the dactyl of the large . band is much nearer its base. The outer margin of the hand is not 80 much rounded and the bordering granules are not so prominent as: 6. NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. in pollicaris. The upper margin of the carpal and propodal joints of the ambulatory legs are spinulose. The dactyls are slender, curved and twisted. Florida. Eupagurus exilis. Carapace flattened, depressed, wider than long. Front with a sharp triangular rostral tooth in line with the much rounder lateral lobes, which are armed with two short sharp spines directed forward and out. ward. The eye-stalks are short and stout, flattened at the corneæ. The scales are short, wide, and round at the end, the subterminal spine not showing ordinarily from above. Aciculæ of the antennæ not quite reaching the extremity of the eyes. Chelipeds long and slender. The carpus is about as in longicarpus. The hand is much more than twice as long as broad, about equally arcuate on both margins. The fingers are slightly hooked at the tips. The left cheliped is as in longicarpus with the exception of a raised row of granules on the outer margin of the pollex. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are long, slender, curved, and twisted. The upper carpal margins are set with a row of small spines. These do not exist in longicarpus. This species, while very closely related, is sufficiently distinct from longicarpus. Off the Rio de la Plata. Eupa gurus albus. Front with median projection angular, not produced much if at all beyond the lateral projections, which are also angular and are armed with a short spine which points outward. This spine or point does not arise below the margin, as is commonly the case with spines at this point, but is produced from the slightly raised margin. The eye-stalks are short, stout, and flattened; the corneæ are dilated. Eye scales short, triangular, wide at the base; the subterminal spine very small, sometimes seen from above, often not. The peduncles of the antennula and antenna extend beyond the eyes. The acicles are about as long as the eyes. The right cheliped is long and slender. The upper anterior margin of the merus is armed with a few stout conical spines. The carpus is flattened on the inner surface and much rounded above and on the outer side. The upper surface is longit udinally divided into two parts by a median line of small spiny granules. The surface of the inner division is concave; the outer is convex. The hand is long, narrow, and is very slightly bent upward. The surface above and below is thickly set with rough, flattened granules. The inner border is conspicuously marked by a raised ridge. The fingers are slender and shorter than the palm. The small cheliped barely reaches the large hand in large specimens. VOL7 1692] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . IVa The carpus is single crested; lower down is a parallel line of spiny granules which terminates with rather a large spine at the manus. The outline of the manus is slightly concave on its outer margin, while the inner outline is strongly convex. A sharp ridge runs along the outer margin of the hand and pollex. At the base of the pollex the depres- sion is much deeper than farther along at either end of the ridge. The prehensile edge of the pollex is armed with small calcareous teeth, while the prehensile edge of the dactyl is armed with a comb of horny denticles. The meral, carpal, and propodal joints of the ambulatory legs are stout, while the dactyls are very slender, much curved, and twisted. On each side of each dactyl a deep groove originates at the articulation with the propodus and disappears towards the end of the dactyl. There is a line of hairs on the upper margin. This species is common in the Gulf of California. Eupagurus gladius. Anterior portion of carapace much broader than long. Rostral pro- jection angular, pointed. Angles of the lateral projection more obtase, pointed. Eye-stalks very stout, flattened. Scales short, wide. Sub- terminal spine small, often not showing from above. The acicles of the antennæ extend well beyond the eyes. The right cheliped is very long. Merus rugose, its lower external distal angle produced and armed with several small spiny teeth. Car. pus long, convex, its inner margin marked with a row of small spines of unequal length. Its upper surface is evenly set with spiny granules. The outer margin is marked by a dense row of these granules. The hand at its base is much narrower than the carpus. It attains its full width at the base of the dactyl, where it is not quite so wide as the car. pus. The length of the hand in a typical specimen is 16 mm.; width 5 mm. The inner margin is marked by a line of granules. The granules of the upper surface are sharp and have a tendency to stand in more or less transverse rows. The outer margin is thin and is bordered by a row of very small blunt teeth. The fingers are thin and their pre- hensile edges are armed with calcareous tubercles. The left cheliped scarcely reaches the base of the large hand. Its carpus bas a double crest of spinules. The hand is bent outward. The fingers are thin and curved downward. The ambulatory legs are slender. The outer spines of the crest on the carpus often have two or three points. The crest of the propodus is composed of much smaller spines than that of the carpus. The dac. tyls are thin, wide, curved, and twisted. This species is closely allied to longicarpus and related species. Gulf of California. Eupagurus defensus. Anterior portion of carapace broad and convex. Median process rounded, the margin of the front between the lateral processes being an 8 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. . even curve. Lateral processes slender, pointed, and armed with a short spine. The eye stalks are stout, much dilated, and flattened at the corneæ. The eye scales are broad, rounded, the anterior margin being a semicircle. The large, subterminal spine makes them appear at first sight very acute. The peduncle of the antenna extends beyond the eye by one-balf the length of the terminal segment. The peduncle of the antennula extends beyond the eye by two-thirds the length of its termi. nal article. The acicle is a little longer than the eye. The merus of the large cheliped is cylindrical at its base and swells out to the carpıs. It has no angular surfaces. The carpus has three lines of sharp, slender spines, one on the inper margin composed of much larger spines, one on the outer margin, and one part way between the two. The band is a little wider than the carpus at the base of the dactyl; its margin is set with a comb of long slender spines. A row of spines of about the same size and character runs from the gape of the finger to the wrist. Between tbe marginal and central rows are two diagonal rows of spines. On the outer surface of the hand, near the base of the pollex, is a patch of seven or eight spines. On the ridge of the pollex there are several rows of plates irregularly placed, and a small spine arises from the center of each. The fingers are hooked and gape widely. The small cheliped reaches the base of the dactyl. Its merus is com- pressed. The carpus carries a double crest of spines; inner margin straight and flat; outer convex. The hand is armed with spines, as in the large cheliped, with the exception of the spine-bearing plates, which it Jacks altogether. The fingers gape as in the large band. In the small specimens the fingers do not gape in either hand. The description is made from two specimens from the Albatross col- lection in the Gulf of Mexico. Subgenus TRIGONOCHIRUS. Eupagurus capillatus. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than broad. Lateral areas with numerous tufts of hair. Front with a broadly rounded, slightly produced, median projection. Lateral projections or lobes each armed below the margin with a strong spine. Eye-stalks long, slen. der, nearly straight. Scales semioval, with a strong subterminal spine. Acicle of the antenna not quite reaching the tip of the eye. Ultimate article of the antennula as long as the eye-stalk and extending nearly its full length beyond. Right cheliped large. The merus is convex on the outer surface, nearly smooth; inner surface flattened and very hairy; spiny below. Carpus above convex, with small scattered spines; inner margin marked with a row of strong spines. Hand ordinarily twice as long as broad, rather sparsely set with stout spines. VOL9 1802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , *] . XVLeft cheliped with merus compressed. Carpus compressed, bicristate. Hand narrow and slender. Ambulatory legs stout. Dactyls curved and slightly twisted. This species is much nearer its Atlantic representative pubescens than is any other North Pacific Eupagurus to its Atlantic analogue, and has long been coufounded with it. The two are however distinct, and can be separated by careful comparison. Capillatus has the appearance of being much more bairy, the hairs often holding mud and dirt. Under the microscope, the main shaft of each hair is crowded with long fine hairs. In pubescens, the hairs show occasional spinules along the main shaft. The oblique face of the left hand in capillatus is more angular at its base and is not quite so long in proportion to its width as in pubescens. The large hand is more rounded. The spines are larger and not so numerous. The propodal joints are a little more flattened and a little shorter. The eyes are a trifle longer. Alaska. Eupagurus brandti. Median projection of the front very little produced beyond the lateral. Lateral projections rounded and armed with a submarginal spine. Eye- stalks rather stont, a little dilated at the corneæ. Scales triangular, bearing a bunch of coarse bristles. The acicle of the antenna extends a little beyond the eye. The chelipeds are stout. Carpus armed above with small scattered spines. Hand very much swollen; outer margin arcuate; inner mar. gin of palm and finger making nearly a straight line. Prehensile edges of fingers armed with three or four stout tubercles; tips horny. Left cheliped small. Carpus compressed, bicristate. The oblique triangular face of the hand is markedly concave. Ambulatory legs moderately slender, almost entirely unarmed. The dactyls are wide, curved, and slightly twisted. The color of alcoholic specimens is reddish, the middle of the joints light. Spines everywhere red or red pointed. This species is closely related to kröyeri, trigonocheirus and dalli. The small chelipeds of all have the triangular outer face, and in gen- eral the species resemble each other very much. With a large series of all I find substantial specific characters. Brandti and dalli are found together in a depth of from 15 to 85 fathoms in the Aleutian Island region. They grow to a length of three inches. They are separated at sight by a sharply defined band of white on the distal end of the merus joints of dalli, which is entirely wanting in brandti. Eupagurus dalli. Anterior portion of carapace very convex, about as broad as long. Median projection of the front triangular, produced beyond the lateral projections. Lateral projections rounded, each armed with a submar. 10 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. ginal spine. Eye-stalks smaller than in brandti. Eye scales triangular, with a large subterminal spine. The acicles reach but little beyond the eyes. The width of the carpus of the large cheliped is less than two-thirds of its length, while the hand is more than twice as long as broad. The outline of the hand is nearly the same on both margins. The fingers are a little hooked, and the points cross wlien the fingers are closed, giving the pollex the appearance of being a little longer than the dac- tyl. The spines of the carpus and hand are small, slender, and sharp. The small cheliped has a triangular outer face. The ambulatory legs are slender, the dactyls on the right side ex- tending beyond the cheliped by about one-third their length. The dactyls are spinulose, a little curved, but not at all twisted. The cheli- peds and ambulatory legs are hairy; the hair is very fine and not very conspicuous. Alaska. Eupagurus tanneri. Front tridentate; teeth pointed, well defined. Rostriform tooth much larger and more produced than the lateral teeth. Ocular peduncles stout; corneæ dilated ; scales ovate, with subterminal spine prominent, pointed. Second article of antenna short, stout; its outer angle pro- duced to or beyond the middle of the penultimate article; inner angle armed with a slender spine. Acicle thin and flattened at its base, slender and subcylindrical for the greater part of its length. It reaches beyond the middle of the last article. Right cheliped long, its merus extending beyond the eye for two- thirds of its length. Upper and outer side of merus cylindrical, its distal surface rendered uneven by tubercles and hairy rugæ, the rugæ becoming shorter at the proximal end. Carpus four-sided; upper side a little convex; much more so below; sides concave. Hand elongate, about as wide as the carpus; from about the middle of the palm it tapers gradually each way. Fingers thin and bent downward like curved scissors. A ridge beginning at the articulation of the carpus near the inner angle of the band, runs diagonally across the hand and along the inner portion of the immovable finger. Another ridge be- ginning near the outer proximal angle of the hand runs across the hand and joins the first ridge a little behind the gape of the fingers. At this point the ridge is most elevated. The two ridges inclose a sub- triangular area, in which there are five or six short spines. The ridges are spiny, the first one from its origin to the pollex, the second through- out its length. Both margins of the hand are spiny. On the outer margin the spines are regularly placed in a single row, extending to near the tip of the pollex. On the inner margin they form a double row, irregularly placed. There is a single row of spines on the margin of the dactyl. A row higher up unites with the first near the tip. Two marked depressions occupy the large part of the upper surface of 7 1892. ] 11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. the hand. Tbe one on the outer side begins on the pollex and runs backward, becoming deeper opposite the base of the dactyl and widest a little back of this. On the inner part of the hand the second depres- sion begins along the articulation of the dactyl and runs back to the proximal margin. There are no granules or spines in this depression, and but few scattered spiny granules in the other. The surface of the hand is glabrous. The left cheliped is small, reaching to the middle of the large hand. Merus compressed above, thickened below, and armed with sharp spines. Carpus compressed; upper surface flattened, each margin armed with a row of prominent sharp spines; lower surface convex, set with small tubercles. Outer face of the hand subtriangular, deeply concave. Upper margin of this face armed with a single row of spines, and the lower margin with a double row irregularly placed and much smaller. A short row of spines from the carpal margin unites with the upper marginal row, making this row appear double for a part of its length in small specimens. Fingers slender, bent downward ; prehen- ; . sile edges thin, even, and horny. Ambulatory legs slender, in large specimens reaching but little be- yond the cheliped on the right side, in small speoimens extending be- yond by one-half the length of the dactyl. Merus joints much com- pressed; upper surface flattened, rugose; rugæ hairy. Carpal joints armed on the upper margin with a single row of sharp spines. Pro- podal joints compressed above, irregularly set with short spines. Dac- tyls long, slender, twisted. Two lines of hair near the margins of the inner surface are very conspicuous. Outer surface convex, glabrous. Alaska. Eupagurus confragosus. Front tridentate; teeth pointed ; median tooth but little produced beyond the lateral. Eye stalks stout, tapering gradually to the di. - lated corneæ. Scales acuminate; subterminal spine long, stout. Sec- ond article of antenna stout, its outer angle produced to about the mid- dle of the penultimate article. Acicles reaching but little beyond the eyes. Penultimate article subconical. The right cheliped is stout, falling short of the tips of the ambulatory legs. Merus and carpus very much as in tanneri, but the merus is more spiny below and the spines of the inner upper margin of the carpus are larger in comparison with those of the outer margin than in that species. The hand is wider and stouter than in tanneri, but made up in much the same way. The outer margin is spiny while the inner margin is set with spiny granules. The raised triangle with its base on the articulation with the carpus is much broader. The ridge which runs from the inner angle to the immovable finger is granulate rather than spiny. The ridge on the inner side of the triangle is broken by a V-shaped notch, the broken parts changing direction at this point. The outer ridge of the triangle, a short line inside, and the apex are sparsely 12 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. set with spines. Depressions occur on both sides of the hand, as in the last species, but do not reach the carpal margin, the inner depression being entirely cut off by the ridge. The whole upper surface of the hand is set with spiny granules, between which the surface is glabrous. The fingers are thin, but do not curve downward. The left cheliped is shorter and more slender than the right. Car. pus compressed; upper surface flat; both margins armed with spines, those of the outer margin much the longer and a little hooked forward. The outer face of the hand is deeply concave; the surface is granulated ; both margins are spinous, the spines evenly placed. The fingers are slender, with even, thin, prehensile edges. The ambulatory legs on the right side reach but little beyond the large hand. Merus joints much compressed; those of the anterior pair armed with spines below. Upper margin of carpal and propodal joints armed with spines. Smaller spines exist on the carpal joints of the second pair, but not upon the propodal. The dactyls are curved and a little twisted, fringed with hair as in tanneri. The two species are readily separated by the inner side of the raised triangle of the large hand. In this species it cuts off the inner depres- sion of the upper surface from the proximal margin of the palm, while in tanneri this depression is allowed to reach the margin by a curvature of the ridge. Alaska. Eupagrirus cornutus. Anterior portion of carapace a little wider than long. Front triden- tate; median tooth larger and a little more produced than the lateral. The eyes are stout and in length equal about one-half the width of the anterior portion of the carapace. Acicles slender, subcylindrical, extending one-half their length beyond the eyes; external spine pro- duced; its apex slender; the inner margin armed with three or four slender teeth. The right cheliped is long and stout. The distal end of the merus is armed with short spines above and below; its upper surface is sparsely. granulated posteriorly; anteriorly it is set with short transverse rugæ, from which lines of hair reach forward along the surface. The upper surface of the carpus is subrectangular; its linear margins sharply de- fined by rows of conical spines, those of the inner margin being much the larger; a third row of irregularly placed spines runs parallel to the inner ma.gin. The hand swells out at its articulation until it is a little wider than the carpus, when the margins of the hand are nearly parallel to a point a littie beyond the gape of the fingers. From this point to the tip of the immovable finger the outer margin is nearly straight, the dactyl gently curving to the tip. The outer margin is armed with a single row of spines and is fringed with fine hair. The margin of the dactyl is the same in character, but the spines are much smaller. A stroug, rounded, granulated ridge begins near the wrist on the inner side VOL13 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XV> of the hand and runs diagonally to the end of the pollex; just behind the gape of the fingers it is elevated to a horn or tubercle. In all speci. mens the anterior outline of the horn is perpendicular to the hand. In small specimens the posterior outline is straight from the apex of the horn to the beginning of the ridge near the wrist. In large specimens the horn is much more elevated than the straight lines of the ridge. An auxiliary, spiny ridge, running from the outer middle of the wrist to the horn, cuts off an elevated subtriangular area on the posterior part of the hand. This area is somewhat spiny. The outer portion of the hand is deeply concave and its surface roughened by spiny granules. The inner side of the hand is deeply excavated, the cavity running in under the ridge and horn. The fingers are thin, granulate, the pre- hensile edges set with blunt teeth. The left cheliped is much smaller than the right, reaching beyond the articulation of the dactyl of the large hand. The merus is compressed above, flattened beneath; margin spiny. Carpus compressed, flattened above, bicristate. The outer face of the hand is subtriangular, deeply concave or excavate; surface granulate; margins spiny, The ambulatory legs of the right side reach but little beyond the cheliped. Merus joints of first pair much compressed, armed with small spines below; carpal joints armed with larger spines above. The sec- ond pair are without spines. Dactyls flattened, curved, twisted, chan. neled on each side near the articulation of the propodus; inner surface with a line of hair near each margin. Alaska. Eupagurus townsendi. Rostriform tooth sharp, produced slightly beyond the base on the eye scales. Lateral projections of the front but little produced. Eye pe- duncle constricted at the base, dilated at the cornea. Scales small. Acicles of antennæ slender, extending beyond the eyes for nearly half their length. The chelipeds are long, the merus joints extending beyond the eyes by about one-half their length; spiny below. The carpus of the right cheliped is five-eighths as wide as long, its inner margin with a row of spines about one-third larger than those scattered about the surface and about double the size of the spines of the outer margin. The upper avd lower surfaces are convex; outer and inner surfaces flat or slightly concave. The hand is more than twice as long as wide, thinly spinous. The spines of the outer margin are about the same size as those of the surface, and very much larger than those of the inner margin. There are two rows of spiny granules on the dactyl, with a flat surface between. The hand is evenly convex above and below. The fingers are slightly bent downward. The left cheliped reaches the base of the dactyl of the large hand; it is compressed. The carpus has a flat upper surface, with a row of small spines on each margin. The hand bas a subtriangular and slightly 14 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. concave outer face. The upper margin is armed with a row of slender spines. Ambulatory legs slender; dactyls long, slender, much bent, twisted. Those of the right side reach beyond the cheliped by about one-fourth their length. Merus joints of first pair with six or seven spines below; carpal joints spiny above. Carpal joints of the second pair spiny above, but the spines are very small. Chelipeds and ambulatory legs sparsely hairy; hairs fine and short, not conspicuous. On the hand the hair arises in little bunches scat- tered among the spines. Color in alcohol, orange-buff. Alaska. Eupagurus rathbuni. Median projection of the front acute, produced much beyond the lat. eral projections. Eye peduncles stout, very little constricted, dilated at the corneæ. Scales rather broad, rounded. The acicles reach to the end of the eyes. Chelipeds long. The merus joints overreach the eyes by about one- half their length. The carpus of the large cheliped is seven-tenths as wide as long, convex on three sides, concave on the inner side, spinose; the spines small. Spines of the inner margin but little if any larger than elsewhere. The distal inner angle of the upper surface is occupied by a small circular patch of very fine hair. The hand is about three- sevenths as wide as long, evenly rounding at the palm, spiny above, with a scarcely distinguishable marginal row of spines. The merus and carpus have a few short spines below. The upper part of the car. pus of the left cheliped is flat, with marginal row of very small spines. The hand is small; fingers slender and strongly bent downward. The ambulatory legs of the right side overreach the cheliped but little; those of the left side, by about one-half the length of the dactyl. The anterior pair have the lower edges of the merus joints set with spiny granules. The carpal joints have a row of very small spines on the upper margin. The dactyls are wide, bent, and twisted. The mar- gins of the inner surface are hairy. The distal upper margin of the meral and carpal joints is a light red. There is also a streak of red on the large hand at the base of the dactyl. The ambulatory legs are tinged with the same color near the joints and on the upper distal third of the meral joints. The general color is pale. This species is readily distinguished from any other north Pacific form by the patch of hair on the carpus of the large cheliped. Alaska. Eupagurus minutus. Anterior portion of carapace broadly rounded at the sides, much con- stricted behind. Front nearly straigbt, faintly three-lobed. Eye-stalks VOL. XV, 1892. 15 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. long, stout. Scales short, rounded, with a slender subterminal spine. Acicle of antenna shorter than the eye. Peduncle scarcely if any longer than the eye. Merus of right cheliped short, compressed. Upper surface of car- pus triangular; inner margin armed with slender spines; a few scat- tered spines on the surface. The hand is much longer than wide. The inner margin of the manus is set with long slender spines, as also the outer edge of the dactyl. Spines of the outer margin much smaller. Two rows of slender spines beginning at the carpus run together at the base of the pollex. Carpus of left cheliped single-crested with slender spines. The ob- lique subtriangular face of the hand is bordered by very sharp spines. The upper surface is about equal to the oblique surface in extent. The specimen is hairy. Gulf of California. Eupagurus purpuratus. The median projection of the front is rendered sharp by a rostral point wbich originates on the upper surface and extends beyond the margin. The triangular lateral projections are not armed with a spine. The eye stalks are stout and long. The eye scales are acute, concave, and bave a prominent, slender, subterminal spine. The lateral pro. jection of the second article of the antennal peduncle is long and is con. spicuously armed with spines on its inner margin. The peduncle is but little if any longer than the eye. The acicle is setose and much shorter than the eye. The peduncle of the antennula is much longer than the eye. The carpus of the large hand widens out evenly from the merus, making the outline straight; outer margin unmarked by special line of granules or spines; inner margin defined by a row of five or six spines which are very sharp and point forward; upper surface coarsely gran. ulated. The hand bas a symmetrical outline and is fringed from the tips of the fingers to the wrist with blunt spines. Those on the outer margin originate on the lower surface and project above the upper sur- face. A strong ridge beginning at the tip of the dactyl runs backward and is continued on the manus and ends at the wrist. The whole opper surface of the hand is paved with large flattened compound granules. These granules seem to be hemispherical and a little elevated above the true surface, often showing irregular shaped fissures between them. The tubercles or spines on the inner margin of the hand are not so thickly set as on the outer. The carpus of the small cheliped has a single crest armed with three or four strong spines. The hand has a curved oblique face and also a horizontal face equally prominent. This hand is also paved with com- pound granules. The lower margin of the oblique face is sparsely set with tubercles, 16 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. The ambulatory legs are slender. The dactyls are curved and spi. nose. The propodus and dactyl of the second pair on the left side are very thickly fringed with hair above and below. These articles are also seen to be wider and much more prominently grooved than the similar members of the other legs. As I have nerer seen this character be- fore, I conclude that it may be accidental. Color in alcohol, dark purple. Described from a single specimen from the Galapagos islands. Eupagurus hemphilli. Anterior portion of carapace very much longer than broad. Median projection of front sharp. From the projection the margin curves back, making a lobe between the eye and antenna, but no sharp angle. A sharp spine arms the lower margin at this point, making the front sharply tridentate in appearance. Between the spine and the outer angle is another concave space behind the antenna. The eye stalks are long and slender, a little constricted in the middle. The eye scales are small and sharp, with well developed subterminal spines. The peduncle of the antenna overreaches the eye a little. The acicle is much shorter than the eye-stalk. The antennula extends but little be- yond the eye. The right cheliped is long. The merus is much compressed, twice as long as broad. Its outer surface is quadrilateral, smooth, almost glab- rous, with a few fine hairs in very small bunches. There is a very small tubercle at its lower posterior angle. The carpus is more than twice as long as broad; deep; apper surface convex; inner and outer surfaces flattened. The hand is fully twice as long as its greatest breadth. It is not so wide as the carpus at its articulation, but widens out uniformly and is widest at the base of the dactyl. Both fingers are much shorter than the palm. The carpus and hand are densely and evenly granulate. The granules are white. The small cheliped is much compressed and reaches but little beyond the carpus of the large cheliped. The carpus has a crest of about nine sharp spines and no trace of a rudimentary and second line. The hand is very much compressed, being no wider than the carpus. Its broad outer face is parallel with its inner. On the upper margin behind the gape is a deep suture extending from the carpus nearly to the base of the finger. The sides of this groove are armed with spiny granules. Both carpus and manus are very granular. The ambulatory legs are slender and much compressed. The carpus and propodus of the first one on the right side are armed on the upper border with small spines. The feet of the second pair are of almost even length and reach the middle of the large cheliped. The dactyls are short, curved, and spinulose. The color in alchohol is a bright red. There is a well marked light spot on the sides of the dactyls near the end, VOL17 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVThis species is in appearance much like granosimanus, but is alto. gether distinct. It is readily separated by the front, by the much greater proportionate length of the outer portion of the carapace and by the very different left hand, and numerous other points. The young can be distinguished best by the length of the carapace. California. Eupagurus beringanus. Anterior portion of carapace longer than wide. Median projection of the front very obtuse; lateral projections merely indicated. Eye- stalks very slender. Eye scales small, triangular; subterminal spine slender. A line of hair runs along the eye-stalk from the scale to the cornea. The last article of the antennula overreaches the eye by about one-half its length. The acicle is small and much curved; hairy along the inner margin; reaching nearly to the base of the cornea. The right cheliped is stout. The upper margin of the merus is angu. lar, with a patch of small and very sharp spines near the anterior border, which is also spinose. There are two prominent tubercles underneath. The carpus is convex on the upper surface, and flattened and compara- tively smooth on the sides. The granules of the upper surface are large and not at all crowded. There are two rows of tubercular granules, one on the inner margin and one nearly parallel with it higher up on the surface. The hand is the same width as the carpus. Its granules are of widely different sizes and are not crowded. A row of tubercular granules defines the outer margin. The outer margin of the dactyl has a similar border. Fingers with very slight horny tips. The small cheliped reaches a little way beyond the carpus of the large one. Its carpus is compressed ; apper margin short, armed with from ten to twelve slender sharp spines. The oblique triangular face of the hand is convex and granular; a deep notch or groove occupies the posterior portion of the upper margin. The ambulatory legs extend but a trifle beyond the large cheliped. The upper margin of the carpal and propodal joints of the first pair and of the carpal joints of the second pair are armed with short sharp spines. The dactyls are flattened. The legs are hairy. The hair of the upper margin is long and arises in tufts or fascicles. The distal ends of the joints of the legs are a bright red. Both proxi. mal and distal ends of the dactyls are red. The light portions of the legs are spotted with red. This and the following species from British Columbia are much alike in color. The young are difficult to separate. Our specimens come from Bristol Bay and north of the Aleutian Islands. Eupagurus newcombei. Anterior portion of carapace longer than wide. Median projection of front very short, obtuse. Lateral projections barely indicated. The Proc. N. M. 92- -2 18 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS—BENEDICT. eye-stalks are comparatively shorter and stouter than in beringanus, The scales are triangular; subterminal spines very large. The acicles reach nearly to the tip of the eye. The right cheliped is large, shaped as in the last species, but differ- ently armed. On the lower anterior portion of the merus there are two prominent tubercles, one of which is spiny as in the large cheliped. The carpus is bordered on its inner margin by a prominent row of short spines; near this is a parallel row of spines; the remainder of the surface is sparsely covered with spiny granules. The hand is irregu- larly set with spines about the same size as those of the carpus. The fingers are horny tipped. The carpus of the small cheliped has a single crest of spines. A few much smaller spines are scattered about the outer surface. The outer surface of the hand is convex and set with spines. British Columbia. Eupagurus undosus. Front tridentate; middle tooth but little produced. All are small and are not widely separated. Eye-stalks slender, but little dilated at the cornea. Scales pointed, subtriangular. The acicles of the antennæ are as long or a little longer than the eyes. The right cheliped is much larger than the left; in proportion to the body it is large and strong. Outer surface of the merus smooth and glabrous, sprinkled with minute granules; lower margin armed with short conical spines tipped with red. Carpus four-sided; upper sur- face subrectilinear, thickly set with short spines tipped with red; lateral surfaces slightly concave. The outer margin of the hand from its posterior third rounds forward to the end of the pollex. The upper surface is thickly set with spiny granules, those on the outer margin being a little larger. The triangular oblique surface of the small hand is covered with tubercles as in the large band. Both hands are charac- terized by peculiar depressions. The one on the inner upper surface of the large hand has straight sides and runs back to the carpus. The depression on the outer upper surface is variable. In the small hand the depressions are irregular and extend along each margin, while the central portion is occupied by a raised ridge. The ambulatory legs of the right side are of equal length and reach to the end of the cheliped. The legs of the left side overreach the small cheliped by about one-half the length of the dactyl. The carpal joints of the first pair are armed on the upper margin ; those of the second pair are smooth. The dactyls of all are short, stout, and spinulose. In the chelipeds the color is a reddish orange. The extremities of the joints of the ambulatory legs are red, and the intermedial parts very light. The specimens are all more or less hairy. Bering Sea. VOL19 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVEupagurus kennerlyi Stimpson.* Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than broad. Median projection of the front short, triangular. The lateral projections are rounded, but have a sharp appearance from the submarginal spine. The eye-stalks are straight, slender. The scales are acute, with large subterminal spines. The acicle of the antenna is slender, hairy, and does not reach to the end of the eye-stalk. The merus of the large cheliped is nearly trihedral; outer surface smooth, without ornamentation of any kind; lower margin spiny. The carpus is set on the inner margin with seven or eight slender curred spines. The hand is a little wider than the carpus, and is traversed by seven rows, including the marginal rows, of slender light-colored spines. The prehensile edges of the fingers are armed with stout tubercles ; tips horny. Merus of left cheliped compressed ; lower margins spiny. The car- pus is a little compressed, bicristate. The hand reaches a little be- yond the base of the dactyl of the large hand; it has an outer trigonal surface well set with large spines. Fingers horny-tipped. Ambulatory legs stout. Color in alcohol reddish. Alaska. Eupagurus setosus. a The carapace is very convex, little longer than broad. Median pro- jection of front rounded, a little in advance of the lateral projections. The eye-stalks are much stouter and shorter than in kennerlyi. The scales are very small and acute, with large subterminal spines. The acicles of the antennæ reach beyond the eye one-fourth of their length. The chelipeds have very much the same form as in kennerlyi, but the spines throughout are much shorter. The fingers are armed on the prehensile edges with large tubercles; points horny. The merus of the small cheliped is compressed. The carpus is thick, bicristate; sides compressed. The hands of both chelipeds are thickly set with stiff bristles, which character will separate the species at sight from ken- nerlyi. Color in alcohol light yellow. Alaska. Subgenus ELASSOCHIRUS. Eupagurus munitus. Anterior portion of carapace very smooth, with an occasional tuft of hair and a few pits or small, shallow depressions on the lateral re- gions. Front tridentate; teeth of nearly equal prominence. Eye scales long, sides subparallel, edges upturned, making the surface deeply con- cave; the ends round; subterminal spine not showing from above. The first article of the antenna is armed with a very small spine wbich points forward and outward. The inner angle of the second article is armed * This description is inserted to mark the relatiorship of seto8u8. 20 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. with a sharp, conical spine; the outer angle is produced to the proxi. mal end of the last article; the apex is ordinarily double pointed. Acicle rounded, hairy on the inner margin, reaching to the tip of the eye. Chelipeds very unequal. In medium and small specimens the merus of the right cheliped does not reach beyond the eye, while in large ones it reaches beyond by one-half its length. It is three-sided; upper side convex; lower side flat; outer distal angle, with one or two short spines; upper ridge armed with a few spiny tubercles. The length of the car. pus is only four-fifths of its width. Both sides are thinned out in wing. like expansions which turn down in such a way as to make the under side deeply concave. The distal angles of the expansion extend for. Ward beyond the articulation of the manus, the anterior and lateral mar- gius forming rectangles. The outer margin is smooth, regularly curved; the inner margin is serrate; the margin at the articulation of the manus is spiny, the spines short, sharp, and conical. The middle portion of the carpus is elevated, rather more angular than rounded. The proximal two-thirils of the ridge is set with spiny tubercles. In small specimens these tubercles are perceptible near the articulation of the merus; in large specimens they are larger and much more extended. The hand is much narrower than the carpus, being more than twice as long as its greatest width. It is comparatively thin ; its outer margin concave; inner margin arcuate; upper surface rendered uneven by retic- ulate lines of small granules. Both fingers are concave above and con- vex below; prehensile edges armed with large white tubercles; tips not horny. The carpus of the left cheliped is flattened, inner edge spiny. The hand is very much flattened ; viewed from above it is boat-shaped. The edges are upturned, making it evenly concave. The proximal mar- gin overlaps the distal margin of the carpus, the reverse being the case in most species of the genus. The fingers are slightly bent downward. The ambulatory legs are slender, shorter than the cheliped, equal in length on both sides. The carpal joints are spiny above, and the pro. podal joints nearly smooth. The dactyls are short, flat, not twisted, spinulose on the margins of the inner surface. Hair almost entirely wanting. Color in alcohol: The meral and carpal joints of the chelipeds are a light purple. Hands yellow. Ambulatory legs dark reddish orange, with small circular light spots. Alaska. Eupagurus gilli. This species is very closely related to the preceding. The eye-stalk is much more slender. The acicle is shorter and does not reach the ex- tremity of the eye. The chelipeds have about the same proportion. While in the last species the carpus of the large cheliped is somewhat angular and tubercular, in this it is rounding and smooth. The inner margin is slightly roughened; the outer margin is smooth; the anterior VOL21 1892 . XV, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. margin is set with small tubercles. The outline of the large hand and the prehensile edges of the fingers are as in the preceding species. The ambulatory legs are relatively stouter. The dactyls are very mucb. wider, and the inner surfaces are concave and spinulose. Color of alcoholic specimens light ochre. Alaska. Eupagurus curaçaoensis. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than wide. Median pro- jection produced, sharp; lateral projections rounded. Eye-stalks stout, flattened, dilated at the corneæ. Acicles much longer than the eyes. External spine of antennæ reaching the base of the cornea. Flagella very slender, reaching the end of the large cheliped. Merus of large cheliped trigonal, very convex; upper and outer face squamose; lower external angle spinulose. Upper surface of carpus subtriangular, granular; inner portion with a few scattered minute spines; middle and outer portions with scattered tubercles in bunches of two or three arranged transversely; the outer margin is slightly raised and inconspicuously tuberculose; the inner margin is thin and serrate. The hand is thin and wide, evenly and minutely granulate; the edges are thin and slightly upturned and crenulate. The upper surface of the dactyl is divided by a ridge running from the tip to the articulating condyle. Left cheliped much smaller than the right. Carpus flattened on top; margins spiny. Hand with a thin elevated ridge running from the end of the pollex to the wrist, making a deeply concave subtriangular outer face. Ambulatory legs compressed. Upper margins of carpal and propodal joints sharp and spiny. Dactyls very thin, wide, bent and twisted. Color of ambulatory legs in alcohol. Meral, carpal and propodal joints light red with wide band of light in the center of each. Distal half of the dactyl reddish; proximal half, light. This species is closely related to E. carneus Pocock (Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. iv, No. 24, 1889). Eupagurus californiensis. Anterior portion of carapace about as broad as long. Median projec. tion of the front sharp, in advance of the short angular lateral projec- tions. Eye-stalks moderately long and slender. Scales long, pointed, concave. The acicles of the antennæ reach the ends of the eye-stalks. Merus of large cheliped trihedral, smooth. Surface of the carpus subtriangular; inner margin set with two or three spines on its distal portion; behind these are one or two tubercles; outer margin slightly raised and a little uneven. The hand is much broader than the carpus. The palm is slightly granulose under the lens. The pollex is rougbened by a few large granules. The outer margin of the dactyl is armed with comparatively large, blunt teeth. Part way between this border and 22 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. the prehensile edge is a row of granules. Between this row of granules and the margin the surface is deeply concave. Ambulatory legs moderately stout. From the upper distal margin of the carpal joints there is a small spine extending forward over the propodus. The dactyls are long and thin, but little curved. Color in alcohol white. California. Eupagurus mexicanus. Anterior portion of carapace much longer than broad. Median pro- jection of the front sharp and but little in advance of the lateral, which are angular and each armed with a very small spine below the margin. The eye-stalks are long and nearly straight. The cornea is a little dilated. The eye scales are long, pointed, and deeply concave. acicle does not reach the end of the eye. The large cheliped is as long or longer than the ambulatory legs; - longer in small specimens, and about the same length in large. The merus is compressed and glabrous; a small spine occupies the lower anterior outer angle. The carpus is sparsely granulose, otherwise gla- · brous. The inner border is raised, thin, and uneven. There is no ridge or marking of any kind separating the upper from the outer surface. The lateral surfaces are connected below by a straight ridge. The hand is thick and but little wider than the carpus. The proximal inner an- . gle of the upper surface is mínutely granulous. The granules become gradually larger diagonally across the palm to the pollex. The lateral margins of the palm are not thinned out as in related species, but are marked by a row of oblong granules. Two rows of coarse granules with a sulcus between mark the outer surface of the dactyl. The left cheliped is very weak and small, just reaching the margin of the large hand, and no stouter than the ambulatory legs. The car- pus is much compressed and has a double crest. The hand is semi- cylindrical; its vertical face is not equal to its horizontal. The ambulatory legs are slender. The dactyls are thin, straight, but curve near the nail, and are spinulose below. The large cheliped is red in alcoholic specimens, becoming liguter or white towards the tips of the fingers. The ambulatory legs are a little lighter shade than the cheli- peds, becoming lighter at the joints, and with a band of light color about the middle of the dactyl. Gulf of California. Eupagurus roseus. Anterior portion of carapace a trifle longer than broad. Median projection of front, an obtuse angle produced but little beyond the lat- eral projections, which are also angular. The eye-stalks are moderately stout, constricted in the middle. The eye scales, like others of the group, are long, narrow, and pointed, with a groove on the upper surface. The peduncles of both antennula and antenna are longer than the eye, while the acicle is a trifle shorter. 1892X . PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] 23 The merus of the right cheliped is tribedral. The upper surface of the carpus is triangular and granulose; outer margin slightly upturned; inper margin armed with six or seven long slender spines, curved and projecting forward. The hand looks solid and smooth to the eye, but with a lens the surface is seen to be finely and beautifully granulated. The crest is not spiny, but is composed of oblong flattened tubercles, even in height and regular. The lower margin is finely bordered by granules. The dactyl is short and stout; surface evenly rounded at the margin, which is hardly appareut, but yet marked by an inconspicuous line of small granules. The lower surface is about as the upper. The ambulatory legs are moderately stout. The dactyls are straight and armed with spinules. There is a wide band of orange near the base of the eye-stalk and on the antennal peduncle at the base of the acicle. The hand is a light pink, while the carpus is a much darker shade of the same color. The ambulatory legs are banded with orange. The single alcoholic specimen from which the description was made was taken in the Gulf of California by the steamer Albatross. The left hand was lost. Eupagurus corallinus. Median projection of the front rounded, much produced beyond the lateral. Lateral projections rounded, unarmed. Eye-stalks largest on the distal end; corneæ dilated. The eye scales are sharp-pointed, with Prominent subterminal spines. The antennular and antenval peduncles are much longer than the eye, and the acicle is a trifle shorter. The merus of the large cheliped is compressed, its lateral aspect quadrilateral. The carpus is a little longer than the palm; its upper sur- face is thickly set with very sharp spiny granules; the margins are defined by rows of spiny granules. The hand is fringed with spines alternately large and small, the spines becoming longer towards the apices of the fingers. The entire upper surface is thickly set with very small, slen. der, sharp spines. The spines along the fingers are very much enlarged in the center and constricted at the base. The merus of the left cheliped is much compressed. The carpus is compressed and surmounted by a double row of spines; in the outer row, large; in the inner, small. The hand is wide and thin; fingers gaping at the base; entire surface covered with very small sharp gran- ules. The carpal joints of all and the propodal joints of the anterior pair of ambulatory legs are crested with spines, a little large in propor- tion to the size of the animal. The dactyls are wide, thin, curved, and spinulose. Color.—The meral and carpal joints of the large cheliped are blotched with red and white, while the small cheliped and the ambulatory legs are banded with the same colors. Off Key West, Florida. 24 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. Eupagurus coronatus. Anterior portion of the carapace very convex. Median projection of the front very sharp, and produced beyond the line of the lateral pro. jections. Lateral projections rounded and armed below the margin with a sharp spine. Eye-stalks long, stout at the base, tapering for- Ward to near the cornea, where it is slightly enlarged. Eye scales short, rounded, with sharp subterminal spines. Peduncles of anten- mula and antenna longer than the eye. Flagellum of antenna hairy; hairs long and fine. Acicle much shorter than the eye. Merus of the large cheliped compressed, short, with a thin subser- rate crest on its upper margin. The carpus is also short, stout, and with a similar crest. There are two prominent spines near the inner angle, also one or more hooked spines on the inner surface. The hand is very short, suboval. It is bordered all around with sharp teeth, sep- arated by rounded sinuses. In the larger specimens these teeth num- ber about thirty. The surface of the hand is minutely granulose. The left chelipeil is very small, almost rudimentary. The hand does not widen out, nor are the fingers gaping as in the other species. The dactyls of the ambulatory legs are short, flattened, spinose. This species is widely separated from the preceding species of the same group by the very short and crested merus and carpus of the large cheliped, and by the eyes and other characters. Gulf of California. Eupagurus varians. Median projection of the front pointed, produced much beyond the line of the lateral projections. Lateral projections angular. The eye. stalks are stout, constricted in tbe middle. Cornea much dilated, flat- tened. The eye scales are broad at the base, rapidly becoming nar- rower, and then drawn out to a fine point. The surface is much hol. lowed out in the distal half of its length. The subterininal spine is comparatively very long and stout, and is situated just inside of the point of the scale. The long terminal article of the antennula extends beyond the eye its entire length. The peduncle of the antenna is also much longer than the eye. The acicle is about the same length, or a little sinorter. The flagellum of the antenna is hairy. The hair is long and scattered. The merus of the right cheliped is compressed, slightly crested, and is produced down to an angle or tubercle. The carpus is long, narrow at the proximal end, widening slightly toward the manus; sides and lower surface rounded ; upper surface not well defined, covered with short conical spines. The hand is fringed all around with spines varying greatly in size. The upper surface is covered with sharp, pointed granules, which are much constricted at the base and readily detached. In many specimens the hand is suboval, but in large specimens the fingers are lengthened and crossed at the tips. VOL 25 1892 XY, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] The left cheliped has its merus and carpus compressed, the latter bicristate. The hand is thin and wide. Fingers gaping at the base. The ambulatory legs are long, much compressed. Carpal and pro- podal joints crested with slender spines. The dactyls are thin, wide and spinulose. Gulf of California. Eupagurus cervicornis. > The anterior portion of the carapace is very convex, glabrous. The three projections of the front are angular, the median in advance of the lateral. Eye-stalk moderately long and stout. The scales are sharp pointed, broad at the base, and concave. The subterminal spine is prominent. The ultimate joint of the antennula is long and hairy. The peduncle of the antenna is long. The flagellum is sparsely set with long hair. The acicle is rounded, slender, and reaches a little be. yond the tips of the eyes. The right cheliped is large in proportion to the size of the body. The merus is much compressed; its depth is about equal to its length; the lower margin is rounded. The carpus is very narrow at its proximal end and widens out to the manus. The inner margin is marked by a row of conical spines. Some of these spines are red, others white. The points are sharp, and hook forward. The surface is thickly set with spines of the same shape and color but smaller. The outer mar. gin is marked by a row of still smaller spines of the same character. The carpus is deep, running down to a point or tubercle. The tip of this tubercle in the specimen in hand is a red spine, surrounded by a circle of six or seven white spines. Outside of this circle are numer- ous granules. The upper surface of the hand is suboval, and is en- tirely fringed with spines. Those of the outer side are to some extent alternately large and small, while those on the inner border are more uniform. The upper surface is set with sharp granules, interspersed with small spines. The lower surface is evenly granular. Two pro- tuberances on the lower surface of the hand hold the carpus firmly when the hand is drawn down. The prehensile edge of the dactyl is armed with numerous small sharp triangular teeth. The left cheliped is very small and weak. The merus is much com- pressed. The carpus is compressed and surmounted by a double crest of spines. The hand is thin and oval. Ambulatory legs compressed. Carpal joints crested with small spines. Dactyls wide, thin, and spinulose. Color pink in alcohol. This species is found in a coral which has grown up around the original shell, and usually has a number of branches not unlike a horn of a deer. When the animal is withdrawn, only the oval face of the large hand can be seen. Gulf of California. 26 NEW SPECIES OF HERMIT CRABS-BENEDICT. Subgenus LIBIDOCHIRUS. Eupagurus parvus. Anterior portion of carapace a little longer than wide. Front with three lobes nearly equally advanced. Eye-stalks long and straight. Scales short, rounded. Subterminal spine long, slender. Acicle of the antenna shorter than the eye, inuch curved, hairy. Peduncle of an- tenna reaching but little beyond the eye. Flagellum short, reaching but little beyond the carpus of the right cheliped. Merus of the right cheliped slightly compressed, rugose, hairy. Car- pus long and slender; inner border spiny; upper surface rugose and hairy. Hand long, much swollen from the carpus to the base of the fingers, reminding one somewhat of the hand of splendescens. Includ- ing the marginal rows there are six rows of short spines. Spines of the intermediate rows thinly set. Long silky hairs arise from their bases. Left cheliped much smaller than the right. Carpus slightly bicris- tate. The hand is much like the large hand. Fingers gaping. Ambulatory legs slender, hairy, unarmed. Dactyls thin, curved. Gulf of California. Sul tus EUPAGURUS. * Eupagurus hispidus. Median projection of the front pointed and slightly produced. Eye. stalks long and stout. Scales large, triangular. Acicles of antennæ much shorter than the eye-stalks. Large hand semicircular; the inner margin of manus and dactyl straight. Behind the gape of the fingers . is a very large and inuch elevated tubercle. Behind the tubercle are two deep depressions or pits. Outside of the tubercle are three or four tubercles of smaller size, giving the hand a deeply eroded appearance. The left hand is small. A deep depression occupies a part of the space behind the gape. The outer margin is tuberculate. The upper surface of both hands is coarsely granulate ; granules elevated and much crowded. Off Havana, Cuba. * This species did not come to hand in time for proper arrangement. DESCRIPTION OF TWO APPARENTLY NEW FLYCATCHERS FROM COSTA RICA. BY GEORGE K. CHERRIE. Ornithologist, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. A single specimen before me seems to be intermediate in many char- acters between the genera Mionectes and Leptopogon as defined by Sal- vin and Godman in their Biologia Centrali-Americana. But from the rather close general resemblance (of the lower parts especially) to Mio- nectes assimilis, and the very small feeble rictal bristles, it is probably best placed with Mionectes.* The third, fourth, and fifth primaries are longest and nearly equal; second equal to the sixth; first shorter than the longest secondaries. For this apparently new Flycatcher I propose the name Mionectes semischistaceus sp. nov. Type: Adult female (No. 6432, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Guaya- bal, Costa Rica, February 24, 1891; C. F. Underwood). Above, whole head, neck, and upper back, including scapulars and lesser wing.coverts, slate-gray, perhaps a little darker on the head; lower back, rump, and upper tail.coverts deep olive-green, the transition from the slate-gray to the olive-green rather abrupt. Wings and tail blackish or dusky edged with olive-green, that on the wings having a slightly yellowish or ochra- ceous shade. Below, chin, upper throat, and sides of head slate-gray, ligher than the back; breast olive-greenish, with a decided shading of orange-ochraceous, the latter color deepening and the former fading and disappearing posteriorly on the sides, belly, and crissum; the center of the abdomen is almost clear ocher-yellow. Under wing-coverts orange- ochraceous. Length (skin), 5.06''; wing, 2.35''; tail, 2.13''; tarsus 0.60''; gonys, 0.26''; width of bill at nostrils, 0.20"; the maxilla is broken away close to the nostrils. The only species of Leptopogon or Mionectes with which I have had opportunity to compare directly are L. pileatus, M. assimilis and M. oli- vaceus. *Without doubt correctly referred to Mionectes, and a very distinct species.-R. R. + No. 124616, U. S. National Museum, by the courtesy of the Costa Rica National Museum. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 888. 27 28 NEW SPECIES OF FLYCATCHERS-CHERRIE. I have two specimens from the southwest coast of Costa Rica (Pozo Azul) that do not seem referable to any of the species of which I find descriptions, of either the genus Ornithion or Tyrannulus. I say of either genus, because the two genera seem to me very closely allied and the birds in hand might probably be referred as reasonably to the one genus as to the other. However, the bill in T. brunneicapillus (the only species which I have to compare with) is heavier, deeper, and not so broad at the base. The examples before me have the nostrils placed in the middle of a membrane and the rictal bristles only very feebly de- veloped; wing rather short, somewhat rounded; tail square. Ornithion pusillum subflavum subsp. nov. ? Type: Adult female (No. 5980,* Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, May 8, 1891; C. F. Underwood). Above ashy or dusky olive-green, cap dusky blackish, loral region, line on upper and lower eyelids, malar region, and anterior part of auriculars ashy whit- ish; a blackish spot (same color as crown) behind the eye. Wings and tail dusky; greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with olive-yellow- ish, forming two rather conspicuous bars, secondaries edged externally with pale yellowish. Rectrices narrowly tipped with pale yellowish. Below, chin and upper throat asby-whitish, darkening on the lower throat and breast into olive and yellowish. Belly and crissum bright prim- rose yellow. Under wing.coverts primrose yellow. Inner edges of pri- maries and secondaries whitish, with a yellowish shade on tbe latter. Length (skin ), 3.66; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.64; exposed culmen, 0.33 tarsus, 0.58. The second example (No. 5979, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, May 9, 1891), is a male in moulting plumage, the rectrices just appearing beyond their coverts. The wing and tail feath- ers are more blackish and the plumage as a whole fresher and brighter. Museo Nacional, San José de Costa Rica, September 2, 1891. * No. 124617, U. S. National Museum. This bird comes very close to 0. pusillum Cab., from Panama, but is much more distinctly yellow underneath, and should, I think, be separated as a local race or subspecies.-R. R. A MAID OF WOLPAI. BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D. (With Plate 1.) With the present paper is presented an excellent picture of a girl about 15 years of age, belonging to the pueblo of Wolpai in north- western Arizona. She is in her everyday costume, and was photo- graphed on one of the streets of her native city. At her hand are sev. eral pieces of their curious pottery. Nowadays the life led by one of these girls is full of all that is most engaging to the ethnologist. Prayed over at birth, she must have her delicate baby skin well rubbed with fine wood ashes, or else her bones might become loose as she grows older. Very soon she is strapped in her portable cradle, and toted about upon her mother's back, but while in the house must, in the same apparatus, be either stood up against the wall, or even hung up, where for an hour or more together, in either situation, her sole amusement consists in peering about the living room." As soon as able to walk, this little child is permitted to toddle about everywhere or ascend and descend the house ladder before the second summer has passed over her head. She has no end of toys and other playthings to amuse her. From 3 on to 7, or perhaps a year or two more, her days are spent mostly in romping and playing with the numerous other children in the pueblo. Innocent of all clothing and possessing a wholesome dread of water for any other purpose than to drink, she is at this age as wild as a mountain sheep, and can with almost equal celerity run up and down the steep, rocky crags that so abruptly slope down from the pueblo on all sides save one. Becoming more sedate after her tenth year, she now assumes the garb of her elder sisters, or the companions of her own sex, and with a keen interest commences her early education in those accomplishments which soon render her a useful member of the tribe. Very soon she is quite familiar with all the duties that pertain to the kitchen, and as Capt. Bourke pointed out, “is duly instructed at this tender age in the fabrication of pottery and basket work." As she grows stronger, the operation of carding and dyeing wool and the weaving of blankets, mantles, petticoats, garters, and sashes of cotton or wool. By the time she is 15, or even at an earlier age, she is considered nubile, and Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 889. 29 30 A MAID OF WOLPAI-SHUFELDT. fairly entered in the matrimonial market. She cau bake, sew, dye, card, weave, and spin ; her nimble fingers fashion the plastic clays into every shape needed for use or ornament; the tender shoots of the willows or the pliable roots of the grasses respond to her fairy touch and round themselves into beautiful baskets, vivid with coloring and repeating the sacred emblems of the butterfly, deer, or thunder-bird. In the number of stews, ragouts, and broths which she knows how to compound of the flesh of the kid or sheep, and such vegetables as the onion, bean, and aromatic chile; or in the endless diversity of hom- iny, mush, pop corn, and piki bread, she will hold her own with the most ingenious American housewife. The most striking feature about the girl in our plate is the manner in which she does up her hair. This is the custom of the young un- married women, for the Wolpai maiden considers herself a woman grown at 15. They accomplish this remarkable feat in the tcilet by wrapping their hair over some pliable switches of either willow or cottonwood, which latter have been previously wound round with blue yarn to keep them in place. Then next her head, the base of the whorl is also wound around to keep the whorl in proper shape. She also parts her hair in the middle, and wears two heavy locks, one over each temple, which hang down and are cut square off below, on a level with the nostrils. This girl as will be seen bas quite a pretty face, and the great whorls of hair over her ears at the side of her head, are after all not so very unbecoming. The hair is done up with especial care on all gala days, and upon such occasions in Moqui, Bourke says, “the young maidens of the villages were out in full force, decked in the most gorgeous finery of native manufacture, their freshly cleaned tresses of raven black were done up in flat, circular coils one over each ear, the general effect being to make them resemble the Chinese." * In another place of the same work just quoted (pp. 117, 118), Bourke adds to the above statement that the “Moquis call themselves Hopii or Opii, a term not now in the language of everyday life, but referring in some way to the pueblo custom of banging the hair at the level of the eyebrows. This mode of wearing the hair distinguishes them from the Apaches, Utes, and Navajos, and, as Lochi wished me to bear in mind, showed that they were once todos los mismos' with the Mobaves, Yumas, Maricopas, and other bands of Arizona, whose practice of banging the hair is in such curious contrast with the loose, unkempt manner of wearing it peculiar to the Apaches. Now among numerous photographs of girls of Moqui and Wolpai none of them have the hair banged across the level of the eyebrows, but it is invariably arranged » Snake dance of the Mokis, p. 114. That these coils are flat is an error quite com- monly made, and that they are not always so may be seen from the plate in the present paper. All the published figures ever seen by the writer of the young unmarried Moqni women have the coils too small, too flat, and altogether too much like circular disks of wood. VOL. XV. 1892. 31 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. and cut as shown in the plate illustrating this article; moreover, the same remark applies to photographs of groups of these girls taken in the snake dance of August, 1889, The right is reserved to the girls of all the Moqui pueblos to choose their own husbands and probably also to divorce themselves from the same, in case they discover they have made a mistake in any particular instance. Daughters also inherit their mother's property. After mar- riage the Wolpai matron ceases to wear her bair in side-whorls, but, parting it in the middle, clubs it behind into a queue much after the fashion of the men. She may or may not bang it in front at the level of the eyes, and as whim seizes her she may occasionally part it to the right or left side. During the snake dance and in full costume it is the business of these Wolpai maids, as well as the matrons, to sprinkle the corn meal. This they do most effectually on the snakes, on the dancers, on the ground, and indeed in nearly all other directions. They are never allowed, however, to handle the snakes, a privilege enjoyed only by the men. Monogamy is the rule among the Pueblo Indians, and they do not obtain their wives through purchase. Indeed, in the household, the woman reigns supreme, and the man has but little to say. Among the Zuñis a purchase can not be made within doors unless it is by the con. sent of the wife, and the same holds true among the Moquis. Taking it all in all, then, the life of a Wolpai woman is by no means an unbappy one; indeed, from her babyhood to maturity it is filled in with many pleasurable chapters, and no doubt a great deal of this is due to their contented dispositions, and their love of home life, and their untiring industry. 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. | PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 1 மொரா CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDÆ OF BOREAL AMERICA-REVISION OF THE GENUS CUCULLIA. BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc. D. (With Plate 11.) CUCULLIA Schrank. 1802. Fauna Boica, II, 2, 157. Eyes naked, fringed at the margins with rather short hairy lashes, quite variably distinct and sometimes feeble. Tongue long and strong. Head large, not prominent, somewhat retracted. Front smooth, ves. titure even, woolly. Palpi moderate, scarcely exceeding the front in the males, usually reaching the middle of front in the females. Anten- næ simple in both sexes, except in serraticornis, in which the joints are laterally produced and bristled in the male. Thorax stout, quad- rate, collar greatly developed, in perfect specimens forming a sharp keel and projecting hood-like over the head. Vestiture consisting of long, flattened hair. Patagiæ distinct. A variable, never prominent, posterior tuft. Legs moderate, stout, well clothed with hair and scales, not spinose. Abdomen long, conic, much exceeding secondaries, with a series of dorsal tufts very prominent and distinct in convexipennis, moderate only in all our other species. These tufts are easily dis- lodged, and specimens otherwise perfect may be deficient here. Pri. maries comparatively small, narrow, with acute apices, lanceolate or nearly so. Secondaries proportionate to primaries, small as compared with the body; a slight excavation in the outer margin opposite the cell. The species are comparatively few in number, and I am inclined to believe that most of them are known. The high western plateaus and the Pacific coast inay yet yield a few additional species, but not many, I think. They are closely allied and yet not difficult to separate when care is taken, because there is little variation, and small characters prove constant in large series. The narrow, lanceolate primaries, hood-like collar, and long abdomen, combined with the lashed eyes and unarmed legs, make the genus an easily distinguished one. The species, except convcxipennis, are very similar in color, all of some shade of asben gray, sometimes with a brown suffusion. In all, the Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 890. Proc. N. M, 92-3 33 34 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. veins are more or less obviously black-lined, and there is a strigate ap- pearance, varying in degree. The ordinary lines are never complete, and the t. a. is often wanting altogether except in the submedian inter- space. No detailed reference is made in the descriptions to these com- mon characters, more emphasis being put on those characters which really distinguish the species. A few only of the forms are really common; but some species, usually not represented in collections, are undoubtedly missing because their distinctness has not been recognized. Postera and florea as distinct from asteroides are examples, and probably the three will be found to have the same distribution. The t. a. line is, in most of the species, traceable in the submedian inter- space, where it forms a long outward projection or tooth, nearly reach- ing the middle of wing. Quite usually, where this is discernible, there is also a fine, black longitudinal line from the base to the end of this tooth. At first sight this outline has a strong resemblance to a clavi. form; but in the few species in which that feature is found, it is attached at the end of the tooth and reaches the t. p. line. Usually this same line is again marked on the inner margin by a black dash or line ex- tending outwardly. It is quite potable that we have no species common to both sides of continent, but that, except convexipennis, every one of the eastern species has a close ally in Colorado. Thus asteroides, postera, and florea are rep- resented by montana, similaris, and obscurior ; speyeri and intermedia by dorsalis and cinderella. Serriaticornis is the only Californian form known to me, though Dr. Behr has named a C. solidaginis which can not be recognized from the description. Laetifica is from Arizona and Texas, and is the only south western form known to me. Easily distinguished from all the other species known to me is serra- ticornis. The antennæ in the male are distinctly toothed, the lateral pro- cesses furnished with a bristly tuft. This character is a remarkable one for the genus, and is accompanied by an equally divergent sexual structure. Should the species find strictly congeneric allies it may be eventually separated from Cucullia. In color it is ash gray, quite strongly resembling a small speyeri, or yet more nearly a small lætifica. I have seen no female, and Dr. Lintner in his original description had only males before him. As already stated, it is the only Californian species known to me. Of the species with simple male antennæ, convexipennis differs in color from all the others. Through the center of the primaries the shade is a peculiar yellow ash-gray; from the middle of the costa to the outer margin at vein 4, a leather-brown shade suffuses the wing and darkens decidedly toward costa. A similar shade extends from the middle of the inner margin to the outer margin at vein 3, cat by the pale s. t. line, which is elsewhere marked on the costa only, 1892. ] 35 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The abdominal tufts are larger, more dense and more prominent than in any other of the species, and are of a rich brown with a carmine admixture. The balance of the species offer no unique characters, and are separ. able into two series, containing quite closely related species. In the first of these series the t. p. line is marked in the submedian interspace by a lunate pale line, preceded and followed by a dusky or black line or shade. In the second series the t. p. line is black or dusky, single, toothed in the submedian interspace, and without the pale lunule. In none of our species is it at all questionable to which series it is referable. The first series contains six species, all with the same type of macu- lation, and closely related. The sexual characters are practically alike, and offer little aid in separating species. The harpes are long, quite narrow beyond the middle, somewhat widening to the oblique tip, which is acute at the superior angle, and inwardly fringed with spinales. The clasper is single, stout, short, arising from a broad corneous base, extending obliquely outward and upward, and rarely exceeding the lat- eral margin of the harpe. The exceptions to this type are exceptional in other characters, and are aberrant as members of this genus. Three of the species are western-Colorado and Montana—aud as a whole they differ from the three corresponding eastern species by the usually more distinct maculation, and by a peculiar roughness in vesti- ture, the eastern forms being quite smooth and even. There is a ten- dency in all the species to a dotted maculation of the ordinary spots, two round dots in the orbicular and four in the reniforın being normal. Montanæ is the best marked of all the species. It is gray in color, the basal space yellow, a deeper sbade extending through the cell and beyond it to the outer margin. In the median space the costal region is very dark gray. Beyond the lunule the submedian interspace is also yellow brown, with a darker, sometimes blackish, curved streak. The ordinary spots are large, well defined, paler in color, with the brown dots usually distinct. The secondaries are white at base, with a well- defined outer dark band, broader in the female. Similaris has exactly the same maculation as montance, but lacks all the yellow shadings. The costal region is darker gray, and there is a blackish shade along the internal margin. Beyond the lunule in submedian interspace there is a distinctly defined curved black streak. The ordinary spots are very distinct and the defiping lines are broken into dots, much as in the European absynthii. The secondaries are whitish at base, darkening outwardly to blackish, without having a defined band, as in montanæ. I consider the species a fairly distinct ope, and have both sexes. Obscurior is another species of the same series; but it is very dark gray, even in color, with the markings ill defined. The ordinary spots are as in the preceding; but not at all distinct. The secondaries are fuscous, slightly paler only, toward base. I have females only. 36 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. The three eastern species are as closely related as are the western; but diverge in a somewhat different way, so that they are less nearly allied to each other than to some of the western forms. Asteroides is the eastern representative of montana without the dis- tinct maculation, and without the yellow coloring at base of primaries. It has the same costal shading and the same markings beyond the lunule in submedian interspace. The ordinary spots are much less prominent, and the contained dots are vague. The secondaries are wbiter, the marginal shade better defined and narrower. Postera is much more intensely colored, much darker bluish gray, and the brown shading is much deeper. All the markings are much more distinct. The secondaries are smoky fuscous, only a little paler basally. Both sexes agree in these characters, and the species has no exact representative in the western series. It is nearest to obscurior, but is yet nearer in appearance to the European asteris. Florea averages smaller in expanse than the preceding species, and is more gray without the brown shadings. The ordinary spots are fairly distinct, the orbicular smaller and more irregular than in any other of the series. The secondaries are whitish fuscous at base, dark- ening to smoky outwardly, intermediate in this character between asteroides and florea; but differing from both in the primaries. This species stands nearest to similaris in the western series. There is no apparent difference between the sexes. The second series also contains six species, as a whole as closely re- lated as those of the first. They have a type of sexual structure which, except in bistriga does not differ essentially from that of the preceding. The harpes are perhaps somewhat more parallel and the tip is not so acute superiorly. The clasper is rather longer, more slender, acute, and in lætifica and speyeri, curved, hook-like. Four of the species hare the secondaries white at base, with a fairly well. marked smoky or blackish outer margin. Lætifica is the palest of the species, the dusky margin of secondaries very narrow in the male, much more distinct and broader in the female. The t. p. line sends a rather narrow loop-like tooth, rounded at tip, into the submedian interspace, the black streak beyond it reaching into the sinus to the line itself. Preceding the sinus is an indefinite white patch (the claviform), always distinct in the males, but much less obvious and sometimes wanting in the females. The latter are also darker as a rule. These points are characteristic of the species and are found in none other known to me. Cita Grt. and hartmanni French, are synonyms. Speyeri is a larger and somewhat darker species, much the same in general type of marking. It lacks the white patch preceding the sinus of the t. p. line, and the sinus itself is very different, being rather a broad tooth or angle, broken in its course by a small tooth in the line to the apex of the angle. The curved streak to outer margin does not extend VOL37 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVto the end of the angulation, which is acute at tip. The thoracic dor. sum is dusky. Dorsalis is very like the preceding and is its western representative. It differs in the clearer gray color without fuscous admixture and the dorsum of thorax is concolorous and not darker. Bistriga is an intruder here, and may eventually, if it finds allies, get another genus. It is smaller than any other of the species and the abdomen does not much exceed the secondaries. In other characters it does not differ essentially, and a new genus would be premature. It is a rather even gray, somewhat coarsely black-powdered along the costa. There is a distinct black streak along inner margin from base, and another broader streak from the t. a. line to outer margin through the submedian interspace. The secondaries have the dusky outer margin much less definite, and as a whole the species can not be mistaken. The remaining two species have the secondaries smoky fuscous, and the primaries deep bluish ash-gray. Intermedia has the median lines indicated on the costa, and generally traceable, sometimes distinct, for the remainder of the course. It is an eastern species. Cinderella is smaller, the forewings narrower, more pointed, and im- maculate save for a series of terminal black lunules, preceded by short black lines. It is from Colorarlo. This last species, at first sight, looks doubtful, and yet I would be sur. prised if even large material proved it a form of intermedia. In a genus in which the species are less closely related I would not have described it, nor would I have described it at all save in a revision like the pres- ent, where its position and rank can be compared and such differences as exist brought out. The genitalia closely resemble those of intermedia, but are noticeably different, and emphasize the probability of specific distinctness. The present revision is based very largely on material received from the U.S. National Museum through the courtesy of Dr. Riley, the hon. orary curator, and all the old species are represented in that collection. I have added all the species described by myself, so that of the known species the Museum contains a full series. The species described as luna by Mr. Morrison is an Heliothid. I have seen the types of postera and florea in the British Museum, so that I am certain of the correctness of the identification of these species. To Dr. J. A. Lintner I owe thanks for a copy of his Entomological Contributions, No. III, containing two photographic plates of Cucullia, European as well as American. The plates are among the finest of their kiud known to me, and the species are distinctly and clearly shown in all the details of maculation. Dr. Lintner there points out some of the relationships of our species to European forms, and his paper should be consulted on that point. To Mr. Bruce I owe a fine series of Colorado 38 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. MONTANE SIMILARIS material, which has enabled me to describe the species of that regiou and compare them with the eastern forms. Mr. Neumoegen kindly loaned me such specimens as I needed for comparison from his fine collection. In tabular form the arrangement of the species would be as follows: 1. Antennæ simple in both sexes... .2 Antennæ of male serrate, brush-like.. .9 2. Bright luteous gray; a yellow brown shade extends outward from middle of costa to outer margin at vein 4; a similar shade from inner margin near base to outer inargin at vein 3. ..CONVEXIPENNIS Ash gray with a bluish tinge. T. p. line distinct in submediav interspace, where it forms a pale lunule, preceded and followed by a blackish line and shade; a curved streak or shade also extending to the outer margin..... ...3 Ash gray, variable in shade. T. p. line variably distinct, single, black, never forming a pale lunule in submedian interspace. 3. Western species : Colorado, Montana ...... 4 Eastern species... .5 4. Costal region much darker, suffused with a dull yellow shade ; base yellow; curved shade over anal angle diffuse, yellow-brown.... Costal region scarcely darker, without yellow shade; base not yellow; curved marks over anal angle black, sharply defined..... Costal and inner margin dusky; color darker blackish gray, maculation all ob- OBSCURIOR 5. Secondaries white with a broad outer dusky band. Costal region much darker, with a dull yeilowish tint..... ASTEROIDES Secondaries dusky fuscous, basally somewhat paler. Primaries dark slate gray, costal region darker, with a brown suffusion. POSTERA Primaries paler, ashen gray, costal region somewhat darker, but without a brown suffasion ... ..FLOREA 6. Secondaries white at base, with a fuscous outer margin, narrow in the , wider in the ..... .7 Secondaries smoky fuscous, only a little paler at base. .8 7. Paler ash gray; inward tooth of t. p. line in submedian interspace single, narrow, rounded at tip.... LATIFICA Darker gray ; inward tooth of t. p. line in submedian interspace double, broadly open outwardly, the tooth acute at tip. Dorsum of thorax dusky; babitat eastern.... ...SPEYERI Dorsum of thorax concolorous; habitat western. Rather dark ash gray; a distinct black streak along inner margin to t. p. line, and a broader streak through submedian interspace from claviform to the vuter margin..... 8. Size larger, median lines vaguely traceable; habitat eastern........ INTERMEDIA Size smaller, all maculation wanting; habitat western (Colorado)....CINDERELLA 9. Maculation vague, color gray; habitat California... scure... DORSALIS BISTRIGA .SERRATICORNIS Cucullia convexipennis G. & R. 1968. Grt. and Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II, 201, Pl. 3, Fig. 76, Cucullia. 1869. Beth., Can. Ent., 1, 86, Cucullia. 1874. Lint., Ent., Cont., III, 138, 170, Cucullia. Head brown with a carmine tinge, palpi paler in front, two little white-tipped tufts between the antennæ. Collar with narrow black, 7 VOL39 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVbroader white, and still wider brown transverse lines; a double set of each. Thorax with patagiæ gray, with brown powderings and brown margins. The dorsal tufts are very distinct, thick, and brown, con. tinued without break on the dorsum of the abdomen. Primaries gray, with a yellow-brown shading through the center of the wing. Basal and t. a. lines marked as short brown dashes on the costa, the latter with the long median tooth traceable. The median shade line is marked by a distinct brown line from the middle of costa, outwardly oblique over reniform to the middle of the cross vein of cell. Beyond that along costa, and to vein 4 on the outer margin, the wing is shaded with leather brown, darker at the margins. T. p. line marked by a geminate black line crossing costal region, the intervening line pale gray. From this gray line a gray streak extends outwardly to outer margin between veins 6 and 7, and curved upward to the apex of the wing. The veins through this darker brown shade are pale marked, and there are four more or less distinct gray costal dots. A double blackish line with brown interspace extends along inner margin from near base to t. p. line. The t. p. line becomes obvious in the submedian interspace as a narrow pale line with brown defining margins. It is slightly curved to the sub- median vein, and thence makes a long in ward bend to the hind margin. From this point a leather-brown shade extends obliquely to the outer margin, which it reaches on vein 3. Thence the shade extends nar- rowly along the margin, connecting with the costal shade, On veins 3 and 4 a white line cuts the frivges. Fringes with a pale yellow line at base, a blackish central line, and broader, dull gray outer shade. Orbicular reduced to two small black dots. Reniform indicated by from two to four dots, indicating the upper margin. Secondaries yellowish white at base, with a broad fuscous outer margin, narrower in the male. Veins dark marked. Fringes yello: at base, white tipped. Beneath smoky, primaries darker, paler toward base along inner margin. Sec. ondaries paler, whitish basally. Expands 45 to 49 millimetres=1.70 to 1.95 inches. HABITAT: Canada; New York, Sharon Springs (in July), Long Island; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Northern, Middle, and Eastern States. The species is a strongly marked one, and has been already suffi. ciently compared with others. It does not vary to any appreciable ex- tent, so far as I know. The harpes of the male are elongate, narrow, widening at tip, which is oblique, the upper angle produced, margin inwardly fringed with spinules. The clasper is quite close to base, and is a single, nearly straight, corneous process, quite slender, and terminating acutely. It exceeds the lateral margin of the harpe by one-third its own length. Both sexes are in the Museum collection. Dr. Lintner has described the larva on Solidago. 40 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. Cucullia montanæ Grt. 1882 Grt., Can. Ent. XIV, 175 Cucullia. Head blackish gray, front with black and pale transverse lines; palpi paler in front. Collar inferiorly luteous shaded, else rather pale, ash gray, with several indistinctly marked transverse lines and a black a tip. Patagiæ pale gray with a few prominent black scales intermixed. Dorsum of thorax dark brown, as are also the distinct abdominal tufts. Primaries bluish ash gray with a broad costal region washed with yel- low-brown, darker in the median space. Base yellow, shading into the ground color half way to the t. a. line. T. a. line in most cases distinct through the dark costal space, traceable over the long median tooth and distinct again on the hind margin along which also a blackish gray shade extends. T. p. line pale through the dark costal space, very faint or wanting through the center of the wing, distinct as a pale incurve margined by blackish, in the submedian interspace; thence from vein • 1 to internal margin, inwardly oblique. A dusky shade precedes the pale lunule, and a yellowish-brown shade extends beyond it to the outer margin, superiorly marked by a darker brown streak. A series of black, terminal lunules. A more or less obvious series of brown interspaceal streaks along the course of the s. t. liue. Fringes gray, cut with pale, and with a pale line at base. Ordinary spots large, well defined, usu. ally paler, more yellow. Orbicular with two brown inner dots, one above the other, sometimes connected to form a central line. Reniform with four brown dots, sometimes partly connected; but usually distinct. Secondaries whitish, subhyaline at base, with a narrow dark outer mar- gin, broader in the female. Veins darker marked. Beneath, prima- ries blackish, secondaries white, the margins broadly blackish. Expands, 47 to 50 millimetres=1.88 to 2 inches. HABITAT: Montana, Colorado. Ten specimens, all of them collected by Mr. Bruce, are before me, five of them from the collection of the U. S. National Museum. They are practically all alike, varying only a little in relative distinctness of maculation. I have seen others, none offering distinctive features. It is the most distinctly marked of the species. The pale ordinary spots are prominent, and the yellow base of primaries is characteristic. The dark costal margin is powdery and the insect has a rough or “squammose" appearance. It is intermediate in some respects between postera and asteroides and, while most nearly related to the latter, is amply distinct from either. The harpes are only moderate in length, widening basally, the tip oblique, somewhat drawn out superiorly and inwardly spinulose. The clasper is short, stout, rather obtuse at tip, from a broad chitinous base along inner margin, extending obliquely upward and forward, and not reaching beyond the upper margin. It seems to be common and is attracted to the electric lights. ext41 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL XV 1892 Cucullia similaris sp. nov. Head dusky gray, with darker transverse lines. Collar pale gray, with a distinct black line at base, a less evident double line at middle, and a blackish tip. Patagiæ pale gray with a few black dots. Dorsum nar. rowly blackish, as are the small basal tuft and the dorsal tuftings of the abdomen. Primaries pale ash gray, somewhat darker, black powdered along the costa, but without any luteous shading or suffusion, and not yellow at base. A faint yellowish shade over the ordinary spots. A black streak along hind margin to the t. p. line. T. a. line sometimes evident through the dark costal region. The long median tooth very faintly indicated. T. p. line vaguely marked on costa, distinct through the submedian interspace as in montanæ, preceded and followed by a small blackish shade and followed also by a curved black streak below vein 2. A series of black terminal lunules. Ordinary spots only slightly paler, yellowish tinged, the defining lines broken into distinct black dots and streaks, four in the orbicular, six in the reniform. The orbicular has two black inuer dots, the reniform four. In shape they are as in montanæ. Secondaries in the male whitish at base, with a moderate smoky outer border, in the female darker, more yellowish fuscous, the marginal band broader. Beneath, primaries blackish, secondaries wbitish with black powdery borders. Expands 47 to 50 millimetres=1.88 to 2 inches. HABITAT: Colorado, Platte Canion on flowers, 6,500 feet. This species is exactly like montanæ in ornamentation; but is much more even, paler gray without any of the yellow or brown sbadings. The ordinary spots and their marginal rings are distinctly black dotted, much as in the European absynthii and the markings are black, not brown. The secondaries have the outer border less defined than in its ally, and they are darker throughout. In sexual structure of the male there is very little difference from montanæ, and such as exists is better seen by a comparison of the figures herewith given. Three specimens, 2 8 and 1, have been examined and no variation detected. Cucullia obscurior sp. nov. Head brownish gray, with pale and dark transverse lines. Collar dark blue-gray, yet darker tipped, with a distinct basal and a vague median transverse line. Patagiæ dark ash-gray; dorsum blackish, as are also the small dorsal tufts of the abdomen., Primaries dark bluish gray, with none of the maculation distinct; costal region scarcely darker, and the blackish streak along internal margin incon. spicuous. T. a. line faintly indicated on costal space and on the median tooth. T. p. line indicated only in the submedian interspace, preceded by the usual blackish patch, but followed only by a curved black streak below vein 2. Ordinary spots as in montane, but vague, only inferiorly ܕ ܐ 42 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. outlined, the lines not distinct; a broken, slightly lunulate, terminal line; a pale line at base of fringes; the latter fuscous gray. Seconda- ries smoky fuscous, paler at base, the veins marked. Beneath blackish, powdery; secondaries a very little paler centrally. Expands 46 to 47 millimetres=1.84 to 1.88 inches. HABITAT: Colorado (Bruce). Two female specimens are before me. They are entirely alike, and differ from all the preceding in the deep blue-gray primaries, in which the maculation is very indistinct, and the dark, smoky-fuscous seconda. ries. So far as the markings are traceable, they are exactly as in the preceding species. At first sight, this form resembles intermedia more nearly; but the character of the t. p. line at once refers it here. I have no doubt the sexual characters will be found to be very like those already described. The species is not unlike postera without the reddish shades. Cucullia asteroides Gn. > 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen., Noct., II, 133, Cucullia. 1857. Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XI, 656, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., III, 139, 169, Cucullia. Head dark-brown, with pale and dark transverse lines. Collar pale bluish gray, blackish tipped ; a distinct black line at base and two vague transverse lines at middle. Patagiæ pale-gray, sometimes a lit- tle yellowish. Dorsum blackish, as are also the small abdominal tufts. Primaries a very even, smooth bluish gray; costal region with a luteous sbade extending through the cell, and intensified in the ordinary spots; the costa itself yet darker, sometimes blackisb. A blackish and yellow- brown shade along internal margin. T.a. line sometimes traceable across the costal space and in the submedian interspace; but more usually it is entirely wanting. T.p. line obvious only in the submedian interspace, where it forms a pale incurve, margined by blackish definivg lives. This is preceded by a small dusky or blackish patch, and followed by a yellow-brown shade to outer margin, emphasized above by a blackish- brown curved streak. A broken, black terminal line. Fringes gray, with a yellowish line at base. A fine black longitudinal line extend ing from base of wing to the tip of the long tooth of t. a. line. Some- times both line and streaks are obsolete. Ordinary spots large, pale, usually void, sometimes with two brownish spots in the orbicular; four in the reniform. There is no real defining line, the difference in shade between the macula and its surroundings being sharp enough for dis- tinction; but sometimes this is intensified by brown dots. Secondaries white, with a well-marked blackislı outer border, narrower in the male. Beneath, primaries smoky, secondaries whitish, with powdery margins. Expands 44 to 51 millimetres=1.64 to 2.05 inches. HABITAT: Canada ; New York, Kendall, Long Island, Albany May 30 and June 6; New Jersey, New Brunswick, May 21; Washington, VOL. 189243 , . MUSEUM. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL . XvD. C., August 10; Nebraska, West Point, in May; Northern, Eastern Middle and Central States. This is the most common of our eastern species, and it is either double brooded or the hibernating imago flies for a long period. Dr. Lintner reports the larva on Solidago September 1 and 24. A long series of specimens, largely from the collection of the U.S. National Museum, is before me, and shows little variation. The costa is sometimes a little darker, the yellow shading sometimes more intense, the ordinary spots occasionally a little more marked; but otherwise there are no noteworthy differences. The secondaries are whiter and more hyaline than in any others of the first series, montana, its nearest ally in this particular, being quite distinctively different in macula- tion of primaries. The harpes of the male are longer and narrower than in the preced- ing species, the tip more oblique and superiorly more produced. In type cbaracters it does not differ in the least. Cucullia postera Gn. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen. Noct., II, 133, Cucullia. 1857. Wlk., C. B. Mus., Ler. Het., XI., 656, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., III, 169, Cucullia. Head dark brown, palpi paler in front, a black, followed by a pale line on vertex. Collar deep, somewhat, carneous gray, with a black transverse line near base. Patagiæ deep bluish ash gray. Dorsum blackish, with a black-tipped, truncate, posterior tuft. Dorsal tafts of abdomen small, but distinct, dark brown or blackish. Primaries deep bluish gray, with a carneous tiuge, costal region from base to apex suf- fused with brown, extending inward to the median vein. Median lives vaguely marked on costa; the median tootli of t. a. line fairly evi. dent. T. p. line pale through the submedian interspace, preceded by a distinct, followed by a less evident black line. It is incurved to vein one, thepce very oblique inwardly to the hind margin. A blackish streak extends inward along inner margin, nearly to base. Preceding the s. t. line in the submedian interspace is a small blackish or brown shade, and following it to the outer margin is a brown shade which fills the interspace and extends to the outer margin, superiorly empha- sized by a black streak. A broken series of vague interspaceal dashes along the course of the s. t. line. A series of black terminal lunules. Fringes concolorous or fuscous. A fine black basal streak. Ordinary spots variably distinct, always traceable, sometimes concolorous, more usually paler. They are defined by a very narrow black line, inside of which is sometimes a broad gray anpulus; in that case the center is brown. Secondaries yellowish fuscous, smoky outwardly, darker in the female, veins dark marked. Beneath, smoky or blackish, powdery, somewhat paler at the base of the secondaries. Expands 45 to 50 millimetres=1.7 to 2 inches. 44 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. HABITAT: New Hampshire, July 21; New York, Sharon, July 7; New Jersey. The New Hampshire specimen is in the collection of the U.S. National Museum (collection of C. V. Riley) and was taken by Dr. Thaxter. The Sharon Springs example is from Dr. Lintner's collection, taken by Mr. Meske. Two other examples before me are from New Jersey without date or exact locality. It is certain that the distribution covers the middle and eastern States, and probably it is coextensive with that of asteroides. With the latter species, postera is almost certainly con- fused in collections, though its deeper primaries and fuscous secondaries should readily distinguish it. There is some variation in the relative distinctness of the markings, but none otherwise. The ordinary spots are sometimes defined only by a slight difference in shade, and sometimes by a distinct continuous line, a pale annulus, and a brown center. The little series before me shows this range, the Sharon Springs example being the best marked, though not the most contrasting. The sexual characters are as in the western species rather than as in asteroides and somewhat intermediate. The differences are shown by the figures given on the plate. Cucullia florea Gn. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen. Noct., II, 133, Cucullia. 1857. Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lop. Het., XI, 656, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., III, 169, Cucullia. Head gray to brown, with gray and black transverse lines. Collar gray, with a distinct black line at base and a less evident dark line above middle. Patagiæ rather pale gray, black powdered. Dorsum blackish brown, contrasting, basal tufts small, as are also the dark dor. sal tufts of the abdomen. Primaries rather pale ash gray, even in color, costal region only slightly darker beyond the middle, without red or brown shades. T. a. line vague, less distinct even than in postera. A blackish streak along the inner margin to the t. p. line. T. p. line pale marked through the dark costal region, then obsolete to the submedian interspace, where it is of the gray ground color, defined by blackish marginal lines and exactly as in asteroides and postera in course. The preceding dusky patch is sometimes wanting, but is usually fairly dis- tinct. The following shade to outer margin is vague; but the black streak below vein 2 is distinct. The ordinary spots are distinct in all specimens, concolorous, sometimes with a dusky center, defining lines incomplete, very little marked. The orbicular is somewhat narrower and more irregular than in the other species. A series of vague inter- spaceal dashes indicate the course of the s. t. line. A series of small black terminal lumules, degenerating into a broken terminal line in some specimens. Secondaries soiled whitish at base, smoky fuscous VOL45 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, . , ] ". XVoutwardly, forming a broad, not defined outer marginal band. Beneath blackish, powdery, pale at base of secondaries. Expands 42 to 47 millimetres=1.68 to 1.88 inches. HABITAT: New York, Sharon Springs, July 6 and 8, Newburg; Pennsylvania. This is the smallest in average expanse of the three closely allied eastern species. Three of the specimens before me are from the U.S. National Museum (collection of O. Meske and C. V. Riley), one, from Mr. Neumoegen and the other from Dr. Lintner. This is also almost certainly confused with asteroides, from which it differs in the even gray color, the costa hardly darker and without reddish or brown shades. The secondaries are also much darker, with a broader outer border; but not so dark as in postera, from which the present species differs widely in maculation of primaries. The sexual characters are essentially as in asteroides, but there is considerable difference in detail, better shown by the figure. The clasper in the specimen from which the Irawing was made was turned the wrong way, and bearing this in mind its resemblance to asteroides is marked. Cucullia laetifica Lintn. L. I A 1875. Lintn., in Grote's Check list, 24, Cucullia. 1878. Lintu., Ent. Cont. IV, 89, Cucullia. cita Grt. 1883. Grt., Papilio III, 75 Cucullia. hartmanni French. 1888. French, Can. Ent., xx, 69 Cucullia. Head dusky gray, with pale gray and black transverse lines; palpi paler in front. Collar ash-gray with a basal black, and a median dusky transverse line. Patagiæ gray, dorsum dark brown, as are the very small dorsal tufts of the abdomen. Primaries very pale whitish gray in the male, distinctly darker, ashen gray in the female. The costal region is very little darker, the median lines sometimes indi- cated by darker geminate dots. T. p. line marked in the submedian interspace by a narrow black line, sending inward a long narrow sinus, rounded at tip. A narrow black line runs centrally through this sinus, broadening to a curved black streak beyond it. This streak reaches the outer margin below vein 2, and in the interspaces between 2 and 3, and 3 and 4, are usually two black sagittate marks basing on the outer margin. Preceding the end of the sinus in the submedian interspace is an indefinite white patch, representing the claviform spot. This is usually distinct in the male ; but very indefi- nite and sometimes wanting in the female. A more or less evident black streak along inner margin near base. A fine black longitudinal line at base reaching the end of the long tooth of t. a. line, which is rather feebly marked. Ordinary spots obsolete, the inferior margin of reniform sometimes vaguely outlined. In the male there is usually All er jo ous 46 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. a faint luteous shade indicating the location of the spots; but this is as usually wanting in the female. A broken, black terminal line. Secondaries white, subhyaline, with a smoky outer margin, very nar- row in the male, darker and a little broader in the female. Beneath, whitish, powdery, the primaries darker. Expands 43 to 45 millimetres=1.72 to 1.80 inches. HABITAT: Arizona; Texas, Columbus, Bastrop County April 3 to 30, Harris County. The Arizona specimen is the type of cita Grt., from Mr. Neumoegen's collection. The type of lætifica from Bastrop County, placed by its side, discovers absolutely no difference in any feature. The description of C. hartmanni French fits to these specimens perfectly, and fits nothing else known to me. Seven other specimens are before me, , most of them from the Belfrage material in the U. S. National Mus- euin (collection of C. V. Riley) and show a somewhat greater range of variation than usual in the genus. There is quite a decided difference in the ground color in the sexes, the males being quite pale, while the females are sometimes nearly as dark as in intermedia, and look like small speyeri. The essential character, which is marked in all the specimens, is in the sinus of the t. p. line in the submedian inter- space, and this will enable the species to be recognized in all its forms. The sexual characters are much as in speyeri. The clasper is shorter and stouter, and the angles of the tip of harpes are more rounded. Otherwise there is little difference. The figure given here- with shows the clasper turned the wrong way out. It is so on the slide and the figure was made from a camera drawing. Normally it pro- jects outward and a little upward. In mounting, the pressure applied turned the book the wrong way and it was not noticed until too late to rectify readily. Cucullia speyeri Lintn. 1874. Lintu., Ent. Cont., III, 168, Cucullia. Head fuscous brown with gray and black transverse lines. Collar pale gray, a distinct black line at base, and a geminate brown trans- verse line at middle. Patagiæ pale gray, dorsum brown, as are also the rather distinct abdominal tufts. Primaries pale ash-gray, with a more or less obvious fuscous shading, most evident along the costa and internal margin. T. a. line vaguely indicated on costa, the long out- ward tooth in subinedian interspace fairly evident, a shorter, inore acute tooth fairly distinct between vein 1 and the margin. T. p. line vaguely indicated on costa, becoming evident on vein 2, oblique in- wardly to the claviform which indents it a little before the end of the a tooth, then outwardly in an acute curve over vein 1. A narrow, broken, black terminal line, wanting altogether in the female. An oblique black streak below vein 2 from the t. p. line to outer margin. Claviform VOL47 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVfairly outlined in the specimens before me, somewhat paler, but not wbite as in lætifica. Ordinary spots vague, only the inferior margiu of reniform at all distinct. Secondaries white basally with a rather indefinite dark outer border, much broader in the female. Beneath, primaries smoky in the 8, blackish in the 9. Secondaries white, with a few marginal powderings in the male, with broad outer borders and dark powderings in disk in the female. Expands 48 to 52 millimetres=1.92 to 2.08 inches. HABITAT: New York, Albany June 6, Sharon Springs August 15; Nebraska, West Point in May; Canada to Pennsylvania, west to Ne. braska. This species is easily separated from lætifica by the darker color of primaries as well as the course of the t. p. line, to which attention bas been already called. There is also a series of fairly distinct interspaceal pale streaks extending in from the terminal space, which is not found in lætifica. The harpes of the male are quite long, nearly parallel to tip; the latter is obliquely and acutely drawn out at upper angle, rounded at the inferior; its inner margin is spinulated as usual. The clasper is quite long, slender, acutely pointed, curved, and exceeds the margin of harpe. This species seems not common and there are not many in collections. The specimens before me are from the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Cucullia dorsalis sp. nov. Head ash-gray, with darker and paler lines on front. Collar bluish- gray, with a black basal, and double brown median transverse lines. Patagiæ and dorsum gray, concolorous, dorsal tufts of abdomen incon- spicuous, gray. Primaries a rather deep bluish-gray, without any fus. cous admixture or shade ; but with rather distinct black powdering. T. a. line much as in speyeri, but much more broken and less obvious. T. p. line evident only in submedian interspace, and there indistinct and broken, in course as in speyeri. The usual black streak below vein 2 is distinct, ard above it, in the two following interspaces, are small sagit- tate black dashes, all that remains of the terminal line. Fringes gray, with a very narrow basal line. Claviform quite distinctly outlined by black scales, concolorous. Ordinary spots obsolete, save for a curved black line that may indicate the inferior margin of the reniform. Sec- ondaries white at base, with a narrow and rather well-defined dusky outer border. Beneath primaries smoky, secondaries white, outer borders blackisb. Expands 46 to 50 millimetres=1.84 to 2 inches. HABITAT: Colorado (Bruce). Two females are before me, and compared with the same sex of speyeri they are purer blue-gray, lacking all trace of the fuscous shad. ing. The markings are more powdery, black, and yet less complete. 48 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. The entirely concolorous dorsum of thorax gives the most obvious fea- ture. The secondaries are like the 8 of speyeri or the 9 of lætifica, and, judging from these species, the male has a much narrower pale border to secondaries, The sexual structures of the male will probably differ little from those of speyeri. Cucullia bistriga sp. nov. Ground color bluish ash-gray. Frontal vestiture with a considerable admixture of black scales. A black line at base of collar and a brown- ish line near its tip. Patagiæ with a submarginal dusky line. A brown, quite prominent, discolorous, metathoracic tuft. Primaries with all the veins narrowly black-marked, a dusky shade over the costa, and short, narrow interspaceal black lines in terminal space. T. a. line single, dusky, giving a long tooth into the median cell, a second into the sub- median interspace, and a third to margin. T. p. line single, blackish, even, outcurved over cell and then parallel to outer margin. Reniform vague, dusky, moderate in size. A distinct black streak along the , inner margin from base to t. p. line; another from the angulation of t. a. line in submedian space along the fold to s. t. space, then obliquely upward to outer margin between veins 2 and 3. A small subapical brown shade. Secondaries whitish basally, with an indefinite outer dark border; fringes whitish. Beneath grayish-white, powdery, pri. maries with a vague, dusky discal spot. Expands 35 millimetres=1.40 inches. HABITAT: Colorado (Bruce). A very distinct species, differing from all the others at a glance. Two males, both taken by Mr. Bruce, one of them from Mr. Neumoegen's collection, are before me. The sexual characters are unique. The harpes are parallel, the superior angle of tip slightly produced. A chitinous ridge extends from the superior margin, near base, diagonally along and across the harpe, reaching the inferior angle of tip and there somewhat elevated and produced. Cucullia intermedia Speyer. 1870. Speyer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXXI, 10-12, Cucullia. 1872. Lintn. Ent. Cont. 1, 81, 85, pl. viii, ff. 5, 7, Cucullia. 1874. Lintn. Ent. Cont. III, 170, Cucullia. 1878. Lintn. Ent. Cont. IV, 125, Cucullia, umbraticat Go. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen. Noct. II, 147, Cucullia. 1870. Speyer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 31, pr. syn. Head fuscous, brown or dark gray, with blackish and white lines. Collar whitish inferiorly, dark gray superiorly, the difference less marked in the males. A black line through the white portion, and a double gray line separating the two shades. Thorax dull gray, with a fuscous admixture, dorsum very slightly darker, abdominal tufts loose, VOL49 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVdusky. Primaries dark bluish ash-gray with a fuscous admixture, all the markings obscure. In some specimens the median lines are traco- able as follows: t. a. line as a broad, fuscous oblique shade over costa, outwardly toothed in the cell and there reduced to a fine black line, outwardly angulate again in the submedian interspace forming the usual long tooth, then again toothed below vein 1. The usual black basal line is evident in most specimens. The median shade is indicated by a broad, oblique fuscous streak across the reniform from costa. T. p. line single, fuscous, evenly outcurved over cell, then evenly oblique inward into the subinedian interspace, where it forms an acute angle and is outcurved over vein 1. The ordinary spots are obsolete, in one specimen only the outer and inferior margin blackish-lined. Usually all the above-described maculation is incomplete and sometimes en- tirely wanting, save for the oblique dusky shades in costal region and the fragment of the t. p. line in the submedian interspace. A broken, black terminal line, sometimes sending in a small sagittate black dash in the second and third interspace, and often entirely wanting. Sec. ondaries yellowish fuscous, somewhat paler at base, darker in the fe. male. Beneath smoky on primaries, whitish powdery on secondaries; a more or less obvious discal lunule, sometimes a mere line, more usu- ally a distinct ovate macula. Expands 45 to 50 millimetres=1.80 to 2 inches. HABITAT: Canada; New York, Kendall, Sharon, August 8 to 16; Michigan; New Hampshire, Franconia; New Jersey; Illinois; Washing. ton, D.C.; Northern, Eastern, Middle, and Central States. This is the most common Eastern species of the second series, and seems as abundant as asteroides. It is very readily distinguishable from all others by the very dark gray primaries, in which usually all the markings save the oblique costal streaks are obscure, and by the yellow fuscous secondaries, which on the under side have a discal spot. There is little variation, only a relative distinctness or obscurity of maculation. The harpes of male are long, narrow, slightly constricted centrally, the tip oblique, somewhat carved, inwardly fringed with spinules, upper angle acute. The clasper is a slender, upright corneous process with acute tip. Dr. Lintner has described the larva on Mulgedium leucophæum. Cucullia cinderella sp. nov. Head fuscuos gray with pale and darker transverse lines. Collar deep ash gray, with an inferior black and a median double gray line. Patagiæ and dorsum dark gray, concolorous. Primaries deep bluish gray, immaculate save for a narrow linear basal streak and a broken black terminal line. Secondaries smoky, basally paler. Beneath, pri- maries smoky; secondaries white, powdery, and with a faint discal lun- nale. Proc. N. M. 92—4 50 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. Expands 41 millimetres =1.64 inches. HABITAT: Colorado (Bruce). This is a close ally of intermedia, than which it is smaller, all the maculation of primaries obsolete, the dorsum of thorax not dusky. The characters are obscure and would not be considered of specific value, were it not that none of the species thus far known inhabit both sides of the continent and that slight differences have proved perma- nent. The sexual characters are very much as in the preceding; but the clasper is decidedly shorter and there is some difference in the form of the harpe, better seen in the figure than described. I bave only a single male for examination. Cucullia serraticornis Lintn. 1874. Lintn., Ent. Cont., III, 174, Cucullia. 1875. Lintn., in Grote's Check List, pl. f. 10, Cucullia. 1883. Grt., Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 161, Cucullia. matricaria Behr. 1874. Behr., in Strck., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Cucullia. 1875. Grt., Buff. Bull., II, 218 pr. syn. "Antennæ biserrated; the serratures, which are less conspicuous at the base and tip, as seen from above, consist apparently of a row on each side beneath of conical projections, bearing rows of curred whitish cilia on their lateral margins beneath, which increase in length from the base to the apex. Palpi nearly horizontal, gray, with brown scales, third joint short and rounded. Front gray, with some black scales. Collar yellowish brown below the prominent black trausverse line; above gray, with the usual paler line bordered with darker scales, and still darker ones on the upper margin of the collar. Tegulæ concolorous with the wings. Thorax fuscous; an abdominal series of similar colored tufts on the first four segments. Abdomen gray, paler basally. Primaries straight costally or slightly concave from the fold. ing over of the marginal nervure, gently curving to the apex, which is obtuse; outer margin entire, sloping moderately to the inner margin, which is long and nearly straight. Color pale ash-gray, darker on the inner margin. Anterior median line blackish, teeth acute, preceded by a white shade, beyond which some blackish lines almost geminate it. Posterior median line obsolete, except in cell 1 b, where it is biden. tate; the teeth preceded by an elongate oval, brown bordered, white spot on the submedian fold, extending to the anterior median line; followed by a white angulate line (the "tooth” of the internal angle), from the concavity of which a black streak (the usual interspaceal streak of the internal angle) runs obliquely to the first median nervule (vein 2). Costal margin over the place of the orbicular, with a diffuse brown shade and two oblique brown streaks at the inception of the posterior median. Basilar line black, fine; a slender black line on the internal margin. Reniform indicated by a row of black dots anterior VOL51 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVTel to the discal cross-vein; orbicular only visible as a central pale shade and four outer brown dots. Nerves and nervules clothed with black scales; on the interspaces intermediately are brown scales, with a w hitish streak centrally, beneath which, on the subterminal margin, are the usual black streaks in all the interspaces, the inost conspicuous of which is that in cell 4 (farther removed from the margin than the others). Fringes white, cut with brown on each side of the nervules, opposite the interspaceal lines of brown scales; these brown ciliary scales of each interspace joined by a brown marginal line. Secondaries acute, excavated opposite the cell, slightly dentate; white, hyaline. Nerves and nervules heavily marked with black scales, especially toward the margin; no distinct marginal border, but in place thereof the extreme margin is brown, with some brown scales extending a sbort distance therefrom, and farther in cells 1 b and 4; some brown scales on the costal nervure apically. Beneath, primaries pale brown, with an aeneous reflection; a conspicuous brown spot on the discal cross vein. Secondaries, with brown scales on the nerves and nervules and marginally as above, though less abundantly; sprinkled with brown scales costally and in the cell above the fold; cellular fold and discal cross vein above it broadly covered with brown scales, diffuse on the latter, giving a conspicuous cellular spot; these features seen in transparency from above. "Described from two & s, differing materially in size; the larger and better specimen, from which the features are mainly drawn, measures 2 inches expanse of wings, length of body 0.86 inch; the other, 1.70 inches expanse, length of body 0.72 inch. "In addition to disparity in size, the two examples differ somewhat in shape of wings, those of the smaller being narrower and more acute, to the degree that the male usually varies from the female in the several species of this genus; yet the two examples are undoubtedly maies, as is shown by their frenelum examination. In all other par. ticulars, so far as they are traceable, the two are identical. They are, unfortunately, in poor condition, and the description above given may require correction." HABITAT: California. I bave quoted Dr. Lintener's description of this species because I have only a single male, not in the best condition, before me. It is marked “Sauz., Mcb. 23, 1878," and belongs to the U. s. National Museum. The sexual characters are as distinctive and aberrant as is the anten- pal structure. The harpe narrows from a moderately broad base, very gradually, to an acute, corneous tip, which is a little curved and beak. like. The clasper is a stout, moderately long corneous process, with a spoon-sbaped tip. The insect seems rare, and it is rather strange that no females have been thus far received, ren idrati per la les of palet e told hich: large onl ecelet erinde ; bidet d, shin an line: I angle гурка" i herrial a diftis on of the de on the i anterid 52 REVISION OF GENUS CUCULLIA-SMITH. Cucullia solidaginis Behr. 1874. Behr., in Strck., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Cucullia. "Expands 13 to 2 inches. Head and tegula ashen, thorax between the latter dark gray with a brown dorsal live. Primaries gray, the me- dian space suffused with darker color, which in one example tends to the base; it comes nearer in the markings to lactucæ Esp., but is entirely distinct from that or any other species known of. Secondaries smoky." “California." This description I can not apply. I have no material in the genus from California, and what little information is given excludes or includes any of our species, just as it happens to be interpreted. Such charac- terizations as the above are positive stumbling blocks to knowledge and are inexcusable. They exhibit an absolute ignorance of the intent of a description and a deplorable want of consideration for those who may be compelled to try to apply it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 1. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia convexipennis. 2. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia montanæ. 3. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia similaris. 4. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia asteroides. 5. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia postera. 6. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia florea. 7. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia lætifica. 8. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia speyeri. 9. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia bistriga. 10. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia intermedia. 11. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia cinderella. 12. Harpe and clasper of Cucullia serraticornis. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. ху PL. 11 5 H a 7 2 3 > 12 & g 71 10 GENITALIA OF CUCULLIA. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDÆ OF BOREAL AMERICA. REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ. BY John B. SMITH, Sc. D. 2 Under the title Dicopinæ Mr. Grote, in the Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 154 (1883), separates a few species which seem to form a tolerably nat- ural group, without being really entitled to subfamily rank. The species agree in having naked, more or less obviously lashed eyes, a robust, heavy thorax, but proportionately small, conic abdomen. The thoracic vestiture is dense, usually thick, sometimes coarse, never forming defined tufts, though there is usually a massing of the vestiture posteriorly. The head is somewhat retracted, sometimes quite obviously so, the tongue is weak and short, the palpi are small, not reaching or scarcely exceeding front, and the male antennæ are bipectinated. The tibiæ are not spinulose; but the anterior pair is armed ith a stout, curved, corneous claw at tip. The anterior femora are quite stout, thicker than usual. Alto- gether the species have a bombyciform appearance, negatived princi- pally by the short, narrow, pointed primaries of most of the forms. The venation is normally noctuidous except that in the secondaries the cell is unusually long and the furcation of the subcostal unusually near the outer margin. Three genera are recognizable, two of them rather illy defined, the third babitally more than structurally different. Dicopis, the type of the group, has coarse, scaly vestiture, projecting straight forward on the front, giving it a scrubby, brush-like appear- ance. The head is slightly retracted and the abdomen has a series of more or less obvious dorsal tufts. Eutolype is rather narrower winged than the preceding, the abdom- inal tufts weak or entirely wanting. The thoracic restiture is finer and smoother, and the frontal vestiture is smooth, even, and more woolly in appearance. The head is somewhat more prominent, forming an even cope from the crown of the collar to tbe front. The shape of the head and the character of the vestiture are really the only distinctive features, and that they are not striking is shown by the fact that Mr. Grote kept the species together, separating only rolandi by the tuft of metallic scales at the base of thorax. Copipanolis is a rather well-marked genus in which the wings are usually wider, more trigonate, the outer margin longer. The head is more strongly retracted and the thoracic vestiture fine, loose, and di- Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 891. 53 54 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. vergent, giving the insect a plump, more bombycid habitus, emphasized by the more broadly pectinated male antennæ. The wings are rusty red brown or carneous gray, and powdery, so as to make them appear thiuly scaled. Although I know autoptically all save one of the species in this series (viridescens Wlk.), I have not given the sexual characters, partly because I have not had sufficient material of some species, and partly also be. cause the characters in the forms examined are so simple as to be of little or no value in the separation of the species. In all there is a simple oblong harpe, near the center of which there is a small, corneous beak-like clasper. None of the species are really common, and of those of which I have dates of capture all make their appearance very early in the season- a fact that may explain their rarity because they have disappeared when collecting usually begins. Mr. Grote makes the statement that they hibernate in the Chrysalis state. DICOPIS Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., App. 23. 1882. Smith, Bull. bkln. Ent. Soc., V, 20. Copivaleria Grt. 1883. Grt. Pr. Am. Phil. XXI, 168. In this genus the thorax is square, the patagiæ rather sharply de. fined, the primaries with the apices more marked. The character of the frontal vestiture bas been already noted. Three species, grotei, muralis, and thaxterianus are referable here. Grotei is a dark, blackish gray species, with squammose or roughly clothed wings, the markings indefinite, the reniform usually white and contrasting, the s. t. space concolorous in all the specimens I have seen. This species was first described as a Valeria by Mr. Morrison, a genus of wbich I have seen no American species as yet. I called at- tention to the erroneous reference in my synopsis of noctuid genera, and Mr. Grote suggested the term Copivaleria for the species, distin- guishing it by the longer, more pointed, wings from Dicopis. The dif- ference however does not exist, and I can find no safe points for dis- tinguishing the genus. Muralis is smaller, varying from a rather light ash to dark black- ish gray, never as deep as in the preceding. The maculation is always traceable, and sometimes sharply defined. The reniform is large, bet- ter defined, and not so contrasting as in grotei. The s. t. space is usually more or less white, prominently interrupted in the submedian interspace by a black streak, which is often connected through the median space with the prominent basal dash. Thazterianus is the smallest of the species, in type of maculation like muralis, but quite evenly brown to the t. p. line, beyond which the ter- 1892. ] 55 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. minal space is whitish, powdery. There is not, in the specimens ex- amined by me, any black dash opposite anal angle. Electilis, if a Dicopis at all, belongs to this series and stands next to muralis, to which Mr. Morrison makes it “distantly” related. Viridescens Wlk. is also probably a very near relative of muralis. In synoptic form the species known to me autopically, are as folows: A black dash in terminal space opposite anal angle. Blackish, vestiture rough ; lines incomplete, not well marked, reniform contrast- ing, white .... .....GROTEI. Gray, varying in tint; vestiture less rough ; lines complete, usually well marked, reniform not contrasting No black dash in terminal space opposite anal angle, brown to the t. p. line, termi. nal space whitish.... MURALIS. THAXTERIANUS. Dicopis grotei Morr. 1874. Morr. Bull. Buff: Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 274, Valeria. 1852. Smith, Bull. Bkin. Ent. Soc., V, 44, an Valeria ? 1883. Grt., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 146, 167, Copivaleria. Head and thorax blackish or deep dark brown. A little tuft at base of antennæ whitish. Disk of thorax quite densely, of patagiæ sparsely white powdered, the latter with a black submarginal line. Primaries blackish or dark smoky gray, with mossy green shadings, unequally and somewhat inconstantly distributed over the surface. T. a. line geminate, black, outwardly oblique, irregular, variably distinct. A curved black basal dash looped beyond the t. a. line to form a broad claviform. Over this streak and in the claviform the wing is sometimes more or less white pow- dered. T. p. line geminate, black, irregular, fairly distinct, widely ontcurved over the reniform, then deeply indrawn, touching the reniform inferiorly, reaching the ipper margin opposite the space between the ordinary spots. A blackish median shade between the ordinary spots reaching the inner margin at about its middle. Beyond this sbado extends a white blotch along the inner margin becoming bluish beyond the t. p. line, which is here emphasized and brought out prominently. S. t. line broken, irregular, mossy green or yellowish, with a deep inward sinus on vein 2, below which it is prominent and on which it is crossed by a black dash. Veips more or less evidently black marked. A broken terminal black line marked by blue powderings around the veins. Orbicular round, moderate in size, concolorous, with a whitish central dot and a whitish anvulus which are sometimes indistinct. Reni- form large, diffuse, usually white, contrasting. Secondaries wbite, black powdered on the veins and over the outer margin beyond a broken extra median line. Discal spot of underside visible above. Beneath soiled white with variably diffused black powderings, most obvious on the primaries. A more or less obvious outer line and distinct discal spot on all wings. Expands 39 to 41 millimetres = 1.56 to 1.64 inches. HABITAT: Eastern and Middle States to the Mississippi. Cam. bridge, Mass., April 26; Newtonville, Mass., May 12; Illinois. Six specimens are in the Museum collection (Acc. 20395 and collec- tion of 0. Meske), from which the above description was made. The antennæ are yellowish. The color varies considerably in intensity, and fresh specimens have the mossy green tint most distinct. The transverse lines are not usually all traceable, while the large indefinite discolorous-reniform is always evident and usually prominent, contrast- 56 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. ing. The white and blue patch on the inner margin beyond the median shade is also obvious in all specimens. The species seems not rare locally; but there are usually not many in collections. Dicopis viridescens Wlk. 1865. Wlk., C. B. Mus. Suppl., 32, 601, Cymatophora. 1868. Grt. and Rob., Traps. Am. Evt. Soc., II, 86, Hadena. 1882. Grt., ill. Essay, 40, Dicopis. “Male.—Green, cinereons beneath. Proboscis slender. Palpi porrect, piloso, not extending beyond the head Antendæ tawny, moderately pectinated. Tegulæ of the thorax bordered with black and with wbitish. Abdomen cinereous, extending rather beyond the hind wings. Fore wings black speckled; orbicular and reniform marks large, whitish, partly black bordered; an exterior whitish band interrupted near the internal angle by a broad green streak, which contains two little black lines; two black lines, one extending from the base, the other angular and proceding from the costa, both joining a wbitish, black-bordered spot which is behind the orbicu- lar; marginal points black. Hind wings dingy, cinereous; veins blackish towards the exterior border; under side with a black spot in the disk and an exterior black- ish denticulate line. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 16 lines. This species has some resemblance to C. ridens, but is most allied to C. caniplaga, and with it may form a new genus." a. Florida. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq. It is not impossible that this is a form of muralis. The description fits it fairiy well, but it would need Floridan material more closely agreeing with Walker's characterization to enable the reference to be definitely made. Mr. Grote's correction of the generic reference bas alone made this suggestion possible, and he himself says it is "close to D. muralis, while smaller." [Since the above was sent to the printer I have seen the type in the British Museum and find it to be muralis without a doubt.] Dicopis muralis Grt. 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Acad., App., 23, Dicopis. 1874. Grt., Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., II, Pl, i, Fig. 1. Ash gray varying to dark, smoky, or even blackish gray, in pale specimens with faint greenish washes. T. a. line gemivate, black, with paler included spaces, quite usually subobsolete. A usually prominent black basal dash, looped beyond the t. a. line to form the claviform, which is broad and white powdered. Below this dash the basal space is white powdered. T. p. line geminate, quite acutely projected outwardly below costa, inwardly oblique, irregular, forming an acute angle on vein 2, and there almost reaching the claviform. Beyond this line the wing is usually white powdered, the s. t. line defined by the contrast between the dark terminal and paler subterminal spaces, cut in the submedian interspace by a prominent black dash. Sometimes the color is more even, and the s. t. line is then a broad, irregular, indefinite wbite live, cut as before opposite the anal angle. A row of black termi- nal dots, fringes also tipped by a broken brown line. Orbicular large, round, slightly paler, annulate, with whitish gray. Reniform large, pale, whitish, with a fuscous inner lunule, usually fairly well defined. A vague, irregular median shade between ordinary spots and following the apgulations of the t. p. line. Secondaries somewhat fuscous gray, powdery, with discal lunules, variably complete extra dis- VOL 57 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ex, . ] XVcal line and distinct series of terminal lunules blackish. Beneath fuscous powdery over gray, primaries darker, secondaries with broad outer line and distinct discal spot. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries, patagiã with black submarginal line. Expands 35 to 39 millimeters = 1.40 to 1,56 inches. HABITAT: Middie States to the Mississippi and Texas. New York, (Brooklyn); Pennsylvania (Philadelphia); Illinois (Champaign); Cen- tral Missouri in April; Texas March 21. Four specimens are in the national collection (collection of C. V. R., and Belfrage, and Acc. 20395) from which the foregoing description was made. The species is wider winged and as a whole smaller than tbe preceding, with the same general style of maculation. It varies in ground color and in distinctness of maculation, but most prominently perhaps in the s. t. line, which sometimes becomes a broad whitish shade. The large reniform is always distinctly paler, but not, in my experience, contrasting. The species is not common. Dicopis electilis Morr. 1875. Morr., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XVIII, 114. Dicopis. “Expanse 37 millimetres. Length of body, 14 millimetres. Palpi short, scarcely exceeding the front. Antenne of the male "pyramidal toothed, (this is a term used by Lederer). Anterior tibiæ with a long slender claw, otherwise unarnied. Thorax heavy and with coarse villosity; a distinct white band on each side of the tegulæ, which are black next to the wings. Abdomen short, dark and not untufted. Anterior wings cinereous gray, with the markings well defined; a very heavy black basal streak, including and extending beyond the claviform spot to the exterior line; ordinary spots concolorous, obsoletely encircled with black; interior line obsolete; exterior line distinct, black and narrow, with an indentation opposite the reniform spot, below which it is drawn in; subterminal line blackish, subobsolete. Posterior wings light gray; beneath gray, the posterior wings lighter, with discal dots. Hab. Easton, Pennsylvania. From Mr. W. H. Stultz.” “Distantly allied to Dicopis muralis Grt.; it differs in the shape of the wings, which are narrow and Cucullia-like, the presence of the basal streak extending to the exterior line, and the absence of the dis. tinct sub-anal streak of muralis.” There is a badly rubbed specimen, I believe in the Tepper collection, marked "type” by Mr. Morrison, in which the basal dash is broad and suffused; but I did not otherwise compare it with the description. The statement that the abdomen is “not untufted” excludes the species from Eutolype to which the species commonly known as electilis is best referred. The character found in the longitudinal dash extending from base to the t. p. line is a strong one, and should render the spe. cies recognizable. The term "pyramidal toothed" is used by Lederer for that form of antennæ in which the lateral processes are small, conic, and less than serrate. This does not agree with the character of the group, and Morrison either did not have a male, or the species may 58 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. not belong to this series at all. Mr. Grote has also seen the type and suggests that it seemed to him close to muralis. Dicopis thaxterianus Grt. . 1874. Grt. Buff. Bull. 11, 196, Dicopis. 1881. Grt., Papilio 1, 48, Dicopis. “g. The tibial claw is present, and the testaceous antennæ are bipectinater, somewhat less heavily so than in D, muralis. The colors are mainly those of D. mu- ralis, but the wings are more uniformly fuscous to the subterminal line, and then the terminal space contrasts by its frosty, grayisli white. Fringes distinctly checkered, fuscous and white; with the terminal line nearly obsolete, not resolved into black dots as in D. muralis. Ordinary spots ill defined, whitish, the reniform inwardly sharply margined with black, smaller than in D, muralis ; orbicular rounded, black edged. Claviform quite small, concolorous, black edged, removed from the orbicu- lar, hence very different from that of D. muralis. A fine basal black ray. No black streak above internal angle, and no black shading across the median space opposite the claviform. The median lines are distinctly marked with black, in general shape resembling those of D. muralis, but differing in slight details. The primaries are more pointed than in D. muralis, narrower and with the external margin more ob- lique, straighter and a little depressed before internal angle. Hind wings smaller, pale fuscous with traces of a double line on the veins, and with the faint terminal line not broken into points. Beneath much as in D, muralis ; on the hind wings the discal mark is larger and tends to fuse with the median live, the latter exserted at this place, so that a fuscous O may be more or less completely outlined by the line and the discal lunate mark. Thorax hoary gray, the tegulæ black lined. “Expanse, 35 millimetres. Taken April 8, 1874." HABITAT: Massachusetts, Texas. This species seems rare. I have seen but few specimens, and these showed little variation. It is smaller throughout than muralis and, as Mr. Grote says in the description quoted, the wings are narrower and lack the transverse line crossing the median space. EUTOLYPE Grt. 1874. Grt., Pr. Ac. N. Sci., 1874, 198. 1882. Smith, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., V, 21. 1883. Grt., Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 154. Four species seem referable to this genus-bombyciformis, rolandi, depilis, and damalis, all easily separated. Bombyciformis is dark gray as a rule, with a black basal dash which meets the t. a. line from costa in an easy curve, and incloses a triangular space which in pale specimens is marked with rusty red brown. The 8. t. line is usually distinct, most prominent and whitish opposite the anal angle, where it is marked with a blackish brown patch. The disk of the patagiæ is discolorous, pale gray. Depilis is an ashy gray species in which all the markings are lost, save that the s. t. line is traceable and forms a whitish lunule in the submedian interspace. The ordinary spots are more or less completely defined by a narrow black line, and the space between them is very slightly darker. VOL59 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVIn both of these species the costa is more convex than in any of the other species. Damalis is a fine bluish gray species in which all the markings are written in narrow, slightly darker lines, and the s. t. line is not pale. Rolandi is the smallest of the species of a dark, smoky, ash gray, the maculation barely traceable, but agreeing with damalis so far as it is visible. In fresh, perfect specimens the scales forming the loose, posterior thoracic tuft are chalybeus or metallic steel-blue, and from this character Mr. Grote derived his generic term, seeing in it a resem. blance to the Bombycid genus Tolype. In tabular form the species divide as follows: S. t. line pale, distinci at least in s. m. interspace. Dark gray, patagiæ discolorons gray; basal dash and t. a. line united, distinct.. BOMBYCIFORMIS. Pale, bluish gray, all the lines obsolete, ordinary spots traceable.......... S. t. line dusky, more or less broken. Very bright bluish gray, all the markings well written, size larger.. Dark smoky gray; all the markings subobsolete, size smaller..... DEPILIS. DAMALIS. ROLANDI. Eutolype bombyciformis sp. nov. a Head and thorax dark gray, varying to almost umber brown. Front reddish in. feriorly. Disc of patagiæ paler, somewhat contrasting, blackish margined. Prima- ries varying from dark ash gray to blackish, the maculation almost obsolete in the dark forms. Basal line indicated in pale specimens. T. a. line dusky, obsolete, geminate, distinct to the basal black dash, which is here curved, hook-shaped, in- dicating the claviform and united to the t. a. line, together inclosing the upper part of basal space. In pale specimens the basal dash is marked with rusty red, recall- ing certain species of Notodonta. T. p. line faint, single, widely exserted over reni- form, very irregular, and reaching the inner margin just within the s. t. lipe, where it is also best marked. S. t. line lunulate, black, followed by whitish or yellowish powderings, sometimes all obsolete, save a white lunule opposite anal angle, com- plete only in pale specimens. Orbicular round, very little paler, narrowly black ringed. Reniform large, upright, somewhat constricted centrally, with a broad vague pale anuulus, inwardly emphasized with black. Secondaries whitish to smoky, darkest outwardly, with a faint outer line and discal lunule. Beneath vary- iog from gray to smoky brown on primaries; paler, with an outer line and discal lunule on secondaries. Expands 37 to 40 millimetres = 1.48 to 1.60 inches. HABITAT: Ohio; Illinois; Missouri. Four specimens are in the Museum collection (collection of C. V. R., J. B. S., and Acc. 20395), one of them marked No. 490, March 11, 1874, from the Riley collection. This is the species which I had seen marked electilis Morr., in collec- tions, and which I have so named on the faith of these determinations; but comparing the specimens at hand with the description, it is simply impossible that Morrison could have had similar examples before him. Where the original erroneous determination came from I do not know, nor do I know where Morrison's type is to be found. The stall series before me shows quite a decided range of variation, 60 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. from the dark form in which the maculation is barely traceable to the bright bluish gray specimens in which every detail is evident, and the markings are additionally emphasized by rusty red brown scales. The Illinois specimen (Acc. 20395) came from the State Laboratory of Nat. ural History at Champaign, and was named Dicopis electilis for them. Eutolype depilis Grt. 1881, Grt., Papilio 1, 48, Dicopis. “O Smooth, dark gray in color, recalling Eutolype Rolandi, but without the metallic tuft of scales on the thorax behind which separates Eutolype from Dicopis. Interior line fine, black, projected opposite the claviform spot. Claviform with a tinge of yellowish, moderate, somewhat rounded and incompletely ringed with black. Or- bicular, spherical, concolorous gray, with a paler ring edging the faint annulus within. Reniform similar, very large, medially constricted. Onter line fine, irregular, waved, much removed outwardly. There is a flocking of yellowish outside of the fine sub- terminal line, which runs very close to the outer median line, at inner angle. Hind wings whitish, with gray shaded edging and fringes; boneath, with dot and line. Head and thorax dark gray. Size of Muralis, or perhaps a little larger and seem- ingly stouter. Columbus, Ohio. Finally, I have a female specimen from Texas, collected by Belfrage, which comes vear to Depilis, but may prove a distinct species; it is numbered 697.” The above is Mr. Grote's original characterization. Two female spec- imens are before me, agreeing with the description save for a somewhat paler ground color, very indistinct markings and slightly darker shade between the ordinary spots. Both are from Texas, collected by Bel. frage, dated March 21; one of them was given me by Mr. Grote him- self, is labeled Dicopis depilis in his own handwriting, and is probably the specimen referred to in his description. The other is from the Bel. frage material in the Riley collection, and is numbered 697 on a red label. The label would indicate that Mr. Grote concluded that the Texan specimens were not distinct from the Ohio type, and I have no doubt he is correct. I bave also seen the species from New York State. a Eutolype rolandi Grt. 1374. Grt., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., XXVI, 198, Eutolype. vernalis Morr. 1874. Morr. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XVII, 133, Copipanolis. 1875. Grt., Can. Ent., VII, 17, pr. syn. 1875. Grt., Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci., II, 210, pr. syn. Dark ash gray, sometimes almost blackish. Head and thorax usually a little darker, patagiæ indistinctly blackish margined, disc with a posterior tufting of me. tallic bronze brown scales, which lose their luster in old specimens. Primaries with the maculation vague, indefinite, the median lines barely traceable, sometimes en- tirely obsolete. T. a. line geminate, rather evenly oblique outwardly. T. p. line apparently single, its course much as in muralis as far as traceable. A faint nearly upright median shade is perceivable in some specimens. S. t. line always marked as a series of blackish dots, sometimes becoming nearly connected, and often relieved by a sparse powdering of greenish wbite scales. The claviform is not traceable in any of my specimens. Orbicular moderate, round, concolorous, imperfectly black ringed, usually marked by an annulus of pale yellowish scales, rarely almost obsolete. Re- :61 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. FOL. XV, 1892. niform large, upright, slightly constricted in the middle, concolorous, incompletely marked with darker scales and often by paler yellowish white atoms. Secondaries whitish, densely dark powdered, with a distinct blackish marginal line and a faint discal lunule. Beneath gray, powdery, priinaries with disc darker, secondaries paler, with an outer line and discal lunule. Expands 31 to 35 millimetres = 1.24 to 1.40 inches. HABITAT: Massachusetts, April 8 to 15; Missouri, April and May; Texas, February 17 to 26, Nine specimens, all males, and all save one from Texas (Belfrage in collection of C. V. R.), are before me. I have seen a pumber of other specimens and there is very little variation save in the distinctness of the maculation. As a rule the punctiform s. t. line is quite distinct and usually also the ordinary spots are evident. In fresh specimens the metallic shining scales at base of thorax constitute an unfailing index to the species; but in old specimens or when they show even a sligbt tendency to grease, the metallic luster disappears, and the genus as based on this character becomes irrecognizable. Eutolype damalis Grt. 1820. Grt., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., v, 208, Dicopis. 1881. Grt., Papilio, 1, 49, Dicopis. “ Š. Fore tibiæ each with a long black claw; eyes naked ; antennæ testaceous, bipectinate. Clear, bluish gray. Orvamentation of primaries feebly written. Or- bicular round, reniform narrow, curved, upright; the lines are double, and with the spots indicated by pale brown shade lines, all concolorous with the wings. Thorax sbaggy, bluish gray. Hind wings whitish, a little soiled, with discal dot, faint terminal lines, and whitish fringe. Beneath white, with black discal spot and broken black mesial line. Fore wings gray, with faiut broad exterior shade line. Feet and abdomen gray. Expanse 34 millimetres." HABITAT: Havilah, Cal.; Alameda, Cal.. This is a well-defined species most nearly related to rolandi, but larger, somewhat wider winged, a fine pale bluish gray in color, aud lacking all trace of the metallic scales. COPIPANOLIS Grt. 9 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Acad. Sci., App., 25. 1882. Smith, Bkln. Bull., V, 21. 1883. Grt., Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXI, 154. This genus is distinguished from the others of the group by the thin long hairy vestiture of thorax, forming no obvious tufts, by the brown- ish red or gray colors, the wings powdered with darker brown atoms and appearing more thinly scaled, and by the generally more bombycid habitus of the species. Only one species was known for sixteen years, but I have now recog. nized four very distinct forms, separable as follows: Borealis, a new species, differs from all the others in color, the head, thorax and median space of primaries umber brown, the basal and 62 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. extra medial space of primaries pearl gray. The median lines are well defined, the ordinary spots obvious and secondaries black. All the other species are reddish brown in color, the secondaries paler than the primaries. Cubilis, the type of the genus, has the median lines distinct, diffuse, the ordinary spots more or less obviously discolorous, the terminal space paler than the rest of the wing, s. t. space brownish. Fasciata is the common Texan species that usually does duty as cubilis in collections, but can not well be that species. The color is always uniform, the lines are broad and distinct, and the ordinary spots are vague, never discolorous in my experience, and I have seen many specimens. Stigma is a Floridian form differing from all the preceding in lacking almost entirely the median lines, the ordinary spots whitish, blotchy and contrasting. In color it is a different shade of red, more admixed with yellow, and distinguishable at a glance. These characters will serve to distinguish the forms, further details being given in the specific characterization. Copipanolis borealis sp. nov. Head, thorax, and mediaa space of primaries umber brown, the latter powdery; basal and extra medial space pearl gray, powdery. T. a. line darker brown, not sharply defined ; t. p. line broad, brown, distinct, evenly bisinuate. Ordinary spots moderate in size, vague, rather indefinitely outlined and with sparse pearl gray pow- derings. Secondaries blackish, apices gray powdered. Beneath gray, powdery, pri- maries smoky on disc, secondaries with a broad outer line. Expands 28 millimetres = 1.12 inches. : HABITAT: Minnesota (St. Anthony Park), April 7, 1889. Of this remarkable species, a single male specimen from Mr. Schoen- born's collection, taken by Mr. O, Lugger, is before me. In wing form, vestiture and pattern of ornamentation the resemblance to the described species is striking, wbile the entirely different coloratiou gives the insect a strangely unfamiliar appearance. Copipanolis fasciata sp. nov. General color of the entire insect a rusty red brown, secondaries slightly paler. The wings are powdered with somewhat deeper brown atoms, less dense beyond the t. p. line. Median lines single, broad, somewhat diffuse, deeper brown. T. a. line even, with a slight outcurve centrally. T. p. line rather evenly bisinuate, the curve a little broken opposite the cell. S. t. line wanting. A vague terminal line, sowe- times entirely wanting. Ordinary spots vague, orbicular rarely traceable, never dis- tinct, reniform vaguely marked, sometimes wanting entirely, usually noticeable as an indefinite dusky sbade, never prominent. Beneath, the brown has a grayish tend- ency, the powdering more noticeable than above. Expands 32 to 35 millimetres = 1.28 to 1.35 inches. HABITAT: Missouri (C. V. R.), April; Texas, Belfrage, January and February. Ten specimens are in the U.S. National Museum, VOL63 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] *. XVThis species is easily recognizable by its almost uniform coloration, the median lines forming the only obvious markings. It is the species usually marked cubilis in collections, but differs from that species by the broader, less pointed primaries and by lacking the differences in sbade, and all trace of the s. t. line. The species is perhaps the most common of all the forms belonging to the present series, the Belfrage material containing quite a number of them. Copipanolis cubilis Grt. . 1874. Grt., 6th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci. App. 26, Copipanolis. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull. 11, Pl. 1, p. 6, Copipanolis. The male has a stout bombyciform appearance, though of moderate size, rosem- bling in this respect as well as in the ornamentation of the primaries, the European Panolis piniperda. Rich ochrey honey-brown; ornamentation simple. The two me- dian lines are distinct, continued, rather diffuse, darker than the wing, the t. a. line perpendicular, waved superiorly, the t. p. line followed by a pale shade, very oblique, much produced superiorly on the costal nervules, bending inwardly to vein 2, and parrowing the median space below this to internal margin, running inferiorly nearly parallel with the t. a. line. Ordinary spots, more or less distinct, dirty whitish, or again hardly paler than the wing and yellowish, separate, ringed with reddish, the orbicular spherical, the reniform with a central stain, of the usual shape, well out- wardly removed in position, subterminal space more brownish than the paler terminal space. Hind wings pale fuscous, with a reddish tint. Beneath pale, with an even reddish band and discal spot ou bind wings. Thorax and head concolorous with pri- maries above; abdomen dark. Expanse 36 millimetres. HABITAT: Lansing, Mich., March 26th; Massachusetts. The above description is Mr. Grote's original characterization, and the figure given by him in Buff. Bull. II, agrees with it very well. I have seen the type in the British Museum and find that it agrees well with the figure and description; also that the Texan form is spe. cifically distinct. Copipanolis stigma Smith. 1890. Smith, Ent. Amer., vi, 220, Copipanolis. Head, thorax, and primaries deep brick red; palpi paler. Primaries with a slight admixture of yellowish scales, most evident along costal region. Median lines vaguely marked, scarcely defined; ordinary spots yellowish white; orbicular sinall, round; reniform moderate in size, rather irregular. Secondaries whitish at base, with reddish powderings, becoming more deuse outwardly. Beneath somewhat paler than above, more obviously yellow powdered. Expands 29 millimetres=1.15 inches. HABITAT: Florida. This species, of which I have seen a single male only, differs from the others in the almost total obsolescence of the median lines and the distinctness of the ordinary spots. The latter may, however, be unim- portant and variable. There is a more decided yellow admixture in the ground color than is found in the common species. 1 64 REVISION OF THE DICOPINÆ-SMITH. LIST OF THE SPECIES. DICOPIS Grt. Copivaleria Grt. grotei Morr. viridescens Wlk. muralis Grt. electilis Morr. thaxterianus Grt. EUTOLYPE Grt. bombyciformis Smith. depilis Grt. rolandi Grt. vernalis Morr. damalis Grt. COPIPANOLIS Grt. borealis Smith. fasciata Smitb. cubilis Grt. stigma Smith. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE NOCTUIDÆ OF BOREAL AMERICA.-REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA. BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc. D. (With Plate III.) XYLOMIGES Gn. 1852, Gn., Sp. Gen., Noct., I, 147. Eyes hairy, round, moderate. Head small, retracted, with even, short, stiff, scaly vestiture, forming superposed flattened frontal tufts. Palpi short, reaching to, but scarcely exceeding, the front. Tongue long and strong. Antennæ in the male pectinated, serrate and bristled, or ciliate merely. In the female they are simple, only sparsely ciliated. Thorax robust, quadrate, convex, with a variably distinct anterior and posterior tuft. Abdomen dorsally tufted. Legs unarmed, save for the ordinary spurs of middle and hind tibiæ. Primaries narrow, trigonate, elongate, with marked apices and obliquely rounded outer margin, or short, narrow, and stampy. From Mamestra this genus differs by the shorter palpi, the more re. tracted head, the superposed frontal tufts, the wing form, and in some instances by the pectinated antennæ. From Morrisonia it differs in not having the divided thoracic crest, the thorax itself stouter, the abdomen not so long proportionately, and the primaries not retracted at anal angle nor strigate in type of macula- tion. From Stretchia (Perigrapha) the species differ in the thoracic tuftings and somewhat also in wing form. Strictly, only two of our species- curialis and dolosa—are congeneric with the European conspicillaris ; but there is no safe line for the separation of any of the species, save possibly patalis, which differs by the habitus, the short stumpy wing, somewhat depressed body, and simple male antennæ. Antennal char- acters are weak in the hairy eyed genera, and so indeed are most others. It is difficult to limit the genera in this series, and comparative char- acters and habitus inust serve largely as guides. The lines of demar- cation between this genus and Mamestra, Morrisonia, or even Tænio. campa are nowhere sharply defined and errors are easy, especially with imperfect or insufficient material. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 892. Proc. N. M. 92—5 66 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH, a I place at the head of the series the species in which the male an- tennæ are pectinated, the primaries moderately wide, trigonate, the apices well marked. Hiemalis is a small species in which the median lines are usually not well marked. The ordinary spots are distinct, the reniform is marked with reddish, aud there is a distinct curved basal dash, above which there is a somewhat prominent paler shade. The antennal pectinations are very long, and there is a series of black spots before the s. t. line. Peritalis is larger, with much the same type of maculation. There are no shades or spots before the s. t. line, and the antenual pectina- tions are much shorter. Crucialis is a much paler form than any of the preceding, somewhat smaller than peritalis, from which it differs in having the darker ter- minal space completely cut on veins 3 and 4, leaving two triangular blackish patches. To the second series, in which the male antennæ are serrate and cili- ate, belong curialis, dolosa, perlubens, subapicalis, rubrica and ochracea. Curialis and dolosa are narrow-winged forms, like the European species, the colors dark ash gray. In curialis the color is even, with a faint reddish suffusion and no white lines or patches. In dolosa the color is powdery, blackish, the orbicular white; below it a white band exteuds to the inner margin, giving the wing a charac. teristic appearance. The s. t. line is also white, or paler at least. Perlubens I do not know. Mr. Grote says it is related to rubrica, and so it seems to be. It is not possible to specify exactly wherein it differs, from the description, except that the orbicular is said to be up- right. In rubrica it is oblique, elongate, in all the specimens seen by me. Rubrica and subapicalis are broader winged than curialis and dolosa, and the outer margins are obviously dentate, which is not the case with the latter. Rubrica is a powdery, reddish gray form, sometimes almost even in color, sometimes quite strongly maculate, the ornamentation taking forin as a distinct preceding shade to s. t. line, sending in a black shade opposite the cell, so as to relieve and lighten the apical region. The orbicular is elongate, oblique, oblong, and gray in color. The insect looks like a Taniocampa at first sight, and the generic characters are not strong Subapicalis I once thought a form of rubrica, and so described it. It differs, however, not only in the sexual characters, but in the uniformly ash or blackish gray ground color, and in the form of the orbicular, which is upright and broadly oval. In other details of maculation it is like rubrica. This species looks as much like a Mamestra as rubrica does like Tæniocampa, and well illustrates the artificial character of the hairy eyed genera. Ochracea is unlike any other of the species. It resembles patalis in wing form; but is of a dull, luteous, ground color, with the veins VOL XV, 1892. 67 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. white marked. The median lines are also white marked. The ordi- nary spots large, discolorous, white, or at least white ringed. Alto- gether it is unique in color and habitus, and therefore easily recognized. The head is more retracted, and has the frontal tufts less evident than in the other species. Patalis is the only species in which the antennæ of the male are entirely simple, and it is also the smallest of the genus. It is a stout, rather stumpy winged form, contrasting quite strongly with some of the otber species, and yet with a certain habital resemblance to them. In color it is pale whitish or bluish gray, sometimes with a creamy tint, and more rarely with a yellowish suffusion. The median lines are somewbat indistinct, closely approaching at the hind margin, and giv. ing the median space, which is usually darker, a somewhat irregular V.shape. Rarely a specimen will lack all maculation save a few black spots marking the s. t. line. The ordinary spots are large, pale, aud quite generally fused inferiorly. Tabulata is known to me in the female only. It is a dark, blackish. gray species, with close, smooth scales. The maculation is evident, the s. t. line marked at anal angle with a black spot in a reddish suffu. a sion. It resembles a Mamestra of the manguina type quite strongly. The genitalia of the species are separately described hereafter. There is no distinctive type, though the majority of the species resem- ble each other to some extent. The early stages of some of the forms are known to Dr. Riley; but, so far as I am a ware, have not been described. In tabular form the species separate as follows: 1. Antennæ of male distinctly pectinated 2 Antennæ of male serrated and bristled. 3 4 Antennæ of male simple, finely ciliated. 2. Primaries trigonate, narrower at base; 8. t. line complete : Smaller; antennal pectinations long Larger; antennal pectinations short.. Primaries elongate, parallel, scarcely narrower at base; s. t. line obsolete; pale ash gray, two distinct black trigonate shades toward outer margin .CRUCIALIS. 3. Narrower winged, fringes not or scarcely dentate; color not luteous : Even ash gray, with a faint reddish tinge; s. t. line marked only by a series of blackish spots.... Dark blackish gray; a whitish patch below orbicular to hind margin; s. t. line white, preceded by black spots Broader winged; primaries trigonate, elongate; fringes distinctly dentate: Variegated with reddish and gray, veins blackish, orbicular upright.PERLUBENS. More even, reddish gray; a more or less evident black shasle from reniform to outer margin below apex; orbicular oblique, elongate....... Dark ash gray; a reddish shade from reniform to apex; orbicular ovate, up- right Broad and stumpy winged; friuges not deptate. Dull luteous; veins and median lines white; ordinary spots large, usually pale; 8. t. line yellow ... 4. Primaries short and stumpy, fringes not dentate: Pale whitish or creamy gray; mediau space darker, V-shaped, ordinary spots large, often fused HIEMALIS. PERITALIS. CURIALIS. DOLOSA. RUBRICA. ..SUBAPICALIS. ..OCHRACEA. ..PATALIS. 68 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. Xylomiges hiemalis Grt. 3 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull., 11, 71, lylomiges. californica Bebr. 1874. Bebr. in Strk. Lep. Rhop. et Het., 94, Dryobota. 1876. Grt., Can. Ent., VIII, 26, pr. syn. 1878. Grt., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv, 178, Xylomiges. 1879. Grt., Can. Eut. XI, 29, pr. syn. General color ash gray, with a slight reddish tinge. Head fuscous on front, paler on vertex; collar with a black line near tip; thorax. with a small black central tuft, and a lateral line on patagize at the base of the wings. Primaries, basal line marked only by a geminate costal spot; a curved black mark from base below median vein to the subcostal vein near the t. a. line; above this the color is pale, beneath much darker and tinged with fuscous. T. a. line very variably distinct, gem- inate, often only the somewhat paler included space obvious, inner line never distinct; in general course it is somewhat oblique outwardly, a little curved between veins. T. p. line more or less indefinite, always traceable, dusky, better marked in costal region, where it is geminate. It is rather distant from base, well outcurved over the reniform, but not much incurved below. Between the ordinary spots a median shade darkens the intervening space, thence continues as a narrow and rather faint line, nearly upright in course, to the hind margin. S. t. line pale, marked on either side by a blackish shade which is broader in the terminal space, making a feeble W on veins 3 and 4, in some specimens much less marked and almost even. Claviform small, black ringed, con- colorous or somewhat darker; beyond it the submedian interspace is paler to the s. t. shade. Orbicular large, pale, oval, superiorly open to the costa. Reniform moderate, upright, with a median brownish-red shade, inferiorily darkened also by the median shade. Beyond the middle a pale shade extends to the s. t. line. The s. t. shade consists rather of a series of closely connected interspaceal lanules, of which the central are in rare cases obsolete. Secondaries whitish, with a distinct discal dot, a more or less obvious exterior line and with fringes cut with Beneath, primaries smoky, secondaries white; both with an exterior line and discal dot. Expands 27 to 31 millimetres=1.10 to 1.25 inches. HABITAT: California. Several specimens are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum, all from California (O. Meske; Alameda County, January, through C. V. Riley). The species is easily recognizable by the small size, combined with the very long pectinations of the antennæ and large, distinct, ordinary spots. The genitalia have the harpes bent toward tip, and tapering to an ob. tuse point; the clasper is chitinous, stout, rather long, curved some- what more than the angulation of the harpes. The species seems not uncommon, and is one of the most generally represented in collections. VOL69 1892 . XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Xylomiges peritalis sp. nov. Ground color of head, thorax, and primaries bluish gray, powdery, the maculation blackish. Palpi with a faint, pink tinge. Front with a blackish band across base and another at middle. Collar with a black transverse band. Patagia black margined at base of wings. Primaries with the transverse lines marked by geminate spots on costa, but very vaguely marked below. A black longitudinal line at base to t. a. line, and opposite is the large, concolorous claviform out- lined in black. A black bar from the t. a. line to the large, pale orbic- ular, which is oval, black margined, but not defined superiorly, nar- rowly contluent with the large kidney-shaped reniform. A dusky oblique shade from costa between the ordinary spots crosses the reniforin in. feriorly and darkens it; outwardly the spot is incomplete, and from it a faint ocherous stain extends to the terminal space. The veins are all more or less evidently black marked, and beneath vein 1 is a dusky shade. T. p. line evenly bisinuate, concolorous, barely traceable by the faint fuscous defining lines. S. t. line evident, marked with a few yellow scales, but defined principally by the blackish terminal space, somewhat toothed on veins 3 and 4. Fringes dentate, cut with blackish, gray at base. Secondaries white, faintly reproducing the maculation of under side. Beneath white, primaries black powdered, most evidently near outer margin, a faint discal spot, an incomplete extra discal line, and a row of terminal dots; secondaries powdered only along costal margin, with a large black discal spot, a punctiform extra discal line, and a subcontinuous marginal line. Expands 40 millimetres=1.60 inches. HABITAT: Colorado (Bruce); Oregon (Strecker). A single specimen in good condition from Mr. Neuinoegen's collec- tion; but I have seen others, also of Mr. Bruce's collecting. In wing form, general habitus, and type of maculation this species is the close ally of the Califoruian hiemalis. It is, however, decidedly larger, and , the pectinations of the antennæ of the male are very short, in marked contrast to the long branches on hiemalis. The occurrence of such forms, closely allied in all habital and orna. mental details, with so evident a structural character, is interesting. The sexual characters again are very much like those of hiemalis, in the form of the harpes at least; the clasper is distinctly different, as may be seen by a comparison of the figures of each. Xylomiges crucialis Harvey. 1875. Harv. Buff. Bull. 11, 277, Xylomiges. Ground color pale bluish gray. Head with vertes slightly darker. Collar with a black transverse line. Thorax with a black crest line, patagia with a lateral line at base of wings. The primaries have all the veins black marked, the ordinary lines obsolete. A distinct black 70 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. basal dash extending into the long claviform, which is concolorous, black ringed and reaches to the middle of the wing. From the upper edge of this basal streak, another curved black line runs to the sub- costal, and then curves downward to form the margin of the elongate, large orbicular, which is open to the costa. The costal region from the base to this point is usually paler, more whitish than the rest of the wing. A distinct median line starts at costa, outwardly oblique, form- ing the outer margin of the orbicular and separating it from the reni form, inwardly angulated on the median vein and thence, much less defined, to the middle of the hind margin. Orbicular elongate, oval, oblique, open to costa. Reniform upright, dilated inferiorly, incom pletely black, then white ringed, inferiorly dusky, centrally with a more or less intense clay-yellow shade, from which a tinge extends out- wardly, nearly to the apex. The t. p. line is sometimes marked by a geminate black spot on costa above reniform, and beyond this the costal region is dusky to the apex. From the inferior margin of the reniform an oblique dusky shade extends to below the apex, marked in its course by black streaks extending through the interspaces, and reaching the outer margin at a black spot in the fringe. A second tri- angular dusky patch is above the anal angle marked by two inter- spaceal dashes. Secondaries white, subtransparent, with black discal dot and broken median and terminal line. Beneath white, powdery, primaries with veins black marked, both wings with variably obvious discal spots and broken exterior and terminal lines. Expands 35 to 38 millimeters=1.40 to 1.52 inches. HABITAT: Vancouver; California; Colorado; Oregon. Of this species Mr. Dyar sent me a large number of specimens, all more or less broken, taken at the electric lights at Manitou in May. The species has not been common in collections heretofore. I have also received it from Mr. Bruce, taken near Denver. In the fifty or more specimens before me I note no variations, and the species is an easily recognizable one. The primaries are more parallel than in the other species with pectinated antenne and the pattern of maculation is ob. viously different. The curved, black basal markings, above which the wing is paler, the elongate oblique orbicular open to the costa, and the two triangular dark patches in the s. t. space, are characteristic. The harpes of the male narrow somewhat irregularly to a roundedly acute tip. A long, curved, corneous clasper arises a little basad the middle of the harpe and does not attain its tip. At the base of this large hook is a smaller, less curved and less acute process, which barely exceeds the lateral margin of harpe. The original description of this species is incomplete and differs in detail so much from the above that had I not seen the types in Mr. Edwards's collection, I might have hesitated to make the identification. VOL71 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVXylomiges curialis Grote. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull., I, 143, Xylomiges. Bluish ash gray, head and thorax concolorous, immaculate. Prima ries with a faint reddish tinge. Veins black marked, irregularly inter- rupted by white scales. All the lines vague, indistinct. Basal line broad, diffuse, hardly darker than ground color, fairly distinct on costa only. T. a. line upright, geminate on costa only, irregularly dentate on the veins, a longer outward tooth in the submedian interspace, repre- senting the claviform. An indistinct brown shade lino accompanies the darker defining line and becomes somewhat diffuse in the subme- dian interspace. T. p. line vague, indistinct, marked by more promi. nent venular points, and defined mostly by a dusky median shade which starts from the costa between the ordinary spots, darkens the outer half of the median space and obscures the reniform. The s. t. line con- sists of an oblique series of rusty, dark brown interspaceal dots, of which the lower and larger are emphasized by a few black scales. A series of black interspaceal terminal dots. Fringes dusky. Orbicular almost round, slightly irregular, not defined, somewhat paler than ground color. Reniform rather large, upright, constricted medially, centrally darkened by the median shade, rather incompletely defined by a dull, rusty brown annulus or ring. Secondaries white, subhyaline, with a small discal spot and a broken terminal line, black. Beneath wings white, primaries with a somewhat smoky disc, a small black discal spot and a line of terminal dots on both wings black; seconda- ries with an extramedian, punctiform transverse line. Expands 38 to 40 millimetres=1.52 to 1.60 inches. HABITAT: California, Alameda County, in March. This species is readily recognized by the more than usually robust body, the narrow primaries, of which the hind angle is somewhat re- treating, and the more xyliniform habitus. The thoracic tufts are small, the thorax itself plump and convex, the abdomen short and conic. The sexual characters are distinctive and unlike any other of the species. The harpes are broad, subequal to the tip where the lower angle is obtusely rounded, the upper produced into a long, trigonate point. A long curved corneous clasper closely follows the margin of the barpe, and is supplemented by a short, stout, obtuse process at base. Xylomiges dolosa Grote. 1880. Grt., Can. Ent. XII, 88, Xylomiges. Ground color dull blackish, powdery, over a white ground, sometimes with a faint olivaceous tint. Collar quite obviously gray shaded; tho- . rax less distinctly so. Abdomen blackish, powdered. The primaries are quite evenly colored, a paler shade visible in basal space and be. yond t. p. line, while a more obvious and often prominent whitish shade extends below the orbicular to the bind margin. The ordinary lines 72 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. are geminate, black, not well marked. Basal line geminate, fairly dis- tinct, a black, feebly marked basal dash. T. a. line upright, slightly lunulate. T. p. line evenly bisinuate, followed by a series of white, then of black, venular dots. A more or less evideut median shade line. S. t. line whitish, nearly eren, preceded by a series of lunate black marks. Veins black marked tbrough terminal space. A fine black ter- minal line. Fringes finely cut with white. Claviform whitish, discol- orous, triangular, acute. Orbicular white marked, round or ovate, up- right. Reniform large, upright, more grayish, usually darker than orbicular. Secondaries dirty white, outwardly black powdered, form. ing a variably distinct submarginal band and blackish terminal line. Discal spot of under side faintly visible. Beneath white, powdery, both wings with a more or less obvious dark outer line and discal spot. Expands 37 millimetres=1.48 to 1.50 inches. HABITAT: Orono, Me.; Plattsburg, N. Y.; Franconia, N. H.; Colo- rado (Bruce). This is a distinctly marked and easily recognizable form, differing by its dull, lusterless black appearance from all the other species. It was originally described by Mr. Grote from Prof. Fernald's collection, and with this I identified specimens sent me by Mr. Bruce from Colo. rado. In the U.S. National Museum is a specimen sent by Mr. Hudson, from Plattsburg, N. Y., and Mrs. Slosson has sent me the species from Franconia, N. H., for determination. The distribution is therefore wide; but confined to high latitudes and mountainous regions. There is no apparent difference between the Colorado and New Hampshire speci- mens now before me. The sexual characters are somewhat like those of curialis in type. The harpes are narrowed beyond the middle, some what dilated again at tip which is inwardly fringed with spinules, and the superior angle of which is furnished with a thick, blunt, corneous spur. There are three corneous clasper processes. The first, at lower margin near base, short, broad, beak-like. The second at middle of upper margin, with a broad corneous base and a moderately slender, nearly straight process. The third arises from the middle of the harpe, nearer the tip, and is a long, curved hook extending nearly to the proc- ess at the upper angle of tip. The species seems by no means common, even where it occurs. I believe the specimens were all taken at light and, if I'mistake not, quite early in the season. Xylomiges perlubens Grt. 1881. Grt. Car. Ent., XIII, 132, Xylomiges. “7 Allied to rubrica. Fore wings variegated with reddish and gray. Lines double, brownish, marked on costa by blackish dots. Orbicular pale, with brown center and blackish annulus, upright; reni. form with an inferior stain, a curved reddish inver streak, indistinct outwardly. Veins blackish. T. p. line followed by white venular VOL73 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . . ] '. XVpoints. S. t. line preceded by a deep reddish shade marked opposite the cell and again below vein 3. Terminal space blackish, with a gray apical patch. External margin dentate; fringes cut with pale. Hind wings and fringes pure white; a broken terminal line ; beneath with a dotted extra-mesial line and discal spot. Primaries beneath with the terminal space whitish ; subterminal space stained with brownish; a discal mark very near the dotted extra-mesial line which hardly reaches the margin. Eyes hairy ; tibiæ unarmed; antenna brush-like; 1 abdomen tufted at base. Wings elongate. Thorax and head reddish brown; collar edged with gray; abdomen pale reddish fuscous. Ex- panse 39 millimetres. Washington Territory. Collected by H. K. Morrison." I have not satisfactorily identified this species, which may be one of the forms related to rubrica in the same way in which subapicalis is re- lated to it. It can not be the latter species from the description. (An examination of the type in the British Museum proves that it nevertheless is my subapicalis.] Xylomiges rubrica Harvey. a 1878. Harv., Can. Ent., X, 58, Graphiphora. 1882. Grt., New Check List, 31, Xylomiges. 1887. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 462, Mamestra. Ground color a rather pale reddish gray, powdery. Head and thorax concolorous, collar very narrowly dark tipped, lateral margin of pata- giæ narrowly black edged. Primaries with the median and basal lines marked by geminate black spots on costa; but only feebly traceable for the remainder of their course. Sometimes they are entirely obso- lete, more rarely distinct and easily visible. T. a. line evenly out- curved, somewhat lunate between the veins. T. p. line rather even, defining lines only slightly irregular. In course it is outcurved over reniform and quite evenly oblique below. A vague median shade, marked at costa and hind margin, and sometimes darkening the cell between the ordinary spots. S. t. line distinct, wbitish, sharply de. fined, preceded by a variably broad, but always distinct, black shade. A prominent black streak at base, not reaching the t. a. line. Terminal space blackish, except at apex, which is pale, creamy gray, variably prominent according as the specimen is light or dark; the veins cross- ing the darker portion white marked. Claviform small, concolorous, more or less outlined in black. Orbicular oblique, oblong, more gray than ground color, well or even prominently outlined in black. Reni- form moderate, upright, centrally constricted on the outer margin, nar- rowly outlined in white, which is basally preceded by black. In color it is reddish, darkened inferiorly, the red shade extending outward to the s. t. line, sometimes defined inferiorly by a blackish shade between veins 3 and 4. A lunulate, black terminal line, followed by a pale line at base of fringes. The latter are dark, cut with creamy gray. Secon- 74 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. daries white, powdered with black, and with a narrow, dusky, terminal line. Beneath white, more or less black powdered, both wings with a more or less distinct broken outer line and discal spot. Expands 35–37 millimetres=1.40 to 1.50 inches. HABITAT: Sierra Nevada, Nevada County, Rafael County in May, California. A somewhat variable, but very distinct species. It is sometimes almost uniform in color, the black basal dash and distinct, pale s. t. line being the only prominent features. From this it varies to a form in wbich the ground color is paler, more gray, the ordinary spots sharply defined, the space between veins 3 and 4 black filled, margin- ing the reddish shaile beyond reniform, which in turn extends to the creamy gray apical patch. The harpes of the male narrow abruptly to a long, curved tip. There are two claspers, one long and curved, extending parallel with the nar- rowed tip of the barpes, the other at the base of the first, small and stout, only slightly curved. The Nevada County specimens are in the U. S. National Museum (through C. V. Riley) and have a red number 335. The paler specimens have the Taniocampa habitus most strongly marked. Xylomiges subapicalis Smith, 1887. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 462, Mamestra. Ground color rather dark ash gray, powdery. Head and collar con. colorous. Collar witli a narrow white line, surmounted by a fringe of black scales at tip. Primaries sometimes with a reddish tinge in the basal space and beyond the reniform. Ordinary lines distinct, not prominent, gemivate. T. a. line outwardly oblique, outcurved between the veins. T. p. line rather evenly bisinuate, the inner defining line luuu- late, the outer even. Basal line geminate, easily traceable, not promi- nent. A somewhat indistinct, even, median shade line. S. t. line pale, yellowish, prominent, somewhat sinuous, preceded by a rich, deep brown shade, emphasized with black above vein 4 and below vein 3. Clavi. form wide, concolorous, incompletely outlined in black. Orbicular upright, oval, white, narrowly black-ringed, and with dusky central powderings. Reniform kidney-shapel, upright, large, inwardly black- ringeal, inferiorly dusky, else with a pale, often reddish, shade which ex- tends outwardly to the s. t. line. This paler shade is inferiorly margined by a black filling between veins 3 and 4. Apical space more gray, ter- minal space else somewhat darker. A series of terminal lunules, fol. lowed by a pale line at base of fringes; the latter cut with yellowishi. Secondaries white, somewhat black powdered, with a punctiform exte. rior and lunate terminal dark line. Discal spot more or less obvious. Beneath white, black powdered. All wings withi a distinct discal spot, a punctiform outer line and a series of terminal lunules. Expands 36 to 41 millimetres=1.45 to 1.65 inches. 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 75 . HABITAT: Sierra Nevada, Nevada County, Lake County, Placer County, in June, all in California; Washington. This insect I described originally as a variety of rubrica and referred it to Mamestra. It has a distinct habital resemblance to some species of that genus; but the balance of characters is in favor of Xylomiges. The material now before me shows that we have a very distinct species, with constant characters, but with exactly the same general pattern of maculation. The ground color is always ash-gray and there is no gradation to the reddish tint of rubrica. The orbicular is broadly oval and upright in the present species, distinctively different from the elongate, oblique, oblong form in rubrica. The outer margin is also rather more dentate. The sexual characters are very similar to those of rubrica, the harpes in subapicalis terminating in a similar form, not so lengthily produced however at tip. The claspers are much alike and the differences are best shown by a comparison of the figures. Several specimens are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum (through C. V. Riley), some of them with the red number 336. The principal variation is in the depth of the ground color and the conse- quent relative prominence of the darker maculation. (This is perlubens Grote.) Xylomiges ochracea Riley sp. nov. Ground color dull luteous, more or less white-powdered and variably dusted with ocherous. Head varying from white to the darkest shade in the insect. The thorax varies in the same way. Collar tipped with luteous, fuscous, or even blackish, patagiæ dark margined. Pri. maries with veins white marked, the contrast greatest in the darkest specimens; costa also white in most specimens. Basal line geminate, black, included space white, the black lines rarely complete, sometimes rednced to a few scales; but always traceable. T. a. line geminate, black, included space white, outwardly oblique in three even outcurves; the black defining lines are narrow and often interrupted, the interior line sometimes scarcely traceable. T. p. line geminate, included space white; preceding line a series of blackish lunules, outer line a series of black scales merely. In course it is quite widely outcurved and then inwardly oblique, only a little curved, to the inner margin. The line is unusually near the outer margin, and through the yellow space beyond it is an ocherous shade line, in which is sometimes a series of black lunules defining the s. t. line; more usually, perhaps, these lunules are wanting, and the yellow shade alone marks the line. A series of black terminal lunules, beyond which the fringes are cut with a dusky shade. Claviform present, quite variable in size, usually paler than the ground color, but sometimes concolorous, margined by a pale line which is sometimes defined by an edging of black scales. Orbicular large, round, or oval; reniform upright, constricted centrally. The 76 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. > - spots are sometimes white, sometimes concolorous with a white annu- Jus, sometimes yellow powdered, and more rarely with a blackish powdering. Usually there is a dusky, rarely black, patch preceding the t. a. line on inner margin; but in some specimens this is entirely wanting. Secondaries smoky with a dark discal lunule, a dusky fol. lowed by a pale median line, and a series of dusky preceded by paler terminal lunules. Fringes long, white, with a smoky basal shade. Beneath, primaries dusky to an extra median line, thence pale, whit. ish. Secondaries white with an irregular outer dusky line. All wings with a distinct, rather small, black or smoky discal spot. Expands 27 to 35 millimetres=1.08 to 1.40 inches. HABITAT: Alameda County, California, October and November. A large series of specimens is in the U. S. National Museum (through C. V. Riley), many of them bred and in excellent condition. The species is unique in maculation and habitus, and is allied in wing form to patalis, in which the strongly retracted head, short thorax, and long abdomen also find the gieatest resemblance. Within a limited range the species is quite variable and is yet so characteristic that it can scarcely be mistaken. The sexual characters differ from all the other species and are nearest to the patalis typo. The harpes are abruptly narrowed and bent toward the tip, which is somewhat dilated and has the margin inwardly fringed with spinules. The clasper is a single, moderately long, curved, acute look, arising from near the middle of the harpe. Dr. Riley has kindly allowed me to publish bis species here, to make the revision more nearly complete. Xylomiges patalis Grote. 1 1873. Grt., Buff, Bull., 1. 144 pl. 4 Fig. 11, Tylomiges. fletcheri Grote. 1888. Grt., Can. Ent. xx, 130, Xylomiges. Head, thorax, and primaries pale, whitish or creamy gray, the median space of primaries more dusky, sometimes fuscous gray, more rarely with a yellowish tinge. Collar with a variably distinct fuscous line near tip. Patagiæ black at the base of the wings. Primaries with a fine black basal streak, sometimes faint or entirely wanting. Basal line marked by a dusky or blackish spot in the median space. T. a. line rather remote from base, outwardly very oblique and somewhat ont- curved, reaching the inner margin close to the middle. It is dusky, single except on costa, and quite usually marked only by the contrast between the basal and median spaces. T. p. line geminate on costa, pale between the dusky median space and a dusky costal patch in 8. t. space; below that single, marked by a series of costal dots or, quite usually, only by the dusky median, contrasting to the paler s. t. space. In course it is outcurved over reniform, then oblique and somewhat incurved to the hind margin very near the t. a. line. The median space 1892. ] 77 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. is thus very narrow at that point and, broadening to the costa, roughly V shaped. S. t. line punctiform, consisting of a series of interspaceal black spots. These spots are variably distinct, sometimes punctiform, and occasionally obsolete. In the latter case the terminal space is dusky. The spot opposite anal angle is often more or less yellow sbaded. A series of small terminal lunules. Claviform small, black-ringed, concolorous with the median space, not prominent. Orbicular large, pale, oval, oblique, incompletely black-ringed, often fused inferiorly with the large, pale, upright, kidney-shaped reniform, which is very narrowly black ringed. Secondaries pale fuscous, whitish toward base. A vague discal spot and a more evident broken terminal line. Beneath, primaries smoky, white powdered toward outer margin, with a faint exterior line and a series of terminal lunules. Secondaries white, pow. dery, with large diseal spot, an even exterior, and a narrow marginal dusky line. Expands 30 millimetres=1.20 inches. BABITAT: Vancouver; California, Los Angeles County, April, June, November; Alameda County, May, June, November. Rather a common species, of which a large series is in the U.S. Na. tional Museum (collection of J. B. S. and through C. V. Riley), many of them numbered 248 in red ink. The species varies but little. The ordinary spots are usually fused, and the median space is usually dusky. Rarely the maculation will be almost entirely obsolete, and from this point all intergrades to the nor- mal type are found. A typical specimen of X. fletcheri Grt., is in the Museum, received from Mr. Fletcher. It does not differ in the least from the normal pa- talis. In sexual characters the species is unique. The harpes are centrally narrowed, then the tip gradually enlarged, somewhat lappet-like and inwardly fringed with spivules. The clasper arises near base, is single, stout, slightly curved, moderate in length and obtusely terminated. Sylomiges tabulata Grt. 1878. Grt., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. IV, 181, Xylomiges. “ 9 Eyes hairy. Head and thorax in front whitish.gray; collar with a black line; a black line between the antennæ; front fuscous. Fore- wings gray, sbaded with blackish. Ornamentation very like Lithophane tepida, for which this species may be mistaken, but the yellowish white abdomen is rounded, not flattened. The transverse lines are double ; basal half-line dentate, consisting of a black inner line and pale outer shade. Basal space gray; subbasal space wide, blackish. T. a. line with the outer component line most distinct, pale-centered, upright, waved, dentate on submedian vein, running close to orbicular. The claviform spot large, narrowly and incompletely margined with black, with the orbicular whitish gray; orbicular not closed on median vein, 78 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. rounded, upright, ringed with black. A square blackish mark connects the claviform with the t. a. line. Reniform moderate, stained with red. dish or ocherous, annulate with white and with an outer incomplete black ring. T. p. line denticulate opposite cell, with a wider submedian inward lunulation, pale gray, with faint inner black line, followed by a narrow blackish shade, widening on costa in subterminal space. Sub. terminal space whitish gray, with a squarish black dash on submedian fold before the line, which is near the margin, angulate, cut with black fine streaklets. The narrow terminal space is blackish, with a black in- terrupted terminal line; fringes blackish gray. Outer margin retreat- ing to internal angle below vein 2. Secondaries whitish, with black discal dot, powdered with blackish or fuscous externally, and narrow, mesial, waved line, accentuated on veins. A distinct black terminal line; fringes white. Beneath, whitish; forewings somewhat fuscous; discal dots and faint, common, accentuated extradiscal line. Expansion, 36 millimetres; Centre, N. Y., June (W. W. Hill, Esq.)." I have seen the type of this species in Mr. Hill's collection, and it seemed to me a Mamestra, allied to M. gnata. It will, however, require a male to settle the matter positively and I leave the species in its present position awaiting further light. MORRISONIA Grt. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull., II, 53. Eyes hairy; front smooth, with short stiff vestiture forming more or less obvious superimposed frontal tufts; tongue long and strong; palpi moderate, reaching the front and sometimes to its middle; antennæ of male pectinated, serrate and bristled, or simply ciliated. The thorax is rather short, quadrate, the vestiture consisting of flattened hair and scales; the patagiæ are well defined; a central divided crest is usually prominent anteriorly, less defined posteriorly. Abdomen with dorsal tufts, distinct in all save bisulca, and obvious even here. Legs unarmed, normally constructed. Primaries elongate, narrow with oblique outer margin and somewhat retreating hind angle, scarcely marked in bisulca but distinct in all the others. Secondaries proportionate. The genitalia of the male in the majority of the species are after one type. The harpes are long, with an enlarged, trigonate tip, furnished with spinules inwardly, clasper simple, formed of one or two curved claw or hook-like processes. The differences between the species will be best explained by the figures. The species have a xyliniform babitus, and come, structurally, near to Xylomiges, from which they differ in the divided thoracic crest, more evident dorsal abdominal tuftings and longer abdomen. The strigate confused maculation is characteristic of the species thus far known. As I regard this genus at present, it contains the species described VOL79 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. . . ] . XV::in it by Messrs. Grote and Morrison, the species recently described by myself, and Mamestra mucens, bisulca, and confusa. Three distinct series are recognizable, based on the antennal struc- ture of the male. The first, with pectinated antennæ, contains mucens, rileyi and bisulca. In all of them veins 3 and 4 are both pale marked to the margiu, least distinct in bisulca. Mucens has the median lines all strongly dentate, the t. p. line becom. ing white and distinct through the submedian interspace, where it is usually preceded by a black or blackish spot. It varies from an even dull fuscous brown, very like confusa, to a much paler, dirty luteous ground color, rarely washed with fuscous brown, the s. t. space obvi. ously washed with bluish white, extending both to the apex and the anal angle. The black shade before the t. p. line in submedian space becomes much more contrasting in paler specimens. Rileyi is a smaller species than the preceding, with the maculation much more confused and indefinite. There is a longitudinal black shade through the center of the wing, which obscures all the normal lives. In bisulca the median lines are marked only on the costa, the reni. form is somewhat contrastingly white marked, the claviform prominent. The pale rays are obvious on veins 3 and 4; but hardly as well marked as in the other species. The outer margin is more oblique, the hiud angle less retreating. The second series, with serrated and bristled antennæ contains vomer. ina with its variety evicta and (probably) infidelis, wbich are also dis- tinguished by having vein 3 only pale marked. In vomerina and evicta, which Mr. Grote correctly refers as varieties of the same species, the ordinary spots are large and fused, discolorous. Vomerina has the costal region gray, contrasting strongly with the blackish shade obtaining below the median vein. Evicta has exactly the same maculation, but it is a more even bluish gray with a more or less obvious reddish brown and even ferruginous suffusion, the terminal space darker fuscous. Infidelis is compared by Mr. Grote to vomerina, but the ordinary spots are not fused, and, inferentially, there is no such contrast between costal and submedian region, though it is said that a rich red brown shade extends outwardly, sutfusing the wing. The two remaining species have the antennæ of the male simple, merely ciliated, and veins 3 and 4 are both pale marked. Peracuta is a rusty reddish gray form with whitish gray streaking, indenting veins 7 and 8, as well as 3 and 4. The ordinary spots are small, fused, flask-shaped, incompletely white ringed and with a rusty reddish shade through the center. Confusa is dull fuscous brown, all the markings obscure. The ordi. pary spots are large, often confluent, sometimes scarcely traceable. The t. p. line is more or less white marked, and usually obvious through the submedian interspace. 80 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. MUCENS Altogether the species are closely allied in some cases, yet not usu- ally difficult of recognition. It is rather strange that Mr. Grote should never have recognized the strong bond between confusa, mucens, and his species of Morrisonia. The genus is intermediate in character betweeu Xylomiges and Mam- estra, bisulca being most aberrant here and more like Mamestra in habitus. In sexual characters there is a general tendency toward Mam- estra, most marked in bisulca and peracuta. In tabular form the species separate as follows: Antennæ in the male bipectinated, veins 3 and 4, pale marked to margin. Dark fuscous brown to luteofuscous with lilac gray shading in s. t. space, reach- ing apex and anal angle. Smaller, basal space to t. a. line inferiorly black, the black shade extending through center of wing Dark fuscous, claviform well marked, reniform wbite marked, blotchy... BISULCA Antennæ in the male serrated and bristled, a pale mark to the margin on vein 3 only. Ordinary spots fused, discolorous. Upper half of wing strongly contrasting with inferior half; the former reddish gray, the latter blackish brown..... The contrast not evident, inferior portion of wing but little darker thau costal region... Ordinary spots not fused, finely ringed, separate, brown centered....... INFIDELIS. Antenna of male simple, ciliate merely; veins 3 and 4, both pale to margin. Primaries pale rusty brown with whitish streaks, secondaries dull fuscous, ordi- nary spots small, flask-shaped, fused, indistinctly white ringed...PERACUTA Primaries dull fuscous brown, all the maculation vague; secondaries whitish with soiled outer margin; ordinary spots often fused, large, not flask-shaped, dark ringed.... RILEYI VOMERINA ..EVICTA CONFUSA Morrisonia mucens Hbn. 1816. Hbn., Verzeichniss, 243, Septis. 1823. Hbn., Zutr. III, 25 f., 415, 416, Septis. 1832. Gn., Spec., Gen., Noct., I, 142, Xylophasia. 1856. Wlk., C. B. M., Lep. Het., ix, 177, Xylophasia. 1861. H. Sch., Corr.-Blatt, II, 74, Xylomiges. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull., 1, 110, Hadena. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull., 11, 28, Xylomiges. 1879. Grt., Can. Ent., XI, 206, Mamestra. 1880. Grt., Can. Ent., XII, 117, Mamestra. Ground color varying from dull luteo-fuscous to a dark fuscous brown, a all the lines confused and very strongly dentate. Collar with a black central line, the patagiæ with submarginal black lines. Basal line gem- inate, black, interrupted, marked on costa. T. a. line geminate, frag- mentary. T. p. line denticulate, widely curved over reniform, more or less evidently wbite marked, most obviously so in the submedian inter- space. It is followed by a series of more or less evident, sometimes obsolete, interspaceal blackish dashes, which occasionally become fused into dusky shades above and below the pale cut veins 3 and 4. Beyond the t. p. line a more or less obvious pale gray shade extends to the apex and to the anal angle, less marked or entirely wanting in the dark 1892 ] 81 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM specimens. Fringes dark, pale cut on the veins. A black longitudinal basal live and one along inner margin. Claviform large, concolorous, faintly outlined; beyond it a blackish patch to the t. p. line, which in pale specimens is often the most prominent feature of the wing. Or- bicular large, oblong or oval, oblique, concolorous, variably outlined, closely approaching, but not in any specimen seen by me confluent with the large reniforın. This latter is also concolorous, kidney-shaped, more or less completely outlined. There is usually an obvious dusky shade between these spots. Secondaries whitish to fuscous, with soiled or brownish outer margins, a darker line at base of fringes. Beneath, whitish, powdery, with a blackislı outer line and distinct discal spot on all wings. Expands 32 to 35 millimeters; 1.28 to 1.40 inches. HABITAT: Middle, Southern, and Ceutral States ; Texas (Belfrage), March 10 to April 2; central Missouri March 25, April 9 and 19. This insect varies quite strongly in ground color, dark specimens, lacking the pale extra linear shade, being sometimes mixed with con- fusa. The black patch beyond the claviform is quite characteristic and is obvious in all the specimens I have seen. In the male, of course, no mixture is possible if the autennæ are referred to. In the female, the fused ordinary spots will generally separate confusa. Ten specimens (Texas and central Missouri, collection of C. V. R. and J. B. S.), are in the National Museum collection, and from the dates given it is an “early bird.” The male characters are much as in con- fusa, but the tip of harpes is more rounded, the upper angle pointed, infe- rior obtuse, the margin set with spinules its full length. The clasper is double, consisting of a moderately long, curved hook, with an obtusely pointed tip, aud a very short, weak curved spur at the base of the longer process. The species seems not rare in Texas, and the paler form is there most common. Morrisonia rileyana Smith. 1890. Snith, Ent. Amer. Vi, 212, Vorrisonia. Head, thorax, and primaries, in ground color, grayish white, with a ferruginous tiuge. Palpi with a strong adınixture of brown scales in their clothing. A rusty red brown line crosses the front below the an. tennæ. Collar tipped with powdery black. Patagiæ black, powdery. Thoracic tufts tipped with rusty. Primaries with a broad, black, longi. tudinal shade, running beneath the median vein to t. p. line, then broadening to outer margin, which it reaches below the apex. Along the inner margin an irregular, narrow, whitish border only is left. A ferruginous spot is in this black shade in the terminal space. Above this black shade the cell is filled with a rusty wash, in which the reni- form is very faintly outlined by a varrow ring of ground color. T. a. line geminate, vague, diffuse; traceable in costal region only. T. p. Proc. N. M. 92—6 82 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. line geminate at inception, very oblique outwardly through costal region, becoming punctiform below and traceable through the black shade by pale venular dots. Secondaries white basally, with a broad powdery black margin outwardly; a vague discal lunule, an outer line of venular dots and a black, interrupted terininal line. Beneath white, with ferruginous, and a sparse black powdering; a common punctiform outer line, and a black discal spot, most distinct on secondaries. Expands 31 millimetres ; 1.25 inches. HABITAT: Florida ; Texas, March 27, Central Missouri, April 21. Two specimens are in the Museum collection (C. V. R.), another from Florida, is with Mrs. Slosson. The species is the smallest of those re- ferred here, and has a casual resemblance to Homohadena. In genital structure this species is like mucens, in the form of the harpes as well as of the claspers. Morrisonia bisulca Grt. > 1881. Grt., Can. Ent. XIII, 230, Mamestra. Ground color fuscous brown. Collar tipped by hoary scales. Pri. maries with whitish gray powderings along the costal and inner mar- gips, most distinct in each case between the median lines, which are here visible. The veins are black lined, less obviously so on the costal series. Median lines obvious only on the costa and inner margiu as gem. inate marks. The t. a. line is traceable for part of its course, indicating that it is strongly angulated. T. p. line but vaguely indicated near inner margin, outwardly produced on the veins. S. t. line consisting of a series of black spots in the interspaces, those between 2 and 3, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6, sending a shade inwardly across the s. t. space. A series of whitish dots at base of fringes, sending out a pale ray across the otherwise dark fringes. Veins 4 and 5, and less markedly 6 and 7, are accompanied by pale shades, extending through the terminal space. A prominent black basal dash through submedian interspace, having the claviform attached, and usually extending beyond it to the t. p. line. Orbicular elongate, narrowed, concolorous, outlined in black, the black lines uniting beyond the spot, forming a shade and again separating in forming the inner margin of the small upright reniform. This latter is outwardly indefinite, and is marked with white spots, dis- tinct in all specimens I bave seen. Secondaries pale whitish fuscous, with pale tipped fringes. Expands 34 to 36 millimetres=1.36 to 1.48 inches. HABITAT: Arizona. A specimen of this species is among the unnamed material in the collection U.S. National Museum. The sexual characters are unique for the genus. The harpes are very slightly curved, and taper quite regularly to a somewhat obtuse tip, which is not spined or armed in any way. The clasper is a single, long, curved, corneous hook, with its broad and flattened base quite close to the base of the harpe. VOL83 1892. XV :] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . The species is distinct from all the others by its comparatively broader, more trigonate primaries, the distinct, prominent basal streak, the small ordinary spots, the blotchy white reniform and by the series of subtermical black spots in the interspaces. Morrisonia evicta Grt. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull. 1, 81, Pl. 2, f. 18, Cloantha, 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull. II, 16, Actinotia. 1874. Grt., Butt. Bull. 11, 53, Morrisonia. Var, romerina Grt. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull. 1, 81, Pl. 2, f. 17, Clountha. 1874. Grt., Buft. Bull, II, 16, Aclinotia. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull. II, 53, Morrisonia. 1879. Grt., Can. Ent. XI, 207, an var. pr. ? 1890. Grt., Revised Check List, 24 pr. var. Ground color a powdery bluish gray with an adınixture of brown. Head with a brown frontal line. Collar inferiorly pale, margined by a black transverse line. Thorax rich reddish brown, patagize with submarginal Primaries strigate, the median lines lost. A white spot at base of the wing. A longitudinal black basal line, surmounted with a yellowish shade, to which is attached the indefinite claviform, which is traceable as a rule to the location of the t. p. line. This line is usually indicated by venular dots and sometimes as a white line over the inter- val vein. A distinct brown terminal shade, starting at apex and regu larly widening to the anal angle, the inner margin rigidly oblique. This brown shade is cut on vein 3 by a white tooth which accompanies it. A series of black terminal lunules. Ordinary spots large, fused, dis- colorous, more or less contrasting ocherous or even rusty brown, the lower defining line black. Secondaries smoky fuscous, with a discal spot. Beneath pale, powdery with reddish, with an outer line and discal spot on all wings. The evicta form is as above described; in the variety vomerina the costal region is usually of the ground color or even paler, while all below this is blackish or deep dark brown, lightening a little along the inner margin. Expands 33 to 35 millimetres=1.32 to 1.40 inches. HABITAT: New York, New Jersey to Illinois; Middle and Central States. Illinois, April and October; Central New York, May 8 to 17. Both forms are equally common in the same localities on the same dates. There has not been, in any specimen I have seen, any doubt as to which of the two forins it should be referred, but the difference in color below the costal region is absolutely all that offers, and I adopt Mr. Grote's suggestion as to their identity, the more readily as the sexual characters in the male are absolutely alike. The difference between the forms is parallel to that in mucens, where they are not distinguished by name. Nine specimens of the two forms are in the National Museum collec- tions (collections of C. V. R., J. B. S., and O. Meske). 84 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. The genital characters of the male are much as in mucens ; but the clasper is very decidedly longer, and the little supplemental hook at base is different in shape. This is the same as Xylophasia sectilis Gn. Morrisonia infidelis Grt. 1879. Grt., Can. Ent. XI, 206, Morrisonia. " } This name is based on a single male from Michigan, which is in good condition. Eyes hairy. Color of vomerina but more reddish brown. Collar pale and a pale spot at base of primaries; a black line edging the collar behind, thorax rich reddish brown. Costa paler at base, be- low median vein a rich red brown stain extends outwardly, suffusing the wing. Reniform L-shaped, the lower part open, brown filled, point- ing to base of wing. This is surmounted by the upright part of the spot, which is small. Orbicular small, oblique, lying over and touching the extension of the reniform. Tbe usual pale shade bordering vein 3; terminally the wing is a little darker. Hind wings pale fuscous with interlined white tipped fringes; beneath reddish gray, with common line marked by black scales on the veins. E.rpanse, 36 millimetres. Differs by the stigmata not being fused and pale, but finely ringed, separate and brown centered." This species I have not seen. It is in none of the collections accessi. ble to me, and from the description is somewhat allied to peracuta. Morrisonia peracuta Morr. 1874. Morr. Buff. Bull. 11, 114, Morrisonia. Ground color reddish gray, with paler and darker shadings. Collar with a distinct black transverse line, above which is an equally distinct white line. Patagiæ with a darker, submarginal line. Primaries with a narrow longitudinal black line at base, continued to the vague sug- gestion of a claviform. A blackish line aloug inner margin, nearly to middle. T. p. line single, brown, very strongly dentate or rather jagged. Beyond this the wing is darker except at apex and inner margin, cat by prominent gray streaks on veins 3 and 4, and 7 and 8. A brown shade through the cell, margined by a narrow superior black line, sur- mounted in turn by a whitish line which forms part of the defining marks of the small, confluent, flask shaped ordinary spots, which are incompletely outlined and with difficulty traceable. Secondaries dark, even smoky brown. Beneath dusky, primaries, dark on the disk, with a dusky margin. Expands 38 millimetres=1,52 inches. HABITAT: “Probably Texas, perhaps California.” There are two female specimens in the National Museum (collection of C. V. R.), evidently of the specimens before Mr. Morrison when de. scribing, and marked "Type" by him. One of these has no locality label at all; the other is marked “California." - 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 85 The male specimen from which the sexual characters were drawn came from the Tepper collection, and I have no note as to its locality. The harpes in this species are suddenly constricted beyond the clasper, and a long tip, set obliquely, expands into a broad lappet, the inper surface set with spinules. The clasper is a straight, cylindrical, corneous process, with an abruptly pointed tip. Morrisonia confusa Hbn. > 1816, Hbn., Verzeichniss 243, Auchmis. 1823. Hbp., Zutr., III, ff, 495, 496, Auchmis. 1852. Gn., Sp. Gen., Noct., 1, 142, Xylophasia. 1856. Wlk., C, B. Mus., Lep. Het., ix, 178, Xylophasia. 1873. Grt., Buff. Bull., I, 110, Hadena. 1874. Grt., Buff. Bull., II, 12, Mamestra. 1880. Grt., Can. Ent., XII, 118, Mamestra. Fuscous brown with black powderings, very obscurely marked. Head with a dark frontal line, else somewhat paler. Collar usually pale inferiorly, crossed by a black transverse line, above which it is of the grouud color. Patagiæ submargined with black. Primaries with the basal and mediau lines geminate, only partly defined, strongly dentate, the t. p. line sometimes white marked near internal margin. T. p. line well removed outwardly, consisting usually of a black, fol. lowed by a white line, both narrow and jagged, the white line often wanting or distinct only inferiorly, lightening the anal angle, and sending off spurs along veins 3 and 4. In the space beyond, there are two dusky shades, sometimes broken into spots or dashes. A series of black terminal dots. Fringes cut with pale, in perfect specimens some. what scalloped. A black basal streak, to which is joined the rather small, black-ringed claviform, from which another line often extends to the t. p. line. A blackish streak along hind margin. A vague median shade, outwardly angulate over the reniform, reaching inner margin close to the t. p. line. Ordinary spots large, confluent, concol- . orous; orbicular sometimes paler, and reniform darker; pale ringed with a variably distinct and complete black margin. Secondaries whitish basally, darker outwardly, with a series of marginal lunules. Beneath pale, with reddish powderings and with a common outer line, discal spot distinct on all wings. Expands 33 to 38 millimetres=1.32 to 1.52 inches. HABITAT: Atlantic States; New York to Georgia, to Texas, to Col- orado, and California. Kirkwood, Mo., April 4 and 20; New Bruns. wick, N. J., April 28. This obscurely marked species has a decided Xyliniform habitus, es. pecially when a little rubbed. The females are somewhat narrower winged than the males, and in the material before me seem somewhat better marked. Sometimes the entire wing will be of an obscure fus. cous brown, powdered with black, in which the maculation can be made out only with great difficulty. 86 REVISION OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA-SMITH. a A good series is in the Museum collection ; among them a bred speci- men (collection of C. V. R.) marked 302 L., April 5. The harpes of the male hare the tip much broadened, its upper an. gie truncate, the lower produced into a short spur. The margin is spinulose only on the superior half. The clasper is a single, rather short, strongly curved, pointed hook. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 1. Harpe ana clasper of Xylomiges biemalis. 2. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges peritalis. 3. Harpe anı clasper of Xylomiges crucialis. 4. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges curialis. 5. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges dolosa. 6. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges rubrica. 7. Harpo and clasper of Xylomiges subapicalis. 8. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges ochracea. 9. Harpe and clasper of Xylomiges patalis. 10. Harpe and clasper of Morrisonia mucens. 11. Harpe and clasper of Morrisonia rileyi. 12. Harpe and clasper of Morrisonia bisulca. 13. Harpe and clasper ot Morrisonia evicta. 14. Harpe and clasper of Morrisonia peracuta. 15. Harpe and clasper of Morrisonia confusa. U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. III PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV f 15 13 7 724 14 WW Q 10 4 3 5 2. BS GENITALIA OF XYLOMIGES AND MORRISONIA. NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA. BY Edwin LINTON, Ph. D. (With Plates IV-VIII.) The greater part of the material which is described in this paper was collected by the author in the summer of 1890 in the Yellowstone Nat- ional Park, Wyoming. A scientific expedition was sent ont in July and August of that year by the Hon. Marshall McDonald, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fish- eries, for the purpose of making a natural-history survey of the lakes and streams of the National Park. The author was instructed by the Commissioner to investigate specially the question of the excessive parasitism in the trout of Yellowstone Lake, and to ascertain if possi- ble the source of infection. The results of the study of that problem have been published in the Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. ix, pp. 337–358, Pls. CXVII-cxix, “A contribution to the Life History of Dibothrium Cordi- ceps, a Parasite infesting the Trout of Yellowstone Lake.” In the search for the final host of the trout parasite several entozoa were found incidentally which were preserved for study. The following birds were examined, with the results appended : 1. Ardea herodias, &, one bird examined. The stomach contained insect larvæ (Hydrophyllus, Gomphus and Chironomus), with a little vegetable material. No parasites. 2. Clangula albeola, f, one bird examined. The undigested food consisted mainly of Ephemerid larvæ. No parasites. 3. Larus californicus, th ree birds examined. The stomachs contained a few ribs and vertebræ of small fish. Tbe entozoa were: Dibothrium cordiceps, three immature specimens, D. exile sp. nov., one specimen; Tænia porosa, one specimen, T. filum, several specimens; Distomum (!) verrucosum sp. nov., two specimens. 4. Fuligula vallisneria, 9, one bird examined. The entozoa consisted of numerous specimens of Tania compressa sp. nov. 5. Oedemia americana, four birds examined, one large and three smaller specimens; the entozoa found in the large bird consisted of two specimens of Echinorhyncus striatus; the three smaller birds yielded the following entozoa : Distomum flexum sp. nov., one specimen; Epision Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 893. 87 88 NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. plicatus gen. et. sp. nov., four specimens; Tænia macrocantha sp. nov., three specimens; T. compressa sp. nov., several specimens. 6. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, four birds examined. The stomachs contained good-sized fish in different stages of digestion. All of them contained very numerous specimens of Ascaris spiculigera in the cesophagus and stomach. In the intestine of two of them the adult stage of Dibothrium cordiceps was found, thus furnishing proof that the pelican is a final host of the trout parasite. The above specimens were collected from the 1st to the 10th of August, on the shores of Yellowstone Lake. The description of a few specimens collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy at Guaymas, Mexico, in February, 1891, is also included in this paper. These consist of specimens of Ascaris spiculigera, numerous, from stom- ach and esophagus of Pelecanus fuscus ; Echinorhynchus rectus sp. nov., from a species of Larus ; fragments of Tænia, probably T. capi- tella, from Colymbus sp.; fragments of Tænia, probably T. fusus, from Larus, sp.; fragments of Tænia, probably T. larina, from another species of Larus. I have not included in this paper any account of the adult stage of D. cordiceps of the pelican, having already described it in the article cited above. Attention may be called here, however, to the occurrence of what I take to be immature specimens of D. cordiceps, in good con. dition, in the intestine of the California Gull. It is probable, there- fore, that this bird may occasionally become the final host of the trout parasite. One new genus was met with among the parasites of the duck, Oe. demia americana. This genus, which I have named Epision, is charac- terized by a singular modification of the anterior part of the body into an organ for absorption and adhesion. NEMATODA. Filaria serrata sp. nov. (Pl. iv, Figs. 1-4.) The following description is based on a single specimen, a male, from the intestine of the hawk, Circus cyaneus hudsonius, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. It appears to be near F. leptoptera R.,* but differs from that species in some important particulars, especially in the character of the spicules. I, therefore, for the present, record it as a new species. The length of the specimen is about 8 millimeters, the diameter, 0.2 millimeter. It tapers gradually and uniformly toward the anterior end. The posterior end is coiled into a helix and is provided with broad, lateral and muscular alæ. The spicules are two and very unequal; the longer one is about .3 millimeter in length, the shorter only about one- See Schneider, Monogr. der Nem. P. 97, Pl. v, fig. 8, and Von Linstow, Trosch. Archiv., 1877, p. 10. 2189 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XV, 1892. tenth as long; the extremity of each is bent around into a short hook (Fig. 4). Lips, two, lateral, with three tooth-like processes on inner side of each. Pharynx short, and with what appears to be a chitinous ring at the base. The body is crossed by transverse striæ, which give the cuticle a segmented appearance, being sharply serrate on the mar- gins in optical section. The transverse striæ are 0.008 millimeter apart. The anal papillæ were not as satisfactorily made out as could be de- sired, but appear to have the arrangement shown in the diagram (Fig. 3). The papillæ on the left side are fungiform, with comparatively broad disks. Those on the left side and the four small post-anal papillæ near the caudal extremity were plainly seen, while those on the right side were made out by focussing down through the overlapping ala, and were not so satisfactorily seen. Ascaris spiculigera Rudolphi. (Pl. iv, Figs. 5–12.) Diesing, Syst. Helm., II, 157, Revis. der Nem., 658. Leidy, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 102; 1890, p. 411. Schneider, Monogr. der Nem., p. 45; Pl. 1, Fig. 14. v. Linstow, Zoöl, of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Part Lxxi, pp. 3, 4, P). 1, figs. 5-7. This nematode was found in immense numbers in the White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus), Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. Two birds yielded 820 specimens. Two lots of this parasite from P. fuscus collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy, at Guaymas, Mexico, February, 1891, (National Museum acc. 24137, Nos. 971,974), have also been submitted to me for examination. These lots contain 45 and 102 specimens respectively, being in each case the number found in a single bird. I make the following extract from Mr. Jouy's letter: The gular pouch and stomach were infested with worms. They were found spar- ingly in the throat and pouch of the birds, becoming more abundant in the stomach, at the bottom of which they were a mass with the partially digested fish. A few of them were slightly attached to the skin of the pouch or stomach and required a slight pull to release them. No parasites of any kind were found in the intestines of this bird. The largest females among the Guaymas specimens measured 34 millimeters in length and 1.5 millimeters in diameter; the largest males 28 millimeters in length and 1.5 millimeters in diameter. The smallest specimens measured 7.5 millimeters in length and 0.35 milli- meter in diameter. Following are the dimensions of two of the largest specimens: 요 ​Length.... Greatest diameter. Diameter of body, anterior eud. Diameter of head. mm. 32.00 2. 10 55 30 mm. 20. 50 1. 50 40 25 90 NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. . In the adult worm the body is rather stout and dark colored, due to the contents of the intestine. Those found in the æsophagus were smaller and lighter colored than those found in the stomach. More- over, they were attached to the mucous membrane of their host, leav- ing a small round pit when removed. The body is of nearly uniform size throughout, taperiug a little more at the anterior than at the pos- terior end. The head is characterized by having a triangular spine- like interlobe in the intervals between the three proper lobes of the head (Fig. 6). Papillæe were observed near the anterior end of soine (Fig. 6). They appeared to be more common on the females than on the males, but are variable in number and frequently altogether ab- sent. The oesophagus is slender and rather short. There is a short diver. ticulum beyond its union with the intestine; the latter also extends forward of the union with the esophagus for a short distance as blind sac. In both the Guaymas and the Yellowstone specimens the females considerably outnumbered the males. The sexes are readily dis- tinguished. The posterior end of the males is usually curved sharply and is provided with two long filiform spicules which, when fully ex- tended, may curve almost into a circle. The spicules are of unequal length. When the spicules are not visible for any reason the males may still usually be recognized by the flattened surface near the pos- terior end, which ordinarily presents a grooved appearance between the retractor muscles of the spicules. Bodies of the females frequently swollen in the region of the repro- ductive aperture, which is placed about the anterior third. This aper- ture in one of the adult specimens measured 0.75 millimeter in length and 1.25 millimeters in a direction transverse to the axis of the body. The posterior end of the female is cylindrical, pointed, and not re- curved, as in the male. The ova measured 0.06 millimeter in diameter, the shell of the same being 0.005 millimeter thick. Some were observed in which segmentation had begun; both morulæ and gastrulæ were noticed. This was in the eggs from a Guaymas specimen. My observations on the anal papillae were made on a single adult male. Their disposition is shown in the diagram, in which the precise relative distances from each other are perhaps not exactly shown. There are, as is shown in the sketch (Fig. 10) six pairs of post-anal papillæ, symmetrically arranged. The four anterior of these pairs are distinguished by having a common disk. The two posterior pairs are without disks and the papillæ in each pair slightly removed from each other. The latter are smaller than the other pairs, and of the others the anterior pairs are the larger. The pre-anal papillæ begin opposite the anal aperture and extend in symmetrical rows along each side. They are a little closer together near the posterior end of the rows for about eight papille. In the specimen examined there were about twenty-six pre anal papillæ in each row. VOL91 1892. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. [] . ACANTHOCEPHALA. Echinorhynchus rectus sp. nov. (Pl. IV, Figs. 13-17.) Two specimens of Echinorhynchus, & and 9, were found among some fragments of Tania collected by Mr. P.S. Jouy, at Guaymas, Mexico, February, 1891. The specimens were obtained from the intestines of Larus (Chroicocephalus) sp. The body is smooth, fusiform, with its greatest diameter near the anterior end whence it tapers very gradually in both directions; probos- cis nearly cylindrical, implanted obliquely or at right angles, armed with about twenty-four spiral series of hooks, about ten visible on one side in a single spiral, those on basal half straighter and more slender than those on distal half, base of proboscis for a short distance without hooks; sheath slender, a little longer than the proboscis; lemnisci slender, a little longer than the sheath. Male, length 8.5 millimeters; testes two, oval, approximate, median; prostatic glands represented by a broad tubular organ into which ducts from the testes empty and which continues posteriorly in a large ejacu- latory bulb, the genitalia ending posteriorly in an eversible copulatory bursa. Female, length 9 millimeters, immature, no ova. Following are the dimensions of the male: Millimeters. Length ..... 8. 80 Anterior diameter.. 45 Greatest diameter. Posterior diameter... .45 Length of proboscis, (estimated). 1. 80 Diameter of proboscis, anterior. . 25 Diameter of proboscis, base. .22 Length of sheath... 1.80 Length of lemnisci. 2.00 Diameter of lemnisci. . 10 Length of hooks Length of testis. .60 Breadth of testis.. The length of the proboscis was estimated; 1.4 millimeters was the length of the extended portion and 0.4 millimeter the length of the part still invaginated at the apex. In the female the length of the proboscis was 1.5 millimeters with 0.4 millimeter of apex invaginated ; length of sheath, 2.2 millimeters; diameter of sheath, 0.3 millimeter at its widest part, near anterior, and 0.12 millimeter at its posterior end. Several nucleated cells were observed in the bursa of the male; these were 0.04 millimeter in diameter and each contained a conspicuous nucleus 0.01 millimeter in diameter. These speeimens possess several points of agreement with E. transver- sus Rudolphi. According to Dujardin the male of E. transversus has only one globu- lar testis, while the testes of E. rectus are two in number. 80 es .09 .35 92 NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. Echinorhynchus striatus Goeze. (Pl. v, Figs. 18–25.) Diesing, Syst. Helm. II, 45, Molin. Sitzungsb, d. k. Akad. xxx, 143; Denkschr. d. k. Akad. xix, 266, tab. viii, Fig. 7. Two small echinorhynchi (Figs. 22-25) from the Black Scoter (Ede- mia americana) have been referred to the species E. striatus, although they are considerably smaller than the recorded specimens of this species. The specimens are both females, one with embryos and the other with large ovarian masses with no embryos. They were found in the intes- tine near the cæca, one cream-colored, the other orange yellow. The bodies are conical, spherical in front with a constriction near the anterior end, echinate in front of constriction, behind the constriction the body is smooth, longitudinally striated and terminating in a blunt point. The proboscis is larger at the base than at the apex and is armed with hooks of nearly uniform size, so disposed that about eight may be counted in a transverse spiral on one side and twelve in a longitudinal row. The proboscis is partly withdrawn in each of these specimens, so that the neck can not be plainly seen. It appears, however, to be coni. cal and unarmed. The length of these specimens was about 3.3 millimeters. Other di- mensions as follows: Millimeters. 0.60 .12 Length of proboscis Diameter of proboscis, apex. Diameter of proboscis, base.. Length of sheath... Diameter of body, auterior... Length of hooks..... .20 .60 .80 .05 At a distance of 0.4 millimeter from the posterior end the diameter was 0.3 millimeter; 1 millimeter from the posterior end the diameter was 0.6 millimeter. One of the eight specimens contained embryos 0.14 millimeter in length and 0.03 millimeter in diameter; the other con- tained ovarian masses, ellipsoidal in shape and 0.14 by 0.06 millimeter in their two principal diameters. These specimens agree with the following.described specimens in the shape and armature of the proboscis and in the spines on the anterior part of the body, but differ in their smaller size, conical shape, and the absence of spines at the posterior end. HABITAT: Edemia americana, intestines. Yellowstone Lake, Wy- oming, August, 1891. A small lot of Echinorhynchi consisting of six specimens, all males (Figs. 18-21), from another duck which appears to be Edemia americana, not fully grown, agree in several important particulars with the fore- going and have been referred to the same species. These specimens vary in length from 2.5 to 5.5 millimeters. The smaller ones have cyl. indrical bodies with one and in one case two constrictions. The larger :93 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XV, 1892. specimens are somewhat fusiform. The anterior region of the body is rounded and echinate. The proboscis, especially of the larger speci- mens, the spines of the anterior part of the body, and the shape, num. ber, and arrangement of the proboscis hooks agree closely with those of the first lot. There is, however, a slight difference between the larger and the smaller specimens in the shape of the proboscis and the number of hooks. In the smaller specimens the proboscis is less conical than it is in the larger and there appears to be a less number of vertical rows of hooks. The hooks toward the base of the proboscis are stouter than those near the apex. The testes are oval, and, when not displaced by constrictions in the body, lie close together, even slightly overlapping at their contiguous ends, near the base of the proboscis sheath. In some cases the anterior constriction of the body forced the anterior testis forward beside the sheath. The prostatic glands appear to be about four in number and are elongated and parallel. The most characteristic feature of these specimens is the echinate posterior end. This, indeed, appears to be an echinate armature of the bursa. These spines are numerous, forty or more having been counted in two of the specimens. They are terminal, and, like those on the anterior part of the body, appear to be sagittate in some aspects. Two specimens from this lot yielded the following measurements: mm. mm. Length ... Diameter, anterior Diameter, median Diameter, posterior .. Length of proboscis Diameter of proboscis at base Diameter of proboscis at apex. Length of proboscis sheath. 5. 50 40 85 . 20 60 24 18 2. 50 . 35 .50 . 20 .60 . 15 . 15 . 70 .60 The anterior testis in one specimen was 0.3 millimeter in length and 0.17 millimeter in breadth; the posterior testis was 0.28 millimeter in length and 0.15 millimeter in breadth. TREMATODA. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch, (Pls. V, vi, Figs. 26–29, 30–32.) Amphistoma macrocephalum Rudolphi, Entoz., 11, 340; Synopsis, 88, 354. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch., Diesing, Syst. Helm.1, pp. 312-313, Revis. d. Myzhelm., . p. 320; Von Livstow, Trosch. Archiv., p. 187, Compend. Helm., p. 103; Wedl, Sitz- unigsb., XXVI, p. 252-253, Pl. I, 18; Molin, Denkschrift. d. Kais. Akad., xix, pp. 194–195, Pl. 1, 6, 7; Brandes, Monograph d. Holostomidæ Zool. Jahrb., 1890, p. 590, Pl. XLI, figs. 1, 8, 9. Holostoma macrocephalum Creplin, Dujardin, Helm., pp. 368–369. Holostoma macrocephalum (Rud.), Olsson, Bitrag till Skand. Helm., p. 31, 94 NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON Body divided into a shorter anterior and a longer posterior part by a profound constriction. Anterior part of body subglobose, variable, aperture transverse; posterior cylindrical, curved, slightly attenuate. Reproductive aperture terminal, circular, surrounded by an ample mus. cular border and with a central, obconical, protractile part. Length, 3.7 millimeters. The foregoing is a brief synopsis of the superficial characters of my specimens and differs in some particulars from the descriptions of H. varia. bile given by Diesing and others. For example, the species is usually described as being bilabiate and gaping at the apex. My specimens are so much contracted that this character, while not contradicted, is not manifest. This peculiar entozoan has been found infesting a number of species of raptorial birds. Von Linstow has noted its occurrence in twenty. four species distributed among the following genera : Nyctale, Ulula, Egolius, Surnia, Bubo, Strix, Circus, Pernis, Buteo, Aquila, Circaëtos, Pandion, and Falco. (Compend. Helminth.) The following account is based on four specimens from the intestines of Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius collected near Yellowstone Lake, Wy. oming, August, 1890. The specimens when studied were all alcoholic, no observations having been made on the living worms. Two of the specimens furnished the following measurements: mm. mm). 3. 60 .80 .80 Length Length of anterior, subglobular part. Diameter of anterior part. Diameter of posierior part, median Diameter of posterior end.. Diameter of posterior aperture. 3. 70 .60 90 70 . 40 15 .80 . 45 .12 The ova measure 0.09 millimeter in length and 0.065 millimeter in breadth. The bodies of all the specimens are bent abruptly at the constric- tion and the posterior portion is also more or less carved. From the examination of a series of sections it was ascertained that the anterior portion is bent abruptly backwards so that its dorsal region approx. imates the dorsal region of the posterior part. This is effected by some strong fascicles of longitudinal muscles which have their principal de. velopment in the dorsal and dorso-lateral regions of the body. Anatomy.—The following observations on the anatomy of this species are based on a series of longitudinal sections made parallel to a dorso- ventral plane, and stained with borax carmine. In the anterior, subglobular division of the body there are three muscular organs placed near together (Fig. 29, m. ph. s.) which repre- sent the mouth, pharynx, and ventral sucker. The first and third of these appear, in the sections, to open into the interior of the mass, since that part of the body is much folded together and contracted. This part of the body appears to be capable of expanding into a comparatively large suctorial or, more properly, absorbing surface. VOL95 1802PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. IN . . ] . XV"The anterior or oral sucker is 0.15 millimeter in its antero-posterior diameter and 0.12 millineter in its dorso-ventral diameter; the diam. eter of the passage between its muscular walls 0.02 millimeter. The walls of the pbarynx are almost contiguous with those of the oral sucker. Its length is 0.12 and its depth 0.09 millimeter. The length of the ventral sucker is 0.12, and its depth 0.21, and the thickness of its walls 0.06 millimeter. The æsopbagus is short, at first deflected, ven- trally, then divides in front of the ventral sucker. The two branches at first diverge, then turn back towards the constriction. In these sec. tions they could not be traced into the posterior region of the body. The walls of the pharynx, and particularly of the intestinal crura, are ciliated. The greater part of the anterior division of the body is filled with wbat I interpret to be the vitelline glands. The latter also occupy the anterior and ventral region of the posterior division of the body. A folded portion which occupies a central position (Fig. 29, y) appears to answer to Molin's 6 lembo roversato.” It contains many nucleated cells aud would appear from its position and structure to be an organ for absorption. A lobed body (Fig. 28, .x) is situated in the anterior division near the constriction and towards the dorsal side. This is evidently the 'kugliger korper" of Von Linstow, mentioned in his anat- omy of Holostomum gracile. The lobes of this body are composed of minute cells which are about 0.004 millimeter in diameter. The irreg. ular cleft which in these sections marks the limits of the lateral borders extends almost to the constriction (Figs. 28-29). The reproductive organs, with the exception of a part of the vitel- laria, lie in the posterior division of the body. The extreme posterior end of the body consists of a muscular suctorial organ with thick walls. Iu the middle of the base of this organ the uterus terminates in a prominent papilla (Fig. 28, p). On the dorsal side of the body, imme- diately in front of the bursa, is the pyriform cirrus pouch, with a duct leading therefrom and emptying into the uterus about the base of the papilla (Fig. 28, c). There does not appear to be any cirrus and the pouch probably functions as an ejaculatory organ. In front of the cirrus pouch, and occupying a position about on the median line, is the posterior seminal receptacle. The testes are large, extending from near the base of the bursa to near the middle of the posterior division of the body, and taking up three-fourths of the dorso ventral diameter. They reach the body-wall dorsally and laterally, but not ventrally. A vas deferens lies along the ventral side of the testes, between them and the uterus. The shell gland, together with a portion of the germ duct and the main vitelline duct and the beginning of the uterus, lies between the two testicular lobes (Fig. 28). The ovary is single, lenticular, and lies in front of the testes, at about the middle point of the body. (Fig. 28 o.) It is inclined forward at its ventral eud and backward at its dorsal end. Laterally it reaches 96 NOTES ON AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. almost to the walls of the body, being separated from them by a thin layer of the vitellaria, and some strong muscle-fascicles from the anterior division of the body. The cells of the orary measure 0.02 millimeter in diameter. The nuclei measure 0.007 millimeter in diameter, and in some a nucleolus was observed. Between the ovary and the anterior testis is a space which contains what I have called in the explanation of Fig. 28, the anterior seminal receptacle, the vagina and the begin. ning of the oviduct. The sections showed the presence of a duct here which appears to communicate with the exterior dorsally and which I have interpreted as the vagina, or canal of Laurer. (Fig. 28 v.) The oviduct originates at the dorsal end of the ovary, passes along the dorsal region between the anterior testis and the body-wall, enters the space be- tween the testes where, after receiving the main vitelline duct, it enters the shell-gland and emerges in the ventral region as the uterus. The uterus, from its origin about the ventral side of the anterior testis, pro. ceeds anteriorly where in the space in front of the ovary the ovules are for the most part collected. The uterus bere appears to consist of several voluminous folds, but the walls are thin and the ova appear in the section to lie in an illy-defined cavity. The posterior prolongation of the uterus was proved by tracing ova along the ventral region, where they were found in the posterior portion of tl'e uterus near where it terminates in the posterior bursa. The walls of the uterus near its posterior end are thick and muscular and lined with cilia. The vitelline glands are voluminous organs, occupying the anterior part of the body proper, where they fill the peripheral regions, having a further development in the anterior division of the body. A broad ventral branch extends backward almost to the posterior end. Two vitelline ducts extend along the ventral side of the body above the ven. tral vitellaria. Opposite the space between the two testicular lobes each gives off a duct which unite in a common duct between the two testes. This latter duct joins the oviduct behind the shell-gland. (Fig. 28 yd.) A cross section of the common vitelline duct presents a curious reticulated appearance, due to aggregation of the food yolk into elon. gated spheroidal masses of minute fat globules. Distomum (?) verrucosum sp. nov. (Pl. vi, Figs. 33–35.)) Two singular specimens from the intestines of the California Gull (Larus californicus) possess so many characters peculiar to themselves that I do not hesitate to regard them as representatives of a hitherto undescribed species, although on account of the paucity of material I am able to give but few points in their anatomy. One of these specimens was coiled in a spiral as shown in Fig. 33, the other, Fig. 35, bad lost a part of the body. That the two belong to the same species admits of no doubt. The length of the fragment was 5.5 and of the entire specimen about 8 millimeters. 1892?PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . 97 ] j "> The body, behind the ventral sucker, appears to be subcylindrical, but is characterized by a profound groove on the ventral side, the edges of which consist of ventro-marginal flaps, which separate anteriorly on either side of the ventral sucker, in front of wbich they disappear. Neck flat on ventral side; mouth subterminal, large; ventral sucker near anterior end, short-pedicilled, circular, with thickish, prominent or reflected border; reproductive aperture in front of ventral sucker. Surface of body, from and including ventral sucker, smooth ; remainder of body on back and sides more or less tuberculous; tubercules speci- ally abundant on dorsal region just back of ventral sucker. The ven- tral surface is crossed by transverse rugæ, wbichi, together with the disk of the ventral sucker, are minutely tuberculated. It is probable that the ventral surface in life does not appear to be grooved, but rather fat. The fragmental specimen had the following dimensions in millimeters: Length, 5.5; diameter of neck, 0.4; diameter behind ventral sucker, 0.7; ventral sucker, 1.4 back of head; diameter of inouth, 0.4; diameter of vetral sucker, 0.6. A central tubular organ containing a coiled duct, presumably the uterus, extended back from the posterior end of the fragment 1.4 millimeters. This tube was 0.27 millimeter in diameter and the contained duct 0.06 inillimeter in diameter. The thin walls of this tube were minutely roughened. The tubercles on the surface of the body are short and blunt and measure 0.025 millimeter in length. In most cases their breadth equals their length. The imperfect specimen was stained and cut into longitudinal sec- tions. The specimen is immature and the sectious do not show much that can be made out definitely. The alimentary canal is bifurcate, but otherwise there is little resemblance to any Distomum or even Trematode with which I am familiar. The reproductive aperture lies in a groove on the ventral side of the neck in front of the ventral sucker, and a little forward of the bifurcation of the intestine. A series of oval masses, which lie along the dorsal region are probably the vitellaria. The exact nature of the cylindrical tube with its contained, convoluted duct, which protrudes from the center of the posterior end of the fragment was not determined. The neck of the entire specimen was much flatter than the body proper, which was subcylindrical, i. e., compressed so that its dorso- ventral diameter was less than its lateral diameter. The diameter, lat- eral, of the head was 0.3 millimeter; the breadth of the neck midway between the mouth and ventral sucker was 0.7 millimeter; greatest diameter of the body, 0.8 millimeter; diameter of the posterior end, 0.3 millimeter; length of the spiral, 2.3 inillimeters; entire length of spec- imen, 8 millimeters. Two sinuous dark-colored lines traverse the back along the posterior two-thirds of the body. These are probably the genitalia showing through the dermis. HABITAT: Larus californicus, intestines, Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890. Proc. N. M. 927 9 98 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. Distomum flexum sp. nov. (Pl. vi, Figs. 36–44.) It has been found necessary to make a new specific name to accom- modate a small Distomum from the black scoter (Oedemia americana), although its near relationship to at least two described forms is quite evident. It agrees very closely with Diesing's D. baculus; indeed, if Diesing's description alone were employed it could be readily referred to that species. Von Linstow, however, in his account of D. baculus (Trosh. Archiv. 1877, p. 183, Pl. XIII, Fig. 15), neither mentions nor fig. ures any cervical spines. It is not at all probable that such a careful observer as he would neglect to mention such an important character, especially as in his figure of D. spinulosum (1. c. Fig. 14), the cervical spines are shown. The latter species must be excluded on account of the smaller number (twenty-two) of the oral spines. A Distomum discovered and described by Olsson from Larus marinus, and called by him D. pseudoechinatum (Bitrag till Skandinaviens Hel. minthfauna, p. 21, Pl. iv, Figs. 45–49) resembles my specimen in the spinous margins of the neck and in the general appearance of the head. It is much larger, however, being 8 millimeters in length, and has, moreover, only about twenty oral spines. The body of this specimen is subcylindrical and linear; the neck is attenuate anteriorly, concave on the ventral side, just back of the head, and armed with spines along the margins; the head is trans- versely reniform and provided with a crown of about forty-five spines; the mouth is terminal and prominent, its aperture circular; the ventral sucker is about twice the diameter of the mouth and sessile; pbarnyx elongated; genital aperture in front of ventral sucker ; testes two, oval, midway between ventral sucker and posterior end; ova few and large. Length, 2.5 millimeters. Other dimensions are: Millimetere. Diameter of head.... .30 Diameter of neck. .19 Diameter of the body at the ventral sucker.. .40 Diameter of body near posterior end... .26 Diameter of ventral sucker, internal.. .16 Diameter of ventral sucker, external. .28 Diameter of oral sucker, internal..... .09 Diameter of oral sicker, external.. .13 Length of testes.... .30 The oral hooks are flat and broad, and the larger ones 0.055 milli- meter in length, and 0.01 to 0.015 millimeter in breadth. The cervical spines are triangular and 0.015 to 0.02 millimeter in length. These spines appeared to be only in the margins of the neck, although possibly they may extend dorsally for a short distance. The front edge of the ventral sucker was 0.5 millimeter from the an- D VOL. XV 1892 99 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. terior end. The pharnyx was 0.1 millimeter in length, and 0.06 milli- meter in breadth, its anterior end 0.03 millimeter back of the oral aper- ture. The ova were few, about nine were counted, and were relatively large, 0.09 millimeter in length. Several of them were observed to be undergoing segmentation (Figs. 39 and 10). The ovary is situated in front of the testes, and near the anterior one; the vitellaria are voluminous, occupying the posterior part of the body behind the testes and the margins of the body nearly as far forward as the ventral sucker. HABITAT: Oedemia americana, intestines, Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890. CESTODA. Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy. (Pl. vi, Fig. 45.) Larval (encysted) stage in Salmo mykiss. Leidy, Hayden's Report on Geol, of Montana and Adjacent Territory, 1871, p. 381, 382. Linton, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1889, Vol. ix, pp. 65–79. Pl. XXIII-XXVII. Adult stage, in Pelecanus erythr orhynchus. Lintou, Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, 1889, Vol. ix, pp. 337–358. Pl. CXVII-CXIX. I have referred to this species a small lot of immature specimens, be- longing to the genus Dibothrium, obtained from the intestine of the California Gull (Larus californicus), Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890. Five specimens were found in one gull and one in another. The specimens have the following characters: Bothria lateral; body rather thick, subcylindrical in front, compressed elsewhere, tapering posteriorly, crossed by exceedingly fine striæ. The dimensions of an average specimen are as follows: Millimeters. Length ... .7.00 Diameter of bead.. Diameter of body, anterior lateral. Diameter of body, anterior marginal.. Diameter near posterior end.... There is no indication of reproductive organs. The species D. cordiceps is not excluded by any characters yet de- veloped in these specimens. Satisfactory identification, however, is always difficult in forms like these, which may assume such diverse shapes with different degrees of contraction. On account of the small size and immature condition of these speci- mens it may be inferred that they had not been in the intestine of the gull very long. It does not follow, therefore, that they would reach maturity in this host. So that even if the specimens have been cor- rectly identified in this case it can not be said positively that the gull is a proper final host of D. cordiceps. .32 .65 • 40 .20 100 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. The adult stage of D. cordiceps was found in the intestine of Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Yellowstone Lake, August, 1890, an account of which was published by the author in a paper entitled “ A Contribution to the Life-history of Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy.” Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1890, Vol. IX, pp. 337–358, Pl. CXVII-CXIX. Dibothrium exile sp. nov. (Pl. vi, Figs. 46–48.) Head oblong, tapering both anteriorly and posteriorly; bothria elongated, lateral with rather thin lips; neck long and slender; the first segments twice as broad as long, this proportion continuing with- out much change, except that the breadth increases rather faster than the length, until the median region is reached where the segments are squarish and even a little longer than broad; the posterior seg. ments are rectangular, the length being a little in excess of the breadth. The segments throughout are characterized by considerable regularity and distiuctness and the strobile by its nearly linear form throughout. The single specimen obtained had the following dimensions in alco. bol. Millimeters. Length .. 153,00 Length of head 1.50 Greatest breadth of head. .60 Thickness of head.. . 20 Distance from head to first segment. 10.00 Breadth of neck. .30 Thickness of neck.. . 16 Length of first segments. . 28 Breadth of first segments... .50 Length of posterior segments. .85 Breadth of posterior segments. .80 The length of the living specimen was 160 millimeters. The genitalia have not yet developed. Careful search was made in several of the posterior segments which had been stained with borax carmine and made transparent in oil of cloves, without revealing any genitalia whatever. The interior of the segments is filled for the greater part with granular protoplasm. These granules were begin. ning to gather into denser masses along the median line rather towards the posterior part of the segments. It may be inferred therefore that the genital apertures are median in this species, although it can not be proved from this specimen. HABITAT: Larus Californicus, intestines, Yellowstone Lake Wyo- ming, August, 1891. EPISION gen. nov. (' Eroeiwy, a pennant). Anterior end of body (head) lamellate, more or less crispate, deflected. Body proper, tæniæform, segmented, segments not distinct. Reproductive apertures lateral (?). VOL XV, 1892. 101 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Epision plicatus sp. nov. (Pl. vi, Figs. 49–53.) Anterior part of body (head) a lamellate unsymmetrical organ, which consists of an elongated auricular pointed flap, deflected marginally and forming an angle with the body proper, and a shorter rounded lobe at the opposite margin. This leaf-like organ is more or less crimped or folded, especially near the shorter lobe, and on the anterior edge; it is crossed by fine transverse lines, which upon enlargement appear due to a segmented condition of the organ; two pairs of vessels rise near its extreme tip and are continuous with the longitudinal vessels of the body proper. Body nearly linear, flattened; segments beginning im- mediately behind the head, not distinct. Reproductive organs rudi- mentary in specimens examined, but from their position along the me- dian line of the strobile, and their resemblance to similar stages of de- velopment in the Dibothriide, it is probable that the reproductive apertares are median, Longest specimen, 23 millimeters in length and 1.5 millimeters in breadth. HABITAT: Oedemia Americana, intestines, Yellowstone Lake, Wyo- ming, August, 1890. The foregoing description is based on four specimens from the Black Scoter, the largest 23 and the smallest 6 millimeters in length. The breadth of the head of the larger specimen was about 3.2 millimeters, breadth of the body pear the head 1 millimeter, and the length of the rather indistinct segments near the head 0.2 millimeter; greatest breadth of the body 1.5 millimeters; near the posterior end the breadth decreased to about 0.8 millimeter. Following are the dimensions in millimeters of the smallest speci- men: Length, 6; breadth of bead, 1.8; length of bead, 0.7; breadth of body near head, 0.35; breadth of body, posterior, 0.55. The segments, which are rather indistinct, appear as if in pairs, or rather each is divided into two nearly equal parts by a faint transverse line. The head is finely serrate on its margins, and presents a minutely segmented appearance wben magnified. It is therefore not to be re- garded as bomologous with a scoles, but rather as tbe anterior portion of the strobile modified into an absorbing and adherent organ. None of the specimens had reproductive organs developed sufficiently to fix the systematic position of these singular forms. Sections made from a series of posterior segments of a medium sized specimen show that there is no distinct segmentation in the inner portions of the strobile. The genitalia are represented by small, oblong clusters of granules lying transverse to the axis of the body and crowded together along the median region of the body. There are no external apertures, but the arrangement of the incipient genitalia, and of the longitudinal muscle fibers and the longitudinal vessels, as seen in these sections, in- dicates relationship with the Dibothriidæ. 102 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. Tænia sp. Fragments not certainly identified. (Pl. Vii, Figs. 54-58.) Several fragments of Tenia from Larus sp. and Colymbus sp., collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. P. L. Jouy, February, 1891, have been re- ferred to me for examination by the U. S. National Museum. The fragments are without scolices, which makes the matter of iden- tification uncertain. I append, however, the following descriptive notes on these frag. ments. I. Fragments of Tænia from Colymbus sp., Museum No. 4930 collect- or's No. 972 (Figs. 54, 55). Mr. Jouy's notes on this lot are: 6972. Parasitic worms from intes. tines of Colymbus sp. & juv. The throat and stomach of this bird were empty and these specimens, apparently of a tapeworm, were found in the lower intestine." The fragments appear to belong to the same strobile; the longest. measures 115 millimeters, and the next longest 65 millimeters. The aggregate length of the fragments is about 200 millimeters. The largest proglottides are about 2 millimeters broad and 1 millimeter in length. The youngest segments are 0.75 millimeter in length, 1.2 millimeters in breadth, and 0.7 millimeter in thickness. Color of the alcoholic specimens, pinkish yellow, or faint rose. The segments are rounded on their anterior corners, posterior corners blant and slightly projecting. Reproductive apertures all on one margin about the middle of the seg. ments. Cirri, not seen projecting, but appear to have rather large diameter. Sometimes one margin of a segment projects about its mid- dle point. This projection is on the margin opposite the one bearing the genital form. The ripe segments contained ova which were inclosed in an outer pellucid envelope measuring from 0.09 to 0.12 millimeter in diameter, and containing an einbryo 0.06 to 0.07 millimeter in diameter, the spives of which were about 0.02 millimeter in length. These fragments very probably belong to the species T. capitellata Rudolphi or to an undescribed closely related species. II. Fragments of Tania from Larus sp. Museum No. 4931. Collec. tor's No. 973 (Fig. 56). Upon these Mr. Jouy makes the following note: “973. Parasitic worms from intestines of black-backed gull, Larus sp. There are ap. parently two kinds of worms from this specimen, but they are all taken from the intestires, the throat and stomach of the bird being clean and empty." The longest fragment measures 155 millimeters in length. The other fragments are 80, 30, and 18 millimeters, respectively. The 80 and 30. millimeter fragments belong to the same strobile, and the 18-millimeter piece belongs to the 155-millimeter strobile. VOL 103 1892XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . In the longest specimen the last segments were 0.5 millimeter in length and 1.5 millimeters in breadth. The length of the first distinct segments was 0.5 and the breadth 0.2 millimeter. The anterior end for about 8 millimeters was attenuate and without evident segments. The first evident segments were a little more than twice as long as wide. The reproductive apertures are all on one margin, about the middle of the segments, somewhat prominent with thickened, protruding borders. The color of the alcoholic specimens is yellowish white. Segments somewhat like those from Colymbus in ontline but not so thick, and rather more regular; strobile in general more delicate. T. fusus Krabbe is suggested by these fragments. III. Fragments of Tænia from Larus sp. Museum No. 4932. Col. lector's No. 975 (Figs. 57, 58). Mr. Jouy's note on this lot is as fol- lows: "975. Parasitic worms (tapeworms) from the intestines of gull Larus (Chroicocephalus) sp. &. The throat and stomach of this specimen also clean and empty.” This lot consists of several fragments belonging to about three stro- biles. The longest fragment measures 18 millimeters in length. The aggregate length of the fragments is about 140 millimeters. Anterior segments funnel shape, succeeding segments much crowded, and much broader thau long; posterior segments squarislı or rounded, separat- ing easily from the strobile, about 1 millimeter in length and 0.6 millimeter in breadth. Reproductive apertures alternate and appar. ently regulariy so; apertures near anterior end of segment. Ova spherical with thin walls, containing embryos. Diameter of external shell, 0.05 millimeter; diameter of embryo, 0.03 millimeter; length of spines, 0.01 millimeter. Some of the ova have thin, somewhat wrinkled shells; some also have what appear to be small curved hooks over the surface (Fig. 58). The specific determination of these fragments is not cer- tain. In some particulars it agrees closely with T. larina Krabbe. All of these Guaymas fragments contained numerous small granular bodies, the largest of which measured 0.025 millimeter in greatest diameter, although usually sinaller than that. In oil of cloves these particles frequently showed a coucentric structure. They dissolve in acetic acid, but with difficulty. Brisk effervescence was not obtained even with heated hydrochloric acid. This character is in marked contrast with the behavior of the calcareous particles in the Yellowstone Lake specimens, where brisk effervescence followed treatment with acetic acid. Tænia porosa Rudolphi. (Pl. Vii, Figs. 59–71.) Rudolphi, Entoz. Hist. III, 190, Pl. x, 1; Synopsis 168 and 529, Pl. 111, 7, 8. Dujardin, 1 Hist. Nat. des Helm, 561. Diesiog, Syst. Helm. 1, 546; Sitzb. xul, 610; Sitzb. XLIX, 415; Krabbe, Bitrag til Kund. orn Fagl. Bænd., 260, 261, PI. 1, 10-13. Head subglobose, bothria somewhat circular with a thiek border; pro- boscis cylindrical, armed with from twelve to fifteen hooks, which are 104 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. .11 0.12 millimeter in length and straightish; neck sbort; first segmente very short, subsequently variously longer and narrower, often infundi- buliform; posterior segments on longest strobiles, squarish and trans- versely wrinkled; genital apertures irregularly alternate, cirrus short, opening near anterior edge of margin and directed forward; ova with a double envelope; length of embryonic books, 0.35 millimeter. Largest specimen measured while living, 120 millimeters in length and 2.5 milli- meters in greatest breadth. Greatest recorded length hitherto, 100 millimeters. HABITAT: Larus californicus, intestine, Yellowstone Lake, on differ. ent dates in August, 1890. I refer to this species several Tænia, wbich, while presenting some differences among themselves that are difficult to reconcile with each other, do not, at least with the material at land, appear to me to justify their separation into distinct species. But one specimen with ripe proglottides was found. This was asso- ciated with several specimens of T. filum collected on August 2, 1890, and had the following dimensions and characteristics : Millimeters. Length ...... 110,00 Diameter of head. . 46 Length ot head ... .30 Length of proboscis... .33 Diameter of proboscis Diameter of crown of books. Length of hooks Diameter of neck Length of anterior segments . Breadth of anterior segments .25 Length of posterior segments 2.00 Breadth of posterior segments.. 2. 50 The above dimensions are from measurements of an alcoholic speci. meni, The living worm measured 120 millimeters in length. The diameter of the proboscis immediately behind the books and at base was 0.09 millimeter ; at apex and in middle, 0.11 inillimeter. The pos- terior segments became dilated in alcohol. They were subglobose, being swollen with the contained embryos. The hooks on the pro. boscis were in a single circle and were fourteen in number. The com- plete set is probably fifteen. These hooks are uniform in size and shape, and are exactly 0.12 millimeter in length. The anterior seg. ments are somewhat funnel shape, preceded, bowever, by very short beginning segments like transverse wrinkles; the median segments are somewhat rectangular, broader than long, and increasing in breadth toward the posterior end. Toward the posterior end of the strobile the segments have one or two wrinkles at the margin. The reproduc- tive apertures are marginal near the anterior end of the segments and irregularly alternate, although often for a series of a dozen or more seg- ments i rregularly alternate. The cirri are short, smooth, and directed · 19 · 12 .35 . 20 a VOL 105 1892] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 22. forward. The embryos are well developed in the ripe segments, are en- closed in a double en velope, and their hooks are of three sorts (Fig. 66). Two of the books are broader than the other four, and two of the re- maining four are more curved than the others. There is no material difference in length, bowever, each measuring about 0.035 millimeter. Two specimens, 25 and 10 millimeters in length, respectively, and two fragments 6 and 8 millimeters in length, were obtained from another gull. The number of books in the larger was about fifteen, in the smaller twelve. The hooks agree in shape and size with those of the first specimen. No reproductire apertures were seen in the smaller specimen. In the other they appeared at first to be situated along one margin, but apon closer examination were found to be irregularly alternate, with a tendency for several successive segments to have the reproductive apertures on the same margin. Cirrus short, conical, as seen, 0.17 milli. meter in length, 0.05 millimeter in diameter at base, and 0.02 millimeter in diameter at apex. In all of the foregoing there were numerous minute calcareous bodies, showing under proper optical conditions a concentric structure, and evolving carbon dioxide briskly when treated with acetic acid. These were particularly abundant in the two smaller specimens. They are more abundant in the median and posterior segments, few appearing in the anterior portion of the strobile. Variety a. (Figs. 67-71.)—Three specimens from a gull captured Angust 10, 1890, are referred to this species, but on account of certain constant characters of difference they are given a special place. The specimens measured 15, 17, and 21 millimeters in length respect- ively; breadth near posterior end 1 millimeter. Head broad, com- pressed, 0.55 millimeter broad and 0.3 millimeter thick ; diameter of neck 0.3 millimeter, in one the diameter immediately behind the head was 0.4 millimeter, and one millimeter back of head 0.32 millimeter. The hooks are exactly twelve in number and measure 0.12 millimeter in length. They agree in shape and size with those of the other specimens. The strobiles are all young and complete—that is, they have not lost any segments. They are rather plump, increasing in breadth uni. formly from the neck to near the posterior end. The strobile thus bas somewhat the shape of a club, nearly cylindrical in middle portion, but compressed elsewhere. The reproductive apertures are irregularly alternate, with a tendency to be regularly alternate for several suc- cessive segments. The apertures are near the anterior edge of the segments at the margins. A series of sections was made of several of the posterior segments, from which it was ascertained that the cirri, which are all retracted, are smooth and agree with those of the others in shape. Calcareous bodies are not so numerons as in the other speci- mens. The male reproductive orgaus were well developed, consisting of a voluminous vas deferens, large testicular lobes, containing sperm- 106 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. atozoa already developed and developing. Ova had not yet made their appearance. Sinuous marginal aquiferous vessels, as well as very . strong fascicles of longitudinal muscles were continuous from segment to segment. Naturally Krabbe's Tænia dodecacantha from Larus minutus is sug- gested by this variety, but that species must be excluded from consid- eration on account of the character of the spines, which in Krabbe's species are from 0.72 to 0.74 millimeter in length instead of 0.12 milli- meter. Tænia filum Goetze. (Pl. viii, Figs. 72–78.) Diesing, Syst. Helm., p. 530 ; Sitzb., XIII, p. 607, and xlix, p. 411. Dujardin, Hist. des Helm., p. 605. Krabbe, Bitrag til Kunds. om Fugl. Bænd., p. 312, 313, Pl. VIII, Figs. 198–201. Head subglobose, broader than long; bothria nearly circular; pro- boscis cylindrical, enlarging at the extremity, with a circle of small ab- ruptly recurved and sharp-pointed hooks, the slender pointed part of the hook parallel with the basal portion and a little longer; neck long and slender; ripe segments subcuneate, posterior marginal edges usually prominent and acute; genital apertures near one of the mar- gins, cirrus slender, tapering, smooth from a swollen spinous basal portion. Longest specimens observed 52 millimeters in length. Length of hooks 0,025 millimeter. HABITAT: Larus californicus, intestines, Yellowstone Lake; obtained on two different occasions, August 2 and 10, 1890. The following dimensions are in millimeters. In one specimen, measuring 52 in length, the diameter of the head was 0.2, of the neck 0.1; length of the last segment 0.12, breadth 0.44. In another speci. men the diameter of the proboscis at the apex was 0.08, at the base 0.06; diameter of head 0.27, length 1).22; diameter of neck 0.13; length of first segments 0.02, breadth 0.12; diameter of bothrium 0.11. The diameter of the spinous basal portion of the cirrus was in one instance found to be from 0.012 to 0.015; diameter of filiform terminal portion, near the base, 0.006, tapering to 0.004 at the extremity; length of filiform portion 0.05, of spinous basal portion 0.08. The segments in some specimens were rather crowded with margins somewhat rounded making convex serrations on the margins. The re. productive apertures were in these cases not immediately at the mar- gins, but at a distance from the nearest margins equal to one-third the entire breadth of the strobile (Fig. 78). In the posterior segments the reproductive apertures are near the margin. One of the specimens with segments thus characterized had the following dimensions : Length 33 millimeters; greatest breadth 0.7 millimeter, at which point the length of segments was 0.1 millimeter; length of posterior segments 1692. ] PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 107 0.08 millimeter, breadth 0.4 millimeter. In this specimen the first seg. ments began about three millimeters back of the head. Some specimens with ripe segments contaiueil ova which were 0.025 to 0.03 millimeter in diameter, and which inclosed typical six-hooked embryos. Tænia macrocantha sp. nov. (Pl. viii, Figs. 79–82.) Head subglobose, somewhat pyramidal; bothria in lateral pairs and little prominent; proboscis subcylindrical, expanded at apex, con- tracted at base; hooks in a single circle, large, nine (?) to thirteen; body subcylindrical, segments very short and crowded together anteriorly, lengthening and narrowing posteriorly; strobile, in alcoholic specimens, slightly arcuate with crenate margins; reproductive apertures margi. nal, all on one margin; cirrus long, filiform, and armed with exceedingly minute spines; largest specimen 15 millimeters long and 1 millimeter broad. HABITAT: Edemia americana, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. Following are detailed measurements of the largest specimen in the lot, dimensions given in millimeters: Length 15, (liameter of head 0.75, diameter of neck 0.60, length of head 0,50, length of proboscis 0.42, diameter of proboscis at base 0.10, diameter of proboscis at apex ex- clusive of hooks 0.22, diameter of crown of hooks 0.35, length of looks 0.21, length of first distinct segment 0.025, breadth of first segment 0.65, length of last segment 0.28, breadth of last segment 0.50, greatest diameter of body 1, diameter of cirrus 0.015 to 0.019, length of spines on cirrus not exceding 0.001. The number of hooks in this specimen was made out to be nine. In order to ascertain the number of hooks accurately, a specimen in which the proboscis was retracted, and which had presumably not lost any of the looks after it had been put in alcoliol, was taken and the set of book's carefully dissected out. The number in this case was found to be exactly thirteen, and they were 0.22 millimeter in length. The hooks, when isolated, are seen to be of two sorts, as shown in Fig. 80. In the set of hooks examined, nine of the thirteen were like Fig. 80, a, the other four being like those of Fig. 80, b. This difference would probably be overlooked except where the hooks are isolated. The hooks resemble those of T. megacantha Rudolphi, as figured by Krabbe (Bitrag til Kunds. om Fugl. Bænd., 80, Pl. ix, Fig. 251). There are, moreover, no characters which are absolutely contradicted in the published descriptions of that species. The descriptions of T. mega- cantha are, however, deficient in detail, and since the hosts are widely different, T. megacantha being a parasite of species of Caprimulgus and Nyctibius, it has appeared to me best to refer my specimens to a new species. 108 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. Tænia compressa sp. nov. (Pl. viii, Figs. 83–92.) A large lot of Tæniæ from Fuligula rallisneria consists of a variety of forms which, however, upon examination do not afford differences that can be regarded safely as specific. I have therefore referred them to a single species. This species iesembles T. sinuosa in the number, size, and shape of the looks, but differs from it in the absence of the globular spinose sack near the genital orifice, described and figured by Dujardin and others. Trenia compressa, as represented by the individuals in this lot, may be briefly characterized thus: Head variable, usually broader than long, often pyramidal, compressed laterally, botbria prominent; pro- boscis ob-conical with a simple crown of rather straight hooks, ten in number and usually about 0.055 millimeter in length; reproductive apertures along one margin, cirrus 0.008 to 0.01 inillimeter in diameter, spinose with a smooth conical tip; neck short; first segments usually crowded, much broader than long; median segments in longer stro- biles also crowded, very short, ripe segments funnel-form with salient posterior margins. The specimens in this lot varied from 5 to 27 millimeters in length. In the preliminary examination of these specimens they were separ- ated into three groups. The first group contained small club-shaped strobiles from 5 to 10 millimeters in length. The second group contained longer specimens, 20 to 30 millimeters in length. The third group was much like the second, but with thicker and broader strobiles. Two or three fragments were found that appeared to belong to a dif- ferent species. In them the segments were exceerlingly short and crowded and the breadth was about 2 millimeters, considerably greater than that of any of the complete strobiles. In the first group the neck, i. e., unjointed part of the body, is short, the segments soon become distinct, at first sometimes funnel-form, then much crowded together, becoming funnel-form again towards the posterior end. The segments increase in breadth to near the pos- terior end, so that the whole strobile becomes somewhat club-shaped. The reproductive apertures are all on one margin of the strobile, each a little in front of the middle of its segment. The elongated bulb of the cirrus (Figs. 89, 91) lies on an elliptical body, which is yellowish and opaque. The bulb is at first nearly transverse to the longitudinal axis, becoming inclined posteriorly at the marginal end in the posterior seg. ments. The cirrus is about 0.01 millimeter in diameter, thickly beset FOL109 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . IVwith minute bristle-like spines, and when fully everted with a short couical tip devoid of spines. In one specimen measuring 8 millimeters in length the posterior seg. ments contained ova, with embryos, measuring about 0.025 millimeter iu diameter. The proboscis when fully extended is at least as long as the head, ex- pauds at the apex, where it bears a circle of ten hooks. These are bent somewhat abruptly near the end, but on the whole are rather straight. One specimen was observed which agreed with the others in the number and shape of the hooks, but the hooks measured only 0.04 millimeter instead of from 0.05 to 0.055 in the others. The proboscis in this specimen was elongated, cylindrical and 0.4 millimeter in length, or over two and a balf times the length of the head. An average specimen 7 millimeters in length had the following dimensions, in inil. limeters : Diameter of head, 0.18; length of bothrium, 0.15; length of proboscis, 0.16; diameter of proboscis at apex, not including hooks, 0 08; diameter of crown of books, 0.12; diameter of proboscis at base, 0.04; diameter of neck, 0.08; length of first distinct segments, 0.025; breadth of first segments, 0.14; length of last segments, 0.37; breadth of last seg. ments, 0.7. In another specimen the diameter of the head was 0.24 millimeter and the diameter of the proboscis at base 0.025 millimeter, while the other dimensious were nearly as in the detailed measurements given. The specimens of the second group do not present any constant dif. ferences, other than size, of sufficient importance to justify their refer- ence to a distinct species or even variety. The head appears to be broader, in some cases at least, in proportion to the length, and the middle segments are much more closely crowded together; the cirrus is also possibly a little more slender. Embryos were observed, 0.04 by 0.03 millineter in the two principal diameters, with spines measuring 0.01 millimeter in length. Detailed measurements of a specimen 27 millimeters in length yielded the same results for books, proboscis, and segments as were obtained from small specimens of the first group. Those referred to the third group were characterized by having thick strobiles in which the segments were relatively short and crowded to. gether. In one specimen 15 millimeters in length the last segments were much crowded, measuring 1.1 millimeters in breadth, and 0.13 millimeter in length, otherwise as in the first two groups. The cirrus pouches in some of these larger specimens are inclined at an angle of nearly 45 degrees with the margin; the elliptical body beside the cirrus pouch is not distinct as it is in the smaller specimens. Several specimens of this species were found in the intestines of Edemia americana. In these the head was compressed laterally, appearing rectangular in outline when viewed from the front. In cases 110 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. where the proboscis was completely retracted the bothria were directed forward. The average breadth of the head of three specimens was 0.26 millimeter; length of hooks, 0.055 millimeter; length of the proboscis, 0.14; diameter at base, 0.04; diameterat apex, 0.08; and diameter of crown of hooks, 0.13 millimeter. The specimens were for the most part small, measuring from 8 to 13 millimeters in length. One fragment (Figs. 91, 92) was 20 millimeters in length, its posterior segments 0.4 millimeter long and 1.4 millimeters broad. In these specimens calcareous bodies were exceedingly numerous. Reproductive organs as in those from Fuligula vallisneria. HABITAT: Fuligula vallisneria and (Edemia americana, intestine, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, August, 1890. WASHINGTON and JEFFERSON COLLEGE, Washington, Pa., August 1, 1891. . EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. [Figs. 64 and 65 from life; all others from alcoholic specimens and drawings by the the author. ] PLATE IV. Filaria serrata, sp. nov., from Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius. Fig. 1. Optical section of head, lateral view, X 350. Fig. 2. Superficial view of same. Fig. 3. Diagram of posterior end, ventral view, showing arrangement of anal papillæ of male. The small post-anal pair on the right side were not clearly shown in the specimen. Fig. 4. Copulatory spines, lateral view, X 225. Ascaris spiculigera Rudolphi, from Pelecanus erythrorhynchus and P. fuscus. Fig. 5. Adult female from stomach of bost, X 10. v, reproductive aperture. Fig. 6. Head of male, X 36. Fig. 7. Another view of same, X 36. Fig. 8. Posterior end of female, X 36. Fig. 9. Ova in which segmentation has begun, X 225. a, morula; b, gastruta stage. Fig. 10. Diagram of posterior end, ventral view, showing arrangement of anal papillit in male. Fig. 11. Lateral view showing copulatory spines, x 36. Fig. 12. Anterior portion of alimentary canal, X 14. m, mouth; o, æsophagus; i, intestine. Echinorhynchus rectus, sp. nov., from Larus sp. Fig. 13. Male, slightly compressed, * 6. This and the three following sketched from specimen in oil of cloves. Fig. 14. Female, slightly compressed, x 6. Fig. 15. Hooks near base of proboscis, X 225. Fig. 16. Hooks near apex of proboscis, X 225. Fig. 17. Bursa of male, showing nucleated cells in walls, X 27. VOL111 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVPLATE V. Echinorhynchus striatus Goetze, from Edemia americana. Fig. 18. Optical outline of male, X 45. Fig. 19. Outline of another from same lot, x 24. Fig. 20. Caudal spines, X 225. Fig. 21. Hooks of proboscis, X 225. a, apical and b, basal of one specimen ; o, apical and d, basal of another. Fig. 22. Feinale with embryos, X 15. Fig. 23. Apex of proboscis of same, X 225. Fig. 24. Dermal spines of same, X 225. Fig. 25. Marginal view of dermal spines, X 225. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch, from Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius. Fig. 26. Lateral view, x 21. a, anterior aperture, b, posterior aperture. The specimen is concave on the dorsal side. Fig. 27. View of anterior end, X 27. The dorsal side is uppermost in the sketch. Fig. 28. Longitudinal vertical section, X 42. a, anterior aperture; b, posterior aperture, into a muscular, suctorial organ; c, ejaculatory duct; there does not appear to be a true cirrus; p, papilla at the summit of which the ejaculatory duct and the uterus lie as a common duct. The papilla and muscular sncker probably constituto a copulatory organ. op, seminal vescicle, corresponding to a bursa penis; vsa. and vsp. anterior and pos- terior seminal receptacle; t, testes; v, aperture of vagina; 0, germ gland or ovary; gd, germ duct; cd, common duct, which passes around the an- terior testis, and between the two testes receives the vitolline duct yd'; 89, shell gland; u, origin of uterus ; u', uterus near posterior end; yd, ono of tbe two longitudinal vitellino ducts; vg, vitelline or yolk gland; or, ova in anterior nterine spaces; o', ova in posterior portion of uterus; 8, ventral sucker, see Fig. 29, 8; x, glandular organ, the kügliger korper of Von Liostow. Sketch from a single section, but the ducts represented by v, cd, and yd' sonjewhat diagrammatic. Transverse sections of the convoluted common germ duct are shown between the testes. Fig. 29. Longitudinal vertical section of the anterior division of the body, several sections removed from that shown in Fig. 28, X 52. m, mouth surrounded by a muscular suctorial organ and communicating by a short passage with the muscular pbarnyx ph; i, intestine which is bifurcate in front of the ventral sucker 8, a lateral branch passing on either side of that organ; dm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; lm, lateral longitudinal muscles; vm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vg, vitellino glands; y, section of invaginated fold, apparently an organ of absorption; a, anterior aperturo. a PLATE VI. Holostomum variabile Nitzsch. Fig. 30. Cells of germ gland or ovary, X 360. Fig. 31. Section of segmenting ovan, X 375. Fig. 32. Transverse section of vitellino duct near its union with the common germ duct, showing the peculiar arrangement of yoik globules, X 360. Distomum (?) verrucosum, sp. nov., from Larus californicu8. Fig. 33. Specimen coiled in a spiral, X 15. Fig. 34. Anterior end of same specimen, X 24. Fig. 35. Fragment, X 15. The tubercles are somewhat more enlarged. 112 AVIAN ENTOZOA-LINTON. Distomum flexum, sp. nov., from (Edemia americana. Fig. 36. Lateral view, x 15. Fig. 37. Ventral view of head of saine, X 38. Fig. 38. Dorsal view of body, ventral of lead, compressed, X 30. Fig. 38a. Oral books, X 225. Fig. 39. Segmenting ovum, X 225. Fig. 40. Another showing more advanced stage of segmentation, X 225. Fig. 41. Oral hooks, dorsal view, x 180. Fig. 42. Cirrus and bursa, X 60. Fig. 43, Pharnyx, x 180. Fig. 44. Cervical spines, X 225. Dibothrium cordiceps Leidy., from Larus californicus. Fig. 45. Lateral view of head of immature specimen, X 27. Dibothrium exile, sp. nov., from Larus californicus. Fig. 46. Marginal view of head, X 30. Fig. 47. Anterior segments, lateral view, X 14. Fig. 48. Posterior segments, lateral view, x 14. Epision plicatus gen. et sp. nov., from (Edemia americana. Fig. 49. Lateral view of head and anterior part of body of smallest specimen, x 12. Fig. 50. Lateral view of head of largest specimen, X 15. Fig. 51. Portion of head near apex, X 54. Fig. 52. Lateral view of margin of head, X 225. Fig. 53. Posterior end of largest specimon, lateral viow, X 12. PLATE VII. Fragments of Tænia from Columbus sp. and Larus sp., T. capilella Rud. (?) Colymbus sp. Fig. 54. Posterior segments, lateral view, X 12. Fig. 55. Marginal view of saine, X 12. T. fusus Krabbe (?) from Larus sp. Fig. 56. Posterior segments, lateral view, X 12 T. larina Krabbe ? from Larus sp. Fig. 57. Fragments, X 12: a, anterior; b, postmedian, and c, posterior segments. Fig. 58. Ovuin of name, X 345. Tænia porosa Rudolphi, from Larus californicu8. Fig. 59. Head with proboscis extended, lateral view, x 56. Fig. 60. Auterior segments of same, X 12. Fig. 61. Antero-median segments, X 12. The genital apertures are not quite uui- foruly alternate. Fig. 62. Posterior segments, X 12. Fig. 63. Hooks, X 360. Fig. 64. Ovum with embryo, from life, X 180: a, external pellicle; b, finely granu. lar food-stuff with a few globular masses of varying size; d, finely grand- lar and homogeneons material assuming a flowing appearance at e; f, granulo-nuclear patch; 9, vacuolar granular area ; h, granular area with large vacuolar spaces; c, embryo with four of the six looks showing. Fig. 65. External pellicle of ovum, highly magnified, from life. Fig. 66. Hooks of a single embryo, in position, X 345. 11)113 ] L. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Var. a. Fig. 67. Head with rostellum retracted, X 60. Fig. 68. Rostellum of same, X 2,25. Fig. 69. Hooks of same, X 360. Fig. 70. Anterior segments, X 22. Fig. 71. Posterior segments, x 12. PLATE VIII. Tænia filum Goetze, from Larus californicus. Fig. 72. Head with restellum retracted, X 225. Fig. 73. Head and neck, proboscis exserted, x 52. Fig. 74. Proboscis and hooks of same, X 360. Fig. 75. Hooks of No. 72, X 315. Fig. 76. Posterior segments of No. 7:3, X 52. Fig. 77. Cirrus of sane, x 345. Fig. 78. Postero-median segments of No. 72, X 56. Tania macrocantha, sp. nov., from Edemia americanus. Fig. 79. Head with proboscis exserted, x 30. Fig. 80. Hooks of same, X 360. Fig. 81. Posterior segments of same, X 16. Fig 82. Last tivo segments of same, X 45. Tænia compressa, sp. nov., from Fuligula rallisneria and (Edemia americana. Fig. 83. Head and neck of specimeu from Fuligula, X 54. Fig. 84. Proboscis aud rostelluin of another from same bost, X 225. Fig. 85. Hooks of same, x 345. Fig. 86. Hooks from another specimen, same host, X 345. Fig. 87. Postero-median segmeuts, saine host, X 27. Fig. 88. Posterior segments, same, X 27. Fig. 49. Posterior segments of another, diffurent individual host, X 30. Fig. 90, Cirrus of No. oh, X 360. Fig. 91. Postero-median segments, from Edemia, X 15. Fig. 92. Hooks of same, X 360. Proc. N. M. 92- -8 1 - | U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL TV 2 6 5 لللللللللل rrrrrrrrr? 3 7 १९ 4 ق 0 0 0 10 0 १२ ہ وو 8 09 @ 0 11 9 00 Oo 2... 05 وه 12 13- 13 14 6 17 AVIAN ENTOZOA. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. VII or 37 Cars 59 o GULLLLLS III 68 Mind 크 ​63 6 64 IN d. d 66 AVIAN ENTOZOA. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BLIND CAVE SALAMANDER FROM NORTH AMERICA. BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. (With plate IX.) The discovery of a blind cave salamander on our continent is one of the most important and interesting herpetological events of recent years. A new genus and species of salamander may not be such a startling novelty even at this late date, but the interest is considerably heightened when we have to do with the first and only blind form among the true salamanders. The discovery is primarily due to Mr. F. A. Sampson who, in July last year, found the adult animal as well as a larva in the Rock House Cave, Missouri, and kindly forwarded both to our museum. I have also to thank Mr. George E. Harris, who afterwards went to great trouble in order to procure me additional specimens. Unfortunately, he has only succeeded so far in obtaining larve, but we hope to be able during the present year to secure more adults. A more detailed anatomical description of this interesting animal will have to be postponed until then, as I have not felt justified in mutilating the type specimen beyond what was necessary in order to ascertain the character of the vertebræ. The present preliminary description is, therefore, only prepared in order to call attention to the discovery and to supply the diagnosis by which the animal may be identified. TYPHLOTRITON, gen. nov. (tüphós, blind; tpirov, ó, salamander.) Of the family Desmognathidæ : Vertebræ opistoccelous; parasphenoid teeth; vomerine teeth. Eyes concealed under the continuous skin of the head; tongue attached in front and along median line, free laterally and posteriorly; maxillar and mandibular teeth small and numerous; vomerine teeth in two strongly curved series; parasphenoid patches separate; nostrils very small; toes five. Type: Typhlotriton spelæus STEJN. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV–No. 894. 115 116 NEW CENUS OF SALAMANDER-STEJNEGER. Typhlotriton spelæus, sr. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Sixteen costal grooves; tail slightly compressed, not finnerl; toes nearly half webbed; vomerine teeth in two v-shaped series with the curvatures directed forward; gular fold strong, very concave anteriorly; color uniform pale. HABITAT: Rock House Cave, Missouri. Type: U. S. National Museum, No. 17903, July 24, 1891, F. A. Samp- son coll. Description of type specimen.-( 9 ad).-Head wide, much wider than neck, very depressed and flat ou top, with no canthus rostralis; snout rather swollen, truncate; nostrils very small; eyes small, only slightly raised, and covered by the continuous skin of the head with only a shallow groove to indicate the opening between the lids, the underlying eyes only visible as two ill-defined dusky spots; body somewhat depressed, measuring thrice and a third the distance from snout to gular fold; limbs short, about five costal interspaces apart when laid against the body; fingers rather short, especially the first, nearly free; length, beginning with the shortest, 1-4-2-3; number of phalanges 1-2-3-2; toes rather short, first almost rudimentary, nearly half-webbed; length, beginning with the shortest, 1-2-5-4-3, second and fifth, and fourth and third being nearly equal; number of phalanges 1–2–3–3–2; tail con- siderably shorter than head and body, subcylindrical at base and some- what squarish, more compressed toward the tip, rounded above, faintly keeled below; skin minutely granulate; gular fold strong, very concave anteriorly and uniting on the sides of neck with a horizontal groove running from eye backwards; sixteen costal grooves, or eighteen, if counting the axillar and groin grooves, crossed on the sides by a strong horizontal groove between axilla and groin. Maxillar and mandibular teeth small, numerous, normal; vomerine teeth not extending outside of the choanze, forming two v-shaped, strongly curved series with the points directed forward, the external branches straight, the internal ones curved inward and well separated; parasphenoid patches, long, rather narrow, well separated, their dis- tance being nearly equal to their width, and well separated from the vomerines; teeth small, in numerous rows. Tongue rather large, attached anteriorly and along the median line for a trifle more than the anterior half, extensively free laterally and posteriorly. Color (in alcohol) uniform creamy yellow; in life, "pale." Dimensions. Total length... From snont to guilar fold. From snout to anus Width of head.. Fore limb.. Hinil liml). Tail ... Millimeters. 93.0 12.0 52.0) 8.5 11.0 13.0 41,0 1892 :] 117 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mr. Sampson informs me that the animal was caught on the rocky walls of the cave about 600 feet from the entrance. The Rock House Cave is “an erosion of rocks of the Chouteau and Burlington forma- tions, in places not more than 2 feet wide, and in others several times that, and extending into the hill about a quarter of a mile." Although many of our salamanders are known to inhabit caves, this seems to be the only one, so far discovered, which, like some of the other animals exclusively living in caves, has become blind, or nearly so. I am at present unable to indicate the forms with functional eyes to which the present genus is most nearly allied, or from which it may have descended. The unique character of the vomerine teeth at once removes it from all the species with which I am acquainted, and this, combined with several other characters, gives this genus quite an iso- lated position. But a further discussion of this may safely be post- poned until the arrival of additional material shall enable us to study the anatomical structure of this remarkable animal. 5 DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FORMS OF BASILEUTERUS RUFI- FRONS, FROM MEXICO. BY ROBERT RIDGWAY. Curator of the Department of Biru's. 1. Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi, subsp. nov. SUBSP. CHAR.: Differing from true B. rufifrons in grayish-brown in- stead of olive-green color of the upper parts, only the edges of the remiges and rectrices inclining to olive-green; whiter under parts, the median portion of breast and belly being quite white, the yellow sharply re- stricted to throat and chest, the sides of the breast nearly pure ash- gray; bill smaller, but other dimensions not appreciably different. HABITAT.-Northeastern Mexico (type, No. 124912, U. S. National Museum, & ad., Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi, December 8, 1891; P. L. Jony. An adult female (No. 124913), collected at the same time and place, is essentially identical with the male. 2. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi, subsp. nov. SUBSP. CHAR.: Similar to B. rufifrons jouyi, but browner above, with pileum and ear-coverts decidedly lighter chestnut or rufous. HABITAT.-Western Mexico (type, No. 105263, C.S. National Mu- seum, & ad., Guanajuato, Mexico; Prof. A. Dugès). The six adult examples of true B. rufifrons with which the above- mentioned supposedly new forms have been compared, are all from south- eastern Mexico (Mirador and Xalapa, State of Vera Cruz, and Guichi- covi, State of Oaxaca). They all agree in the distinctly olive-green colorof the upper parts (only the hind neck having a slight grayish tinge), and in having the median under parts more or less tinged with yellow on a pale buff or buffy white ground, the sides of the breast being olive or grayish brown instead of nearly clear ash-gray. An example from the Sierra Madre near Mazatlan (No. 34018, December, 1861, A. Grayson), agrees closely in coloration with the type of B. rufifrons dugesi, but, owing probably to fresh plumage, is a little browner above. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No.895. 119 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF STAR-GAZER (CATHETOS- TOMA ALBIGUTTA), FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, BY TARLETON H. BEAN, Ichthyologist of the United States Fish Commission. The steamer Albatross has taken some specimens of a species of Cathetostoma, apparently the first of the genus known from the Atlan. tic, at station 2403, where two specimens were obtained. This station is in north latitude 280 42' 30", west longitude 85° 29' 004; depth 88 fathoms. At station 2404 two specimens were also taken; north lati- tude 28° 44', west longitude 85° 16'; depth 60 fathoms. These two sta- tions are in the Gulf of Mexico. At station 2410, iu north latitude 260 47' 30'', west longitude 83° 25' 15", from 28 fathoms, one specimen was trawled. At station 2411, north latitude 26° 33' 30'', west lougi- tude 83° 15' 30", in 27 fathoms, a young example, 40 millimeters long, was taken. The last two stations are between Tampa Bay and Dry Tortugas, Fla. The largest examples are those taken at station 2403. These specimens are referred to in the description which follows: They are nearly equal in size, the largest one being 160 millimeters long. The length to the base of the caudal is 123 millimeters. The greatest height of the body. (35 millimeters) is contained three and a half times in the standard length, and its greatest width is about the same. The length of the head (14 millimeters), not including the pre- opercular spine, is a little more than one-third of the standard length. The greatest width of the head (42 millimeters) is one-third of the standard length. The width of the interorbital space (11 millimeters) is one-fourth of the length of the head. It contains a deep groove, the length of which is slightly greater than its width and nearly equals the length of the eye. The mouth is nearly vertical when closed. The intermaxillary is slightly protractile. The length of its tooth-bearing surface (13 inillimeters) is two-sevenths the length of the head. The maxilla is very broadly expanded behind. Its greatest width (8 milli- meters) is about equal to one-third of its length (21 millimeters). The inaxilla extends almost to the vertical from the middle of the eye, and the end of the mandible is not much farther back. The length of the mandible (26 millimeters) is contained four and two-thirds times in the standard length. The mandible has two blunt prominences at its Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 896. 121 122 NEW SPECIES OF STARGAZER-BEAN. posterior end. The exposed portion of the maxilla is traversed by radiating striæ. The lower limb of the preoperculum has three stout spines along its lower border. The length of the humeral spine (15 millimeters) is one-third the length of the head. The humerus is very strongly rugose on its upper border. Three short spines on the anterior edge of the preorbital. Teeth in villiform bands in the intermaxillary and mandible and on the vomer. Palatines in a very short band. A cavity between the head of the vomer and the processes of the intermax- illary ending in a semicircular canal behind, which is separated from the anterior cavity by a flap of skin. Gill openings very wide and only narrowly attached to the isthmus, leaving a free posterior border. Pseudobranchiæ present, small. A small narrow slit behind the last gill; its length about two-thirds that of the eye. Gill rakers tubercular, nine on the anterior arch. A pair of short but stout spines in front of the ventrals. The origin of the dorsal is a little nearer to the root of the caudal than to the tip of the snout; it is midway between the base of the caudal and the middle of the eye. The length of the dorsal base (43 millimeters) is about one-third of the standard length. The third ray is the longest, its length (20 millimeters) being nearly one-half the length of the base of the fin. The last ray is about as long as the eye, and the first is scarcely longer than this. The anal origin is directly under that of the dorsal, and the base of the fin is slightly longer than that of the dorsal. The seventh, eighth, and ninth anal rays are about the longest, their length (17 millimeters) equalling about one-half that of the middle caudal rays. The first ray is not much more than one-half as long as the longest and the rays gradually increase in size to the ninth. The length of the pectoral (35 millimeters) is contained three and one-half times in the standard length. The length of the lowermost ray is less than one-fourth the length of the head. Only the first ray is simple; the rest are divided. The ventral origin is under the eye. The longest ray of the ventral (24 millimeters) is slightly shorter than the mandible. Caudal slightly rounded when expanded; the middle rays as long as the head without the snout. The lateral line begins near the root of the humeral spine, curves upward slightly and runs along the back to the end of the dorsal, then curves downward to near the middle of the caudal base. Skin naked. Colors: Upper parts light brown, the upper surface of the head minutely dotted with white; the back with numerous roundish spots and oblong blotches of whitish; lower parts pale. The dorsal with two or three dark blotches near the margin, in some cases not much larger than the eye, in others fully twice as long. Caudal with nine black blotches, those on the outer rays largest, differing in size in different specimens. These blotches are distributed over the greater portion of the fin. Anal pale, with the exception of a brownish blotch on the membrane of the last three rays. Pectoral with a brownish submarginal band on its outer half; this band sometimes broken up on the membrane. Ventrals pale. THE FISHES OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. BY Carl H. EIGENMANN, Professor of Zoology, Indiana University. (With Plates X-XVIII). The present paper contains an account of the observations made by me on the fishes of San Diego and vicinity from December 11, 1888, to March 4, 1890. Especial attention was paid to the spawning habits and seasons, the embryology, and migration of the fishes of southern California. A diary was kept of the occurrence of each species throughout the year 1889 and part of 1890. My knowledge of the occurrence of each species is largely based on observations of the fish brought into the markets, which I visited twice or thrice daily, and of those caught with hook and line by the numer- ous habitual fishermen found on each of the wharves, and of those caught by the seiners whom I accompanied on several occasions. Dur- ing the early part of 1888 each individual fisherman sold his catch as best he could and the data for this part of the year are not as full as for the latter part of 1888, when practically the whole catch was brought to two markets, where I could see the fish as they were unloaded. The knowledge of the ocean fishes is largely derived from frequent visits to ocean tide-pools, from the fish brought to the markets, and from a two- weeks' stay on the Cortes Banks. As a matter of course, hundreds of specimens of most species have been observed to every one preserved, and the present paper is to be looked upon as a contribution to the eco- nomic history of the fishes, rather than to the anatomy of the various species. With two exceptions the types of the new species discovered and otherwise interesting specimens have been deposited in the U.S. Na- tional Museum. A nearly complete series of types has been placed in the British Museum and minor series in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the California Academy of Sciences. The fishing grounds about San Diego are: (1) San Diego Bay; (2) False Bay; (3) the shoal water (down to 100 fathoms) skirting the coast; (4) the Coronado Islands; and (5) the Cortes Banks. There are shallows off Coronado Beach which have not been examined. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 897. 123 124 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. The faunæ of Nos. 1 and 2 are essentially alike and quite different from those of 3 to 5. The former are characterized by the presence of Sciænida, Embiotocidæ, Atherinidæ; the latter, by the Scorpænidæ, Sphyrænidæ, Scombridae, etc. San Diego Bay is about 18 miles long by 1 to several miles wide. Its shores are sandy or muddy. There being no streams emptying into it it contains pure sea water. False Bay is much smaller and shallower and in winter receives the water of the San Diego River. Only two methods of taking fish are employed in these two bays, viz, by seine and by gill net. The latter is only occasionally used, but so effective is the seining that unless it is stopped (all of it is illegal) the fisheries of the bay will soon be worth nothing. Only two methods of fishing are employed off shore, trolling and hand-line fishing. The trawl and gill nets are not used. The trolling is employed to catch Spanish mackerel and barracuda, the hand line to catch white-fish and rock-cod. The gill net and troll could prob. ably be successfully used in the shoal water off' Coronada Beach. The young of many of the species the adult of which are always found outside often enter the bay. For instance, tinkers abound in the bay, while adult mackerel are never found, except outside. Young barra- cuda are sometimes found in abundance, half-grown Spanish mackerel enter the bay, and the young Paralebrax clathratus are common while the adult is usually taken outside. Those specimens of outside species living in deeper water are always larger than those coming from shallower water. On the Cortes Banks the young of the species of the genus Sebastodes abound on the elevated ridge, while the adult are always found in deeper water. Those representatives of species abundant farther north are frequently much larger than the average size of the northern individuals. For instance, Sebastodes proriger reaches on an average 10 inches near San Francisco, while one found here measured about 24 inches. This may be partly explained by the fact that these specimens usually come from deep water. The color of the same species of bottom fishes inhabiting the bay and the outside varies greatly, and even the same species at different depths or on different bottom, show remarkable changes. Sebastodes vexillaris varies from flesh color to the brightest scarlet and olive color. A local fisherman explains the color of this fish by the fact that fishes in shallow water are likely to be blacker, those in deep water lighter, and those on hard, rocky bottom of moderate depth bright red. Scorpaena guttata deserves special mention. It is found both in the bay and outside, on the rock-cod banks. Those found in the bay are dull colored, chiefly brown, variously mottled, while those from the outside have the brown replaced by the brightest scarlet. The color is so strikingly different that I have repeatedly thought the two tishes to be distinct. VOL125 192PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVFour lists of the fishes of San Diego have been published. Jordan and Gilbert in their first list, referred to as J. and G., '80 (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 23) gave notes on fifty-seven species collected by them. Rosa Smith, in her first list, referred to as R. Smith, '80 (Nov., 1880), enume- rated eighty-two species. In their second list Jordan and Gilbert, '80a (l. c. 452) enumerated eighty three. The fourth, or Rosa Smith's second list, '85 (West American Scientist, June, July, and August, 1885), con- tained the names of one hundred and nine species. In the Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum for 1881, Jordan and Gilbert give notes on the fishes of the Pacific Coast in general. This paper is quoted as J.and G., 81; their synopsis of the fishes of North America as J. and G., '82. Our three papers, Notes from the San Diego Biological Laboratory, I, II, and 111, are referred to as '89, '89a, and '90. The other papers are quoted in full. The present list enumerates one hundred and seventy species and varieties. Of these I have observed all but the following during my stay at San Diego. (1) Carcharinus lamiella; (2) Manta birostris; (3) Hippocampus ingens; (4) Siphostoma punctipinne; (5) S. Californiense; (6) Gasterosteus microcephalus; (7) Caranx caballus; (8) Chatodipterus faber; (9) Neoclinus blanchardi; (10) Spharoides politus; (11) Diodon hystrix. I am not certain whether numbers 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 of the foregoing should not be discarded. They have not been taken here within the last ten years. The others have been taken either by Rosa Smith prior to 1887 or they have been authoritatively recorded from here by others. The species (60) added to the San Diego fauna during the period covered by this paper have already been enumerated: in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 1888, 463: the West American Scientist for October and November, 1889: the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, second series., vol. III, p. 1, 1890, and in the American Naturalist February, June, and December, 1891, and January 92. Of the sixty species added over twenty were new to science, most of the others being forms already well known from the northern part of California. Comparatively few southern species have been added. I have found surprisingly few species of pelagic fish eggs. This is probably due to the limited means of collecting them and to the fact that at least 30 per cent of the teleosts inhabiting the region are vivip- arous, The following synoptical key will perhaps assist future investigators to identify some of the species of fish eggs found at San Diego. > > A key to the species of ora obserred. • The egg is largo and has a leathery covering; the young leaves it in an advanced stage possessing most of the characters of the adult.. SELACHIANS. d. Egg case flat, purse shaped . SCYLLIORHINU'S. AA. Egg case spirally twisted, subconical. HETERODONTUS. + Only two of the many genera of Selachians found here are oviparous, 126 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. The egg is small, with a zona radiata for covering; the young leaves it as a larva. a. The egg is hatched in the mother. b. All the intraovarian food is supplied by the large yolk, which always contains one or more oil-globules. Young leaving mother in larval stages.... SEBASTODES. bb. Intraovarian food mostly supplied by secretions of the ovary. Eggs small, owing to the nonformation of food deu- toplasm. Development characterized by the hypertrophy of the hind gut and later by the hypertrophy of the fins and their capillaries. Young leaving mother in a mature stage. ... EMBIOTOCIDÆ. aa. The egg is hatchell in water. c. Nonpelagic eggs. d. Eggs very large, 5 millimeters or more in diameter... PORICHTHYS. dd. Eggs much less than 5 millimeters in diameter. e. Zona radiata without filaments or projections. f. Eggs cohesive (pelagic?); several oil globules..OLIGOCOTTUS ANALIS. (LEPTOCOTTIS. ?) Sf. Eggs adhesive, protoplasm yellow, no oil globules. CLUPEA MIRABILIS. ee, Zona radiata with filaments scattered over its whole surface. 9. Filaments numerous, placed directly on the zona. FUNDULUS PARVIPINNIS. gg. Filaments few, very long, tapering, set in sheaths of the zona. (GOBIESOCIDÆ.) h. Eggs large 2.4 millimeters in diameter, amber colored. TYLOSURUS EXILIS. V 999. Filaments few, their disk-like basal expansions hollow, fitting into projections of the zona. (ATIIERINIDÆ.) i. About ten filaments; several oil-globules during the early stages.... ..ATHERINOPSIS. eee. Zona radiata with filaments or other processes on restricted regions. j. Mushroom-shaped processes near micropyle. GASTEROSTEUS. jj. A mesh work of filaments attached in a circle about the micro- The zona much elongate, club- shaped, attached to lower surface of rocks. ZIPHLOGOBIUS CALIFORNIENSIS. jij. Numerous fine filaments forming a cushion over nearly half the zona; yolk salmon pink; white and deep purple oil-globules. ISESTIES. k. Spawning in March in rocky tide pools of the ocean beach. I. GILBERTI. hit. Spawning in May in the bay. I. GENTILIS. Pyle. We have not seen the developing eggs of this species. They are probably fast- ened to objects in some way or other. The male is provided with a large (nidamen- tal?) gland. The eggs of the other members of this family occurring here have not been exam- ined. VOL PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1892, "] 127 cc. Pelagic eggs. 1. A large number of ova embedded in a transparent matrix; no oil globule. FIERASFER. II. Ova separate. m. No oil globule. n. Yolk in large segments, clear. 0. Round ova... .STOLEPHORUS COMPRESSUS, 00. Oval ova.. STOLEPHORU'S DELICATISSIMUS AND RINGENS. mm. One or more oil globules. p. Embryo developing black pigment in the ovun. q. Oil globule at the time of hatching situated at the anterior end of the yolk. PARALABRAX NEBULIFER. pp. Embryo developing black and brownish pigment in the ovum. r. Oil globulo at the time of hatching situated at the anterior end of the yolk. 8. Yellowish pigment at the time of hatching in definite regions, viz:-at the mouth, at the middle of the body, over the anus and at some distance behind the anus.. PARALABRAX MACULOFASCIATUS. rr. Oil globiile at the time of hatching at or near the posterior end of tho yolk. t. Chromatophores appearing when gastrula covers about one-third of the yolk, pro- liferated from the embryonic shield and the entire embryonic ring; fewer chro- matophores on the tail at the time of hatching.. SCIENA SATURNA (and other species of Sciaenidae ?) tt. Chromatophores appearing when the gastrula covers about two-thirds of the yolk, proliferated from the embryo only; more chromatophores ou tail at the time of hatching.. HYPSOPSETTA GUTTULATA. aaa. The eggs are hatched in a brood-pouch along the ventral surface of the male. .SYNGNATHIDAE, UNIDENTIFIED EGGS. Species No. 1. Plate x, figs. 6-9. One egg of this species was dredged August 14, at 9:15 a. m., in the stage represented by fig. 6, Pl. 1. The egg is transparent, the globule amber-colored. The egg measures 0.80 millimeter, the oil globule 0.12 millimeter. The pigment cells were minute and the difference between yellow and black not well marked. Four hours later the tail is just beginning to develop. The oil glob. ule is very sparingly pigmented; the yolk sack in the neighborhood of the globule is covered with many yellow and one or two black cells. The color cells on the embryo are very small and numerous, the black ones as usual are on the dorsal, the yellow ones on the ventral surface of the embryo. 128 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. Another egg was found August 28, and is represented in fig. 8. The tail is much developed and the pigment more conspicuous. On hatching the yolk sack is 0.80 millimeter long, and the total length of the larva (fig. 9) is 1.4 millimeters. The globule is well pig. mented and there are a number of chromatophores on the yolk sack below, in front of the globule. The chromatophores are pretty evenly distributed over the fish. Species No. 2. Pleuronichthys cænosus ? Plate x, figs. 10–13. A single egg of this species was found April 26, at 12:30 p. m. The marginal infolding of the gastrula was well begun. The egg was smaller than that of Hypsopsetta and was supposed to be that of Pleuronichthys cænosus. It measured 0.71 millimeter in dia- meter and the single small globule was scarcely more than 0.08 milli- meter in diameter. The blastopore closed somewhat over seven hours after the stage represented in fig. 10. Nineteen hours after fig. 10 pigment has been formed, the embryo is comparatively narrow. In place of Kupffer's , vesicle there was a double vesicle, one behind the other, as represented in figs. 11 and 12. This was in all probability a pathological specimen. In the figures only black-pigment cells are drawn; in later stages numerous greenish-yellow cells become prominent wherever there are black ones. They are especially abundant about the head and on the body near the end of the yolk sack. SUMMARY OF THE DAILY OBSERVATIONS. The following lists are an abridgment of the detailed records kept for the species. The following abbreviations have been used: b. Found in San Diego Bay. & or 8. Ripe female or male, or female with young if a viviparous species. e. Eggs were procured (usually by skimming). y. Young were taken. a. Abundant. f. Few. c. Common. Numbers ordinarily indicate the date of the month when specimens were seen. Thus, after No. 11, August 20, 28, indicates that specimens were taken on August 20 and 28. If a number is followed by an it indicates the number of specimens taken. Thus, under No.59, October 31, 1* indicates that one specimen was taken on October 31, etc, 2 VOL129 1892 . XV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] Species. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. a. 27 Pb. 20 y 28 ! 27 e. 1. Branchiostoma elon. gatim 2. Heterodontus fran. cisci. 3. Sqnalus acanthias. 4. Seylliorhinus ven. triosus 5. Galers californicus.. 0. Triacis semifasciatus 7. Rhinotriacis henlei.. 8. Galeorhinus z yop. tarus.. 9 Carcharhinus glan. cus 10. Carcharhinus lami. 149 b. 77b. 60 b. 79 b. 70 b. 30 b. 14 b. ella ....... 20, 28 7, 24 2 15 11 20 22 22 22 22 22 25 10 요 ​a. 19 11 a. a. 29 y. 21 y. 10 a. a. a. 20, 1* 18 e. e. e. 5 a... a.-e. 11. Sphyrna zygæna.. 12. Alopias vulpes. 13. Squatina squatina... 14. Rhinobatus pro. ductus .... 15. Rhinobatus exasper- atus 16. Rhinobatus triseri. atus. 17. C'rolophus halleri 18. Pteroplatea mar. morata 19. Dasybatis dipterura. 20. Myliobatis californi. cus.. 21. Manta birostris 22. Phoxinus orcuttii. 23. Albula vulpes. 24. Clupea mirabilis 25. Clupea sagax.. 26. Perkinsia otbonops.. 37. Stolephorus ringens. 28. Stolephorus delica. tissimus... 29. Stolephorus com/ pressus. 30. Synodus lucioceps... 31. Tarletonbeania tenua 32. Diaphus theta.. 33. Stenobrachius leu. copsarum 34. Myctophum town. sendi.. 35. Myctophum calitor. niense 36. Catablemella brachy. chir 37. Salmo irideus 38. Cyprinodon macu. larius 39. Fundulus parvipin. nis 40. Sidera mordax 41. Tylosurus exilis 42. Scomberesox brevi. rostris 43. Hemirhamphus rosa 44. Exocetus californi. 5 2 e. $24 e. 126 e. a. 15 e. 25 e. 14 f. f. f. f. 31, 1 28 a. 29 a. 14 4,27 28 a. 28 a. 28 a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. 13 a. 1 a. a. 15 a. 2 f. 1 15 a. a. a a. a. cus.... 14 22 2:2 f. f. y. y. 20 45. Siphostoma puncti. pinne 46. Siphostoma auliscis. 47. Siphostoma lepto. hynchum 48. Hippocampus ingens 49. Gasterosteus micro- cephalus 50. Mugil cep balus. 51. Menidia tenius. 52. Atherinopsis cali. forniensis 53. Athernjops aftinis. 54. Sphyraena argentea. 55. Reinora remora 56. Xiphias gladius. 57. Scomber colias.. 58. Scomberom or 118 maculatus.... مین 10 21. a. ? a. a. P a. f. a. a, 9 ao&b a. 9! a. 28 19 a. a. f. a. 7 a. a. a. a. 9 a. a. f. y. f.y. b. 27 a. a. 9 1 a. 12* a. a. a. 9 D. MT 130 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. Species. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. f. f. 13 a. a. 2. a. a. a. a. a. 31.1" 15. 1 3 f. c. c. c. 30 25 a. a. a. C. f. 16. 2* 10 a. 2. C. a.y.b. 27 29 & a. а. 2. > a. 27 29 a. 9 a. a. 2. a. a. 21 29 9 7 c. a. Y 1 a. f. a, f. 15 29.1% a. a. 9.1* 20 28 f. a f. 170 a. 30 19 a. 10 a f. c. e. C. 24 270 a. a. e. f. 27 a. 25 а. f. f. 11.1 f. f. f. f. f. 20 a. f. f. 21 25 7 1 y. а. 9 10 f. a. f. a. 1* f. a. a. 오​. 29 오 ​요 ​q 요 ​59. Sarda chilensis. f. 60. Orcynus alalonga 61. Euthynnus pelamys. 62. Trachurus pictura- tus... 4 fyb 63. Caranx chrysus ca. ballus. 64. Seriola dorsalis. 65. Stromateus simil. limus. f.y. b. 66. Paralabrax clathra- tus... c. 67. Paralabrax maculo- fasciatus a. 68. Paralabrax nebuli. fer ... 69. Stereolepis gigas. 70. Xenistius californi. ensis .... 71. Anisotremus david- soui 72. Girella nigricans.. 73. Caesiosoma califor- uiense 74. Roncador stearnsi.. 75. Sciana saturna f. 76. Genyonemus linea- tus. a. 77. Umbrina roncador.. 78. Menticirrhus undu- latus. 9.1* 79. Cynoscion nobile. 80. Cynoscion parvi. pinne 81. Seriplus politus 82. Gerres cinereus. 83. Abeona minima. ? 81. Brachyistius ire. natus 85. Cymatogaster aggre. gatus. q 86. Hyperprosopon ar- genteus. q 87. Holconotus rho. doterus 10.1* 88. Amphistichus ar- genteus 오 ​89. Hypsurus caryi... 90. Embiotoca jacksoni. 91. Phanerodon laterale. 92. Phanerodon atripes 93. Phanerodon ortho- notus. 94. Phanerodon furca- tum a. 95. Rhacochilus toxotes. 96. Damalichthys argy. rosomus. f. 97. Trochocopus pul. cher. a. 98. Platyglossus semi. cinctus.. 99. Pseudojulis modes. tus... 100. Pomacentrus rubi- cundus. 101. Chromis punctipin. nis 102. Chætodipterus fa- ber zonatus 103. Caulolatilus prin. ceps.. f. 104. Gobius nicholsi 105. Lepidogobius gil. berti c. 106. Lepidogobiu8 y. cauda C. 107. Clevelandia longi- pinnis... a. 108. Gillichthys pira. bilis a. 109. Typhlogobius caii. forniensis a. 110. Ophiodon clongatus. 9.30 f. 111. Zaniolepisfrenatus. 요 ​a. &. &. a. 요 ​a. a. a.12 a. 79 28 1 a. & a. a. 3 a. 3.1* f. f. a. a. a. a. a. it. 1.4 9 a. 29 21 3 28.1* f. a. a. a. a. a. f. C. c. c. C. C. c. C. C. C. c. c. c. C. c. c. C. c. c. c. C. 1 a. 2. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. 2. a. a. 2. å. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. e. a. e. a. a. а. f. 28 a. f. a. f. a. f. &. f. f. VOL131 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ) . XVSpecies. Jan., Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. c. 9 C. نت e. C. c. ان نے C: c. C. c. C. c. ? C. c. c. c. C. C. c. r ن : نن 14 10 a. f. f. c. c. c. c. C. c. 7 f. 21 26 12 c. a. 14. 6* 2. 1 23 14.1" a. a. a. f. 7 f. a. a. f. a. f. f. a. ? f. f. 3* a. ? 5 f. a. C. c. c. 2 7.2* a. a. 2. a. a. a. a. a. a. 14 3* c. c. C. C. c. c. 9 c. c. 11 1* 1 3* f. f. f. f. ? f. 7 2* f. f. f. f. 7 f. f. 3 23. 1 a. a. a. 24 a. a. a. 1. f. f. 9 c. f. 14 f. f. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.279 a. a. 2. a. a. a. a. a. 112. Sebastodes pauci. spinis... c. ? 113. Sebastodes flavidus. c. 114. Sebastodes serranio- des.. c. 9 115. Sebastodes goodei.. c. 116. Sebasto les rufus. 117. Sebastodes ovalis. 118. Sebastodes mys. tinus. f. 119. Sebastodes proriger. 120. Sebastodes atrovi rens 121. Sebastodes melanos- tomus. 122. Sebastodes pinniger. 2* 123. Sebastodes mimatus a. 9 124. Sebastodes ruber.... 125. Sebastodes rosaceus. f. 126. Sebastodes constel. latus.. C. 127. Sebastodes æreits 2 128. Sebastodes chloro. stictus a. 129. Sebastodes cos 130. Sebastodes gilli. 131. Sebastodes elongatus 132. Sebastodes levis c. 9 133. Sebastodes rubro- vinctus .... 2 134. Sebastodes auricula. tus... f. 135. Sebastodes rastreli. ger. 136. Sebastodes vexillaris a. 9 137. Sebastocles chry80- melas ..... 138. Sebastodes serriceps 139. Scorpaena guttata .. 110. Leptocottus armatus a. 141. Leiocottus hirundo.. 31.1* 142. Oligocottns analis. a. ? 143. Icelinus australis. 144. Paricelinus hopliti. cus... 145. Scorpaenichthys marmoratus. 1 146. Brachiopsis sp. 147. Gobiesox rhessodon 148. Gobiesox eigen. manni. 149. Porichthys margari. tatus.. 150. Isesthes gentilis 151. Isesthes gilberti 152. Heterostichuus ros- tratus. 153. Heterostichus ros- tratus. f. 154. Auchebopterus in- tegripinnis. 155. Neoclinus blanch ardi 156. Fierasfer dubius ? 157. Otophidium taylori. 158. Merlucius productus 9. 2 159. Citharichthys sordi- dus 160. Eopsetta jordani. 10.1*! 161. Paralichthys cali. fornicus. f. 162. Hippoglossina stomata. 163. Xystrenrys liolepis. 164. Pleuronichthys conosus.... a. 165. Hypsopsetta guttu. lata a 166. Symphurus atri. cauda 167. Sphæroides politus. 168. Diodon hystrix.. 169. Chilomycterus cali- forniensis.. 170. Mola mola a. 1. 2 1.1* 1 1* f. a. 14 30 270 15 C. c. C. c. c. C. c. c. f. 27 f. f. f. f. a. a. 6.1* C. f. 7. c. c. c. f. f. f. c. c. c. 7.2 f. 3 a. a. a. a. a. a. a. e. a. a. 28 a. a. a. 5 132 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE INDIVIDUAL SPECIES. I have endeavored to collate references to San Diego fishes. BRANCHIOSTOMIDÆ. Branchiostoma elongatum Sundevall. Cooper, in Cronise, Natural Wealth of California. 498, 1868. Jordan & Gilbert, '81. 29 (not seen). As B. lanceolatum. Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1882, 515; Rosa Smith, July, '85, 55. E. Am. Nat. 1892, 70. Before 1891 three specimens of this species were known from San Diego Bay. They were taken by Dr. Cooper in 10 fathoms of water near Rose- ville. During July, 1891, I took a large number near Ballast Point, where a dredge was deepening the channel. HETERODONTIDÆ. Heterodontus francisci (Girard). Jordan & Gilbert, '80, 34; Rosa Smith, July, '80a., 458., id., '82, 30. R. Smith, '85. This species is very abundant at San Diego both in the bay and out- side. The eggs are often driven ashore and lodged between rocks in tide pools or are thrown on the beach. Several eggs ready to hatch have in previous years been found during January. A female about 1 meter long opened March 27, 1889, by some fishermen, contained an egg inclosed in its twisted shell. SPINACIDÆ. Squalus acanthias Linnæus. E. & E., '89,1; '89a, 12. This species is very abundant at the Cortes Banks. One specimen, taken in July was with young, 22 millimeters long. One individual caught a short distance off Point Loma, January 9, 1890, was with young, 11 millimeters long. In these the external gills had already disappeared and the characteristic color of the adult was developed. It has not been seen in the bay. SCYLLIDÆ. Scylliorhinus ventriosus Garman. Rosa Smith, '85. E. & E., '89, 13. We have not seen the adult of this species at San Diego. The empty dried egg cases are frequently thrown up on the beach and occasionally live ones are found. They are extruded during December (February at Santa Barbara, J. & G.). The young have been described by us l. c. It has not been taken in the bay. VOL133 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVGALEORHINIDÆ. Galeus oalifornicus (Gill). J. & G. '80, 34, as Mustelus californicus; R. Smith,'80, Mustelus hinnulus. J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '8la, 31. R. Smith, July, '85. This species is quite common in San Diego Bay. A specimen caught with hook and line, February 14, 1890, was with young. There were fourteen and the yolk was all or nearly all absorbed. The specimen was mutilated and the young had been taken from it when it was ex- amined. They were evidently nearly ready to be freed. Triacis semifasciatus Girard. J. & G. '80, 34; R. Smith, '80; J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '81, 31; R. Smith, '85, July. E. & E. '89a, 13. The females of this species are abundant in the bay during sum- mer and are frequently taken with hook and line. A few are also found in wirter. Embryos in advanced stages were taken from the mother in September and October. The young have been described I. c. Rhinotriacis henlei Gill. E. & E., '89a, 13. A single specimen of this species was taken with hook and line Sep- tember 7, 1889. It contained but three embryos in either uterus, each 115 millimeters long. Galeorhinus zyopterus Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith '80, as G. galeus; J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '81, 32; id. ’82, 871; R. Smith '85, July; E. & E. ?89a, 13. Common in the bay in summer or during the early part of gestation. Two females taken August 30, 1890, had young 50 millimeters and 80 millimeters long respectively. One specimen was taken off Point Loma, February 14, 1890. Carcharhinus glaucus (L.). E. & E. '89, 1. Three large specimens, nearly 3 meters long, were taken in San Diego Bay May 14, 1889. It was found to be quite abundant on the Cortes Banks during July and August. Carcharhinus lamiella Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 458. J. & G. '81, 32 all as Eulamia lamia. J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 110, 1882, as Carcharias lamiella; id. '82, 60 as Eulamia lamia, and 873 as C. lamiella. R. Smith, '85, July. Only two specimens of this shark have been taken as yet. They were procured by Jordan & Gilbert in 1880. 134 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. SPHYRNIDÆ. Sphyrna zygæna (L.). E. & E. '89a, 10 and 11. This species is not uncommon during summer. A large specimen was taken on the Cortes Banks in August. One was caught in the bay on September 6 and others were taken off Point Loma August 28 and September 24. It seems to be always accompanied by Echeneis remora, ALOPIDA. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin). Two specimens of this species were taken in the fall of 1890. SQUATINIDÆ. Squatina squatina (L.). R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '81, 33; R. Smith '85, July. This species is probably found in the bay throughout the year. It is not infrequently caught off the wharves. Specimens were seen on April 20, 1889, and January 15 and February 11, 1890. RHINOBATIDA. Rhinobatus productus Ayres. J. & G. '80, 34; R. Smith ’80; J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '81, 34; id. '82, 876; R. Smith '85, July. Caught off the wharves in spring. Rhinobatus exasperatus Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G. '80, 32; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 458; id. '81; id. '83, 63 and 876; R. Smith '85, July. Common in the bay. Rhinobatus triseriatus Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 458; id., '81, 34; id., '82, 64; R. Smith, '85, July. Not uncommon in the bay. DASYBATIDÆ. Urolophus halleri Cooper. J. & G., '80, 31; R. Smith, '80; J. & G.,'80a, 457; id.,'81, 35; id., '82, 46; R. Smith, '85, July. Very common. Pteroplatea marmorata Cooper. J. & G., '80, 31; K. Smith, '80; J. & G., *80:1, 457; id., '81, 35; id., '82, 47; R. Smith, '85, July. Common. 1892. ] 135 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dasybatis dipterura Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G., '80, 31; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 457; id., '81, 35; id., '83, 48; R. Smith, '85, July. One specimen taken with hook and line in October, 1889; another in a seine November, 1890. MYLIOBATIDÆ. Mybliobatis californicus Gill. J. & G., '80, 31; R. Smith, '80. Common. MANTIDÆ. Manta birostris (Walbaum). No authentic specimens have been recorded from here. Jordan & Gilbert credit it to San Diego on the authority of whalers. Mr. Medina claims to have seen one about five years ago. None of the other fishermen know anything about it. CYPRINIDÆ. Phoxinus orcuttii Eigenmann & Eigenmann. E. & E., 90, 2. This species is very abundant in the Temecula River, at the Temecula station, and in its tributaries. Some specimens were also found at San Bernardino. ALBULİDÆ. Albula vulpes (Linnæus). J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 457; id., '81, 37; id., '82, 258; R. Smith, '85, July. This species has not, at any time during the past year, been abun- dant at San Diego. It is occasionally caught during the summer and early spring. A few specimens were taken September 10 and it was not seen again till December 19, when a single small individual was taken. I have not seen it with ripe sexual elements. CLUPEIDÆ. Clupea mirabilis Girard. (Plate Xi.) J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 457; id., '81, 37; id., '82, 265; R. Smith, '85, July. Eigenmann, Am. Nat., 1, March, 1889. This species entered San Diego Bay September 11, 1889, and no more were seen after February 15, 1890. It spawns probably during the whole time of its stay here, as ripe females were seen the first and last days it was taken. The young have not been observed in the bay during summer. The whole of the catch is sold fresh. On January 3, 1888, a ripe male and a ripe female were procured, and although the fish had been dead some time fertilization was success- 136 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. fully attempted. The eggs are very adhesive, and come from the ovary in long strings. Shortly after they have been deposited they lose their adhesive power, and if they are then freed from the objects to which they have become attached they do not adhere again. The membrane at the time of deposition is greatly shriveled and does not become distended till some time afterwards. The yolk is collected in small spheres; it is grayish while the proto- plasm is yellow and collects at the side of the egg. This fact enables one to trace the formation of the germinal disk quite readily. In an hour the protoplasm is well collected at the ectodermal pole, while proc- esses extend from it over the yolk and others probably in between the yolk spheres. Frequently there is also a slight thickening of proto- plasm over the entodermal pole. The fate of this has not been deter- mined. Fig. 4. One hour and fifty minutes after fertilization one of the eggs began to segment. The segmentation furrow descends slowly, producing slight folds on the surface of the blastomeres on either side of the fur- row. With the descent of the furrow the blastomeres become more and more separated. When the furrow has reached the base of the germi- nal disk it slowly closes up again, the blastomeres becoming closely appressed. At one hour and fifteen minutes from the beginning of the first segmentation the second furrow appears. At one hour and forty- five minutes the third cleavage has been completed in several eggs. (Fig. 15.) It is now seen that the segmentation is not quite symmetrical, and the third cleavage, which invariably leaves eight cells in pelagic eggs in this case, produces five or six or seven as well as eight, and these are not very regularly arranged. This fact is undoubtedly due to the has- tening of the segmentation in some cells and the retardation in others. The development of this species does not differ greatly from that of the shad, and the accompanying figures probably sufficiently illustrate the different stages. The meridian of the embryo comes to lie in a horizontal plane. Two days after fertilization the embryo begins to move and the heart beats. Six days and a half after fertilization one of the membranes was empty, but the fish could not be found. The remaining embryos remained active in the shells five days longer when all of them died. The larvæ or young of this species I have never found. Clupea sagax Jenyns. J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 457; id., '81, 37; id., '82, 265; R. Smith, '85, July. This species enters San Diego Bay about the first of September (large ones were first seen the past season on September 10) and remains till some time in March. Large schools of them found about the wharves. Few are caught in seines, and many of these are are VOL137 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVnot utilized. Some are caught with grab hooks off the wharves, and are sold at 5 cents per dozen. They reach a length of 0.30 m.; but few speci- mens of such size are caught. At times they are in such abundance that bushels of them are left at low tide in the small puddles about piles. Young ones remain in the bay during the summer. The spawning season has not been ascertained. * Perkinsia * othonops R. S. Eigeninam. American Naturalist, February, 1891. One specimen was obtained with hook and line among mackerel in November, 1890. STOLEPHORIDÆ. The members of this family are probably found here throughout the year, but they are certainly much more abundant in spring and sum- mer than in winter (if they are here in winter at all). During spring and summer they furnish a large per cent of the food of all the larger fishes. The species inhabiting San Diego waters may be distinguished by the following key: a. Spindle-shaped, form of Clupea sagax, no silvery lateral band, bluish above, not translucent. A. 22; Head 3. Ova oval. Young more compressed, sides silvery but without well-defined band, not translucent.... ...ringens. aa. Strongly compressed, a silvery lateral band, translucent in life. Head 41. b. A. 23; depth 44. Ova oval... ..delicatissimus. bb. A. 31; depth 31. Ova round.. .compressi8. The pelagic eggs of these species are the most striking feature of the surface fauna in April, May, and June. The oval eggs were first obtained on April 18, and on account of their bizarre appearance were at first set aside as not fish eggs, but the gastrulation soon convinced me that they were. They are so abundant during May that quantities have been obtained simply by several times throwing the skimming net over the water and drawing it in while standing on the float of a boat. house. The oval eggs of delicatissimus, ringens were the first to appear, the round eggs of compressus appear later. The yolk is collected in clear transparent spheres. Stolephorus ringens (Jenyns). (Plate XII). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey x. 334, 1859 (as Engraulis mordar) J. and G., '80, 30; R. Smith '80; J. and G. '80a 457; id. '81, 36; id. '82, 272. R. Smith '87, July; E. and E. Contrib. San Diego Biol., Lab. I, West Am. Scient., June, '89. This is the largest anchovy found at San Diego. It is found in the bay in summer and ranges from the surface to a depth of about 100 fathoms in the ocean off Point Loma. It is found in the stomachs of * This genus is dedicated to the Hon. George C. Perkins, of San Francisco, ex-gov- ernor of California, who has for many years materially aided scientific research in the State of California. 138 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. pelagic species like the albicore and in that of the bottom fishes like the species of Sebastodes. Specimens of this species are even more numerous in the summer in the bay than Clupea sagar in wmter. They swim in large schools and frequently when frightened by large fishes below them or for other reasons the heads of a whole school of them will be thrust out of water. The pelicans at this time dive in among them and catch large numbers. Schools of Tylosurus e.rilis flank them and by sudden darts catch many. They are thus beset on all sides by enemies. They feed on crustacea and larval fishes. I have not definitely decided which of the oval eggs belong to this species and which to delicatissmus. Stolephorus delicatissimus (Girard). (Plate XII.) Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philail. VII, 1851, 151 and Pacific R. R. Survoy x, 325, 1859; J. and G. '80, 30; R. Smith '80, J. and G. '800, 457; id. '81, 38; id. '82, 276; R. Smith, '85, July; E. and E. Contrib). San Diego Biol. Lab., I, West Am. Scient., June, 1889. This species is very abundant in San Diego Bay. I have not deter- mined whether it remains throughout the year or not. It certainly is very common during summer or from March to September. Jordan and Gilbert have found it abundant here in January. DEVELOPMENT OF STOLEPHORUS DELICATISSIMUS AND RINGENS. (Plate XII.) The eggs of these two species differ from most other pelagic eggs in their elongate shape. The eggs are transparent. The yolk is totally segmented. The eggs vary greatly in size and shape, and at first I sup- posed them to be three distinct species. The measurements are 0.81 by 0,57 millimeters, 0.89 by 0.49, and 0.70 by 0.50. Oval eggs which may be referred to this genus have been described by M. Kowalewski,* Wenckebach,t and Raffaele 1 (who correctly identifies them). Agassiz & Whitman & lave described a species of Stolephorus as an Osmerus. The eggs of Osmerus are provided with a peculiar double zona, the outer layer of which is reflexed at the time of spawning, and remains attached to the inner part around the micropyle. These are the most abundant of the pelagic eggs found at San Diego. During their season a number could be procured at any time by throw- * Veber die ersten Entwickelungsprocesse der Knochenfische. Zeitscbr. f. Wis- sensch. Zoöl., 1883. + Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Knochenfische. Arch. Mikr. Anat. XXVIII, 1886. I Le nova galleggianti e le larve dei Teleostei nel golfo di Napoli. Mitth. Zoöi. Stat. Neaple, viii, 1888. ♡ The Development of Osseus Fishes, I. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1885. 1892. ] 139 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing the net from the wharf as far as it would reach and drawing it in again. They were first noticed April 18, 1889, when eight eggs were found. They soon became very abundant and remained so until July. There is but a small water space in the egg membrane, and the germ lies at the end of the longer axis of the egg just beneath the micropyle. The physiological axis of the egg, therefore, corresponds to its longer structural axis. The fertilization and the earliest stages in the segmentation were not observed in any of the pelagic eggs. All the eggs found had evidently been deposited in the evening. The segmentation progresses rapidly, being completed in about eleven hours. At this time the blastoderm rests on the periblast only on its outer margins. The periblast dips deeply into the yolk, leaving a large, concavo-convex-shaped seg. mentation cavity, to the bottom of which cells from the blastoderm sometimes fall (Fig. 1). This is probably the stage termed the “blas- tula" by Ryder. Some time after the infolding of the margin of the blastoderm the segmentation cavity is almost entirely obliterated by the ingrowing cells. The inner margin of the embryonic shield reaches beyond the middle of the blastoderm, and by the time the blastoderm covers half the yolk the embryo extends entirely across the ectodermic end of the yolk (Figs 2 and 3). The anterior and posterior margins of the embryonic ring extend evenly over the yolk and the blastopore closes at the entodermic pole. M. Kowalewski concluded, from several preserved oval eggs, that the posterior margin advanced but little, while the anterior edge moves over the greater portion of the egg, the blastopore closing near the ectodermic pole. It would seeem that such a closing of the blastopore would be somewhat precipitous after the embryonic ring had passed the entodermic pole of the egg. He has superimposed the stages in his possession in a single figure. The latest stage-one about correspond- ing to a stage intermediate between my Figs. 9 and 10-le las drawn upside down, which would bring the closing of the blastopore about where the auditory capsule of my Fig. 10 comes to lie. His first two stages are either pathological (which would account for the eccentric positions of the blastoderm), or the blastodisc in the species studied by him is normally placed to one side of the exact mechanical pole of the egg In the eggs observed by me the tip of the head soon comes to a state of rest while the posterior growing end of the embryo advances over the yolk. The blastopore closes in about eighteen hours. Kupffer's vesicle dis- appears in about twenty-four hours. At the closing of the blastopore the embryo extends somewhat more than half way around the yolk. The embryo hatches in about forty-eight hours and measures 1.79 millimeters. The tail is sharply bent down over the yolk, making almost a right angle with the axis of the body, so that the vigorous 140 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. motion of the tail causes the embryo to revolve around its snout as a pivot. At this time the lateral organs show as four or five hyaline projec- tions on either side of the body. On treating the eggs with Perenyi's fluid just before hatching, the contents of these cells become granular. The embryo contracts and a slender thread, the nervus laterale, can be seen connecting them. Slender roots are also seen extending from these cells to the embryo. The yolk is rapidly reduced in size and the embryo doubles its length in about twenty-four hours. The oldest larva examined is represented in Fig. 14, forty-eight hours after hatching. Pigment does not appear in these eggs or larvæ during the time that they were examined. In the segmented yolk these eggs agree with those of the shad and other physoclistic fishes. Stolephorus compressus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 336, 1859. R. Smith '80; J. and G. '80a., 457; id. '81, 37; id. '82, 276; R. Smith '85, July; E. and E., I. c., June, 1889. Quite common, but not so abundant as ringens or delicatissimus. DEVELOPMENT OF STOLEPHORUS COMPRESSUS. (Plate x, Figs. 1-5). The eggs of this species can readily be distinguished from other pelagic eggs. They are spherical, transparent, without oil globules, and with a totally segmental yolk. They measure 0.76 millimeter. A single egg of this species was found April 24 and is represented in Fig. 1. The next appearance of these eggs was on April 26, when two eggs were found, the one represented in Fig. 2 the other in Fig. 4. The one represented in Fig. 2 hatched in about sixty hours. The time required for hatching was considerably reduced in eggs found later, doubtless owing to the rise in temperature. More eggs were found on June 2, and from June 15 to 25 they were very abundant. On hatching these fishes resemble the other species of Stolephorus, and but little difference can be made out between the species during the first twenty-eight hours after hatching. Up to this time no sign of pigment has appeared. SYNODONTIDÆ. Synodus lucioceps (Ayres). This species is never very abundant at San Diego and has not been recorded from here until the present year. It was first observed by me on September 14, 1889, and it was caught with hook and line and with seines at an average of about one a day till the 17th of December. None were observed after that until February 11, 1890, when a single specimen was taken. It was most abundant during November. VOL141 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVSCOPELIDÆ. Three species of this family were taken at the Cortes banks and three in the neighborhood of San Diego. All were taken from the mouths of Rock Cod. They are not found in the regions inhabited by Rock Cod except on stormy days, and it is only during rough weather, therefore, that they can be procured. The explorations of the Albatross would seem to show that in deep water there lives still another series of this family. The littoral species of this family, known from the Pacific coast of America, may be distinguished by the following key: a. Lat. I. none. Greatly compressed. Scales crenulate... Tarletonbeania E. & E. b. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal peduncle; ventrals reaching half way to 7th anal ray; no spines on caudal peduncle; dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched. Tenua E. & E. bb. Origin of dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal; ventrals not reaching half way to vent; caudal peduncle with three spines above and below; ventral profile more strongly arched than dorsal profile. Crenulare J. & G. aa. Lat. l. present. c. Phosphorescent spots thetaform..... DIAPHUS E. & E. d. Pectorals small, not reaching ventrals, inserted low. D. 11. A. 12. Lat. 1. 34. Head 31; depth 4. Snout blunt. Orbit 3 in head, & in interorbital. Scales entire. A conspicuous phosphorescent spot before each eye... Theta E. & E. cc. Phosphorescent spots normal. e. Scales of lat. I. enlarged.. STENOBRACHIUS E. & E. f. A. 14. . lat. 1. 36. Eye 4 in head, 1 in interorbital. Head 31. D. 13. Light gray, finely dotted with black. Deep forward, decreasing evenly to caudal peduncle, which is 2 in the greatest depth..... Lucopsarum E. & E. ee. Scales of lat. 1. not enlarged. g. Pectoral inserted high. Dorsal not longer than anal.MYCTOPHUM Raf. h. A phosphorescent spot at base of middle caudal rays. Pectoral narrow, reaching origin of anal. Ventrals to the vent. Townsendi E. & E. hh. No phosphorescent spot at base of middle caudal rays. i. Pectoral not reaching second third of ventral. Ventrals to vent. Lat. l. 42...... Californiense E. & E. ii. Pectoral large, broad, reaching vent. Ventrals not to vent. Lat. 1. 38..... Boops Rich. gg. Pectoral small, inserted low, the upper margin scarcely higher than origin of ventrals. Dorsal longer than anal. Eye 4 in head.. CATABLEMELI A Brachychir E. & E. Tarletonbeania tenua Eigenmann and Eigenmann. E. & E., '90, 7. This species is at present known from a single well-preserved speci- men taken off Point Loma. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 41882. Diaphus theta E. & E. E. & E., '90, 4. This species is quite abundant. A single specimen was obtained off Point Loma, December 2, 1889, and a number of specimens on the 28th 142 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. and 29th of January, 1890. It is known from the types only. U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos, 41914 and 41922. In the structure of its phosphorescent spots it stands unique among the North American scopeloids. Stenobrachius leucopsarum E. & E. E. & E., '00, 4. Mycophon va nochi Gilbert. This is the most abundant species found near Point Loma. Speci- . mens can be procured almost any rough day from the mouths of Rock Cod. It has been procured on December A and 27, 1889, and on Jam- ary 28 and 29, 1890. During the last two dates it was quite abundant. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 41916. Myctophum townsendi E. & E. E. & E., '89, 2. This appears to be the most abundant scopeloid on the Cortes Banks, where a number were obtained from the mouths of Rock Cod in July, 1889, just after a heavy "nor'wester.” It is known from the types only. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 41921. Myctophum californiense E. & E. E. & E., '89. This species was procured with II. toronsendi on the Cortes Banks. It is known from the types only. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 41920. Catablemella brachychir E. & E. E. & E., '89, 3; id, '90. This species is known from the specimens taken with the preceding two on the Cortes Banks. In general appearance it does not differ muchi from lyctophum. The position of the pectoral warrants, however, a generic separation. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 41915. SALMONIDÆ. Salmo irideus Gibbons. R. Smith, '80 (Pala); J. & G., '81, 38; id., '82, 312; R. Smith, '85, July. This is one of the three or four species of fresh-water fishes known from the western slope of San Diego County. It is abundant in the streams rising in Smith Mountain and emptying into the San Luis Rey River. It also occurs in the mountain streams east of San Quentin, Lower California. CYPRINODONTIDÆ. Fundulus parvipinnis Girard. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1851., 151, and Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 303, 1859; Giinther, Cat. Fish., VI, 319, 1866; Steind., Ichthyol. Beitr., v, 153, 1875; J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a. 357; id., '81, 12; id. '82, 333; R. Smith, '85, July. Very abundant in the bay of San Diego and Elsinore (fresh) Lake. 1 > Cyrinodon macularins Girard. Specimens of this species were collected by Mr. C. R. Orcutt on the Colorado Desert. Others were collected by Mr. F. Stephens. VOL143 1892. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . MURÆNIDÆ. Sidera mordax (Ayres). J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 357; id. '81, 36; id, '82, 356. R. Smith, '85, July. Not common. Very rare in the bay. I have not collected this species in tide pools. It seems to be com- mon on rocky places of the ocean beach. It was taken in the bay on May 1 and October 15, 1889. BELONIDÆ. Tylosurus exilis (Girard). Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1854, 149, and Pacific R. R. Survey X 158, 1859; Günther Cat. Fish vi, 238; J. & G., '80, 30; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 357; id. 81, 43; id., '82, 374; R. Smith, '85, July. This species is very common in San Diego Bay during April and May, when it swims in schools on the surface. Schools are frequently seen Aanking schools of Anchovies. Ripe or nearly ripe eggs were ob- tained in the middle of April, and in May they flow quite freely. (J. & G. give the spawning season as August.) I have not been able to arti- ficially fertilize the eggs nor have I found them developing naturally. The species is very rare in winter, I did not notice it later than Octo- ber. Jordan & Gilbert procured a specimen in January. On account of its “green backbone” it is not used as food. The egg is large, amber colored, 2.1 mm. in diameter. The zona radiata is pro- vided with long tapering filaments set in basal sheaths. Scomberesox brevirostris Peters. R. E., Am. Nat. 1891, 59. One specimen of this species was procured for me by Mr. Medina during the summer of 1890. Hemirhamphus rosæ Jordan & Gilbert. Swordfish. J. & G. '80, 29; id., Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., III, 1880, 335; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 357; id., '81, 13; id., 82, 376; E. Am. Nat., Feb. '91. This species is common in the bay throughout the year. Like its relative, Tylosurus erilis, it swims in schools of about a dozen on the surface during the early portion of the year and during summer. Dur. ing the latter part of summer and during fall it is not seen, living in deeper water. We have seen schools as early as January 17. It probably spawns early in the year. Young were procured with the surface net during April and May. Exocetus californicus Cooper. R. Smith, '80; J. & G., 80a, 357; id., 'S1, 12; id., '82, 379; R. Smithı, 85, July, E. & E., Notes from San Diego Biol. Lab , I, 1, 1889. This species is not uncommon off Point Loma and on the Cortes Banks during summer. It does not enter the bay and is not caught for the market. 144 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. SYNGNATHIDÆ. I have little to say concerning the members of this family. They are always very abundant, but I have observed them only once or twice while with the seiners, and while skimming for pelagic eggs. Siphosotma punctipinne (Gill). Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1862, 283; J. & G., '81, 69; id., '82, 385; R. Smith, '85, June. Only the types known. > Siphostoma auliscus Swain. R. Smith, '85, June. Common. Siphostoma leptorhynchum Girard. 0 Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 345, 1859. J. & G., '80, 23; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; July, '81, 69; id., '82, 381; R. Smith, '85, June. This is by far the commonest species of pipefish in the bay. Several are always taken in summer with the dredge, while the seine always brings them. Hippocampus ingens Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 343, 1859. J. & G., '80, 23; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 69; id., '82, 386; R. Smith, '85, June. We have never taken this species and have seen no specimens which certainly came from San Diego. It is said to occur about the Coronado Islands. GASTEROSTEIDÆ.* Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard. R. Smith, '85, June. This species has not been observed by us during the year. It was taken by Rosa Smith in Wildcat Cañon, a tributary of the Tia Juana River. MUGILIDA. Mugil cephalus L. Steipd., Ichthyol Britr. III, 58, 1875; J. & G., '80, 29; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., 80a, 457; id., '81, 76; id., '82, 403; R. Smith, '85, July. This species becomes abundant about the middle of February. It then enters the bay and ascends the swollen coast streams. The exact time of spawning has not been determined. One ripe female was reported to us on December 10 by a fisherman, who had never noticed it with eggs at other times. The young remain in the bay throughout the year, and are found chiefly in the sloughs of mud flats. Aulorhynchus flavidus (Gill) has been described to be by fishermen. I have not seen it. VOL145 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XATHERINIDÆ. Menidia tenuis (Ayres). J. & G., '80, 29; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 13; id., '82, 403; R. Smith, '85, July; E. & E. '89a. This species was observed from August to December. Jordan & Gilbert procured it in January. We have not seen it during spring and suinmer. It is not frequently brought into the markets. Atherinopsis californiensis Girard. (Plate XIII.) Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 103, 1859. J. & G., '80, 29; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 44; id., '82, 409; R. Smith, '85, July; Eigenmann, Am. Nat., March, 1889. During its season this is one of the important food fishes of San Diego. It reaches San Diego the latter part of August, although but few enter the bay before November. It becomes abundant in October and remains so through January. The exact date of its disappearance has not been determined; large individuals have been seen as late as February 24. Some females are with ripe spawn as early as the begin- ning of November and others do not spawn till the middle of February, and farther north the spawning season is still later. Ripe females have been observed by us at San Pedro in March, and others in the San Francisco markets as late as May. During January and February the young of this species occur in enormous numbers along the muddy beaches of the bay, and a pail of water dipped at random frequently contains a dozen or more of them. I have succeeded in artificially fertilizing this species, but have not succeeded in hatching the eggs. I have not found the eggs in their natural position. The stages reached by the eggs artificially fertilized and the larvæ dredged enable me to give a tolerably complete outline of the embryonic and larval stages of this species. The eggs and milt of this species were taken from living fish and arti- ficially fertilized at 4 p. m., December 31, 1889. The zona radiata of this, as in all other species of the Atherinidze, is provided with long filaments which taper slightly toward the tip; at the base they are expanded into a broad hollow disk, a projection of the zona a fitting into the hollow of the filament. (Pl. XIII.) There are about ten of these filaments, and they are scattered evenly over the whole surface of the zona. In the green eggs they are closely coiled as parallels of lati- tude, being less regularly coiled at the poles. In the ripe eggs they are uncoiled, and the green ones can therefore be readily separated. At the time the eggs are deposited a large number of globules are scat- tered over the yolk; these, however, soon collect in two groups, one at the top of the egg and one at or near the entodermic poles. Very frequently the eggs assume such a position that their axes are Proc. N. M, 92-10 146 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. horizontal. The micropyle can, in these cases, most usually be found and the formation of the blastodisk observed. In pelagic eggs, in which the blastodisk invariably forms on the lower surface of the yolk, its formation might in part be explained by gravi. tation; not so in Atherinopsis and Ciupea, where it forms at the side of the yolk. In later stages it is seen that this is the normal position of the germ, for even if one succeeds in bringing it to the top of the egg, the egg slowly rotates, the oil globules changing position until the germ lies again at the margin. The process of the formation of the germ dif- fers considerably from that in Clupea. After the water space is formed a contraction begins near the ectodermal pole and travels to that pole. This is repeated rythmically. One series or one of the waves is repre. sented in Figs. 2–7. In Fig. 2 the contraction has begun; in Fig. 5 it has reached its culmination, and in Fig. 7 it has ended and another is about to begin. The first cleavage is completed after about three hours and twenty- five minutes from fertilization; twenty minutes afterward four cells are formed. The sixteen-cell stage is reached in four hours forty-five minutes; thirty-two cells are formed five hours and ten minutes afterward. The first horizontal furrow was noticed after six hours, and the “blastula" (Fig. 12) after twenty-eight hours. This figure is seen but a very short time; it is apparently formed by the sinking of the yolk below the cen- ter of the blastoderm. Cells from the overlying blastoderm frequently fall to the bottom of this segmentation cavity. The cavity is appar- ently obliterated by the settling down of the cells overlying it; imme- diately after its disappearance the blastoderm spreads and its margins begin to be infolded. At this stage periblast nuclei are very abundant and extend over half the yolk; twelve hours afterward they have ap- parently decreased in number and are much larger in size. The blastopore closes after about eighty hours. Kupffer's vesicle ap- pears on the fourth day, the heart on the seventh; on the twelfth the em- bryos move vigorously; on the sixteenth day pigment spots appear on the top of the head and along the median line of the back. At this stage the embryos died, but the further developement may be gathered from the accompanying figures of larvae procured by skimming with the surface net. Atherinops affinis (Ayres). Top smelt. J. & G. '80, 29; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 156; id. '81, 13; id., 82, 109. This species is found in San Diego Bay throughout the year. It is abundant through winter and spring, but is not esteemed as highly as the smelt. Large numbers are taken with seines. They spawn in May and June. The larvae are abundant in the bay, but its development has not been traced. From their habit of keeping near the surface, espe- cially surrounding offal, they are termed Top Smelt. VOL147 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, XV 94 :] . . SPHYRÆNIDÆ. Sphyræna argentea Girard. Barracuda. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x 39, 1859; Steind. Ichthyol., Beitr., vii, 1, 1878. J. & G., '80, 29; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id. '81, 44; id. '82, 41; R. Smith, '85. E. Zoe, April, '90. This is one of the most important food fishes of the whole of southern California. In summer it is abundant on the whole coast of California from Monterey south warıl, but it is probably more abundant southward than in the neighborhood of Monterey. During the winter it disappears from the coast of California, but is taken on the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. It probably migrates bodily southward, but stray individuals undoubtedly remain in the waters of southern California throughout the year, for two or three days of exceptionally fine weather invariably brings them into the market. It is likely that these stray individuals live in deep water during the winter, and come to the surface on bright days. It is quite possible, though not probable, that a great part of those disappearing descend to deeper water. The fact that they are taken only by the troll or by gill nets sufficiently explains why they should not be caught in deep water. Their movements have been watched through an entire season at San Diego, and as these observations may be valuable to serve as a basis for comparison, they may be stated here. During January, 1890, none were seen. During February, 1890, four were taken on the 7th, one on the 11th, and two on the 28th. All these dates were at the end of a succession of days of exceptionally fine weather. On March 1, 1890, two were taken. On March 26, 1889, a few were caught, and on the following day they were abundant and remained so, with occasional lapses, throughout the summer. beginning of July they were with ripe spawn. During September few were taken, but on the 29th, 30th, and 31st of October they were again abundant. On November 6 one was taken, on the 7th another, on the 15th one young one was caught with a hook in the bay, and on the 18th another young one was brought from off Point Loma. On the 16th of December, one young individual, evidently of the preceding summer's spawning, was taken in the bay, and on the 30th a large one was caught off Point Loma. The adult never or very rarely enter the bay, but in spring the young, those not yet a year old and measuring about a foot in length, enter the bay in large schools, and are then destroyed in quantities with seines or Chinese bag nets. About San Diego the troll is the only means used in catching them. It is simply a piece of white rag, or, more commonly, a fragment of bone, to which a hook is lashed. One or more of these is dragged be- hind a boat made usually after the pattern of the Columbia River sal- mon boats. The amount of the catch depends largely on the wind. A 148 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. slack wind, even when barracuda are abundant, briags but few fish. The largest catch reported for a single day is 1,100 by one boat with two men. Rarely more than 40 are taken. They average from 6 to 12 pounds, and from 24 to 4 feet in length, and retail at 10 cents apiece. Large numbers are salted and dried. About Monterey they are taken with the gill net. In 1890 the first individuals reached Monterey on March 10. Like most of the surface and shore food fishes the barracuda feeds chiefly on the anchovy (Stolephorus ringens). Among Mrs. Eigenmann's notes is the following: S. argentea 8 to 12 inches long, abundant about San Diego steamship wharf, where they were taken by trolling, May 17, 1885, ECHENEIDIDÆ, Remora remora (Linnæus). E, & E. '89a. This species is common in summer when sharks abound. It is usually attached to Sphyrna zygana. On other sharks it has not been observed. XIPHIIDÆ. (Xiphias gladius Linnæus). E, & E. '89a. This species has never, to my knowledge, been brought into the mar. kets of San Diego. I have observed it on the Cortes Banks, as well as farther north ward. SCOMBRIDÆ. Scomber colias Gmelin. Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. III, 53, 1875; Scomber pneumatophorus, J. & G., '81, 45; id. '82, 424; R. Smith, '85; E. & E. '89. This species is quite abundant at San Diego. During August sev- eral fishermen reported large schools off Point Loma, and the bay was literally full of tinkers. They are caught in seines and with hook and line. One boy caught, in the latter way, one hundred and eighty tink- ers in one hour. The tinkers enter the bay in August and become very abundant in September and October. They decrease in number during December. During February, 1890, none were seen, but stragglers were taken in March and May, 1889. At present this fish is of little importance at San Diego.* Very few large ones are taken and those are usually caught while fishing for other fish. The tinkers afford sport to many idlers on the wharves, but otherwise little use is made of them. At Monterey they are abundant during June, and at times bring a high price. They are taken with the gill net at Monterey, a mode of fishing scarcely in use at San Diego. *Since this was written a cannery was established and many fishermen make it a business to catch mackerel with hook and line off Ballast Point. VOL149 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. my, . ] . XVGreen eggs of August 16 measure 0,66 mm. They have an amber- colored oil globule 0.24 mm. in diameter. Sarda chilensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). J. & G. '80, 27; R. Smith '80; J. & G., '804, 456, id. 81, 45; id. '82, 428; R. Smith '85; E. &. E. '89. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X. 106, 1859 (as Pelamys lineolata). This species is very common off Point Loma. Many more are taken than can be disposed of fresh. It is usually found in schools and ap- parently migrates with the barracuda. It is probably found here throughout the year, but none were recorded in April or June. It was very abundant from July to December, 1889. Toward the latter and early part of the year the young occasionally enter the bay. On Jan- uary 4, 1890, a few were taken and one young one on the 30th. On February 28, six were taken; during March of 1890, four small ones were taken on the 1st, while they were abundant and with free flowing milt on the 27th of March, 1889. Orycnus alalonga (Gmelin). E. & E., '89. This species is abundant off the coast in summer. into the market. It is never brought Gymnosarda pelamys (Linnæus). E. & E., '90, 8. This is said to be common off Point Loma, but only on two occasions were any brought into the San Diego market, i. e., on October 31 and December 15, 1889. Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich). R. Smith, '85; E. & E., '89. This species is never abundant at San Diego. The first ones of 1889 arrived on July 3, and while it was sometimes quite common, especially among the catch with hook and line on the wharf, it never reached any economic importance. On January 4, 1890, a few young ones were taken in the bay; later it was not observed. It is found in San Fran- cisco in May, and large ones are sold in September. Caranx chrysus caballus Giinther. Trachurus boops Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 108, 1859. This species is recorded from San Diego by Girard. We have not seen it. Seriola dorsalis Gill. Yellow tail. R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; J. & G., '81, 46. This large species is quite abundant off Point Loma, but it rarely enters the bay. It is taken by the barracuda boats. It is not very highly esteemed and never brings over 25 cents apiece. It arrived 150 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. use in 1889, on April 30, and was found throughout the rest of the year. It was quite abundant on Cortes Banks in August, but no was made of it except as bait. It migrates southward towards winter and decreases in abundance during November. Stragglers like those of the Spanish mackerel enter the bay late in the season. During De- cember, 1889, it was taken on the following dates: 11th, 16th, 19th, 30th. On the 11th, one was taken in the bay; on the 19th, one was taken off Point Loma, and on the 30th, three were taken. During Jan- uary and February of 1890 none were seen. Jordan & Gilbert (1881) state that it spawns in July and August. STROMATEIDÆ. Stromateus simillimus (Ayres). Pompano. R. Smith, '80; J. & G. '80a, 456; id., '81, 46; id., '82, 451; R. Smith, '85, July. Though common at times this fish is not of such importance here as at San Francisco. In San Francisco it brings from 25 cents to $1.25 per pound. In San Diego it sells at 3 cents. It arrives at San Diego in May, the first ones observed being on May 16. Another one was taken on June 1. This was a male with ripe milt. During August and September it was quite abundant, being chietly taken with hook and line off wharves. It is not caught outside. During December only a few young ones were caught. During January of 1890 a few more and on February 21 one more young one was taken. SERRANIDÆ. Paralabrax clathratus (Girard). Kelp Bass; Sand Bass. Girard. Pacific R. R. Survey, Vol. x, 35, 1859; Steind., Ichthyol. Beitr., III, 1, 1875; J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 47; id., '82, 535; R. Smith, '85, July; E. & E., '89. The young of this species are abundant in the bay. The old are rarely, if ever, seen in the bay. They are taken in 15 to 50 fathoms of water with Rock Cod. It is not so frequently brought into the markets as the other species of the genus. Paralabrax maculofasciatus (Steindachner). Rock Bass. Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitr., III, 1, 1875; J. & G.,'80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 156; id., '81, 416; id., '82, 536; R. Smith, '85, July; Am. Nat., Feb. 1891, tigures. This species is a permanent resident in the bay. It was especially abundant during fall and early winter. The eggs of this species, like those of the next, are pelagic, colorless, transparent, 0.75 to 0.81 milli- meter in diameter. There is in each case a single colorless globule. The eggs of Paralabrax maculofasciatus were first observed on June 25. They were next observed on August 10, and were occasionally 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 151 found throughout the remainder of August. The blastopore closes in about eighteen hours, and the embryo is freed in about thirty-eight hours. On hatching the embryo measures 1.7 millimeters, the yolk sack 0.65 millimeter. At the time of the closing of the blastopore a few color cells are scat- tered over the yolk near the oil globule; a yellow pigment is pretty evenly distributed along the sides of the embryo. This yellow pigment shortly becomes collected in well-defined areas along either side of the embryo, and at the time of hatching there is a mass of cells at the snout, one behind cach eye, one behind cach auditory capsule, four just behind the yolk sac, and two or three on the anterior half of the tail. A few black cells are scattered along the back. These cells soon be- come dendritic to such an extent that there is little similarity between the larva at hatching and twelve hours afterward. At the time of hatching the larva measures 1.7 millimeters, the yolk sac 0.65 millimeter. The oil globule, as in nebulifer and atrarius, is embedded in the anterior end of the yolk. The color cells in the case of P. maculofasciatus do not, as in the cases of Sciæna and Hypsopsetta, all become free. Sketches of this species were made a few moments apart (see Am. Nat., February, 1891). The color cells are first noted when the gastrula covers about two-thirds of the yolk. At this time no pigment is deposited in them and only those which are freed from the embryonic shield can be distinguished. Very few of the cells ever become freed from the shield and all those that are freed are destined for the oil globule. The great majority of color cells remain attached to the margins of the shield. They migrate, however, as is seen in their shortly aggregating in definite regions of the body. Paralabrax nebulifer (Girard). Rock Bass. Steindachner, Ichthyol. Beitr., III, 1, 1875; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 47; id., '83, 536; R. Smith, '85, July; E. Am. Nat., Feb. 1891, figures. This species is found in the bay with the preceding. But two eggs of this species were observed, one on June 25 and the other on August 26. In this species only black pigment cells are formed. The embryo is freed from the membrane in thirty-six hours and measures 22 millimeters; the yolk sack measures 1.3 millimeters. On the boily the black cells are confined to the dorsal surface, while on the tail they are more uniformly distributed. The oil globule is situ- ated at the anterior end of the yolk. Stereolepis gigas Ayres. Black Sea Bass. J. & G., '80, 27; R. Sunith, '80; J. & G., '80, 456; id., ?81, 47;id., '82,531; R. Smith, '85, July; E. & E., '89. I am not certain whether this species is migratory or not, but am inclined to believe it is. It is not very abundant, but a number can always be taken, at least in certain seasons, by using the proper gear 152 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. and bait. They seem always to accompany the white fish and these fish are consequently used as bait. Several were brought into the market, but the dates were not kept. In July several were taken on Cortes Banks while others were taken near Point Loma in October and November, 1889. SPARIDÆ. Xenistius californiensis (Steindachner). Raspers. Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr, 111, 3, 1875; E. & E. '89a. Until recently this fish was very rare. On May 20 one was taken in a seine, and the fishermen stated that it was occasionally found. During August and September large numbers were caught with hook and line. The last one was taken November 9. Anisotremus davidsoni (Steindachner). Steind. Icthyol. Beitr. III, 6, 1875; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 456; id. '81, 47; id., '82, 531; R. Smith '85, June. This species is found in the bay from April to November. None were observed between November 9, 1889, and March, 1890. The first one of 1889 arrived April 20. It is quite common during its season, al- though few records were made of it. It is a food fish of some value and is caught in seines and with hook and line. Girella nigricans (Ayres). J. & G. '80, 28; R. Smith ’80: J. & G. '80a, 456; id., '81, 47; id., '82, 560; R. Smith '85, June; E. & E. '89. This is a permanent resident among the rocks of the ocean shore, and just within the entrance of the bay. It is rarely taken by the seiners on account of the impossibility to draw the net where they reside. On April 17 a number of ripe males were taken. Cæsiosoma californiense (Steindachner). Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. III, 19, 1875; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80, 456; id., '81, 47; id. '82, 562; R. Smith, '85, June. This species is very probably a permanent resident. It is very rare. . Those seen were taken among the piles of the ferryslips and wharves, and if this should be their habitual abiding place the fact that they are not more frequently taken would be explained. It is of no economic importance. On May 3d a male with ripe milt was procured. SCIANIDÆ. Roncador stearnsi (Steindachner). Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. III, 22, 1875; J. & G. '80, 28; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 456; id., '81, 49; id., '82, 572; R. Smith '85, June. This is an important food fish which is only occasionally absent from the bay. During January, 1889, none were taken in the bay, VOL 153 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . XVwhile on December 18th, 1889, 400 pounds were caught with one hanl of the seine, and on January 10, 1890, they were again abundant. Dur- ing the summer they do not go in schools. Those caught on December 18, 1890, were said to have been burrowing with their blunt snouts for a small mollusk (Empidonax) on which they largely subsist. Sciæna saturna (Girard). The Croaker. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey x, 98, 1859; J. & G. '80, 28; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 456; id., '81, 49; id., '82, 572; R. Smith, June, '85. This is an important food fish. It is migratory. The males, which are then quite black, enter the bay as early as January (28 and 29, 1890), and by the middle of February and March it is common. The last one was observed September 24. Ripe males were seen March 27 and ripe females the two months fol- lowing. Eggs were skimmed from May 2. Evenings while skimming over the breeding grounds their frog-like croaking could be heard on all sides. The eggs of this species are remarkably like those of a founder (Hypsopsetta) and it is only after a time that they can certainly be told apart. It is not unlikely that several species of pelagic eggs have been confounded with this one, as eggs supposed to be these were taken from May to the middle of August. If this should be the case they probably belong to the other species of this family, the eggs of which have not yet been described. The eggs are transparent, 0.78 millimeter in diameter, and have from two to eight oil.globules, which, in late stages, are united into one. The eggs can best be distinguished from those of Hypsopsetta by the method of the formation of the chromatophores. These are formed along the entire embryonic ring in this species and appear quite early. The time required for hatching, if indeed all the eggs referred to this species belong to it, varies greatly with the temperature, the longest time being forty-eight hours, the shortest eighteen. In those hatching earlier the yolk is not as much reduced as in the others, and the tail is not quite as long. The young of this species were figured in the American Naturalist for February, 1891, Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres). E. & E., '89a. This species entered the bay in large numbers in December (27), 1890. During the latter part of January ripe females were obtained. None were seen after February 3. The eggs are pelagic 0.71 millimeters in diameter and have an oil globule 0.18 millimeters in diameter. It is caught with the seine and with hook and line. 154 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. Umbrina roncador Jordan & Gilbert. R. Sinith, '80 (as U. xanti); J. and G., '80a, 456; ill., '81, 48; id., '82, 576; R. Smith, '85, June. This species was abundant in the bay at various times between May (25) and January. It is taken with the seine. Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard). Girard Pacific R. R. Survey x, 101, 1859; Steind, Ichthyol. Beitr. III, 21, 1875; J. & G., '80, 28 as (M. elongatus); R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; ill., '81, 48; id., '82, 578; R. Smith, '85, June. Migratory. This species was, with the preceding, abundant at times between July and January. On January 9, 1890, one was taken in the bay; on February 11 another. On February 19, 1890, a boatloaıl of this species and of Cynoscion parripinne was brought by Chinese fisher- men from lower California. Cynoscion nobile (Ayres). R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; ii., '81, 48; id., '82, 579; R. Smith, *85, June. Migratory. This species entered San Diego Bay in April (26) and remained till November. Those in the bay are all young specimens less than 600 millimeters long. They are taken with the seine and with hook and line. Larger ones, reaching 1.2 meters, are occasionally (No. vember 7, 1889,) taken off Point Loma. Either this species or the next were reported to have ascended a stream produced by the waste water of the Sweetwater dam. It was brought to the San Francisco market May 2, 1890. Cynoscion parvipinne Ayres. J. & G., '80, 28 as (C. magdalena); R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 48; id., '82, 580; R. Smith, '85, June. This species probably enters the bay with the preceding species, being also migratory. The first individual was seen March 21, 1889, the last December 30. Seriphus politus Ayres. R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80:1, 456; ill., '81, 48; id., '82, 582; R. Smith, '85, June. Migratory. This species is said by Jordan to be abundant during summer about Santa Cruz. It does not reach San Diego till September (10, 1889), and is abundant at least till March. The time of its disap- pearance has not been determined, as it was not seen in the spring of 1889. GERRIDÆ. Gerres cinereus Walbaum. R. S. E., Am. Nat., 1891, 156. One specimen of this species was taken by Mr. Medina during the summer of 1890. Mr. Medina preserved the specimen for me, but the exact date was not kept. VOL155 1892PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . . . XVEMBIOTOCIDÆ. The members of this family are probably all permanent residents, From their abundance they are important fishes. Those taken outside are, as a rule, of much better flavor than those taken in the bay. Some of the species habitually live in the surf of the ocean beaches, while others habitually live in the bay. Since their discovery these fishes have been of great interest on account of their most pronounced viviparity. Several papers have dealt especially with the embryology, but no one has hitherto been able to study the early stages. The early stages of all of them occur in December or thereabout. The older individuals are with ripe eggs earlier in the season than the younger, so that in species like Amphistichus argenteus where there are three distinct sizes of individuals, there are three distinct periods when the eggs mature, with an interval of about a month between two of these periods. The embryology of the members of this family will be treated in a separate paper. Owing to the fact that these fishes are permanent residents, few notes on their occurrence were made. Some are always found in the market, and many are thrown away when caught. Abeona minima (Gibbons.) J. & G., '80, 28; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 51; id., '82, 587; R. Smith, '85, June. This species is very abundant in the cel grass near tide marks in the bay. The females are much larger than the males but none reach a size to warrant bringing them to the market. The eggs of this species can be procured in December, January, and February. With those of cymatogaster they are the smallest fish eggs known, the yolk being scarcely developed. Brachyistius frenatus Gill. R. Smith, '85, June. Very rare, only a single specimen seen (May 29, 1890). Cymatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. Shiner. J. & G., '80, 28; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 51; id., '82, 590; R. Smith, '85, June; Eigenmann, Am. Nat. Mch. 89, 107; E. & E., West Am. Scientist, June, 1889. This is even more abundant than Abeona minima. It is found with it, but also along the beaches of the bay and about the piles of wharves, especially during the breeding season. It is rarely brought into the market, and then only when mixed with other species. 156 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. Hyperprosopon argenteum Gibbons. Wall-eyed Perch. J. & G., '80, 28 (as Hyperprosopon arcuatum); R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 50; id., '82, 591; R. Smith, '85, June. Very abundant in the bay; it is caught with seines and frequently brought to the market; but little esteemed, and is of little economic importance. Holconotus rhodoterus Agassiz. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 195, 1859; E. & E., 90, 9. Only a single specimen taken. It was found with A. argenteus in the ocean surf, January 10, 1890. > Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz. Surf Perch. J. & G., '80, 28; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 456; id., '81, 50; id., '82, 593; R. Smith, '85, June. This species is one of the most abundant. It never enters the bay, being always found in the surf of the ocean beaches. It is the best flavored of the perches but is rarely caught for its own sake. When the smelt (Atherinopsis californiensis) arrives and before it enters the bay the fishermen seine for it on the ocean beaches and frequently catch quantities of this species. At other times of the year it is not found in the markets. Those caught could readily be divided into three grades, according to their size. The largest ones contained de- veloping eggs the middle of November, the next in size the middle of December and the third were not yet mature when they stopped coming into the market the 7th of January. This species is frequently caught with hook and line in the surf; the great bulk of those so caught are males. They feed on the crustaceans which burrow in the sandy beaches and follow the breakers to procure their food. This is the most prolific of the species found at San Diego. It con- tains as many as fifty young, while the other species would scarcely average more than twelve. Hypsurus caryi (Agassiz). R. Smith, '80. This species has not been observed by me. Embiotoca jacksoni Agassiz. Black or Blue Perch. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 171 and 173, 1859 (as E. cassidii and E. webbi); J. & G., '80, 28; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., ’80a, 456; id., '81, 50; id., '82, 595; R. Smith, '85, June. Very common in the bay. Not very highly esteemed, and of no great economic importance. Phanerodon laterale Agassiz. Girard, Pacitic R. R. Survey, X, 176, 1859 (as E. ornata); R. Smith, '85, June. Very rare. VOL157 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVPhanerodon atripes Jordan & Gilbert. E. & E., 89a. Only one specimen known; from the Cortes Banks. It is the com- monest species of Monterey Bay but does not reappear on the coast to the south, between Monterey and the Cortes Banks, Phanerodon orthonotus E. & E. E, & E., '89. Only one specimen known; from the Cortes Banks. Phanerodon furcatum Girard." J. & G., '80, 28; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 156; id., '81, 50; id., '82, 596; R. Smith, '85, June. One of the commonest species in the bay and not rare on rocky places of the ocean coast. On account of its exterior appearance it is more highly prized than E. jacksoni, though scarcely a better fish. It is almost daily brought into the market, especially when flounders, the various bass and the various croakers are scarce. Rhacochilus toxotes Agassiz. E. & E., '89a. Rare, or else living in places where little fishing is done. It was noticed once during February. Damalichthys argyrosomus Girard. E. & E. '90, 9. This species was moderately abundant between November and March. It was not seen during summer. LABRIDÆ. Trochocopus pulcher (Ayres). J. & G., '80, 29; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 455; id., '81, 51; id., '82, 602; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89. This species is very abundant in all rocky places of moderate depth outside the bay. It never enters the bay. Large quantities are some- times dried by the Chinese but otherwise it is of little importance. It is a rather coarse fish and on account of its uncouth appearance it is not in general favor. It is abundant on Cortes Banks, and a quantity was salted by the Azalene. Platyglossus semicinctus (Ayres). Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr., V., 151, 1876; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89. Not common, and but rarely entering the bay. It was noticed but once or twice in the market. Ripe eggs were obtained in mid August. They measure .66–70 milli- meters. They are transparent, and possess a single oil globule .14-16 millimeters in diameter. * This species is in all probability identical with P. atripes. 158 FISIES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN, Pseudojulis modestus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 161, 1859; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89. Common in the kelp and generally outside. It rarely, if ever, enters the bay, and is rarely brought to the market. It is quite abundant at . Cortes Banks, and is not an unimportant item of the food of larger fishes. POMACENTRIDÆ. Pomacentrus rubicundus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, X, 161, 1859; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80 a, 455; id., '81, 52; R. Smith, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 652; J. & G., '82, 610; R. Smith, '85, June. Common at rocky ocean beaches. The adult of this species has never been seen in the bay. A few young, in which the bright blue had alınost all given place to the bright red of the adult, were taken in the bay and held at fabulous prices. It is not used as food, the only place where they abound being reserved, so visitors may enjoy seeing them. Rosa Smith records it (unpublished notes) as being caught in lobster pots. Chromis punctipinnis Cooper. > R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80, 455; id., '81, 52; id., '82, 611; R. Smith, '85, June, E. & E., '89a. Seen but once, the single specimen taken from the stomach of a rock cod caught on Cortes Banks. EPHIPPIDÆ. Chætodipterus faber zonatus (Girard). Not seen by us nor at any time by Rosa Smith. LATILIDÆ. Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns). The Whitefish. 3 J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80 (as C. anomalus); J. & G., 80a, 455; id., '81, 53; id., '82, 625; R. Smith, '85, June; E & E., '89. This is probably a permanent resident. The fishermen say that winter is their principal season, though the catch during the past winter was light. It was common on Cortes banks during July and August, and during the first half of October off Point Loma. But few were taken in September and December, but during November and January it was again abundant. During April, May, and June I did not notice it, a fact which does not prove its absence, however. The majority of those caught are sold fresh. The Azalene salted many. For some reason the flesh of this fish is frequently bitter and disagreeable and possesses a peculiar smell when quite fresh. The fish- ermen attribute it to the breaking of the gall-bladder in cleaning. I have proved that this is not the case. VOL159 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVGOBIIDE. The members of this family are all small and not at present used for food by man in the San Diego region. They play a most important role in fish economy, since, next to the species of Stolephorus, they probably furnish the largest share of food for the fishes of the bay. The species have been discussed in Zoe for May, 1890. Gobius nicholsi Bean. I have not taken this species. Dr. Gilbert informs me that it is quite abundant in deep water off Point Loma. Lepidogobius gilberti E. & E. E. & E., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 461; Eigenmann, Zoe, May, 1890. This species is less abundant than the preceding, with which it is sometimes associated. Most of the specimens known were dug out of the sand near La Playa. It spawns early in May. Lepidogobius y-cauda (J. & E.). (Plate Xiv, Fig. 6.) E. & E., '90, 11; Eigenmann, Zoe, May, 1890. This species is found in tide pools nearer low-water mark than Cleve- landia. It is not very abundant. Clevelandia longipinnis (Steindachner). (Plate xiv, Fig. 5.) E. & E., ’90, 10; Eigenmann, Zoe, May, 1890. This is the most abundant fish in the bay. It is found in great abundance in all the little pools left on mud flats by the receding tide. Like most other species of this family found about San Diego it hides in holes in the mud or sand as soon as disturbed. Gillichthys mirabilis Cooper. (Plato xv, Fig. 12.) Gilbert, Proc. L. S. Nat. Mus. J. & G., '80, 25; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., ?80a, 455; id., '81, 53; id., '82, 636; R. Smith, '85, Juve; E. & E., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 463 (as G. toucnsendi); Zoe, May, 1890. Very abundant in the sloughs of mud flats. During summer they bite voraciously at all bait offered, especially during the incoming tide. Toward their spawning season they retire to their respective crab holes, and no morsel, be it ever so tempting, will lure them forth. They first spawn at San Diego about the end of March. The young are very active, jumping several times their own length if left dry in a watch crystal. It is the largest of the gobies found about San Diego. Typhlogobius californiensis Steindachner. (Plates XV and xviii.) Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr., VIII, 23, 1879; R. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 19, as Othonops eos; J. & G., '81, 53; id., ’82, 639; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., West. Am. Scientist, June, 1889; Eigenmann, Zoe, May, 1890. Abundant at Point Loma under rocks between tide marks. The most remarkable of the gobies is undoubtedly the blind one inhab. 160 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. a iting the crab holes under rocks at Point Loma. It has been found no- where else about San Diego, but has been taken at Ensenada. Its hab- itat is, as far as known, quite limited. In its piuk color and general appearance it much resembles the blind fishes inhabiting the caves of southern Indiana. Its peculiarities are doubtless due to its habits. The entire bay region is inhabited by a carideoid crustacean which bur- rows in the mud. It, like the blind fish, is pink in color. Its holes in the bay are frequented by Clevelandia, etc., while at the base of Point Loma, where the waves sometimes dash with great force, the blind fish is its associate. On rough days few fish are seen, though ever so many stones are overturned, a task rendered somewhat laborious and bad for the fingers by the numerous worn tubes, etc., attached to the rocks. On mild days, on the contrary, with very low tides, quantities are found, and almost invariably in company with one of the crustaceans mentioned above. Sometimes the fishes live quite out of water on the damp gravel and sand under a rock, but more frequently small pools of water fill all the depressions under the rocks, and the fishes swim rapidly away in their attempt to hide in the crab holes, several of which always brauch from the cavity in which the rock has lain. In the bay the gobies habitually live out of the holes, into which they descend only when they are frightened, while at Point Loma this species never leaves its subterranean abode, and to this fact we must attribute its present condition.. How long these fishes have lived after their present fashion it would be hard to conjecture. The period which would produce such decided structural changes can not be a brief one. The scales have entirely dis- a appeared, the color has been reduced, the spinous dorsal has been greatly reduced; not only have the eyes become stunted, but the whole frontal region of the skull, and the optic nerves have been profoundly changed. The skin, and especially that of the head, has become highly sensi- tized. The skin of the snout is variously folded and puckered, and well supplied with nerves; the nares are situated at the end of a fleshy pro- tuberance which projects well forward, just over the mouth. At the chin are various short tentacles and a row of papillæ, which very prob- ably bear sensory bairs similar to those represented in Figs. 15 and 16 (plate VIII), extends along each ramus of the lower jaw, and along the margin of the lower limb of the preopercle. The eye is, however, the part most seriously affected. In the young, Fig. 7, it is quite evident, and is apparently functional. Objects thrust in front of them are always perceived, but the field of vision is quite limited. With age the skin over the eyes thickens, and the eyes are scarcely evident externally. As far as I could determine they do not see at this time, and certainly detect their food chiefly, if not altogether, by the sense of touch. A hungry individual will swim over meats, fish or a mussel, ܙ vo1892. 161 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. etc., intended for its food without perceiving it by sight or smell, but as soon as the food comes in contact with any portion of the skin, espe- cially of the head region, the sluggish movements are instantly trans- formed, and a stroke of the fins brings the mouth immediately in position a for operations. I have not been able to raise the fishes from the egg. The youngest individual ever seen is represented in Fig. 7.* In this specimen the mem- branes of the fins were thin, the color cells were well formed and ar- ranged not unlike those of the young Gillichthys, Fig. 12. Its movements were similar to those of the other gobies, and not at all sluggish like those of the adult. The favorite position is a standing or sitting one with the broad pectorals extending out at right angles to the body. In this position the fish can, with a sudden stroke of its pectorals, move quickly and rapidly. In the old the fins are thick and smaller in pro- portion, and all the vivacity seems to have disappeared. The color has degenerated, or at least not developed in proportion to the growth of the fish. The minute structure of the eye was not examined. It will be described in another paper. The eye and optic nerve have been isolated by treatment with 20 per cent nitric acid, and by simple dissection of alcoholic specimens. The lens is large in proportion to the size of the eye, which does not materially differ in size in the smallest and largest specimens examined. The optic nerve is very slender and long as com- pared with that of any of the other gobies. All the gobies are tenacious of life, especially the blind one. Several of the latter have been kept in a half-gallon jar for several weeks with- out change of water, and others have been kept several months in con- finement in my laboratory. When the water becomes somewhat stale they frequently rise to the surface and use the surface of the water as a plane to which they attach themselves by means of their ventrals. It was my intention to study the development of the eyes, etc., of this fish, and with this end in view I kept many specimens alive and made frequent trips to Point Loma to procure fresh individuals in order that too long confinement might not have impaired the reproductive func- tion. They spawn in the latter part of May and June, but I have not found the eggs in nature. Those deposited in confinement would not develop, and attempts at artificial fertilization of freshly-caught indi- viduals were not successful. An absence from San Diego prevented * During the summer of 1891 Mr. L. C. Bragg, of Coronado, found the eggs attached to the lower surfaces of the rocks under which the fish live. He kindly gave me several specimens from which the drawings of plate A, xviii were made. The zona is seen in nature to expand enormously and become club-shaped. In this chamber the young are able to live long beyond the ordinary hatching period of fishes. The eggs are attached to the rocks in a single layer by the network of threads surrounding the inicropyle. The eyes develop normally, and those of Fiy. 4 differ in no way from the eyes of other fish embryos. This offers a most striking example of degeneration. The minute structure of these larval eyes will be described by one of my students. Proc. N. M. 92—11 162 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. me from visiting their habitat during July, and in August the tides were not favorable. The earliest date at which I procured young was October 25; the smallest caught at that time is represented in Fig. 7. Though I did not secure developing eggs, those procured enable me to describe the remarkable membranes of the egg, which are probably similar in many other gobies. The covering of the ovarian egg consists first of a finely striate mem- brane, the zona radiata of all telostean eggs. Exterior to this is a net- work of threads with the meshes coarsest at the entodermie pole, and forming almost a continuous membrane at the ectodermic pole, Figs. 4 and 5. The eggs were examined from the surface only, and I am not able to say how intimate the connection between the threads and the zona is in the ovary. When the eggs are deposited the meshwork of threads is stripped off the egg and remains attached to the zona radiata around the micropyle, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5. In the eggs deposited natu- rally by the females in confinement the threads had been wound together to form a cord at the micropylar end of the egg, Fig. 1. The cords of many of these eggs were attached to each other, and the eggs thus came to be laid in bunches like those of grapes. The bunches of eggs resemble so closely those of the crustacean with which this fish is asso- ciated, and which spawns at the same time, that the idea of a highly specialized mimicry at once suggests itself. The similarity between the eggs is heightened by the fact that they are both bright yellow. In females with ripe eggs they can frequently be seen forming a yellow band along the flanks. The yellow of the blind-fish egg is entirely confined to the yolk which contains many oil globules. The granular protoplasm is opaque. CHIRIDÆ. Ophiodon elongatus Girard. E. & E., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 465; E. & E. '89a. Not very abundant, but probably a permanent resident. It is found in deep water outside the bay only. The young, so abundant in San Francisco Bay, were not seen. Zaniolepis frenatus E, & E. E. & E. '89a. One specimen about 160 millimeters long was taken from the stomach of a rock cod on Cortes Banks, SCORPÆNIDÆ, We have been able to largely increase the number of species of this family, previously recorded from San Diego, and to make pretty exten- sive observations on the seasons of maturity of the various species, VOL163 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. exy, . ] . XVSebastodes pancispinis (Ayres). E, & E. '89. Moderately abundant throughout the year, reaching a large size. It is one of the more important of the species. With young during December, January, and February. Sebastodes flavidus Ayres. J. & G. '80a, 455; id. '81, 53; id. '82, 657; R. Smith '85, 46; E. & E. '89. We have evidently confounded two species under this head. not very abundant. With young in January. Sebastodes serranoides E. & E. E. & E. '89 (in part as S. flavidus); E. & E., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 11, Vol. II, 36, 1890. This species was erroneously recorded by us from Cortes Banks as S. flavidus. It is occasionally brought into the market. Sebastodes goodei E. & E. E. & E. '90, 12. This species seems to be abundant in deep water (about 100 fathoms). The largest specimens observed were 550 millimeters. It was taken in January (9 and 29), February (14), and March (4). It is one of the most important of the rock cods in the San Francisco market. Sebastodes rufus E. & E. E. & E. '90, 13. This species was observed in November (14, 1889) and December (2 and 10, 1889). Sebastodes ovalis Ayres. E. & E. '89; E. & E. '89a. Frequently brought to the market, but not in large numbers. It was taken on Cortes Banks. Among many specimens brought into the market October 15 two were gravid. The eggs in both were in nearly the same stage of development. Some of the embryos were still alive, the heart beating. The eggs are more spherical than in rubrovinctus of the same stage and there is as yet no pigment formed anywhere, There is usually but a single large oil sphere, but not rarely there are two or three. Sebastodes mystinus Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G. '80a, 455; id. '81, 56; id. '82, 659; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E. '89 (as 8. melanops); E. & E. '89a. Abundant on Cortes Banks and not infrequently brought into the market. 164 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. Sebastodes proriger Jordan & Gilbert. E. & E. '90, 15. Not very abundant, but much larger in size than farther north. Jor- dan & Gilbert state that it reaches a length of 250 millimeters. The largest observed by us measured 600 millimeters. Sebastodes atrovirens Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G. '80, 27; R. Smith '80; J. & G. '80a, 455; id. '81, 56; id. '82, 661; R. Smith '85, June. Only a single specimen noticed (August 23). Sebastodes melanostomus E. & E. E. & E. '90, 17. A single specimen, about 55 millimeters long, taken November 14, 1889. Sebastodes pinniger (Gill). E. & E. '90, 16. Much less abundant than farther north. It is found in deep water (100 fathoms). It was brought to the market on the following dates: December 3, 5, and 11; January 13 and 21; February 14; March 1. Sebastodes miniatus Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89. This is the most abundant and by far the most important of the Rock Cods. It surpasses in abundance all the rest combined and large num- bers are daily brought into the market. The half-grown, those about 10 inches long, abound in the kelp in November. These have black margined fins. The old ones live in deeper water. They are with young in December and January and during that time the bottoms of the Rock Cod boats are covered with the eggs and young pressed out by the superimposed fish. It is abundant on Cortes Banks. Sebastodes ruber (Ayres). (Plate xvi, figs. 4-7.) E. & E., '89; E. & E.. '89a. Not abundant, but frequently brought to market. With young on Cortes Banks in July and August. The oil globule is small and the larva quite long at the time of hatching. There is a series of pigment spots along the lower part of the tail and over the abdomen. Sebastodes rosaceus (Girard). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey x. 78, 1859. E. & E., '89; E. & E., '89a. Quite abundant, but usually either used for bait or thrown overboard on account of its small size. For the same reason that it is least prized in San Diego it is most preferred in San Francisco, where small Rock Cod always have a readier market than large. VOL 165 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . XVSebastodes constellatus Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89. Abundant, reaching a larger size than rosaceus. The ovaries of some were empty on November 12. Sebastodes æreus E. & E. E. & E., '90, 20. Rare. This species was observed on November 7 and January 9 ai. . 24. Type U.S. Nat. Mus., No. (41868.) Sebastodes chlorostictus Jordan & Gilbert. E. & E., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 465; E. & E., '89. Abundant. In the markets almost daily with S. miniatus. This spe- cies is with young in February or March. Abundant on Cortes Banks. Sebastodes eos E. & E. E. & E., '90, 18. Very similar to chlorostictus, but less abundant. It was observed November 14, December 4 and 10, abundant on the latter date, and on February 21. Sebastodes gilli R. Eigenmann. R. S. E., Am. Nat. Three specimens of this species were taken within a few days of each other about the middle of November, 1890. The types of these species are in the British Museum. Sebastodes elongatus Jordan & Gilbert. E. & E., '89; E. & E., '89a. Quite abundant, but, with rosaceus usually discarded. It is usually present in all catches of Rock Cod made in shallow (50 fathoms or less) water. At San Francisco it has a ready market. Sebastodes levis E. & E. E. & E., '89; E. & E., '89a. This is the largest of the Rock Cod, reaching a weight of 29 pounds. it is almost daily brought into the market. Seventeen individuals is the largest catch reported by a single boat in a day. It is common on Cortes Banks. Tyres U. S. Nat. Mus., No. (41904.) With young in January and February. This species is so closely related to S. rubrovinctus that at one time I supposed the two species identical. I have been able to compare specimens of the two species of the same size (about 490 mm. long) with the following results: a. Eye very large, orbit # in snout, 31 in head; interorbital equal to snout, concave; preocular spines short, bulging outward; supraocular short, heavy, blunt; the two upper preopercular spines directed backward, the three lower downward; preorpital spines sharp, tho posterior tricuspid; gill rakers long, nearly equal to maxillary width, 9+21; membranes of first five dorsal spines meeting the succeeding spine below its middle. Head broad and short, its width between npper angle of preoperele 24 in its length, 2; in the length, depth about equal to the length of the head; bases and anterior portion of spinous dorsal mem- branes scaleti, peritoneum gray. Axil red rubrorinctus. 166 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. ua. Eye small, orbit 1} in snout, 44 in head; interorbital ij in snout, convex or flat- tish; preopercular spine slender; supraocular slender, sometimes continued to the postocular without spine; the four upper preopercular spines directed backward, the lowest one downward; preorpital crenulate, without spines; gill rakers short, less than one-third of maxillary width, 8+21; membranes of first seven dorsal spines meeting the succeedling spine below the middle; the membranes much more deeply incised than in rubrovinctus. Head compressed, its width between upper angles of preopercles 2} to 3 in its length, which is about 2; in the length; depth; membranes of spinous dorsal naked; peritoneum white. Pink; axil and region above it dusky; four indistinct dusky vertical bars less than half as wide as eye; one below first dorsal spine, one below the sixth, one between tenth and eleventh, and one below middle of soft dorsal; a few indis- tinct dark spots on upper part of opercular membrane ..levis Sebastodes rubrovinctus Jordan & Gilbert. E. & E., '89; E. & E., '89a. Most nearly related to S. levis. Not frequently brought into the mar- ket and never more than two seen on any one day. It is one of the rarer species and has not. previous to this year, been recorded from San Diego. It has proved an excellent object for determining the probable duration of gestation. From the individuals brought to my notice it would seem that the eggs are ripe in all individuals at nearly the same time. One individual of September 14 had ripe eggs which were free or only mechanically inclosed in the follicle. On September 16 the first developing eggs were observed, the gastrula covering about one. third of the yolk. No more individuals were seen till October 9, when there were two females, one of which had given birth to all its young, in the other the embryos were nearly ready to hatch. On October 11 another female was observed with young of about the same size as those of October 9. The time required to hatch eggs of rubrovinctus is, there- fore, not far from a month. The ripe egg is spherical, about 0.9 millimeter in diameter, with one large and several smaller bright, greenish-yellow oil globules the largest measuring 0.32 millimeter in diameter. It is surrounded by a thin membrane. As the embryo nears hatching its tail is brought for- ward below and curled over the head. The ovum thus assumes a com- pressed ovate shape, the two larger diameters measuring 1 and 1.3 millimeters, respectively. The eyes are slightly pigmented and there are a few minute pigment cells along the posterior intestinal tract. The tail is entirely free from pigment. The oil globules have united into one, which lies near the middle of the lower surface of the yolk. It was noticed that those eggs most nearly associated with the follicles were slightly further along in their development. The larvæ are retained some time after hatching. An individual of October 28 contained larvæ 5 millimeters long. The striking feature at this stage is the prolonged lower jaw, which resembles that of the adult Sebastodes paucispinis Ayres. A series of black pigment spots along the lower edge of the tail; a few pigment spots on dorsal surface of 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 167 head. Sides of abdomen more densely pigmented; pectorals with many black pigment cells. The ovaries are two large sacs, from the dorsal walls of which the oviferous tissues are suspended. Shortly after giving birth to its young the oviducts shrink and the ovaries occupy but a small space. It was stated above that the eggs are freed from the follicle before they are fertilized. It must be borne in mind, however, that this species lives at a considerable depth of water and that many of the tissues are dis-, torted when the fish is brought to the surface and the great pressure of water is removed. To this cause is perhaps to be ascribed the fact that the eggs readily flow from the body with slight pressure at any time during gestation. Sebastodes auriculatus (Girard). (Plate xvi, figs. 1-3.) R. Smith, '85, June, This species is common in shoal water with the young of S. miniatus. It does not enter the bay as it does at San Francisco, and little use is made of it, on account of its small size. It is a yaluable fish and will doubtless be utilized in the near future. The egg possesses a very large yellow oil sphere and the larvæ are not pigmented at hatching. Sebastodes rastrelliger Jordan & Gilbert. Only a single individual observed, on August 23. Sebastodes vexillaris Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G., '80a, 455; id., '81, 58; id., '82, 672; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., Pmc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 465; E. & E., '89 (as S. carnatus). Next to S. miniatus this is probably the most abundant of the Rock Cods. It is highly prized, being considered especially fine flavored and fat. It is hardier than the other species and is frequently brought into the market alive. While all the other species caught on Cortes Banks ejected the stomach when brought to the surface, this species retained it. It equals S. miniatus in size and its infinite variations from bright scarlet to flesh color and dark olive render it sometimes difficult of determination. We soon found that if there was anything "curious in the markets which in any way resembled this species it was pretty safe to call it vexillaris. It is with young in February; the embryos are sometimes still alive when brought to market. Sebastodes chrysomelas Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89 (as S. chrysomelas purpureus). Abundant in shallow water and usually discarded on account of its small size. It varies greatly in color and the variety named by us is scarcely worthy of a name. It does not frequently come into the mar. kets, since the regular rock-cod boats usually go beyond its haunts to fish in deeper water. 168 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. S. carnatus Jordan & Gilbert. R. Smith, '85, June. Sebastodes serriceps Jordan & Gilbert. J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 59; id., '82, 676; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E. '89. Common, but not frequently brought to market. Scorpæna guttata Girard. Sculpin. J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 455; id., '81, 59; id., '82, 679; R. Smith, ’85, June; E. & E., '89. Very abundant both in and outside the bay. It is not frequently brought from beyond Ballast Point, and is only occasionally taken in seines. It abounds especially about the piles of the various wharves and is caught with hook and line. The various spines about the head, which are said to be poisonous, do not make it a desirable fish to handle and its general appearance precludes it from coming into favor generally. It is said to be one of the best fishes of the bay. Those caught in the bay are usually of a dull color, while those from outside are bright scarlet intermixed with other brilliant colors. It was taken on Cortes Banks. COTTIDÆ. Leptocottus armatus Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 60, 1859; J. & G., '80, 25; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 455; id., '81, 60; id., '82, 713; R. Smith, '85, June. Common in the bay. Of no economic importance. Leiocottus hirundo Girard. E. & E., '90, 21. Only a single individual seen from the bay. Taken January 31, 1890. Oligocottus analis Girard. (Plate xvii, Figs. 1-15.) J. & G., '80, 25; R. Smith, ’80; J. & G., '80a, 455; id., '81, 59; id., '82, 717 ; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., West. Am. Scientist, June, 1889. Very abundant in all rocky ocean tide pools; never seen in the bay. The spawning period probably extends over considerable time. Small specimens procured in the latter part of January have apparently ripe eggs. Of a large number of individuals collected on March 27, a single one was with ripe eggs, and the presence in tide pools of minute but fully developed individuals would indicate that the time of spawning extends back two or three months. The eggs of the individual caught March 27 were artificially ferti- lized at 8 p. m. of that date. The eggs measure 1.2 millimeters in diam- eter, are of a brownish-yellow color, and have one large and from five to vine smaller oil globules. The larger globule measures about 150j. VOL169 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2 , . ] . XVThey are surrounded by a thick zona which appears to be perforated by two sets of canals, the usual fine canals and fewer much larger canals. In optical section these coarser canals appear as dark lines. The eggs readily adhere to each other, though they do not seem to possess the power of fastening themselves to foreign objects. When once fixed to each other they can scarcely be separated without injuring the zona. Ten hours after fertilization, eggs with one, two, four, and eight cells, respectively, were observed (Figs. 1-7). Thirteen hours after fertiliza- tion the most advanced eggs showed the sixteen-cell stage. The cells in this stage do not seem to be definitely arranged as in the eight-cell stage. Sixteen hours after fertilization the two layers of cells have been formed (Fig. 8). The blastoderm is completely segmented in thirty-five hours. At this time free nuclei are abundant. Stages immediately following are somewhat obscured by the opacity of the yolk. A well-advanced stage is represented by Fig. 9. Tho oil globulés do not seem to have any definite relation to the blastoderm though they assume a more definite relation as soon as the embryo is outlined. At this stage they lie op- posite the middle of the embryo; as the embryo grows over the yolk they come to lie just in front of the snout. By the further reduction of the yolk the oil globules finally lie beneath and slightly behind the auditory capsule. The posterior end of the embryos figured (in Figs. 9 and 10) terminates in a mass of large cells or rather small vesicles, the larger of which is situated below and may represent Kupffer's vesicle, while after sixty hours the gastrula covers half the yolk, the blastopore is closed in some of the eggs after eighty-six hours. In the stage represented in Fig. 9 the yolk is covered by a network of fine lines which converge toward the tail of the embryo. On the fifth day the auditory capsule and the heart make their ap- pearance (Fig. 10). The heart lies somewhat to the left of the middle of the body. The body of the embryo at this time surrounds about half the yolk and the tail extends free one-third farther. The tail now lengthens rapidly, the pectoral fins being formed at the same time. The circulatory system is next outlined; it is from the beginning decidedly sinistral. The liver is at this time represented by a vascu- lar network overlying the yolk to the left of the embryo. The many vessels coming from the liver are collected in a large vein which at first is entirely on the left half of the yolk; at the time of hatching, however, it has been carried to the right side; with the reduction of the yolk this vein is greatly shortened in proportion to the veins empty- ing into it. The pigmented regions are outlined by the eleventh day. They are at this time distributed as they are when the yolk is almost absorbed. Round orange dots are also present at this time along the pigmented area. Peculiar granular cells or patches are formed about the head by the fourteenth day. These patches persist until the embryo is hatched 170 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. when they disappear within a very short time. Similar patches were seen in the smelt. The first embryo hatched on the eighteenth day, the last on the 24th day. They measure from 3.7 to 4.2 millimeters. The eyes at the time of hatching are well pigmented; in some of the embryos there is a pigment cell above the left eye, in some a cell over each eye, but in the latter case the one over the left eye is always the larger. A group of pigment spots lies on the nape, the upper two being somewhat removed from the rest. There is a broad black disk of pigment cells overlying the body cavity. Seen from the side it appears as a curved black bar; as seen from above it is shield-shaped. The indi- vidual cells forming this disk are contractile and the disk as a whole can be contracted to less than one half its normal size. This is usually done just before the larva moves. About thirty-four pigment cells lie along the base of the anal fin fold. Shortly after hatching the pigment cells near the tip of the tail send out pseudopods into the fin fold and a few days after hatching several pigment cells are seen in the fin fold at this point. A series of round orange cells margin the dark disk and are variously distributed over the head. These cells can be enormously expanded, giving the fish a bright yellow appearance. At this time the mouth opens frequently, the intestines are well de- veloped, and seem to contain foreign substance. The branchial fila- ments are just beginning to bud. The oil globules, two in number, are fixed on the right side in the yolk just behind the head. The liver covers the upper left half of the yolk. As the yolk is reduced and the posterior intestines are more de- veloped the liver is crowded forward and the green bile sack can be seen near its posterior border (Fig. 15). The dorsal aorta is bent down near the tip of the tail and the larger vein is returned above to the place where the aorta is bent down, where it crosses it and returns to its normal position. The median tin fold is continuous from the nape to the vent and did not undergo any marked changes before the yolk was absorbed except the formation of primitive rays in the tail. There are no marked changes in the embryo from the time of hatch- ing to the time the yolk is absorbed. Beyond that stage it was impos- sible to keep the young. Icelinus australis E. & E. E. & E., '89 Known from two specimens taken from the mouth of a Sebastodes on Cortes Banks. Paricelinus hopliticus E. & E. E. & E., '89. Known from a single specimen taken from the mouth of a Sebastodes on Cortes Banks. VOL171 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVScorpænichthys marmoratus (Ayres). J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. &. G., '80a, 454; id., '81, 60; R. Smith, '85, June. Probably common near the kelp. It is seldom brought into the mar- ket and does not have a ready sale on account of its slimy appearance and its sometimes green tint. AGONIDÆ. Brachyopsis species? E. & E., '89. Fragments of a species of this genus were obtained from the stomachs of rock-cod on Cortes Banks. GOBIESOCIDÆ. Gobiesox rhessodon R. Smith. R. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 140; J. & G., '81, 63; id., '82, 749; R. Smith, '85, June. Common under rocks and among ulva and zostera on ocean beaches. Gobiesox eigenmanni Gilbert. Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890. One specimen from among zostera at Point Loma. BATRACHIDÆ. 2 Porichthys margaritatus Richardson. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 134, 1859; J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 454; id., '81, 65; id., '82, 751; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., West Am. Scientist, May, 1889; E. & E., '89. Very common everywhere, forming an important item in the food of rock-cod on Cortes Banks. BLENNIIDÆ. Isesthes gentilis Girard. Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. 149, 1876; J. & G., '82, 959; R. Smith, '85, June. Very abundant in the bay in April and May. Ripe males and females were abundant May 29. They sometimes inhabit tin cans near low-tide mark. Their presence can be detected by the fact that the can and the space surrounding it are kept free from all visible organisms. Isesthes gilberti Jordan. (Plate xvii, Figs. 16–20.) J. & G., '80, 25 (as H. gentilis); R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 454; id. '81, 63; id., 82, 757; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., West Am. Scientist, June, 1889. This species is found associated with Oligocottus analis, Clinus evides, Auchenopterus integripinnis and Heterostichus rostratus in the rocky tide pools of the ocean beaches. 172 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. a Ripe females were found March 27. The majority of the females were not ripe and the spawning time may be placed as April. The eggs are quite remarkable in their structure and coloration. To the unaided eye they appear opaque, of a purplish pink color inside of which is a spot of brownish red and upon it a dot of opaque white. The greater portion of the egg is covered by a thin transparent mem- brane but at one portion there is a large opaque cushion by which the egg fastens itself to foreign bodies. When fastened the egg becomes depressed. The longer axis measures 825 u, the shorter 562 u. The diam- eter of the cushiony cap is 975u. This cap on sections of the ovary and of the ripe eggs is seen to be composed of innumerable very fine filaments, the tips of which are swollen and club-shaped. Their small size, the great number and their aggregation at one pole of the egg render their filaments different from all the other appendages of fish eggs yet described. The yolk is composed of rather large spheres. On its upper surface are imbedded several pale yellow oil globules and about an equal num- ber of bright purple oil globules (black in Fig. 16, pl. x.) In the middle of these is a larger white body the function of which is not known. Younger ovarian eggs 0.625 millimeters in diameter are entirely com- posed of purple spheres while still younger ones are colorless. The germinal disk is always formed beneath the cap of filaments regard- less of the position of the cap whether at the side, above, or below. This fact renders the early stages in the development obscure. The germi- nal disk is seen in Fig. 16. The first segmentation is completed in about ten hours after fertilization and results in two elongate cells whose longer axes lie parallel, Fig. 17. After fifteen and a half hours eight cells were observed. In this egg in which the cap was placed above, the oil globules and white disk appeared to lie below the germinal cells, a fact which would indicate that the oil globules were mobile in the yolk and tended to lie at the top. The oil globules therefore have, in this case, no influence on the position of the germ. Further stages in the seg. mentation of the germinal disk could not be observed. The next stage which could be satisfactorily observed was one hun- dred and thirty-two hours old. It is represented in Fig. 19. The eyes at this time are well along in their development. The embryo embraces about half of the yolk and seems to be composed of large cells perfectly transparent. The purple oil globules (not figured) occupy the center of the field while the white body lies directly beneath the tail. Several black pigment cells have been found and lie on the yolk. The yellow oil globules still remain arranged about the white body. On the seventh day the heart beats slowly. The pigment spots on the surface of the egg have greatly increased in number. It was now observed that the position of the embryos at this stage are independ- ent of the opaque cap. VOL 173 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . XVClinus evides Jordan & Gilbert. Steind. Beitr. V, 149, 1876 (as Blakea elegang); J. & G., '80, 27 (as Gibbonsia elegan8); R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 454; id., '81, 63; id., '82, 763; R. Smith, '85, June. Abundant on rocky ocean beaches and tide pools; never brought to market. Heterostichus rostratus Girard. Kelpfish; Bandfish. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey X, 37, 1859; J. & G., '80, 25; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 451; id., 81, 63; id., '82, 764; R. Smith, '85, June. Common both in the bay and outside. It is rarely brought into the market, and is of no economic importance. Auchenopterus integripinnis R. Smith. R. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 147, 1883; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 454; id., '81, 63; id., '82, 761; R. Smith, '85, June. Rare; in tide pools near La Jolla. Neoclinus blanchardi Girard. Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey X, 114, 1859. Not seen by us. FIERASFERIDÆ. Fierasfer dubius Putnam. (Pl. xvi, Figs. 8-10.) E. & E., '89a. Some eggs were collected which probably belong to this species. These eggs were incidentally procured with a dip net on Cortes Banks while fishing for other things. They are imbedded in a per- fectly transparent jelly of the consistency of white of egg. The nature of the mass of eggs thus dipped up was not understood, as the eggs are quite as transparent as their matrix. There were through the whole mass sets of two black dots and a black streak, and on placing a portion in Perenyi's fluid the contour of the eggs was immediately made evident. The whole mass measured about half a pint. The eggs measured 0.8 millimeters and are arranged in one layer and separated from each other by a small space. Some of the eggs had hatched, and one of these larvæ is shown in Fig. 1. The pectorals are well developed. The eyes are black and the intestinal canal as far as developed is cov- ered with dendritic pigment cells, a few of which extend on the yolk sack. Otherwise no pigment is developed. OPHIDIIDA. Otophidium taylori (Girard). E. & E., '88. This species is occasionally taken in the bay. It was abundant among the spewing of the rock-cod taken on Cortes Banks, 174 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. GADIDÆ. Merlucius productus (Ayres). E. & E., '90, 21. Only three specimens of this species have been observed. The first was taken November 6, the other two January 9. PLEURONECTIDÆ. . Citharichthys sordidus (Girard). J. & G., '80, 23; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 67; id., '82, 817; R. Smith, '85, June; E. & E., '89 (as P. californicus). In deep water with Rock Cod. The first of the season were inde- pendently brought by several boats on October 7, 1889. It became quite abundant by the end of the month, but was never taken in quan- tity. It was seen as late as February 24. Whether it is not also founul later, as is probable, I am unable to say. It has a ready market, , but as only a few are caught it is of no great economic importance. Eopsetta jordani (Lockington). E. & E., '90, 23. Only a single specimen has so far been recorded from San Diego waters. It was taken in about 100 fathoms outside the bay. Paralichthys californicus (Ayres). Girard, Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 147, 1859 (as P. maculosu8); J. & G., '80, 27; R. Sinith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 454; id., '81, 66; id., '82, 821; R. Smith, '85, June. The young of this species are abundant in San Diego Bay through- out the year. The adult, or rather half grown, enter the bay in Feb. ruary. The species is taken with hook and line off wharves and in seines. Those caught in seines are mostly too small for capture. Near San Pedro large quantities of this species are taken with trawls about 5 miles off shore, in shallow water (5 fathoms) with sandy bottom. Similar methods have not been attempted at San Diego. Hippoglossina stomata E. & E. E. & E., '90, 22. Known from two specimens taken in deep water November 7, 1889. The eggs measure 1.2 millimeters in diameter; the singleoil globule, 0.16. Xystreurys liolepis J. & G. E. & E., ?89a. This species entered the bay during October and November. It was never in great abundance. Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id.,'81, 68; id., '82, 830; R. Smith, '85, June. Abundant with the next. It is taken with seines in the bay. We found it with ripe eggs the latter part of April, and Mrs. Eigenmann procured it with ripe spawn August 22, 1882. VOL175 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVHyspopsetta guttulata (Girard). J. & G., '80, 27; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 68; id., '82, 830; R. Smith, '85, June. This species enters the bay in large numbers during February and March. Many are then caught with seines and with hand lines. Though the bulk of those entering the bay may not remain it is always more or less abundant. Ripe individuals of both sexes were abundant in April and the eggs were procured with surface nets. As stated under the head of Sciæna saturna, the eggs and larvæ of these two species resemble one another greatly. The color cells in this species do not appear till the gastrula covers two-thirds of the yolk, and on hatching there are a few more color cells on the tail than in Sciana. Symphurus atricauda Jordan and Gilbert. J. & G., '80, 23; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 69; id., '82, 842; R. Smith, '85, June. Only one specimen of this species was brought to market (November 5). It is said to be abundant on muddy bottoms somewhat deeper than that reached by the ordinary seines. TETRAODONTIDÆ. Sphæroides politus (Girard.) Girard, Pacific R. R. survey, x, 340, 1859; R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '80a, 453; id., '81, 70; id., '82, 860; R. Smith, '85, June. Not seen by us. DIODONTIDÆ. > Diodon hystrix L. J. & G. '80a, 453; id. '81, 70. Chilomycterus californiensis Eigenmann. Am. Nat., 1891. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892. One specimen of this species was discovered at San Pedro. MOLIDÆ. Mola mola (Linnæus.) R. Smith, '80; J. & G., '82, 866; R. Smith, '85, June. This species is occasionally gaffed off Point Loma and stray individ- uals are at times drifted into the bay. It is probably migratory, EXPLANATION OF PLATES. The numbers and letters refer to ziess objectives and oculars. All the sketches were made with an Abbe camera unless otherwise stated. 176 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. PLATE X. Figs. 1-5. Slolephorus compres818. Fig. 1. First egg found April 24. A & 4. 2. Ovum procured April 26 and hatched in 60 hours. A & 4. 3. The same 10 hours after, Fig. 2. A & 4. 4. Another, older embryo. A & 4. 5. A larva some time after hatching. A & 4. Figs. 6–9. Species No. 1. Fig. 6. An undetermined egg, found Au- Fig. 8. Another egg found August 28. gust 14. A & 4. A & 2. 7. The same four hours later. A & 4. 9. The larva on hatching. A & 4. Figs. 10–13. Species No. 2. Fig. 10. An egg procured April 26. | Figs. 11-13. Later stages of the same. PLATE XI. Clupea mirabilis. These figures were made with a coverslip camera and a Bausch & Lomb l-inch objective and B ocular. Figs. 1- 4. Forming blastodisk about one Figs. 20. After eight hours and a half. hour after fertilization. 21. After twelve hours. 5-14. The ingrowth and receding of 22, 23. After twenty-three hours. the first cleavage furrow. 24. After thirty-six hours. 15. Beginning of second furrow. 25. After forty-tive hours. 16, 17. At completion of second seg- 26. After forty-nine hours. mentation. 27. After fifty-four hours. 18. At completion of third seg- 28. After fifty-five hours. mentation. 29. After seventy-eight hours. 19. After 4 hours and a half. PLATE XII. Stolephorus ringens and delicatissimus. All figures drawn with an Abbe camera and A. and 2 of Zeiss. Fig. 1. The blastoderm well segmented, bridging over the depression in the yolk forming the segmentation cavity. Optical section. The periblast lining the base of the cavity. Probably thirteen hours old. 2. Gastrula covering about half the yolk, the anterior and posterior lips equally advanced. Showing the segments of the yolk, which, for convenience, are omitted from the other figures. 3. About eighteen hours old. 4. Between nineteen and twenty hours old, showing that the blastopore closes at or very near the entodermic pole of the egg. 12:30 p. m., April 18. 5–10. Illustrate the different stages between Fig. 4 and the time of hatching. 5 sketched at 2:30 p. m.; 6 at 2:59 p. m.; 7 at 3:40; 8 at 1:45; 9 at 8:30; 10 at 4 p. m., April 19. 11. Sometime after hatching; 1:30 p. m., April 20; 1.47 millimeters long. 12. Sketched at 8 a. m., April 21, 1.79 millimeters long. 13. Sketched at 4 p. m., April 21, 2.12 millimeters long. 14. The oldest larva seen (forty-eight hours after hatching). PLATE XIII. Atherinopsis californiensis. All the figures are made from living eggs. Figs. 2–12 Abbe camera, D and 2; Figs. 1 and 13–23 Bausch and Lomb 1 inch and B, coverslip camera. Fig. 1. Base of one of the filaments of the zona. The zona somewhat shriveled, the yolk having been removed. 2-9. A series of sketches showing one of the waves of contraction approaching the ectodermic pole, and the stage (Fig. 9) just preceding another of these waves. VOL177 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, X, . ] . XVFig. 10. A late stage in the formation of the blastodisk. 11. Preparing to segment. 12. An early stage in the first segmentation. 13. Optical section at the completion of the first segmentation. 14. Surface view of the four blastomeres. 15. Surface view of the third segmentation furrows. 16. Optical section of sixteen cells. 17. Optical section after fourteen hours. 18. Optical section after twenty-four hours. 19. Optical section after thirty-two hours. 20. Diagram of embryo after sixty-four hours. 21. Diagram of embryo after seventy-five hours. 22. Embryo of six and a half days. 23. Embryo in later stage showing yolk circulation. 24. This is probably an Atherinops having been procured as late as April 22. It measured 55 millimeters. 25. An Atherinopsis 9 millimeters long. 26. An Atherinopsis 12 millimeters long. 27. An Atherinopsis 14 millimeters long. PLATE XIV. a Fig. 1. (Destroyed). Young Clevelandia or Lepidogobius taken with a surface net. 2. An older lava of the same. 3. Tail of a larvæ intermediate between Figs. 1 and 2. 4. Tail of an older larva. 5, 5a. Clevelandia longipinnis. 6, 6a. Gillichthys y-cauda. PLATE XV. Fig. 1. Egg of Typhlogobius californiensis undergoing the first cleavage. 2. Micropylar region of an egg of the same species under pressure, showing the margin of the attachment of the outer membrane. 3. An egg forced from the ovary. A very large breathing chamber has been formed. Abnormal (?). 4. A portion of the network of the outer meinbrane remote from the micropyle of the egg represented in Fig. 3. 5. Micropylar region of the egg represented in Fig. 3. 6. Adult Typhlogobius, natural size, in the position usually assumed in the aquarium. 7. Young Typhlogobius. X4%, showing color markings and the eye. 8. Dorsal view of skull of Typhlogobius. xj. 9. Lateral view of same. xg. 10. Ventral view of same. x13. 11. Eye, optic nerves and portion of brain of same, showing the very much elon- gate slender optic nerves and the comparatively large lens as compared with the cup of the eye. X 24, from nitric acid maceration of a specimen 13 mm. long, January 29, 1888. 12. Gillichthys mirabilis. 21 millimeters long. 13. A single scale of same more enlarged. 14. Several scales with color cells from the tail of same. 15. Sense organs of the lateral line of a younger specimen of Gillichthys, from about the middle of the body. 16. Solitary sense organ of the same from the base of the caudal. Proc. N. M. 92-12 178 FISHES OF SAN DIEGO-EIGENMANN. PLATE XVI. All the figures were drawn with an Abbe camera from dead or preserved speci- mens. Figs. 1-3. Sebastodes auriculatus. Fig. 1. An embryo some time before hatching, showing the large yellow oil sphere. 2. A larva shortly before hatching. 3. A larva just hatched. Figs. 4-7. Sebastodes ruber. Fig. 4. A larva shortly after hatching. 5–7. A larva shortly before hatching in different positions from the same ovary as Fig. 4. Figs. 8–10. Fierasfer dubius, 8. A larva just hatched and still inclosed in the viscid mass; the vesicle sur- rounding the head may be an artiticial condition caused by imperfect preservation. 9-10. An embryo in two different positions. Fig. 11. Sebastodes oralis. 11. An einbryo of October 15. PLATE XVII. Figs. 1-15. Oligocottus analis. Fig. 1. The germinal disk ten hours after fertilization. X 50. Probably an unseg- menting egg, since the germ is well constricted off from the yolk. 2. The same, seen from above. 3. The two cells of another egg at the same time. x 50. 4. The egg represented in Fig. 3 seen in profile. X 50. 5. The four cells of another egg at the same time. X 50. 6. Another egg with eight cells after ten hours. X 50. 7. The same egy seen in profile. 8. The beginning of two-cell layers after sixteen hours x 50. 9. An embryo after eighty-four hours. x 50; showing how the zona-radiata is appressed by contact with another egg. 10. An embryo after five days. 11. An embryo eight days old, 12. Front view of an embryo seventeen days old. 13. Dorsal view of an embryo on the eighteenth day. 14. Dorsal view of a larva twelve hours after hatching. 15. A larva two days after hatching. Figs. 16–20. Isesthes gilberti. 16. An egg shortly after extrusion, the shaded portion representing the salmon- colored yolk “y”; the black bodies represent the purple oil-spheres; the white bodies the yellow oil-spheres and the central shaded circle the opaque white globule. The germinal disk “g” is almost completely hidden by the cushion of filaments “f.” 17. Two cells. 18. Eight cells seen through the cushion. 19. A larva one hundred and thirty-two hours old, the outline of a few of the yolk spheres in the center. 20. An embryo of the eighth day showing the circulation of the left side. PLATE XVIII. Fig. 1. The youngest Typhlogobius seen. Zeiss A and 2. 2. The head of an older one from the side. 3. The head of one similar to Fig. 3. seen from below. 4. Another larva forty-eight hours older than Fig. 1. The oldest one seen. It is still inclosed in its club-shaped zona. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. IX PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV MIN 2 3 TYPHLOTRITON SPELÆUS Stejn. | U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. X 9 10. 13. STOLEPHORUS COMPRESSUS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XI PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV C 5 3 6 IB I7 19 20 (ට 21 22 23 24 10 48.0 ද විව , 25 26 27 14 15 28 29 CLUPEA MIRABILIS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL XII 00000 C Bubno " STOLEPHORUS RINGENS AND DELICATISSIMUS. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XIII PROCEEDINGS VOL. XV so & & 0 2 *** ATHERINOPSIS CALIFORNIENSIS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XIV PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 2 DO @ @ 6 CLEVELANDIA AND GILLICHTHYS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XV وہ:0 در مایا در . ال TYPHLOGOBIUS AND GILLICHTHYS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XVI PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 3 موت 10. 1 SEBASTODES AND FIERASFER. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XVII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 8 man 10 B 8 19 20 OLIGOCOTTUS ANALIS AND ISESTHES GILBERTI. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XVIII 1 kel TYPHLOGOBIUS. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY AND VICINITY. BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON. WITH A DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES BY W. H. DALL. (With Plates XIX-XXIII.) I have often thought if the fauna and flora of every inhabited county in the United States were studied and reported by careful, conscien- tious lovers of nature, the contributions to the natural history of our country would be of no small value, not only as a record of the riches of nature but, at a future time, as a history of the life that at a certain period was identified with a particular locality. For there is nothing permanent in nature. Her activity begets change, and change daily makes history. With these thoughts in my mind I have undertaken to give a list of the marine shell fauna of Los Angeles County found, for the most part, within a period of two years. I am indebted to Mrs. L. H. Trow- bridge and Miss I. M. Shepard for lists of shells found by them. Some of their shells have been identified, through me, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, but the greater part, especially the rarer forms, have been determined at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Miss S. P. Monks, teacher of drawing and zoology in the State normal school, in Los An- geles, has kindly allowed me to examine the shells found by her as well as those in the museum of the normal school. There are still some shells that have not been identified. The Nudibranchiata are not included in this list. Doris and Polis have been found in San Pedro Bay and at Catalina Island, but not specifically determined. INTRODUCTORY. The coast of Los Angeles County is diversified by two large bays, Santa Monica and San Pedro, with their long sandy beaches sepa- rated by high, rocky cliffs. On the northwestern coast of the county the Sierra de Santa Monica range of mountains rises abruptly from the ocean. The extreme western point in this range is known as Point Dume, noted for its diatomaceous earth. Running back from this point the coast curves in until it reaches the sandy beach of Santa Monica Bay. In this bay Tivela crassatelloides and Tapes staminea Proceeding National Museum, Vol. XV-Xo. 898. 179 180 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. are most abundant. A laguna, known as Ballona Harbor, lies between Santa Monica and Redondo Beach. The latter is noted more for its pebbles than shells. South of Redondo is a long line of mountainous foothills that rise abruptly from the ocean. These foothills, with their mesas, are known as the Palos Verdes Hills. The rocky cliffs of the hills are called "points” where a trail down their sides makes it possible to descend to the beach below. One of these points, about seven miles south of Redondo, is called Point Vincente, where at low tide the Haliotis Cracherodii with other rock shells are found. Portu- guese Bend, with its cave in the solid rock running nearly 100 feet under the cliff, lies about two miles south of Point Vincente. Out from this cave, whose stone floor is daily and almost hourly mopped by old ocean, the rocks at low tide lie uncovered for some distance on the beach. This is especially so at low tides in the winter, when our beautiful Haliotis fulgens (or splendens) is collected. The Lottia gigan- tea is most abundant at this point. From Portuguese Bend, Whites Point and Point Fermin (the light-house) are distinctly visible as they extend out into the ocean. Whites Point was at one time noted for its Haliotis Cracherodii, but continuous collecting has almost despoiled it of these shells. Point Fermin lies almost two miles south of Whites Point. Here as well as at the latter point Chlorostoma and Acmea are plentiful. Between Point Fermin and San Pedro Bay is the pier known as the “ old landing.” Timms Point, in the bay, is a small, flat sand bar that lies below the western part of the city of San Pedro, which is built on the cliffs above the bay. Bulla nebulosa and Liocar- dium substriatum are found at Timms Point, near the oyster bed. Across from the town of San Pedro, in the bay, are two little islands that are connected by a long wall of stones known as the “breakwater." This breakwater is 17 miles long. Dead Man's Island (and any one who has read Dana's “Two Years Before the Mast” can conjecture why the island is so named) is little more than a miniature promontory of stone, with sandy soil on the summit. Around the top of this island, in the loose, sandy soil is a bed of Quaternary (or Postpliocene) fossil sh ells.* These shells are continually being washed out, and, falling below, they lie in the rock pools in company with the living shells. The breakwater that connects Dead Man's Island with Rattlesnake Island is the home of the domaa and Chlorostoma. Rattlesnake Island is one long, sinuous sand bar, destitute of vegetation, and in its widest part hardly more than a quarter of a mile across. Some of our rarest shells are found washed ashore in the drift on this island. Here on the bay side are Chione and Cerithidea as well as in the slough that lies be- tween the towns of San Pedro and Wilmington. Between the latter and the town of Long Beach the San Gabriel River empties into the bay. * At the base of this island are rocks that belong to the Pliocene and possibly Miocene strata, and many fossils of these oliler formations are washed ont of the rocks by the ocean, and are collected with recent shells on the beach. VOL181 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ex, . ] . XVa » Long Beach supplies Donax californicus, a favorite clam for soup. At low tide the long, sandy drive on the strand between Long Beach and New River, a fork of the San Gabriel, is diversified by a small pile of soft rock, known as Devil's Gate, where a few rock Pholads are found. At the extreme south of San Pedro Bay is Alamitos, at the mouth of New River. Here are Crepidula, Cerithidea, Melampus, and Pecten. Laguna Beach, the home of Trivia, is 30 or 40 miles south, but in the recent division of Los Angeles County this beach was apportioned to the new county of Orange. About 25 miles out in the Pacific Ocean is a little island, one of the Santa Barbara Islands, known as Santa Catalina. This mountainous stretch of land is included in Los Angeles County. This island is almost 27 miles long, and from 4 to 8 miles wide save at the isthmus. It is “chiefly metamorphic rock," and the beach is composed wholly of pebbles; many of these are a pure white. Collecting is confined to the small beaches that border the narrow valleys between the precipitous hills. Haliotis and Lucapina crenulata are found in the winter. In summer collecting is poor. Mr. Dall says, “The gravelly shores of Catalina Harbor on the south side are rich in small species.” In the following list, where the name of the bay is not given, San Pedro is intended. The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance she has received through the kindness of Mr. William Healey Dall, Dr. Robert E. C. Stearns, and Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, of the Smithsonian Institution, and J. G. Cooper, M. D., of the California Academy of Sciences, in the determination, with notes, of a number of shells. The species so iden- tified are, in each instance, noted by the initials in brackets of the gentleman to whom the species was referred. 'Mr. Dall has also kindly advised her relative to many changes in nomenclature. (W. H. D.)-Mr. William Healey Dall, National Museum. (R. E. C. S.)—Dr. Robert E. C. Stearns, National Museum. (C. T. S.)-Mr. Charles Torrey Simpson, National Museum. (J. G. C.)–J. G. Cooper, M. D., California Academy of Sciences. The shells on the list identified at the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Simpson were for the most part collected by Miss Shepard. The number of southern shells lately added to the fauna of this vici- nity is so great that some suspicion has been aroused as to the possi- bility of some of them being adventitious, but they are included in order that the question as to their provenance may be kept in view, and in time definitely settled by the collection of living specimens. UNIVERSITY, P. O., LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CAL., December, 1890. NOTE.-In advance of a general revision of the classification of the Californian mollusk-fauna it has been thought most convenient in this list to retain the familiar arrangement of the late Dr. Carpenter.-W. H. Dall.] 182 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. LIST OF SPECIES. BRACHIOPODA. Family LINGULIDÆ. Genus GLOTTIDIA Dall. Glottidia albida Hinds. (Lingula albida, of authors.) Found in the drift on the beach. Family TEREBRATULIDÆ. Genus TEREBRATELLA Orb. Terebratella transversa Sby. Seldom found alive. “This is the light-colored southern variety; the northern ones are much larger and duller. T. occidentalis is very like this, but has the fold in the middle line of the shell convex, while in transversa it is concave in the smaller valve.” (W. H. D.) MOLLUSCA. Family PHOLADIDÆ. Genus ZIRPHÆA Leach. Zirphæa crispata Linn. Seldom collected alive; separated valves common. At Bolinas Bay, near San Francisco, Mr. W. J. Raymond obtained the Zirphou by digging in soft sandstone with a pick. The burrows are from 12 to 15 inches or more, in depth, and the shells are very fragile. One has to dig a large hole around each specimen before venturing to break into the burrow.” Genus PHOLADIDEA Turton. Pholadidea parva Tryon. With P. penita, dead. Pholadidea penita Conl. A few in the soft rock at Devil's Gate. Genus NETTASTOMELLA Cpr. Nettastomella Darwinii Sby. A few in soft rocks. Genus PARAPHOLAS Conrad. Parapholas californica Conr. Two or three; with the soft parts gone. VOL183 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVGenus PHOLAS Linné. Pholas pacifica Stearns. Three or four washed ashore with the tide. Single valves not plen- tiful. Family SAXICAVIDÆ. Genus SAXICAVA F. de Bellevue. Saxicava arctica Linn. In algæ; also, with barnacles, at Redondo Beach, Saxicava arctica, var. pholadis Linn. One example. Genus GLYCIMERIS Lamarck. Glycimeris generosa Gld. Rare; as single valves. Family MYACIDÆ. Genus PLATYODON Conrad. Platyodon cancellatus Conr. Not plentiful alive. Genus CRYPTOMYA Conrad. Cryptomya californica Conr. Live ones at Point Fermin. Sometimes washed ashore in the bay. Genus SCHIZOTHARUS Conrad. Schizothærus Nuttallii Conr. A few young shells. Single valves only of adults. Family CORBULIDÆ. Genus CORBULA Bruguière. Corbula luteola Cpr. A few live ones. Pink ones found on Actinia. 66 Varies in color to different shades of red, blue, brown and yellow.” (J. G. C.) ( Family PANDORIDÆ. Genus CLIDIOPHORA Cpr. Clidiophora punctata Cpr. Single valves, in the beach drift. One live specimen reported by Miss Eleanor B. Green. 1 184 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Family ANATINIDÆ. Genus PERIPLOMA Schmacher. Periploma planiuscula Sb y. (P. argentaria Conr., of authors.) Eight or ten living shells. Single valves common. For notes on the specific name of this species, see Stearns's “West American Shells." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, No. 813, page 223. Periploma discus Stearns. This new shell, found in San Pedro Bay, is described by Dr. Stearns, as above mentioned, p. 222, pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2. The first specimen was found by Mrs. D. Garlick, and soon after Miss Shepard and Mrs. Trowbridge found others in the bay. Since that time seven or eight shells have been collected. > Genus THRACIA Leach. Thracia curta Conr. Rare; in the bay; dead. Genus LYONSIA Turton. Lyonsia californica Conr. Three or four dead shells. One live example in the drift at Rattle- . snake Island, found by Mrs. Emma King. Family SOLENIDÆ. Genus SOLEN Linné. Solen ensis Linné, var. minor Conr. Several collected at Long Beach. (W. H. D.) Solen rosaceus Cpr. Washed ashore after storms. Solen sicarius Gld. Four or five. Genus TAGELUS Gray. Tagelus californianus Conr. (Solecurtu8 californianus Conr.) Not uncommon in the Bay. “The generic name of the Solecurtus californianus and N. subteres, of Carpenter's list, is Tagelus. The true Solecurtus is a different shell.” See Bulletin U. S. Nat. Mus. No, 37, p. 38; also, Dall, Report on Albatross Mollusca in Proc. C'. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, p. 243. Tagelus californianus var. subteres Cour. Found with the former. Epidermis, when present, very dark. vo185 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus SILIQUA Megerle. Siliqua patula Dixon (Machara patula of authors). Three young shells reported from Long Beach. Family TELLINIDÆ. Genus SANGUINOLARIA Lamarck. Sanguinolaria Nuttallii Conr. Occasionally found alive. Genus PSAMMOBIA Lamarck. Psammobia rubroradiata Nutt. Rare, empty shells only. Genus MACOMA Leach. Macoma indentata Cpr When full grown, this species is as graceful as a Tellina. Usually found in the immature condition and in this state is very similar to a young M. secta. Macoma nasuta Conr. Plen tiful with the preceding. Macoma secta Conr. Shells of this large species are commonly empty when collected. Genus TELLINA Linné. Tellina bodegensis Hds. Fossil valves at Dead Man's Island. One young shell was found at Redondo Beach, by Miss Virgie Burton Williamson. Tellina Idæ Dall. Three shells. One tine one, collected by Mrs. Trowbridge has been figured, with description, by Mr. Dall in the Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, Vol. xiv, No. 849, p. 183, pl. vi, fig. 3, pl. vii, figs. 1, 4, 1891. This species is named in honor of Miss Ida M. Shepard, of Long Beach, who was the first to bring the recent shell to the attention of students. It is found fossil in the miocene of San Diego County (W. H. D.) and has been dredged off Catalina Island. Tellina Gouldii Hanl. Rarely found. 186 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Tellina obtusa Cpr. Rare; soft parts gone. Tellina variegata Cpr. A few found by two collectors. (C. T. S.) Genus @DALINA Cpr. @dalina subdiaphana Cpr. A few living. Subgenus COOPERELLA Cpr. @dalina (Cooperella) scintillæformis Cpr. One broken shell. (C. T. S.) Genus LUTRICOLA Blainville. Lutricola alta Conr. A few live shells washed ashore in the spring; single valves common. Genus SEMELE Schumacher. Semele californica Adams. (S. flavescens Gld.) One young example. (C. T. S.) Semele decisa Conr. Not plentiful. Semele pulchra Sby. Mrs. Trowbridge reports a live shell washed ashore, after a heavy storm, in San Pedro Bay. (W. H. D.) Semele rupium Sby. Two or three; dead. Genus CUMINGIA Sowerby. Cumingia californica Conr. Alive at Point Fermin, between the ledges of rock, in company with Chitons. Genus DONAX Linné. Donax californicus Conr. This little shell, rich in color variations, is one of our economic mol- lusca;" for it makes a palatable soup. Plentiful at Long Beach. Donax flexuosus Gld. Not often found living. VOL187 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVGenus HETERODONAX Mörch. Heterodonax bimaculatus D'Orb. Plentiful at San Pedro. Heterodonax bimaculatus, var. purpureus. This purple variety is common with the type. Heterodonax bimaculatus, var. salmoneus. This variety is salmon-pink, and is rare. Some shells have also been found that are canary colored. Family MACTRIDÆ. Genus MACTRA Linné. Mactra (Standella) californica Conr. Two single valves. These valves are each nearly 5 inches long. Mactra (Standella) planulata, var. falcata Gld. Often washed ashore in the spring. (W. H. D.) Mactra (Standella) nasuta Gld. Not plentiful. This shell is of a blue-white color, with a dingy gray, epidermis, and is thinner than the former species. Of the Mactridæ, Mr. Dall says, “names at present must be provisional.” Genus LABIOSA Schmidt. Labiosa undulata Gld. (Raeta undulata Gray). Single valves washed ashore in winter. Pairs not separated are very rare. Family VENERIDÆ. Genus CALLISTA Poli. Callista (Amiantis) callosa Conr. (Dione nobilis Reeve). This graceful bivalve is found at low tide in winter, in the bay; occa- sionally washed ashore. Callista (Lioconcha) Newcombiana Gablı. Pl. XXIII, Fig. 4. Two shells and three or four valves; Catalina. Genys TIVELA Link. Tivela crassatelloides Conr. (Pachydesma crassatelloides Conr.). One of our "economic mollusca,” but not as plentiful as the Chione, The largest shells are often used by local artists as plaques, on which miniature pictures of "old missions,” etc., are painted. These shells 188 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. are from 5 to 54 inches in length, but I have one that measures 6 inches, and weighs 22 ounces. The large shells soon lose their epidermis, so smaller ones are preferred for cabinet specimens. Genus PSEPHIS Cpr. Psephis tantilla Gld. Rare. Arnold. Genus VENUS Linné. Venus toreuma Gld. (J'enus Fordii Yates). Valves not rare at Catalina Island. Two perfect examples found on the island. Two or three valves reported from San Pedro Bay. Dr. Yates's figure agrees perfectly with Gould's type. (W. H. D.) Genus CHIONE Megerle. Chione fluctifraga Sby. This and the two following species belong to our "economic mol- lusca," although this is the least abundant of the three. Chione simillima Sby. Our most plentiful Chione. This species shows some variation. Chione succincta Val. In mud flats, with the two former species. Chione undatella Sby. (=C. excavata Cpr. of California). Worn valves comparatively plentiful at Catalina Harbor, in 1890. “ The extreme limit north for it.” (W. H. D.) Genus TAPES Megerle. Tapes grata Say. I'wo shells found by two collectors. (W.H. D.) Tapes laciniata Cpr. Seldom found alive. Tapes staminea Conr. This “economic mollusk” of our coast is smaller than the other forms of this genus. Tapes staminea, var. diversa Sby. A few with the type. Tapes tenerrima Cpr. Rare; dead. 1892. ] 189 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus SAXIDOMUS Conrad. Saxidomus aratus Gld. (S. gracilis Gld.). Often washed ashore in the spring. This shell, like others of the family, varies in form. Saxidomus Nuttallii Conr. ? Beach-worn valves; may be specimens of the preceding species. Genus RUPELLARIA F. de Bellevue. Rupellaria lamellifera Conr. Two dead shells reported. Family PETRICOLIDÆ. Genus PETRICOLA Lamarck. Petricola carditoides Conr. Only dead ones collected. Petricola cognata Ads. One broken valve. (W. H. D.) Mrs. Trowbridge. Petricola tenuis Ads.? One, young, dead. (C. T. S.) If not a form of carditoides this has hitherto been known only from the southern fauna. Family CHAMIDÆ. Genus CHAMA Brug. Chama exogyra Conr. Common on rocks, from which they are hard to remove, even with a hatchet, as one valve usually adheres firmly. Both sinistral and dex- tral shells occur in the same colony. Chama pellucida Sby. This species is more pellucid and frilled, and often of a bright rosy tint in some places. It is usually washed ashore from deep water. Chama spinosa Sby. Very rarely washed ashore. These three forms are sometimes diffi- cult to distinguish; one species appears to run into another. Family CARDIIDÆ. Genus CARDIUM. Cardium centifilosum Cpr. One valve; Mrs. Trowbridge. Abundant in 16 fathoms at Catalina Harbor. (W. H. D.) 190 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Cardium quadragenarium Conr. Found at very low tide in the spring. Deep water examples are sometimes 64 inches from the umbo to the basal margin of the valves. Also found fossil at Dead Man's Island. Subgenus HEMICARDIUM Cuvier. Cardium (Hemicardium) biangulatum Sby. Fresh valves, and two or three complete shells collected at Catalina. “Alive in twenty to thirty fathoms near Catalina Island.” (J. G. C.) Subgenus LIOCARDIUM (Sw.) Mörch. Cardium (Liocardium) elatum Sby. One or two juvenile valves reported. Cardium (Liocardium) substriatum Conr. Plentiful at times. Family CARDITIDÆ. Genus VENERICARDIA Lamarck. Venericardia ventricosa Gld. Two shells; San Pedro Bay. Arnold. Dredged off Catalina Island in 30 fathoms. Genus LAZARIA Gray. Lazaria subquadrata Cpr. Single valves occasionally found. Complete shells very rare. Family LUCINIDE. Genus LUCINA Brug. Lucina californica Conr. A few found alive at the Points. Lucina æquizonata Stearns. Dredged in 276 fathoms off the Santa Barbara Islands by the U. S. Fish Commission. Lucina Nuttallii Conr. Washed ashore in the bay. Family DIPLODONTIDÆ. Genus DIPLODONTA Bronn. Diplodonta orbella Gld. Living examples are very rare. COL191 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, , . ] . XVFamily KELLIIDÆ. Genus KELLIA Turton. Kellia Laperousii Deshayes. At San Pedro, and also with barnacles on the pier at Redondo. Kellia rotundata Cpr. One "Nearly like K. suborbicularis." (C. T. S.) Kellia suborbicularis Mont. Rare. (C. T. S.) Genus LASEA Leach. Lasea rubra Mont. Not rare on kelp. Genus TELLIMYA Brown. Tellimya tumida Cpr. One specimen found. (C. T. S.) Family MYTILIDÆ. Genus MYTILUS Linné. Mytilus bifurcatus Conr. A few on the pier at Santa Monica. Mytilus californianus Conr. One of our economic mollusks" though not often on sale. Mytilus edulis Linné. Rare on the shore; brought in by fishermen, and occasionally on sale in the fish market. Genus SEPTIFER Recluz. Septifer bifurcatus Rve. Plentiful with Litorina plana.ris between rocks. Genus MODIOLA Lam. Modiola oapax Conr. Living shells rare; dead valves not uncommon. Modiola fornicata Cpr. Shells, fasciculated by their byssus, often washed ashore. 192 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Modiola modiolus Linne. Two or three young specimens found in San Pedro Bay. Modiola recta Conr. Not many found. None exceeding three inches in length. Subgenus ADULA H. & A. Ad. Modiola (Adula) falcata Gld. Two or three, in soft rock; none large. Genus LITHOPHAGUS Megerle. Lithophagus plumula Hanl. A few; living. Family ARCIDE. Genus ARCA Linné. Arca mutabilis Sby. One badly sea-worn valve. “Probably adventitious, as we do not know of it from north of the gulf.” (W. H. D.) Arca multicostata Sby. Single valve; Catalina Island. "Commonly found along the coast of Lower California." (R. E. C. S.) Genus AXINÆA Poli. Axinæa intermedia Brod. One found in the bay. “Very fine, highly colored specimen.” (W. H. D.) Miss Monks. Family NUCULIDÆ, Genus NUCULA Lam. Subgenus ACILA H. & A. Ads. Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hinds. Single valves (all fossil ?) Dead Man's Island. Family LEDIDÆ. Genus LEDA Schumacher, Leda cælata Hds. Odd valves reported. Genus YOLDIA Mörch. Yoldia Cooperi Gabb. Valves washed ashore in the beach drift. "May be identical with the fossil Y. impressa," Conr. (J. G. C.) 66 VOL193 1892. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . Family LIMIDÆ. Genus LIMA Brug. Lima orientalis (Adams?) Cpr. (L. dehiscens, Conr., of Cal, authors). Valves washed ashore in the spring. Family AVICULIÆ. Genus AVICULA Lamarck. Avicula peruviana Rve. One valve washed ashore on Rattlesnake Island and collected by Mrs. Opar. This is one of the shells from the southern fauna referred to in the introduction as possibly adventitious. Family PECTINIDÆ. Genus PECTEN Linné. Pecten æquisulatus Cpr. At San Pedro and Alamitos. Pecten caurinus Gld. Single valves are not rare at Dead Man's Island. All fossil? Two live examples found by Mrs. D. Garlick. Pecten latiаuritus Conr. This shell has been labeled P. monotimeris Conr. by many collectors on this coast, but Mr. W. H. Dall, to whom I recently submitted a series of shells collected at Redondo Beach, San Pedro Bay and San Diego, pronounced them all P. latiаuritus. Not plentiful. Fossil at Dead Man's Island. Section JANIRA Schumacher. Pecten (Janira) floridus Hds. Several valves; all fossil? "Evidently fossil and belonging in the recent state to the Lower Californian fauna.” (W. II. D.) A living specimen referred by Carpenter to J. dentata and perhaps conspecific was dredged by Dr. Cooper at Monterey. Living specimens of P.. floridus have been obtained at San Pedro. (W. H. D.) Genus HINNITES Defrance. Hinnites giganteus Gray. Occasionally found living. Family OSTREIDÆ. Genus OSTREA Linné. Ostrea lurida Cpr. Plentiful in a small oyster bed near Timms Point. . Ostrea lurida var. expansa Cpr. Three or four found at Catalina Island and the Bay. Proc. N. M. 92—13 194 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY WILLIAMSON. Family ANOMIIDÆ. Genus PLACUNANOMIA Brod. Subgenus VONIA Gray. Placunanomia (Monia) macroschisma Desh. Single valves rare. One fine example, measuring 3} by 3 inches, has been reported by Miss Eleanor B. Green, of Minnesota, who informs me that this shell, found alive at Long Beach, varies considerably from the type. “ The shell varies much like an oyster.” (J. G. C.) Genus ANOMIA Linné. Anomia lampe Gray. Odd valves and two young shells reported. SCAPHOPODA. Genus DENTALIUM Linné, Dentalium hexagonum Sby. Empty shells in the sand at Rattlesnake Island. Dentalium pretiosum Nuttall. With the last, but more plentiful. PTEROPODA. Family CAVOLINIIDA. Genus CAVOLINIA Abild. Cavolinia tridentata Forsk. = Hyalea tridentata, of authors. Three or four of these little Pteropods have been washed ashore at Long Beach. (J. G. C.) Family CYMBULIIDÆ. Genus COROLLA Dall. Corolla spectabilis Dall. This Pteropod has been taken alive on the surface of the sea off the coast north of Catalina Island. (W. H. D.) Cymbuliopsis of Pelseneer is synonymous. Family PNEUMODERMATIDÆ. Genus PNEUMODERMON Cuvier. Pneumodermon pacificum Dall. This Pteropod has been taken alive near Sau Pedro. (W. H. D.) VOL 195 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] XVGASTROPODA. Family UMBRACULIDÆ. Genus TYLODINA Rafinesque. Tylodina fungina Gabb. One shell, San Pedro Bay, and two found at Laguna Beach, by two collectors. (C. T. S.) Family BULLIDÆ. Genus BULLA Linné. Bulla nebulosa Gld. Plentiful on mud flats. Usually of a dark reddish-brown color. Genus HAMINEA Leach. Haminea vesicula Gld. Very rarely washed ashore. Haminea virescens Sby. In moss at Catalina. Empty shells not rare in the Bay; live ones very rare. Family ACTAEONIDÆ. Genus ACTAEON Montfort. Section RICTAXIS Dall. Actæon (Rictaxis) punctocælatus Cpr. Three or four dead examples. Family TORNATINIDÆ, Genus TORNATINA A. Adams. Tornatina carinata Cpr. A few examples. (J. G. C.) Tornatina culcitella Gld. Empty shells; not plentiful. Tornatina inculta Gld. One example. Genus VOLVULA A. Adams. Volvula cylindrica Cpr. One example in coarse sand in a rock-pool. (W. H. D.) 196 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Family AURICULID.E. Genus MELAMPUS Montfort. Melampus olivaceus Cpr. Plentiful in mud-flats. Genus PEDIPES Blainville. Pedipes unisulcatus J. G. ('p. Washed ashore in the drift. Family SIPHONARIIDÆ. Genus SIPHONARIA Shy. Subgenne WILLIAMIA Monterosato. Siphonaria (Williamia) peltoides Cpr. One worn shell found in the bay. (C. T. S.) Family GADINIIDÆ. Genus GADINIA Gray. Gadinia reticulata Sby. A single dead shell reported. Family MOPALIIDE, Genus MOPALIA Gray. Mopalia ciliata Sby. Not rare on rocks. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rarer than M. ciliata. Family ACANTHOPLEURIDA. Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. Nuttallina scabra Rve. The most plentiful form of Chiton. Family ISCHNOCHITONIDA. Genns CHÆTOPLEURA Shuttleworth. Chætopleura (Maugerella) conspicua Cpr. Between ledges of rock at Point Fermin, also at White's Point. Lately identified by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns. This species has been dis- tributed under the name of Stenoradsia Magdalenensis. Chætopleura Hartwegii Cpr. On rocks; not plentiful. VOL197 1892. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] . Family ACMÆIDÆ. Genus ACMÆA Eschscholtz. Acmæa asmi Midd. A few at Point Vincent. Acmæa insessa Hds. (Nacella incessa Hds, of some California authors). Dead examples occasionally found in good condition in San Pedro Bay, and at the Points. Acmæa mitra Esch. Dearl shells; very rare. Acmæa paleacea Gould. (Nacella paleacea, Gld., of some California authors). Found on kelp. Acmæa patina Esch. Abundant on the rocks at San Pedro and Point Fermin. Acmæa patina var. scutum Esch. Very few found with A. patina. Acmæa pelta Esch. Very few found. Acmæa persona Esch. Not plentiful. Acmæa scabra Nutt. With A. patina, but not so plentiful as the latter. Acmæa spectrum Nutt. Plentiful; on the rocks. (ienus LOTTIA Gray. Lottia gigantea Gray. Plentiful at Portuguese Bend. Family FISSURELLIDÆ. Genus FISSURELLA Brug. Fissurella volcano Rve. Most plentiful at Portuguese Bend. Genus FISSURIDEA Swainson, 1840 (=Glyphis Carpenter, 1856, non Agassiz 1843). Fissuridea aspera Esch. Rare; not found living., Fissuridea murina (Cpr.) Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 543. Two found dead, one at Catalina. This is the Glyphis densiclathrata of Californian conchologists, but not of Reeve; G. saturnalis of Pilsbry 198 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. (Nautilus, v., p. 105) not of Carpenter, and G. densiclathrata var. murina of Carpenter. W. H. D. Fissuridea rugosa Sby: Two found at White's Point. This is one of the southern species of shells referred to in the introduction as possibly adventitious. Arnold. (ienis LUCAPINA Gray. Lucapina crenulata Sby. Plentiful at Catalina, in the winter. Three or four live examples found, by as many persons, at the Points, and Dead Man's Island. Genus MEGATEBENNUS Pilsbry. Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. (Fissurellidea and Clypidella of authors). Two found in the bay. Genus LUCAPINELLA Pilsbry. Lucapinella callomarginata Cpr. (Clypidella of Cpr.). Three dead shells. One live example found by M. Estella Williamson. Family HALIOTIDÆ. Genus HALIOTIS Linné. Haliotis corrugata Gray. Dead shells not often found. Live ones occasionally brought in by fishermen. Haliotis Cracherodii Leach. Plentiful in winter, at low tide, on the rocks. This is the “ white” Abalone (pronounced " Ab'-a-lo-ně”) of California, and a favorite edible shellfish of the Mexicans. Although the mother-of-pearl of these shells is usually white when decorticated, one shell picked up in San Pedro Bay, by Mrs. Emma King, when decorticated, presented a beautiful play of colors, unlike either the type or H. fulgens. The muscular scar . was also finely colored. The spire rising higher than usual in shells of this type made the specimen more cup-shaped. Haliotis Cracherodii var. splendidula. A number of shells, found at one time, at Point Vincent, have bril. liant blotches of color in their interior somewhat like H. fulgens. Some have spots of brown color. Haliotis fulgens Phil. (H. splendens Rve.). As the former name has precedence, according to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, he substitutes it for H. splendens. This splendid shell is sometimes found very large at Portuguese Bend, at low tide, in the winter. VOL199 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVFamily PHASIANELLIDÆ. Genus PHASIANELLA Lam. Phasianella compta Gld. Usually empty shells; not plentiful. Family TURBINIDÆ. Genus POMAULAX Gray. Pomaulax undosus Wood. Plentiful in the early spring at Dead Man's Island. These shells lie close together in shallow water, many with a growth of alge on their apical whorls; when the algae are highly colored they present a beautiful sight under the water. Genus PACHYPOMA Gray. Pachypoma inæquale Martyn. Pl. xix, figs. 4 and 5; pl. XXIII, figs. 1, 3 and 5. A half dozen; all fossil ? Not uncommon, living, on the shore of Catalina island. This is the P. gibberosum of Chemnitz, according to Carpenter, but Martyn's name is four years older. (W. H. D.) Genns LEPTOTHYRA Carpenter. Leptothyra bacula Cpr. Not many shells found. Plentiful under stones in one of the valleys on Catalina Island. Leptothyra Carpenteri Pilsbry (L. sanguinea of Carpenter, not of Linn.). Very rare. In the Nautilus for July, 1890, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry says: “To our Californian shells we give the name of L. Carpenteri.” The true L. sanguinea is Mediterranean. Family DELPHINULIDÆ. Genne LIOTIA Gray. Liotia acuticostata Cpr. On actinias or sea anemones sticking to the adhesive surface; rare. Liotia fenestrata Cpr. Empty shells; rare. Family TROCHIDÆ. Genus ETHALIA H. & A. Adams. Ethalia sp. San Pedro. “Close to multistriata Ver.” Found at Cape St. Lucas. (W. H. D.) Arnold. 200 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY--WILLIAMSON. Genus NORRISIA Bayle. Norrisia Norrisii Shy. ( Trochiscus Norrisii, of anthorn). Plentiful on kelp at Dead Man's Island. “The name Trochiscus is pre- occupied." (W. H. D.) Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson. Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fbs. Most plentiful at White's Point. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Pl. XXI, fig. 8. Very few, none large. Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad. Pl. XXI, fig. 7. A few at the Points. Chlorostoma funebrale var. suba pertum Cpr. Pl. XXI, fig. 6. U.S. National Museum, No. 123496. This infigured variety is here illustrated for comparison. (W. H. D.) Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Our most abundant species. Some vary from the type by the ab. sence of the numerous spots or speckles. Chlorostoma gallina var. pyriformis Cpr. A balf dozen of this variety have been found. One very tine exam- ple on Rattlesnake Island, by Mrs. Charles Burton Woodhead. (J.G. C.) Chlorostoma gallina var. tincta Hmp. One shell found at Portuguese Bend. This variety has rounded whorls and is not speckled. Chlorostoma Montereyensis Kien. (C. Pfeifferi Phil. of Cal. lists). Rare; dead. Section OMPHALIUS Phil. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) viridulum var, ligulatum Mke. (Omphalius fuscescens. Phil. of California authors). Not rare; sometimes inhabited by crabs. Chlorostoma (Omphalius) globulus Cpr. One shell (C. T. S.). This form was described by Carpenter from Mazatlan (Maz. Cat., 235), but is not mentioned by Mr. Pilsbry in his monograph of the group. (W. H. D.) VOLPROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1892201 , . . XVGenus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson. Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Pl. XXII, fig. 2. One beach-worn shell reported. (Trowbridge.) Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Pl. XXII, fig. 6. Rare; only empty shells found. Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr. Pl. XXII, fig. 3. Very good specimens are found in the bay; not plentiful. Calliostoma gloriosum Dall. Pl. XXII, fig. 5. Four or five good shells, all dark spotted, found at San Pedro Bay. At Soquel, Monterey Bay, this species is mostly of a pale salmon color; the southern ones are darker. (W. H. D.) Calliostoma splendens Cpr. Pl. xxi, Fig. 5. One found; dead. (C. T. S.) Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. One obtained; not found living. (C. T. S.) Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Pl. xix, Fig. 8. Examples are usually faded. Calliostoma versicolor Mke. One young specimen found. (C. T. S.) Calliostoma costatum Mart. Pl. XXII, fig. 1. Rare on San Miguel Island. (W. H. D.) Genus THALOTIA Adams. Thalotia caffea Gabb. (Ptychostylis caffea Gabb.). Three recent, also fossil sheils, at Dead Man's Island. Genus GIBBULA Risso, Gibbula Canfieldii Dall.? var. One dead shell. “Possibly an extreme form of the very variable lirulata. Whether Gibbula or Margarita will depend upon the anatomy. The shell has the habit of Gibbula." (W. H. D.) Trowbridge. Genus MARGARITA Leach. Margarita lirulata Cpr. Rare living. Of Margarita lirulata Cpr., M. acuticostata Cpr., Gib- bula optabilis Cpr., G. parcipicta Cpr., G. succincta Cpr., funiculata Cpr., and lacunosa Cpr., Mr. Dall says: “After a careful study of the types of a 202 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. the above and hundreds of specimens, I am compelled to the belief that they are simply forms of one protean species." Margarita pupilla Gld. A dead one reported. Genus SOLARIELLA S. Wood. Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Pl. xxii, fig. 4. Dredged in deep water off the islands by the U.S. Fish Commission. Solariella peramabilis Cpr. One or two specimens found. Dredged off Catalina living in 30 fathoms. Also found fossil. Genus CANTHARIDUS Montfort. Subgenus HALISTYLUS Dall. Cantharidus (Halistylus) pupoideus Dall. Pl. xix, Fig. 2. (Fenella pupoidea Cpr., not of A. Adams.) Four found in rocky pools at Dead Man's Island. For an account of this genus see these Proceedings, XII, p. 341. The original Fenella is a Rissoid. Family CYCLOSTREMATIDÆ. Genus VITRINELLA Adams, em. Vitrinella Williamsoni Dall. Pl. XXI, figs. 2 and 3. Shell small, white, depressed, with two and a half whorls; spire flat- tened; suture appressed with a shallow channel or excavation outside of the appressed margin of the whorl, outside of which the convexity of the whorl rises higher than the suture. Base slightly more rounded than the upper side, with a wide and flaring umbilicus; periphery rounded; aperture rounded, oblique; surface polished, finely striate here and there by the incremental lines which are most prominent above. Maximum diameter of shell, 5,5; minimum diameter, 4.5; alti- tude, 1.25 millimeters. Beach at San Pedro; U. S. National Museum, registered number 106,856. This species, which is rather large for a Vitrinella, is respectfully dedicated to Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, to whose researches this paper is due. The name being inherently masculine, the usual geni. tive ending is preserved. VOL203 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVFamily CALYPTRAEIDÆ. Genus CRUCIBULUM Schumacher. Crucibulum imbricatum Brod. (C. scutellatum Gray, of Cooper Geographical Cata- logue). One in a collection of shells found on Santa Catalina Island, and two found in San Pedro Bay. From southern fauna. Crucibulum spinosum Sby. Washed ashore in the drift. Young ones found alive on Pecten æquisulcatus. Plentiful alive, at very low tide in the oyster bed at San Pedro. Genus CREPIDULA Lam. Crepidula aculeata Gmel. One or two reported. Crepidula adunca Sby. A few found living. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Not rare; these shells vary much in color and habit. Crepidula excavata Brod. Shells with the soft parts gone are sometimes found in the drift. “Does not exactly agree with any of our shells, but is probably this." (C. T. S.) Crepidula explanata Gld. (C. eruriata Nutt.). Three or four, found by two or three collectors. Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. Plentiful in dead gastropods. Crepidula onyx Sby. var. rugosa Nutt. Plentiful, often in clusters, one on another, and variable in shape. 1 have one old beach-worn example, of which the outline on one side describes a semicircle. Shells found on Norrisia are of a light ma- genta-pink in the interior. The form of the septum, or deck, of the pink, shells that I have seen varies from that of the var. rugosa. Genus GALERUS (Humphr.) Gray. Galerus mammillaris Brod. (G. fastigiatus Gld., perhaps G. contortus Cpr.). Two found dead at Long Beach. (C. T. S.) 204 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Family AMALTHEIDÆ. Genus AMALTHEA Schum., 1817 (Hipponyx Defrance, 1819.). Amalthea antiquata Linn. Empty shells are washed ashore at the bay. A few found living with A. tumens, nestled close to some big Chitons (Maugerella conspicua) in a cleft of rock at Point Fermin. Amalthea cranioides Cpr. This shell is flat and has the apex near Rare; with A. antiquata. the center. Amalthea serrata Cpr. Two or three found at San Pedro. These shells have a brown epi. dermis, in irregular patches. Amalthea tumens Cpr. With A. antiquata, but not so plentiful. Family VERMETIDÆ. Genus SERPULORBIS Sassi. Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr. Less plentiful than the variety below. Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr., var. pennatus Mörch. Usually found in colonies on the rocks. Genus BIVONIA Gray. Bivonia compacta Cpr. Only dead shells found; rare. (J.G.C.) Genus SPIROGLYPHUS Daudin. Spiroglyphus lituella Mörch. On kelp; Catalina Island and Portuguese Bend. (R. E. C. S.) Family CÆCIDÆ. Genus CÆCUM Fleming. Cæcum crebricinctum Cpr. Ten or twelve found at San Pedro; dead. (C. T. S. VOL205 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVFamily TURRITELLIDÆ. Genus TURRITELLA Lam. Turritella Cooperi Cpr. Dead shells are not uncommon; living ones very rare. Turritella (Mesalia) lacteola Cpr. Three found. (C. T. S.) Family CERITHIIDA. Genus CERITHIDEA Swainson. Cerithidea californica Held. (1840 + C. sucraia, Gila. 1849, + C. pullata Gld.). Plentiful on mud fats. “Several variations are caused by the amount of freshness in the water; sometimes marked by yellow bands." (J. G. C.) Genus BITTIUM Leach. Bittium asperum Cpr. Dead Man's Island. Fossil in San Pedro City. (J. G. C.) ( Pl. xxi, fig. 4 Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr. A few found living. Family LITTORINIDÆ. Genus LITTORINA Fér. Littorina planaxis Nutt. Abundant on rocks. Littorina scutulata Gld. Less abundant than the former. Littorina scutulata var. plena Gld. A few with the type. Littorina scutulata var. Six or eight. This variety is small and almost black. Genus ASSIMINEA Leach. Assiminea californica Cooper. One living and one dead example at San Pedro. (C. T. S.) Genus LACUNA Turton. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Three dead. Lacuna solidula Lovèn. Rare living; San Pedro. (C. T. S.) 206 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Family FOSSARIDE. Genus ISAPIS Cpr. Isapis fenestratus (pr. Rare; rock pools. Also fossil in San Pedro City. (J. G. C.) Family RISSOID.E. Genus RISSOA Freminville. Rissoa (Alvania) reticulata Cpr. One example. (C. T. S.) Rissoina purpurea of Cooper. Family TRUNCATELLIDE. Genus TRUNCATELLA Risso. Truncatella californica Pfr. On sea weed, not many found. (C. T. S.) Truncatella Stimpsoni Stearns. One. (C. T. S.) Family JEFFREYSIID.E. Genus JEFFREYSIA Alder, Jeffreysia sp. One worn specimen found near Dead Man's Island. (W. H. D.) Jeffreysia translucens Cpr. Three or four. (C. T. S.) Family OVULID. Genus OVULA Bruguiére. Ovula (Simnia) deflexa Sby. var, barbarense Dall. Pl. XXI, fig. 1. One example, one inch in length, found in San Pedro Bay, by Miss Mouks. 10. deflexa is a southern form, but was reported by Col. Jewett from Santa Barbara. His specimen was probably the same as the form here figured, which is of a whitish color and does not seem to agree per- fectly with Sowerby's figures. I therefore separate it varietally until more is known. If it prove distinct from deflexa the varietal name may take specific rank. W. H. D. VOL207 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. X, . ] . XVFamily CYPREIDE. Genus CYPRÆA Linné. Cypræa spadicea Gray. Living, at the Points. Also Laguna Beach. Not plentiful in Los Angeles County. Genus TRIVIA Gray. Trivia californica Gray. In the coarse sand at the Points, Dead Man's Island, and Santa Cat. alina Island. Three live ones washed ashore at San Pedro; also living at Laguna Beach. Trivia Solandri Gray. With the preceding and more plentiful. Genus ERATO Risso. Erato columbella Mke. Not often found, and not reported living. Erato vitellina Hds. Good examples are rare. Family TEREBRIDÆ. Genus TEREBRA Brug. Section ACUS Adams, Terebra (Acus) simplex Cpr. (Myurella simplex Cpr.). Dead shells not rare. Ten or twelve live ones in the sand on Timm's Point. Terebra (Acus) specillata Hinds. White, with irregular brown markings. Three or four of these pretty forms bave been found in the bay. “They will probably be found to grade into T. simplex.” (W. H. D.) Family PLEUROTOMIDE. Genus PLEUROTOMA Lam. Pleurotoma tuberculata Gray. One shell found by Mrs. Purdy, of Los Angeles. Subgenus GENOTA Adams. Section DOLICHOTOMA Bellardi. Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) Carpenteriana Gabb. (Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb.) Rare, dead. One splendid example, four and one-eighth inches long, 208 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. was found alive at Ballona Harbor by Mrs. Spar. For notes ou Genota -section Dolichotoma--see Report on Albatross Mollusca, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xii, No. 773, p. 303. Genus DRILLIA (ray. Drillia inermis Hd. Found with Cerithidea californica, at Alamitos, by M. Estella Wil- liamson. Also fossil; in San Pedro City bluffs. Drillia penicillata Cpr. Living shells seldom found; usually inhabited by crabs. A beauti. ful species with wavy hair lines across the whorls. Drillia torosa Cpr. var. Three shells, all broken. This variety is spotted. Point Fermin. (J. G. C.) Genus MANGILIA Risso. Mangilia striosa C. B. Ad. Rare; dead. The generic name is taken from an Italian conchologist who was called Mangili. Subgenus CYTHARA Schumacher. Mangilia (Cythara) variegata, Cpr. (Vangilia rariegata Cpr., var. nitens, of West Coast lists). Three or four live examples. (W. H. D.) Genus MITROMORPHA Adams. Mitromorpha aspera Cpr. Pl. xix, fig. 3. One. (C. T. S.) Mitromorpha filosa Cpr. Pl. xix, fig. 1. One (young) broken. (C. T. S.) Family CONIDÆ. Genus CONUS Limné. Conus californicus Hils. Plentiful in moss at Point Fermin, Washed ashore in the bay with live Crepidulæ on them. Family PYRAMIDELLIDÆ. Genus PYRAMIDELLA Lam. Pyramidella conica Ads. var. variegatu (pr. (Obeliscus). Three or four dead shells. (W. H. D.) VOL209 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVGenus ODOSTOMIA Fleming. Odostomia gravida Cpr. A few living. (J. G.C.) Odostomia inflata Cpr. Alive on the back of a Haliotis corrugata brought in by a fisherman, Odostomia nuciformis, Cpr. A few dead shells. Genus TURBONILLA Leach, Turbonilla chocolata Cpr. (Chemnitzia). One young specimen, lead, found at San Pedro. (C. T. S.) Turbonilla stylina Cpr. One young specimen. (C. T. S.) Turbonilla aurantia, Cpr. (Chemnitzia var. aurantia Cpr.). Three faded ones. (C. T. S.) Turbonilla tenuicula Gould. One specimen. (C. T. S.) Turbonilla tenuilirata Cpr. Two examples. (C. T. S.) Turbonilla torquata Gld. var. Three dead specimens. (C. T. S.) Family EULIMIDÆ. Genus EULIMA Risso. Eulima micans Cpr. Dead specimens, rarely found. Family SCALIDA. Genus SCALA Humphrey. Scala bellastriata Cpr. (Scalaria bellastriata Cpr.). Good examples found in the beach drift. One found alive by Mrs. Trowbridge. Scala Hindsii Cpr. With the former species, not rare. A southern form first collected at Santa Barbara by Col. Jewett. Proc. N. M. 92-14 210 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Scala indianorum Cpr. Rare; dead; also fossil. Scala occidentalis Nyst. San Pedro (W. H. D.) Arnold. New to the fauna. Scala retiporosa Cpr. One dead shell. (C. T. S.) Subgenus OPALIA Adams. Scala (Opalia) borealis Gld. Three or four examples; all fossil ? Scala (Opalia) crenata Linn, var. crenatoides Cpr. A few dead shells. One live shell, Portuguese Bend, found by M. Estella Williamson. Alive at Laguna Beach. “Abundant off Catalina Island, in mud at 16 fathoms." (W. H. D.) Family CERITHIOPSIDE. Genus CERITHIOPSIS F. & H. Cerithiopsis fortior Cpr. “Shells too much broken to be sure of identity." (J. G. C.) Cerithiopsis munita Cpr. One, dead. “Slender form." (J.G. C.) Cerithiopsis purpurea Cpr. Three. (C. T. S.) Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont. Very few; dead. Family JANTHINIDÆ. Genus JANTHINA Lam. Janthina exigua Lamk. (Janthina bifida Totten; J. trifida, of California authors). One day in March, last year (1889), a number of these ocean snails were washed ashore at Long Beach. This year (1890) not one has been found in the bay that I have heard of, but in the early spring months some were washed ashore at Catalina Island. VOL211 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29. . ] . XVFamily CANCELLARIIDÆ. Genus CANCELLARIA Lam. Cancellaria Cooperi Gabb. Pl. XXII, fig. 2. Three sea-worn 'examples of this rare and splendid species were found by two collectors. Family LAMELLARIIDÆ. Genus LAMELLARIA Montagu. Lamellaria Stearnsii Dall. One shell; soft parts gone. Monks. Family NATICIDÆ. Genus SIGARETUS Lam. Sigaretus debilis Gld. Occasionally washed ashore in the winter with the soft-parts gone. One fine shell, with part of the epidermis remaining, was collected by Miss Monks, on Rattlesnake Island. Genus NATICA Lam. Subgenus LUNATIA Gray, Natica (Lunatia) Lewisii Gld. Not often found with the animal in them. Largest ones washed ashore in the bay and at Catalina Island. Subgenus NEVERITA Risso. Natica (Neverita) Recluziana Petit. Plentiful in the sand, at Santa Monica with Tivela. Family TRITONIIDÆ. Genus RANELLA Lam. Ranella californica Hds. Occasionally washed ashore. Often brought in by fishermen. Family MITRIDE, Genus MITRA Lam. Mitra maura Swains. Not plentiful, dead. Two or three have been found alive. 212 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Family MARGINELLIDA. Genus MARGINELLA Lam, Marginella Jewettii Cpr. Pl. xix, fig. 6. San Pedro, Jewett in U. S. Nat. Museum. Marginella pyriformis Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 5. One or two. (C. T. S.) Marginella regularis Cpr. One empty shell. (C. T. S.) Section VOLVARINA Hinds. Marginella (Volvarina) varia Sby. Under stones; rare. Common at Catalina. Family OLIVIDA. Genus OLIVELLA Swainson. Olivella biplicata Sby. In the sand near Dead Man's Island. Dead shells not uncominon in the bay. Olivella biplicata var. alba. Seldom found. Olivella biplicata var. brunnea. This brown variety is rare, and not found living. Dr. Cooper says 0. biplicata “varies in color from black through brown, purple, gray and pink to white." 2 Olivella intorta Cpr. Pl. XIX, fig. 9. Santa Cruz to Lower California, U. S. Nat. Museum. Olivella bætica Cpr. Pl. xix, fig. 7. In the sand in both bays, although not plentiful. Family NASSIDÆ. Genus NASSA Lam. Nassa fossata Gld. Adults seldom collected. Nagsa insculpta Cpr. Pl. XXIII, fig. 6. Three; Catalina Island. (J. G. C.) Not uncommon at 16 fathoms depth. Fossil in Pleistocene. VOL213 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. X, . ] . XVNassa mendica Gld. Three; Catalina Island. Rare, and not found alive at San Pedro. (R. E. C. S.) Nassa mendica var. Cooperi Fbs. Alive at Catalina Fossil at San Pedro. (R. E. C. S.) Nassa mendica var. elongata. This variety is unusually long. (R. E. C. S.) Nassa perpinguis Hds. Empty shells plentiful in the drift on the beach. Nassa tegula Rve. On mud flats. (“Close to N. vibex of the Atlantic.” W. H. D.) Family COLUMBELLIDÆ. Genus COLUMBELLA Lam. Columbella baccata Gask. A young dead one. (C. T. S.) Southern fauna. Columbella (Astyris) carinata Hds. Not rare; often dead. Columbella (Astyris) gausapata Gld. Rarer than C. carinata. Columbella (Astyris) tuberosa Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 6. Two or three dead shells. Amycla of Carpenter. Columbella (Anachis) penicillata Cpr. Two. (W. H. D.) Southern fauna. Columbella (Anachis) tincta Cpr. One dead. “Gulf of California shell.” (C. T. S.) Columbella (Æsopus) chrysalloidea Cpr. One on San Pedro beach, Cooper) U.S. Nat. Museum. Genus AMPHISSA Adams. Amphissa versicolor Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 9. A few living specimens found. One here figured is rather shorter proportionately than the majority of specimens. (W. H. D.) Amphissa bicolor Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 4. Shell small, solid, pale with brown bands and six convex whorls; nucleus eroded in the specimens; suture distinct, not appressed, whorls 214 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. full, with 11 to 13 narrow rounded ribs extending nearly from suture to suture; spiral sculpture of numerous flattened strap-like cinguli sepa- rated by subequal channeled shallow interspaces; epidermis thin and yellowish; color of shell pale straw color with a brownish base and a brown band extending from the periphery half-way back to the suture; aperture about equal to the spire, the penultimate rib behind it a little swollen; pillar slender, polished white with little callus; canal wide, short, recurved; outer lip simple, slightly retlected; not lirate inside. Longitude of shell, 14.0; of aperture, 7.7; maximum diameter of shell, 8,0 millimeters. Habitat : Dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission at various places off the coast from Point Sur to San Diego, and in the Santa Barbara channel in depths varying from 124 fathoms at the south to 298 fath- oms at the north, over a sandy or muddy bottom. The operculum is brownish and resembles that of A. versicolor Dall. The brown coloration, though generally disposed in bands as described, is variable, and occasionally appears in a zigzag pattern on the pale .ground, or generally suffused over the surface, or even maculated, as in Nitidella. The apex when perfect is probably moderately acute, but is more or less eroded on all the specimens. (W. H. D.) Amphissa undata Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 8. Plentiful in 16 fathoms mud, off Catalina Island. This was described by Carpenter as Amycla undata and for some time confounded by him with A. versicolor. The fine series of A. corrugata Rve., undata, versicolor, etc., now in the National Museum, enable the species to be distinctly differentiated. (W. H. D.) Family MURICIDÆ. Genus PURPURA Brug. Purpura lima Mart. var. emarginata Desh. This shell, and two or three varieties of P. lima, have been reported from Laguna Beach, Orange County. I have not seen, nor heard of, a recent Purpura in Los Angeles County. That it should be found liv. ing in the county south of us and in Ventura County north of us, yet not collected here, is certainly noticeable. Genns MONOCEROS Lam. ( Acanthina F. de Waldheim). Monoceros engonatum Conr. Plentiful on the rocks at Rattlesnake Island. Monoceros engonatum var, spiratum Blainv. A few with the type. VOL215 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . IVGenus OCINEBRA Leach. Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. Pl. xx, fig. 2. Not rare under stones at Portuguese Bend. Ocinebra circumtexta var. Three or four, without bands. (R. E. C. S.) Ocinebra foveolata Hds. One. (W. H. D.) Trowbridge. Southern fauna. Ocinebra foveolata var. ? Two. “A variety, probably.” (W. H. D.) Trowbridge. Ocinebra gracillima Stearns. A few at Point Fermin. (R. E. C. S.) Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Three or four sea-worn examples. Ocinebra subangulata Stearns. Two or three shells found. (J. G. C.) Ocinebra Poulsoni Nutt. Often inhabited by crabs. Ocinebra lurida Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 7. San Pedro, U. S. Nat. Museum. Ocinebra lurida var. munda Cpr. Pl. xx, fig. 3. Catalina Island. (W. H. D.) Genus PTERORAYTIS Conrad. Pterorhytis Nuttalli Conr. (Cerostoma Nuttalli, of authors). a Not rare in rock pools; often inhabited by crabs. Soine shells are dingy. white, others a reddish-brown color. The name Cerostoma is pre. occupied. The name Pterorhytis was substituted for it by Conrad after- wards. (W. H. D.) Pterorhytis trialatus Sby. (Murer trialatus Sby.). Have seen three good examples, one found by a Mexican. Shells rare, and usually badly sea-worn. 216 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. Genus PTERONOTUS Swainson. Pteronotus festivus Hds. In tide pools, often inhabited by crabs. Genus MURICIDEA Swainson. Muricidea barbarensis Gabb. One dead example. Mrs. Emma King. Muricidea incisa Brod. Dead shells common at Catalina; live ones not often collected. Rare in the bay. Alive at Laguna Beach, Orange County. Genus CHORUS Gray. Chorus Belcheri Hds. Occasionally found alive in the spring. Often brought in by fisher- men. Three young specimens collected at Catalina Island were very thick for their size. Genus TROPHON Montfort. Subgenus BOREOTROPHON Fischer. Trophon (Boreotrophon) triangulatus Cpr. Two or three dead shells. One splendid specimen, found at San Pedro by Miss Hale, and now in the National Museum, is figured in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. xiv, Pl. v, Figs. 1, 3, and 6, 1891. Family BUCCINIDÆ. Genns CHRYSODOMUS Swainson. Section KELLETTIA Bayle. Chrysodomus (Kellettia) Kelletti, Fbs. (Siphonalia of Carpenter, not of Adams). Dead shells rare. Live ones brought in by fishermen. Dredged alive in Catalina Harbor. (W. H. D.) The original Siphonalia is iden- tical with the much earlier Strepsidura of Swainson, but there is no reason to suppose that Kellettia belongs to that group. (W. H. D.) Genus MACRON Adams. Macron lividus A. Adams. Living at low water on Catalina Island and Laguna Beach. VOL217 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . xvFamily FASCIOLARIIDÆ. Genus FUSUS Lam. Fusus barbarensis Trask. Some fine fossil shells have been found in soft rock at Dead Man's Island. "Two living specimens from Catalina Island are now in the National Museum. Probably the adult of the San Pedro fossil de- scribed in 1855, by Dr. Trask, as F. barbarensis. Similar to, though not identical with, F. Burnsii Dall, from the Virginia Miocene." (W. H. D.) One fossil shell found in San Pedro Bay, by Mr. George Gil. lette, measured 44 inches in length. Fusus Kobelti Dall. Live shells not often washed ashore at Catalina. Dead examples . frequently found on the island. Rare at San Pedro. Fusus luteopictus Dall. Pl. xx, fig. 1. Four, all dead, but three in good condition. (W. H. D.) CEPHALOPODA. Family ARGONAUTIDÆ. Genus ARGONAUTA Linn. Argonauta pacifica Dall. Several shells were washed ashore at Catalina Island this year. Family OCTOPODIDÆ. Genus OCTOPUS Lam. Octopus punctatus Gabb. Two or three have been noted. One animal measured over 39 inches across. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF RECENT MOLLUSCA, NOT LATELY FOUND. Twenty-five years ago, Dr. J. G. Cooper collected shells at San Pedro and vicinity, dredging especially about Catalina Island. He after- wards, in 1867, published his “Geographical Catalogue of the Mol- lusks found West of the Rocky Mountains," in which this information was embodied. Dr. Cooper has kindly furnished me with a list of shells found in and near San Pedro Bay at that time. In 1873, Mr. W. H. Dall dredged extensively in and near Catalina Harbor, adding a number of species to the fauna. Not wishing to duplicate any names already on my list, I only add a list of such marine forms as have not 218 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY— WILLIAMSON. been collected during the past two years, many of which being native to Catalina are likely to be found in the bay. For convenience of reference these are arranged alphabetically. Those marked with an asterisk were obtained at San Pedro, the others are from Catalina Island. Astarte fluctuata, Cpr. Acanthochiton aricula, Cpr. * Amphithalamus lacunatus, Cpr. Barbatia gradata Sby. Barlecia haliotiophila, Cpr. Barleeia subtenuis, Cpr. Bittium armillatum, Cpr. Cæcum californicum, Dall. * Cerithiopsis assimilata, C. B. Ad. * Cerithiopsis columna, Cpr. 1 Chlorostoma pulligo Mart. *Chrysallida pumila Cpr. Clathurella constricta, Gabb. Clathurella crystallina, Gabb. Crenella decussata, Mont. Cryptodon flexuosus, Mont. Cyathodonta undulata, Conr. Cythna albida, Cpr. Daphnella clathrata, Gabb. * Diala acuta, pr. * Diala marmorea, Cpr. Dunkeria laminata, Cpr. Entodesma inflata, Conr. * Eulima compacta Cpr. Gibbula optabilis Cpr. Isapis obtusa Cpr. Kennerlyia bicarinata, Cpr. Lepidopleurus scabricostatus, Cpr. Lepidopleurus pectinatus, Cpr. Limatula subauriculata, Mont. Laqueus californicu8, Koch. Lucina tenuisculpta, Cpr. Macoma inquinata Desh. Martesia intercalata, Cpr. Mytilimeria Nuttallii, Conr. Opalia retiporosa, Cpr. Plectodon scaber, Cpr. Prephis Lordi, Baird. Psephis salmonea, Cpr. Puncturella Cooperi, Cpr. Rissoina interfossa, Cpr. * Scala crebricostata Cpr. Semele incongrua, Cpr. * Styliferina turrita Cpr. Terebratella occidentalis Dall, * Xylotrya setacea Tryon, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE. Since the time when this list was finished and submitted for publica- tion, the collectors of Los Angeles County have not been idle and their work has borne abundant fruit. The species added have been incor- porated in the proofs, but a few words seem appropriate in regard to a some of the finds. Miss Shepard, to whose successful energy in col- lecting I am greatly indebted for the completeness of this list, has con- tinued her work with exceptionally good results; Miss Monks has also been remarkably successful, especially in obtaining a fine series of the fossil forms of Fusus from the blue clay of Dead Man's Island and of the recent Scala bellastriata and other interesting forms. The living specimen of Pecten floridus, referred to in the text, was obtained by Mrs. Garlick at Timms Point and is now in the possession of Mr. Or- cutt, of San Diego. Mrs. Redding, of Long Beach, has obtained sev. eral additional specimens of the Periploma discus. Pleurotoma (Doli- chotoma) Carpenteriana var. Tryoniana Gabb has been collected at San Pedro by Miss Monks; who has also found specimens of Trophon trian- gulatus, of which fine specimens exist in the State collection at Berke- ley, where they had till recently been confounded with Chorus Belcheri junior. It appears that the number of varices in this species is some- + San Pedro. Perhaps C. Montereyensis worn. VOL219 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVtimes larger than in the figured type. Among the shells collected by Mr. Arnold is a very young specimen of Avicula, which goes to confirm the nativity of the questionable specimen of A. peruviana before enu- merated. A remarkable find of several hundred Nassa fossata, and an- other of especially fine Cardium substriatum, both at San Pedro, are among the interesting data of our later conchological notes. Los Angeles, May, 1892. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. NOTE.—The figures being enlarged or reduced from the actual size of the speci- mens, the actual largest diameter of the specimen, as seer in the figure, is mentioned in millimeters, of which 1 is equal to z's of an inch. The Museum registration num- ber of the specimen is also added. PLATE XIX. Page. 208 202 208 Fig. 1. Mitromorpha filosa Cpr., 46418, 8 millimeters... 2. Halistylus pupoideus Cpr., 14824, 6 millimeters 3. Mitromorpha aspera Cpr., 46416, 5 millimeters. 4. Operculum of Pachypoma inæquale Martyn (=P. gibberosum Cpr.), outside view, 25.5 millimeters... 5. The same, inside view, 25.5 millimeters 6. Marginella Jewettii Cpr., 56224, 5.6 millimeters. 7. Olivella baetica Cpr., 47198, 18 millimeters 8. Calliostoma tricolor Gabb, 59800, basal diameter 15 millimeters ... 9. Olirella intorta Cpr., 47202, 15 millimeters. In this figure, as well as in figure 7, the color pattern is ignored.. 199 199 212 212 201 212 PLATE XX. 217 215 215 213 Fig. 1. Fusus luteopictus Dall, 32350, 17.5 millimeters; the color pattern is ig- nored... 2. Ocinebra circum texta Stearns, short variety, 46694, 22 millimeters...... 3. Ocinebra lurida Midd. var, munda Cpr., 46708, 16 millimeters 4. Amphissa bicolor Dall, 106877, 14 millimeters ..., 5. Marginella (Volutella) ppriformis Cpr., type specimen; 14950, 2.3 milli- ipeters... 6. Astyris tuberosa Cpr., type specimen; 11833, 9 millimeters; color ig- nored. 7. Ocinebra lurida Middendorf, typical form; 28473, 25 millimeters.... 8. Amphissa undata Cpr., typical; 56749, 12 millimeters; the color is ig- nored in this and the next figure ... 9. Amphissa versicolor Dall, short variety, 12277, 18 millimeters.. 212 213 215 214 213 PLATE XXI. 206 Fig. 1. Ovula (deflexa Sby. var.) barbarenxis Dall, from Miss Monk's specimen; 25 millimeters. 2. Vitrinella? (Adeorbis ?) Williamsoni Dall, 106856, front view; lat. 5.5 millimeters ... 3. The same, from below; 5,5 millimeters.... 4. Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr., 32218, 12 millimeters.. 5. Calliostoma splendens Cpr., 60671, basal diameter 5 millimeters . 6. Chlorostoma funebrale A. Adams, variety subapertum Cpr., basal view of type specimen showing umbilical pit; 30 millimeters, 123496..... 7. Chlorostoma funebrale A. Adams, ordinary form; 30 millimeters, 59758.. 8. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil., 60056, 28 millimeters... 202 202 205 201 200 200 200 220 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY-WILLIAMSON. PLATE XXII. Page. 201 201 Fig. 1. Calliostoma costatum Martyn, 102147, 27 millimeters, the color pattern ignored. 2. Calliostoma annulatum Martyn, 32481, alt. 30 millimeters, color pat- tern ignored ... 3. Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr., 32501, alt. 17.5 millimeters, color pat- tern indicated 4. Solariella cidaris A. Adams, 122574, alt. 28 millimeters 5. Calliostoma gloriosum Dall, 59963; alt. 22 millimeters; color pattern ignored.. 6. Calliostoma canaliculatum Martyn, 32495; basal diameter 36 milli- 201 202 201 201 meters.. PLATE XXIII. 199 211 Fig. 1. Pachypoma inæquale Martyn, 13580, 47 millimeters 2. Cancellaria Cooperi Gabb, 106860, 57 millimeters.. 3. Pachypoma inæquale Martyn, depressed variety, 13580, basal diam. 43 millimeters. 4. Lioconcha Newcombiana Gabb), 25 millimeters 5. Pachypoma inæquale Martyn, elevated form, basal diameter 47 milli- meters.. 6. Nassa insculpta Cpr., type specimen, 46625; 18 millimeters 199 87 199 212 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XIX PROCEEDINGS VOL. XV 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XX 3 1 6 着 ​8 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY. 9 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXI 3 4 1 5 6 7 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXI 1 2 3 5 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY. 6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XXIII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 1 4 3 1 SHELLS OF SAN PEDRO BAY. 5 6 CHINESE RELICS IN ALASKA BY LIEUTENANT T. Dix BOLLES, U. S. N. (With Plate XXIV.) In a collection of ethnological objects from southeastern Alaska, donated to the National Museum in 1883–85, there is a wooden mask which has for its eyes two large bronze Chinese Temple coins; so iden. tified by Dr. D. B. McCartee. The grave from which it was taken is located near the Chilcat Village at the mouth of the Chilcat River, Alaska, where stand a row of six grave. houses on a narrow strip of land close to the river, with a swamp back of them. Four of these graves were almost in ruins, but had evidently not been touched when we opened them. From the one in which the mask was found we got very little, its contents having nearly all rotted completely away, the mask in question being better preserved than the rest by a loose cedar board which protected it from the rain which leaked through in other places. The mask is skillfully carved from cedar wood and painted in the usual grotesque manner, but with strictly native colors. A sparse fringe of human hair partly rotted is inserted above the forehead. The wide gaping mouth is set with a double row of opercula, for teeth. Upon a casual inspection this mask does not show age, but, examined more closely, the wood is seen to be affected with dry rot, while the surface seems to have been protected by the paint which was probably mixed with fish oil. The grave in which this mask was found was pointed out to me as being old, and that of a medicine man who had flourished more than two hundred years ago, six successors having filled this office; each one living to a good old age. Careful questioning failed to bring any other answer. When the coins were shown to the native Chilcats they could not remember having ever seen such objects before. Knowing that at the date I made my collections the Indians them- selves never entered or took anything out of graves, I am free to con- fess that I see no other possible conclusion to draw than that these coins were obtained two hundred years ago, and the natural surmise is that they came from a junk driven on the coast, Chinese most likely, as the Japanese would probably not have two such coins. To those who doubt the advent of junks on the West Coast at this early date, these facts will probably not be satisfactory, but it will be necessary for them to break down by direct evidence such a strong plea. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV, No. 899. 221 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XXIV PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV ALASKAN MASK WITH CHINESE MEDALS. CORYSTOID CRABS OF THE GENERA TELMESSUS AND ERIMACRUS. BY JAMES E. BENEDICT, Assistant Curator of the Department of Marine Invertebrates. (With Plates XXV-XXVII.) This article is based on specimens from Mr. William H. Dall's Alas- kan collection obtained from 1871 to 1874, and on the recent large collections made by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. The list of localities will show that the Museum is indebted to others for additional specimens. One of the objects of this paper is to call atten- tion to these peculiar crabs, and to invite interest in their habits and life history, of which I believe little is known. The figures were drawn by Mr. A. E. McConnell. The following key sufficiently indicates the species of the two genera: a. Carapace broader than long.. Telmessus. 1. Lateral teeth triangular. cheiragonus. 2. Lateral teeth spiniform. .acutidens. b. Carapace longer than broad. Erimacrus isenbeckii, Telmessus White. Cancer Tilesius, Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. v, p. 347, 1815. Telmessus White, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, p. 497, 1846. Platycorysles Brandt, Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie de St. Péters- bourg, Vol. vii, p. 179, 1818; also Middendorff's Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 85, 1851. Cheiragonus Brandt, Middendorff's Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil I, p. 147, 1851. Telmessus Dana, U. S. Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, Vol. 1, p. 303, 1852. Carapace broader than long, pentagonal. Front divided into three lobes; median lobe cut into four teeth or denticles; lateral lobes form- ing the inner angles of the eyes. Epistome with triangular point ex- tending upwards on the median line between the antennulæ. Basal article of the antenna wide, short, flattened; a wing-like projection fills the hiatus of the eye. Sternum of the female thickened and sculp- tured around the genital openings. Abdomen of the female dleeply con- cave between the genital openings, leaving them fully exposed. Cheli- peds short; ambulatory legs moderately long. This genus contains, as far as known, but two species; one, T. acu- tidens (Stimpson), is common in northern Japan; another and closely related species, T. cheiragonus (Tilesius), ranges from Oregon to St. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV, No. 900. 223 221 CORYSTOID CRABS-BENEDICT. Michaels Island, Alaska, and perhaps much farther north; westward along the Aleutian Islands, the Commander Islands, and formerly and probably yet along the coast of Siberia. Telmessus cheiragonus (Tilesius). Plates XXV and xxvI; figs. 2, 3, and 4. “Cancer adsperso setosus vel Hippocarcinoides Stelleri Mscrpt. No. II. Alio loco Stellero Cancer pilosus et Cancer auritus dictus (1741. Awatschæ)" teste Tilerius. Cancer cheiragonus Tilesius, Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. v, p. 347, 1815. (Tab. vii, Fig. 1, is referred to in the text. There are no plates in the Smithso- nian copy of the work.) Telmessus serratus White, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, p. 497, 1846; also Voyage of Samarang, Crustacea, p. 14, 1848. Platycorystes ambiguus Brandt, Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie de St. Pétersbourg, Vol. VII, p. 179, 1818. Platycorystes cheiragonus Brandt, Middendorff's Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil 1, p. 85, 1851. Cheiragonus hippocarcinoides Brandt, Middendorffºs Sibirische Reise, Band 11, Theil I, p. 147, 1851. Telmes8u8 serratus Dana, U. S. Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, Vol. 1, p. 303, Pl. 18, Fig. 8, 1852. Cheiragonus hippocarcinoides Stimpson, Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific Shores of North America, Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 465, 1857. Telmes8118 serratus and T. cheiragonus Miers, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. of London for 1879, p. 36. Telmessus serratus S. I. Smith, Geological Survey of Canada, Report for 1878 and 1879, p. 208 B, 1880. Teeth or denticles of the median lobe of the front often wanting in old worn specimens; lateral lobes triangular, forming the inner angles of the eyes. Carapace deeply areolated. Lateral teeth six in number including the angles of the eyes the anterior three with two denticles on the anterior margin of each. The points of tbe teeth are bent for- ward and are on a line with the denticles. The fourth tooth forms the lateral angle of the carapace, and has four denticles on the anterior margin, one close to the point of the tooth; then a space, followed by three denticles evenly placed. The posterior teeth are without denti- cles. The surface of the carapace is set with large granules, in the posterior region forming lines. From these granules arise numerous bristles of even length, which bend forward and are enlarged at the points. (See Fig. 4.) The merus of the chelipeds has three nearly equal surfaces. The inner margin of the carpus is produced into a large, triangular, sharp- pointed tooth; a deep groove runs along its outer distal margin; the outer surface is spiny. The outer surface of the palın is traversed by four rows of tubercles; on the upper surface there are two or three spines on the inner margin, and a row of tubercles on the outer margin. The fingers are deeply grooved; the prehensile edges are heavily armed with tubercular teeth. On the ambulatory legs are lines of granules bearing coarse bristles. All of the joints are much compressed. The dactyls have short horny tips; on each side is a wide groove, and also a narrow one. The upper margin is grooved; on each 1692. ] 225 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. > side of this groove are double rows of sharp spiny granules; the space between is filled with short, stout, curved bristles. The lower margin of the dactyls has one double row of these granules; the space between is also set with sharp bristles. The numerous specimens of this species in the collection are without doubt identical with T. serratus of White. White's figure represents an imperfect male, the front is not well defined, and the greater part of the hair is gone, yet it is a graphic picture of some individual speci- mens. Dana's figures are not characteristic, representing as they do an im- mature female. A female in the collection, with an undeveloped abdo- men, might almost have served for the original of the figures, except that the inner angle of the eye is much straighter than in his figure. The identification of this species with the Cancer cheiragonus of Tile- sius is not quite so satisfactory, but, all things considered, the evidence seems to be, if not conclusive, at least strong. Brandt described Platycorystes ambiguus in 1848, and in 1851 deter- mined this to be identical with Cancer cheiragonus of Tilesius; after- wards, with White's description and figures before him, identified White's species with his. The peculiar short, coarse hair of even length with which this crab is ordinarily well covered, not unlikely suggested the name Hippocarcinoides to Steller at one time and Cancer pilosus at an- other, while the arched and produced inner angle of the eye as seen from above suggested the name of Cancer auritus. The specimens in the collection, over one hundred and fifty in num- ber, came from Oregon and north along the Alaskan coast, from several of the Aleutian Islands, and one from Bering Island, near the coast of Siberia. If a species liable to be confounded with cheiragonus existed in this locality, it would probably be represented by one or more speci- Steller's and Brandt's specimens were obtained in the same region. The finest lot from one locality were collected by Dr. T. H. Streets, U.S. Navy, at Kasa-an Bay, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska; ten specimens in all; five males, of which the smallest is 49 millimeters in length by 65 in breadth, the largest 63 millimeters in length by 82 in breadth; five females, of which the smallest is 45 by 58, millimeters; the largest, 57 by 74, millimeters. The reproductive openings in the females of this genus are placed out- side of, or rather out from under, the abdomen. At these openings the sternum is thickened and very solid. The opening itself is funnel-shaped, spreading out into an ear-like depression, the sides of which are thickened and elevated above the surrounding surface of the sternum. In the immature female the sixth segment of the abdomen has slightly con- cave edges. In the mature female the abdomen has expanded greatly, except the seventh segment and two-thirds of the sixth, which in an individual case measures 16 millimeters near the articulation with the Proc. N, M, 92-15 mens. . 226 CORYSTOID CRABS-BENEDICT. mass. fifth segment, in the middle 10 millimeters, and across the distal end 10,5 millimeters. This leaves the genital opening nearly on the axis of a semicircle, and fully exposed. The females in the lot collected by Dr. Streets have these genital openings stopped up with a ragged looking plug, which more or less completely fills up the ear-like external part of these organs and even bulges out from them quite prominently. In most cases a tough, flat membrane, ragged and worn at the end, projects a little beyond the Dissection shows that the plug extends to the point where the duct widens out into the seminal receptacle, where it terminates in a thin membranous funnel. What are these plugs, and what purpose do they serve? are questions which naturally arise. Are they the male organs? From underneath the head of the plug to the funnel-shaped ending the duct is exactly the same shape and size as the male organ. A section shows it to have the same structure. If the male organ is pushed in as far as it will go and detached, the flattened basal portion must project considerably on the outside. This portion would soon become broken and frayed out at the end; this could easily happen, as the strong armature of the genital openings would hold them without injury to the animal. The agitation necessary to accomplish this may aid the secretion of the substance of the head of the plug which so perfectly couforms to the parts by which it is held. A section of this enlarged part shows a continuation of the tougher frayed-out portion through the secretion. The male organ would not only stand out from the sternum beyond the plug, but it would extend beyond the inner end unless broken off or dissolved. The terminal portion of this organ is thin and flexible and of a different color from the posterior four-fifths. The organ itself is easily detached from the animal. Its loss would not necessarily be of great importance, as it would probably be quickly reproduced. Opposed to the supposition that this is the male organ is the fact that all of the males in the collection are perfect. There are no females with eggs in the collection, and but one besides those collected by Dr. Streets in the above condition. This species is said to be used as an article of food by the natives of the Aleutian Islands. Wosnesenski (Sibirische Reise) says, however, that the species was not highly regarded as food, as its flesh was very soft. Mr. William Palmer opened the stomachs of from eight to ten fur seals on the killing grounds of St. Paul Island, and though their stomachs were nearly empty, both he and Mr. H. W. Elliott were sat- isfied that the contents remaining in one were shells of crabs of this species. The natives believe it to be eaten by this seal. Length of the carapace of a large specimen, 83 millimeters; width, 102 millimeters; extent of ambulatory legs, 330 millimeters, VOL227 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVRECORD OF SPECIMENS. The U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross obtained this species at the following localities: Station. Depth. Lat. N. Long. W. Mus. No. O 1 11 O 1 Fath. 74 11 3233 3242 3243 3244 3245 3247 58 23 45 58 44 30 58 45 10 58 37 20 58 31 20 58 40 45 157 42 45 160 08 45 160 28 00 161 05 00 161 13 00 162 08 30 15997 15998 15999 16000 16001 16002 112 17 > Unalaska, July 23, 1888 (15576;. Unalaska, May 24, 1890 (16004). Herendeen Bay, July 5, 1890 (16003). Old Harbor, Kadiak, August 11, 1888 (15574). Beaver Harbor, B. C. (15575). Mr. William H. Dall obtained specimens as follows: Hagemeister Strait, 8 to 15 fathoms (13117). Hagemeister Island, beach (14819). Chichagoff Harbor, Attu, 5 to 7 fathoms (14818). Nazan Bay, Atka Island, 10 to 15 fathoms (14817). Iliuliuk, Unalaska, 5 to 15 fathoms (13115). Ilinliuk, Unalaska, near beach (12493). Popoff Strait, 6 fathoms (14813). Coal Harbor, Unga Island, 3 to 9 fathoms (14812). Chiniak Bay, Kadiak (12533). Chajafka Cove, 12 to 14 fathoms (14814). Chugachik Bay, Cook's Inlet, 20 fathoms (12509). Refuge Cove, Port Chatham (14815). At the following localities, specimens were obtained by various col- lectors: St. Michaels Island; L. M. Turner, 1874 (3258). “This specimen was found on the beach after a hard south wind.” Mr. Turner was informed by a Malemut woman that “the natives catch them on their fishing lines.” St. Michaels Island; E. W. Nelson, 1878 (2002, 14820). Iliuliuk; W. G. Harford (2136). Sitka; L. A. Beardslee, Commander, U. S. Navy (3168). Kasa-an Bay; Prince of Wales Island; Dr. T. H. Streets, C. S. Navy (14824). Bering Island, Commander Islands, Siberia; Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, February 1883 (14821). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; H. W. Elliott, 1874 (14835). St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; Wm. Palmer, 1890 (*5342, 15343). Puget Sound; D. S. Jordan, 1880 (3110). Straits of Fuca (3065). Port Orchard, Puget Sound; Prof. O. B. Johnson, 1889 (14965). Victoria, British Columbia; Dr. C. F. Newcombe, 1891, (15790). North Island, British Columbia ; J. G. Swan, August, 1883 (6603). Port Townsend, Oregon; Dr. Suckley (2058). 228 CORYSTOID CRABS-BENEDICT. Telmessus acutidens (Stimpson). Plate XXVI, fig. 1. Cheiragonus acutidens Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40, 1858. Telmessus acutidens Miers, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. of London, for 1879, p. 36. Telmessus acutidens S. I. Smith, Geol. Survey of Canada, Report for 1878–79, p. 208 B, 1880. The collection contains one male specimen from 8 fathoms, mud bot- tom, Yokohama, taken by the U. S. S. Tuscarora (3388); and 14 males, 8 females, from Japan, H. Loomis (16275). This species can easily be distinguished from T. cheiragonus by the much more slender lateral spines, and by the spine at the posterior base of the long spine, making three postero-lateral spines, while cheiragonus has but two. Its outline is not so angular, and it is much more convex than the preceding species. The point of the long lateral spine curves forward but little, while that of cheiragonus curves so much that it is naturally counted with the denticles on its anterior edge and base. Not counting the terminal point these denticles number four in cheir. agonus and five in acutidens. The following description of Telmessus acutidens is from Dr. Stimp- son's unpublished report upon the Crustacea of the North Pacific Ex- ploring Expedition: (The latin description was printed under the name Cheiragonus acutidens Stimpson in Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40, 1858.) “Carapax rather narrow; proportion of length to distance between tips of lateral teeth, 1:1.26. Surface covered with setiferous tubercles, mostly transverse, as in other species of the genus. Lateral teeth slen- der, sharp, the principal or middle one very long; a small intermedi- ate tooth at the base of the principal one behind. Between the teeth and sometimes on their edges there are a few small spiniform denticles. Interantennal front or rostrum with a deep median sinus, and a smaller sinus or excavation at the tip of each fork, as in C. hippocarcinoides. Antenna more than one-third as long as the carapax. Feet all squam- ose or scabrous and setose. Chelopoda somewhat spinous above; hand costate externally, the costa sharply tuberculated. “Color in life light brick-red above; paler, inclining to yellowish below. Some specimens are of an orange color, but always dusky. Pincers dark brown. Dimensions of a male: Length of carapax, 1.45; breadth between tips of lateral teeth, 1.83 inch. It grows to a length of 3 . inches, but the larger specimens, of which several were collected, were accidentally lost. "It may be distinguished from C. hippocarcinoides as found on the west coast of America, as well as from Telmessus serratus, White, by the greater length and acuteness of the lateral teeth, particularly the larger one; also by the existence of a small intermediate tooth behind the large one." This crab is very common in the Bay of Hakodadi, in northern > VOL229 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVJapan. It is commonly taken with the seine on sandy shores, but often occurs on gravelly beaches above low-water mark. In June the young, of half an inch to an inch in length, were much more abundant than adults, and were taken with the dredge in 4 fathoms weedy sand. In the time of Steller a species of Cheiragonus was so abundant in Avatcha Bay (Kamschatka ) that it formed a common article of food among the inhabitants. At the present time, however, it has entirely or nearly disappeared, as we did not succeed in obtaining a specimen; nor do the naturalists of Beechey's voyage mention having found it. ERIMACRUS, gen. nov. Carapace longer than broad, suboval; median lobe of the front cut into four teeth. Lateral margins arcuate, armed with seven teeth. The genital openings of the female occupy the posterior wall of a deep de- pression in the sternum, and are not covered by the abdomen, which is not concave on its margins between these openings. Epistome with a straight upper margin. Basal article of antenna stout; a short wing- like extension fills the hiatus of the eye. Chelipeds long; ambulatory legs moderately long, spiny. Brandt considered this genus, or the species for which it is constructed, to be generically or subgenerically distinct from Platycorystes, but unfortunately gave it a name (Podacanthus) which had been used by Gray for a genus of Orthoptera. His other name, Platycorystes, was based on Telmessus cheiragonus as the type; therefore the name is not available. Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt). Plate XXVI, figs. 5, 6, and 7; plate XXVII. Platycorystes ( Podacanthus) isenbeckii Brandt, Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg, vol. vii, p. 179, 1848. Also in Middendorft's Sibir- ische Reise, Band ii, Theil 1, p. 83, 1851. Cheiragonus isenbeckii Brandt, in postscript of the last work, p. 147. Brandt described this species under the heading “Genus vel sub. genus Platycorystes Sect. B (num subgenus proprium Podacanthus?)." The collection contains over forty specimens, all from the Aleutian and seal islands, the habitat given by Brandt, who says that it is much rarer than cheiragonus. “Mertens obtained but one, and Wosnesenski only five, in eight years collecting.” Brandt described the front as having four teeth, no doubt counting the spines of the inner angles of the eyes, as in cheiragonus, and says the middle pair are conspicuous. A large specimen before me has this appearance; the front is worn or broken until it shows but two central teeth. The young, however, have four small sharp teeth at this place, very closely like those of cheiragonus; the central pair are separated by the median sulcus; they are very brittle and in most specimens are broken off, leaving a straight margin between the outer pair broken only by the median sulcus. Afterwards when these latter are broken off, as is the case with the large specimen, the median sulcus divides the pro- 230 CORYSTOID CRABS-BENEDICT. duced front into two large, prominent, blunt teeth. 66 The lateral mar- gins are armed with seven teeth, of which the four anterior are subequal or a little larger than the first of those remaining." The carapace is thickly set with spiny tubercles. The merus joints of the four pairs of ambulatory legs have their distal upper margin set with six or seven sharp procurved spines; the lower margins have a double row; the posterior sides of the last pair are tuberculous or spiny; the anterior side of the last pair and the sides of the others are hairy. The carpal, propodal, and dactyl joints have three rows of sharp spines. The hands are nearly equal; a row of spines extends along the upper margin and part way down the movable finger; the outer lower margin has another row; on the outside of the hand there are four rows. The spines of the row which extends from the gape of the fingers to the carpal joint are conspicuously smaller than the others. The fingers are long and pointed and armed with large teeth. The mature female abdomen is altogether different from that of cheir- agonus, the sixth article being but slightly concave. The reproductive openings are placed outside of the abdomen, and differ much in shape and a little in position from those of cheiragonus. In the latter they are opposite the middle line of the second pair of ambulatory legs; in this species they are on the line between the first and second pairs. The legs and lower parts of the body are thinly covered with long hair, the carapace with short bristles (see pl. xxvi, fig. 7). Length of carapace of a large specimen, 110 millimeters; width, 106 millimeters; extent of ambulatory legs, 460 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS. Albatross dredgings, 1890. Station. Depth. Lat. N. Long. W. Mus. No. o 1 3292 Fath. 50 26 54 20 00 55 29 00 55 19 00 165 30 00 163 13 00 3268 3269 16 163 04 30 3271 25 55 29 15 162 58 00 3272 3275 3277 3281 3289 3294 3311 31 22 18 36 16 30 85 55 31 40 55 44 20 1 53 58 45 1 56 14 00 56 44 30 57 16 45 53 59 36 163 07 00 162 17 30 161 46 30 161 41 15 159 16 00 159 03 30 166 29 43 16006 16007 16008 16015 16009 16016 16017 16010 16011 16018 16012 16013 16014 Mr. William H. Dall obtained specimens as follows: Kyska Harbor, 6–12 fathoms (14831). Nazan Bay, Atka, 10-16 fathoms (14828). Off Rocky Point, Niuliuk, Unalaska, 10 fathoms (13141). Captain's Bay, Unalaska (14832). Off Round Islanıl, Coal Harbor, Unga Island, 6–8 fathoms (14830). Port Levasheff (14833). Additional specimens were collected at St. Paul Island, H. W. Elliott, 1872 (14834); and at St. Paul Island, William Palmer, 1890 (15344, 15345). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXV Telmessus cheiragonus (reducell). U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXVI um 2 1 3 4 7 6 Fig. 1. Telmessus acutidens. Fig. 2. Telmessus cheiragonus, epistome. Fig. 3. Telmessus cheiragonus, female abdomen and sternum. Fig. 4. Telmessus cheiragonus, bristle from carapace (enlarged). Fig. 5. Erinacrus isenbeckii, epistome. Fig. 6. Erimacrus isenbeckii, female abdomen and sternum. Fig. 7. Erimacrus isenbeckii, bristle from carapace (enlarged). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXVII Erimacrus isenbecki (recincea). CATALOGUE OF THE CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDÆ IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BY Mary J. RATHBUN, Department of Marine Invertebrates. (With Plates XXVIII-XL.) The classification adopted in the following catalogue is that estab- lished by Mr. E. J. Miers, in the Journal of the Linnæan Society of London, Vol. XIV, pp. 662 to 667, 1879, and modified by him in the Challenger Report, Zoölogy, Vol. XVII, 1886. His descriptions of Li- binia and Pericera have been amended to receive new species which do not appear to be generically distinct. In the key are included all the genera supposed to belong to the family. The characters distinguishing those genera which have not been seen by the writer are inclosed in parentheses. In the key to species only those represented in the National Museum are enumer- ated. At the end of the catalogue a list is given of the species of Periceridæ not in the Museum, for the benefit of future students of the group, and also to call attention to the deficiencies of the collection in the hope that it may be enriched in this direction through gifts and exchange. Of the forty-eight species of Periceridæ contained in the National Museum, one is European, two are East Indian, and the remainder American. Of the latter, eleven are found on the Pacific coast, from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos Islands, and thirty-four on the Atlantic coast. Of the Atlantic forms, two only range from Massa- chusetts southward. The remainder inhabit the southern Atlantic States and the West Indies, in many cases extending to Brazil. Fif. teen species are described as new, of which six are from the Gulf of California, and, with two exceptions, represented by a single specimen each. In addition to the specimens in the National Museum, the writer was enabled to examine also the Periceridæ in the Museum of Union Col- lege, Schenectady, N. Y., and those contained in a collection made in the Bahama Islands by Mr. Frederick Stearns, of Detroit, Mich., in 1888, and kindly lent by him for study. The latter collection yielded an . additional species, which is here described. The writer is indebted Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No.901. 231 232 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. to Mr. James E. Benedict for valuable aid in the preparation of this paper. In the synonymy, quotations not verified are inclosed in parentheses. Numbers in parentheses after localities are taken from the catalogue books of the museum. The drawings were made by Mr. A. H. Baldwin, excepting those of Libinia emarginata and dubia, which are republished from “The Fish- eries and Fishery Industries of the United States," through the cour- tesy of the U. S. Fish Commissioner. In an appendix are given descriptions of Periceridæ collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, preliminary notices of which were published by Dr. William Stimpson, in the Proceedings of the Phila- delphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1857. The specimens were destroyed in the Chicago fire. The figures have been copied and en- larged by Mr. Baldwin from the drawings accompanying the original manuscript. PERICERIDA. Maioid brachyurans with eyes retractile in complete and well-defined orbits. Basal antennal joint well developed and forming the greater portion of the inferior wall of the orbit. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES. A' Carapace more or less subtriangular. Rostrum well developed. Second joint of antennæ not dilated. Fingers acute at tips. .... Pericerinæ. A" Carapace suboblong; interorbital space very broad. Rostrum very small. Sec- ond joint of antennæ enlarged. Fingers excavated at tips....... Othoniina. A' Carapace broadly triangular, sometimes transverse. Rostrum usually short. Second joint of antennae not dilated. Fingers excavated at tips.. Mithracinæ. KEY TO GENERA. Pericerince. A Rostrum not divided to the base. B' Præocular spine distinct.... Libinia. B'' Præocular spine absent.. Prionorhynchus. A" Rostrum composed of two distinct spines. B' Basal joint of antennæ without spine at distal extremity. C' (Horns of rostrum lamellate) Pyria.* C' Horns of rostrum flattened, contiguous, produced at their extremities in a lateral lobe...... Lissa. C'" Horns of rostrum slender and divergent... Picroceroides. C'' (Horns of rostrum very slender and contiguous) ... Leptopisa. C'' (Horns of rostrum small, parallel to each other). . Sisyphus.* B" Basal joint of antennæ with one or more spines at distal extremity. C' Carapace narrow and elongated, suboval. D' (Nearly vertically deflexed in front of gastric region).. Cyphocarcinus. D" (Not deflexed in front of gastric region).. Podohuenia. * May belong to the Maiida. VOL233 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVC” Carapace subtriangular. D' Carapace with a series of lateral spines or teeth. E' Lateral margins with sharp spines.. ..Pericera. E“ (Lateral margins laminate and dentate)... . Anaptychus. D' Carapace without a series of lateral spines or teeth. E Spines of rostrum very slender and contiguous.. . Tiarinia. E" Spines of rostrum slender and more or less divergent. F' (Spine at antero-external angle of antennal joint very short and not visible from above). ... Tylocarcinus. F" Spine at antero-external angle of antennal joint very long and visi- ble from above.... Vicrophrys. E' Spines of rostrum parallel or nearly so. Orbits tubular.. Macrocæloma. E" (Spines of rostrum short, divergent, obliquely deflexed).. Entomonyx. Othoniina. A' Carapace with margins regularly dentated.... A" (Carapace with margins not dentated).... ...Othonia. Cyclocæloma. Mithracina, Thoe. Parathoe. A' Ambulatory legs dilated and compressed. Rostrum minute.. A" Ambulatory legs not dilated and compressed. B' (Basal antennal joint without spines at distal end). B“ Basal antennal joint with one or more spines at distal end. C' Lateral margins with tubercles or spines.. C" (Lateral margins withont tubercles or spines). Mithrax. Ра maya. * KEY TO SPECIES EXAMINED. Libinia. ..mericana. A' Carapace with margiu evenly rounded behind the front. B' Orbital fissures open; carapace narrowly pyriform... B" Orbital fissures closed; carapace broadly ovate. C' Rostruin deflexed. D' Median spines six.. D" Median spines nine.. C" Rostrum pointing obliquely upward. A" Carapace distended at the hepatic regions. B' Legs spinous... B'' Legs unarmed.. ......dubia. emarginata. setosa. .spinimana. macdonaldi. Prionorhynchus. Præocular spine absent. edwardsii. Lissa. Gastric region divided by deep grooves from the cardiac and branchial regions.chiragra. Picroceroides. Horns of rostrum slender and divergent ... tubularis. * This genus is doubtfully referred to the Pericerida'. 234 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. Pericora. ...atlantica. triangulata. A' Carapace with strong median spines. B' Carapace oblong-ovate B'' Carapace triangulate A" Carapace without strong median spines. B' Rostral horns divergent from the base. B“ Rostral horns divergent at tips only.. .cornuta. .contigua. Tiarinia Carapace covered with prominent warty tubercles .... ...cornigera. Microphrys. A Rostral horns short, flattened. A“ Rostral horns long, thickened. Microphry8, sp. bicornutus. Macrocoloma. A' Carapace with dorsal spines besides the epibranchial and posterior spines. B' Carapace subtriangular. C' Carapace with four spines at summit. D' Rostrum strongly deflexed. . septemspinosa. D' Rostrum almost horizontal... ..camptocera. C" Carapace with spiny ridge between epibranchial spines subparallela. C Carapace with two spines on the intestinal region... .. tenuirostra. B” Carapace subtrapezoidal.... eutheca. A" Carapace without dorsal spines except the epibranchial and posterior spines. B' Epibranchial spine two-lobed.. ..diplacantha. B“ Epibranchial spine not lobed. ... trispinosa Othonia. ..aculeata. / A' Antero-lateral teeth rounded.. A" Antero-lateral teeth acute. B' Carapace smooth, pubescent. B" Carapace densely granulous.. B" Carapace tuberculous. C' Carapace broadest at fourth pair of teeth. C" Carapace broadest at third pair of teeth.. Therminieri. rotunda. .nicholsi. .carolinensis. Thoe. Antero-lateral margin straight or a little concave ..... --puella. ..cinctimanus. .forceps. Mithras. A' Carapace with dorsal sulci. B' Antero-lateral margins with spines only. C Carapace longer than broad C" Carapace broader than long... B'' Antero-lateral margins with lobes, or lobes and spines. C' Carapace much broader than long; lateral margins angular. D' Lateral angle formed by a spine hooked forward . D' Lateral angle forined by a lobe. (" Carapace slightly broader than long; lateral margin rounded. D' Lateral margin with three large lobes followed by a spine... D' Lateral margin with four small lobes .denticulatus. coronatus. .nodosus. ..sculptus. VOL235 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2, . ] . XV* A" Carapace without dorsal sulci. B' Manus with spines. * Cº Carapace with much flattened, setigerous granules... .. aculeatus. C'' Carapace punctate and spiny. 8pinosissimus. C'' Carapace densely hairy --pilosus. B" Manus without spines. C Rostrum tuberculiform. D' Ambulatory legs with a thin lamellate crest . Mithrar, sp., Miers. D' Ambulatory legs without a thin lamellate crest. E' Carpus with inner margin armed with two or three blunt spines.rerrucosus. E" Carpus with surface tuberculous. F' Basal antennal joint with a spine at its antero-lateral angle....sinensis. F" Basal antennal joint with a lobe at its antero-lateral angle ...cristulipes. F“ Basal antennal joint with a truncate tooth at its antero-lat- eral angle ... .... braziliensis. E' Carpus with surface uneven. .hispidus. C" Rostrum short and sharp. D' Carapace strongly tuberculous. Lateral margins heavily armed..hemphilli. D'' Carapace pubescent. Lateral margins almost unarmed........ bahamensis. C' Rostrum long and sharp. D' Carapace strongly tuberculous acuticornis. D' Carapace with scattered tubercles ... spinipes. a Subfamily PERICERINÆ. Libinia Leach (amended.) Leach, Zoöl. Misc., II, p. 129, 1815. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 76, 1817. Latreille, Kègne Anim., III, p. 21, 1817 (2nd. ed., IV, p. 61); translation, III, p. 46, 1831. (Desmarest, Consid. sur les Crust., p. 161, 1825.) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., I, p. 298, 1834. De Haan, Fauna Japonica, Crust., p. 86. De Kay, Crust. of N. Y., p. 1, 1844. Dana, Crust. U. S. Ex. Ex., I, p. 80, 1852. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 127, 1875. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 662, 1879; Challenger Rept., Zoöl., XVII, p. 72, 1886. Carapace convex; tuberculous or spinous; triangular-orbiculate and evenly rounded behind the frontal region, or oblong-orbiculate and con- stricted behind the hepatic regions which are dilated laterally. Præ- ocular spine usually distinct. Rostrum emarginate or bifid at the apex. Orbits small, nearly circular, sometimes with an open fissure in the upper and lower margins. · Basal antennal joint moderately enlarged. Merus of exterior maxillipeds truncated at the distal end. Chelipeds well developed; palm elongated; fingers evenly denticulated on inner margins. Ambulatory legs well developed, sometimes elongated; joints subcylindrical, usually unarmed. Libinia emarginata Leach. Plate xxxi, fig. 2. Libinia emarginata Leach, op. cit., p. 130, pl. 108. (Desmarest, op. cit., p. 162.) White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 4, 1847. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 45, 1879; Verrill's Check List of N. Amer. Invert., p. 1, 1879; Rept. U. S. Commr. of Fisheries for 1885 (1887), p. 627. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 386, 1879. Miery, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 662, 1879; Challenger * In young specimens and females, the spines are not always evident. 236 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. Rept., Zoöl., XVII, p. 72, 1886. Andrews, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, pp. 99-121, pls. XXV-XXVII, 1883 (anatomy). R. Rathbnn, Fishery Industries of United States, sec. 1, p. 778, pl. 269, fig. 4, 1884. Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ix, p. 303, 1889 (1891). Libinia canaliculata. Say, op. cit., p. 77, pl. iv, fig. 1. Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 300; (Atlas Règne Anim. de Cuvier, Crust., pl. XXIII, fig. 1). Gould, Invert. of Mass., p. 327, 1841. De Kay, op. cit., p. 2 (partim). White, loc. cit. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3, p. 169, 1850. Streets, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XXII, p. 105, 1870. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 120, 1871. Smith, Rept. U. S. Commr. of Fisheries for 1871 and 1872 (1874), p. 548. A. Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 128. Kingsley, op. cit., p. 316, 1878. Libinia affinis. Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, p. 106, 1839. Gibbes, op. cit., p. 170. Stimpson, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 455, 1857. Streets, loc. cit. A variety from Charlotte Harbor, Florida, collected by the U.S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus, approaches somewhat the dubia type. It has the rostrum of emarginata, as well as the hepatic, the two intes- tinal, and the four median gastric spines; but the three branchial spines and those of the lateral margin, as well as some of the median spines, are long and strong as in dubia. One specimen from St. Augustine, Florida, has a rostrum with three spines instead of two, one median, the others regularly diverging on either side. Occasionally this species occurs in such numbers on the oyster grounds of Long Island Sound, and so interferes with the operations of the steam oyster dredgers that work is abandoned until the crabs (which are known to the oystermen as “spiders”) have passed over. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Massachusetts; U. S. Fish Commission: Wellfleet and Provincetown (2978); Provincetown (3898, 5875); Cape Cod (2025); sonth of Cape Cod, 27 fathoms (12852); east of Martha's Vineyard, 3 to 7 fath- oms (9376); Vineyard Sound, shore to 9 fathoms; Wood's Holl (6704); Me- nemsha Bight (6710); Buzzards Bay, 57 fathoms (4054); Mattapoisett Harbor (5825). Rhode Island; U. S. Fish Commission: Narragansett Bay, shore to 15 fathoms. Connecticut; U. S. Fish Commission: Noank (5874); New Haven (3843); Savin Rock (4102); oyster beds of H. C. Rowe, mouth of New Haven Harbor (3042); oyster grounds off Milford, Stratford, Bridgeport, and Norwalk (16023). Long Island: Fort Pond Bay, U. S. Fish Commission (14582); Fire Island beach, Dr. T. H. Bean (8916). Virginia; U. S. Fish Commission : Chesapeake Bay (5870); Hampton Roads, 11 to 12 fathoms (12452). North Carolina: Beaufort (Union College Coll.); Middle Sound, near Wilmington, U. S. Fish Commission (3375). South Carolina; U. S. Fish Commission : Bull Creek (16074); Charleston Harbor (3911); west end of Skull Creek (16075); Calibogne Sound (16073). 18921. XV] , 237 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. "Florida: St. Augustine, J. G. Hewitt (2018); Southern Florida, Silas Stearns (3147); Flor- ida Reefs, Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, U. S. C. S. S. Bache (14998); 4 miles east of Cape Romano, 18 feet, Lieut. J. F. Moser (13059); Marco, H. Hemphill (15122); Charlotte Harbor, U. S. Fish Commission (15203); W. H. Dall (15125); Sarasota Bay, H. Hemphill (15124), (Union College Coll.). This species is found as far north as Casco Bay. Libinia dubia Milne Edwards. Plate xxxi, fig. 1. > Libinia dubia Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 300, pl. 14 bis, fig. 2, 1834. Gibbes, op. cit., p. 169. Streets, op. cit., p. 104. Smith, loc. cit. A. Milne Ed- wards, op. cit., p. 129, pl. xvIII, fig. 5. Kingsley, op. cit., p. 316, 1878; XXXI, p. 386, 1879. R. Rathbun, op. cit., p. 778, pl. 269, fig. 5, 1884. Miers, loc. cit. Kendall, loc. cit. Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 178, 1891. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 53, 1889. Libinia canaliculata De Kay, loc. cit. (partim). Libinia distincta Guérin, La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, viI, p. XII, 1856. Capello, Jor. Sci. Lisbon, III, p. 263, pl. 3, fig. 2, 1871. Martens, Archiv. für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 79, pl. iv, figs. 1a, 1b, 1872. Libinia rhomboidea Streets, op. cit., p. 106. A. Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 131. Miers, loc. cit. * Libinia inflata Streets, loc. cit. Among five specimens from near Cedar Keys, Fla., there is one in which the upper orbital fissures are open as in the species of the second section of Libinia enumerated by Miers, op. cit., p. 73. The lower mar- gin of one orbit has a very narrow open fissure; in the other orbit, how- ever, the fissure is closed, as in typical specimens. A specimen from Merida, Yucatan, presents most of the characters of Streets's rhomboidea. A. Milne Edwards is probably right in considering this a variety of dubia. The specimen has the depressed median spines; the irregular transverse row on the gastric region; the strong spine on the hepatic region, forming with the lateral spines almost a semicircle; and the four strong spines arranged in a rhomboid on the branchial region, a character possessed by many of our specimens of dubia. On one side there is an additional smaller spine placed a little in front of the posterior spine of the rhomboid and nearer the median line. The præocular spine is prominent. The rostral spines are slightly divergent as in the typical dubia, from which this specimen does not differ essen- tially except in the strong hepatic spine. This species is not uncommonly covered with foreign matter, such as worm tubes, oysters, hydroids, and algæ. A female from Barnegat, N. J., about 3 inches long, is encrusted with tubes of Serpula, which conceal the carapace with the exception of the posterior margin, the intestinal spine, and the orbits, rendering the identification doubtful. The rostrum is broken. The mass of tubes is about 3 inches high and of greater width. Another female from Great South Bay, Long Islaud, has an oyster growing vertically on the frontal region, the hinge being 238 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDÆ RATHBUN. attached to the hepatic region. Still another female, from Barnegat, has an oyster attached to the subhepatic region and extending hori- zontally forward. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Massachusetts; U. S. Fish Commission : Woods Holl (4905, 5839); Buzzards Bay, 7 fathoms (4551); Mattapoisett Har- bor (15121). Long Island; Dr. T. H. Bean: Fire Island (8920); Patchogue (8915). New Jersey : Barnegat, William Calverly (5491, 5497); Ocean City, Dr. T. H. Bean (13012); Great Egg Harbor, Dr. William Stimpson (2066); Beesleys Point (2149). Maryland: Crisfield, U. S. Fish Commission (3261). Virginia: Willoughby Point, U. S. Fish Commission (5877); Hungers Wharf, Dr. J. F. Wilkins (4152); Hampton Roads, 12 fathoms (15158); Norfolk (15824); Cape Henry, William Evans (2278). North Carolina: Beaufort (Union College Coll.). South Carolina: Charleston, C. C. Leslie (3141); east end of Sullivans Island, Whiteside and Leslie (3186); oyster grounds, U. S. Fish Comunission, 1891 (16076). Florida: Cards Sound (15201), Little Gasparilla Pass (15202); U. S. Fish Commission, 1889. Four miles northeast of Key West; Dr. E. Palmer (9252). Key West; D. S. Jordan (5845); H. Hemphill (8962); U. S. Fish Commission (16155). Off Cape Sable (13756), near Cedar Keys :12471); Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, U. S. C. S. S. Bache. Marco (15118), Punta Rassa (6436), Char- lotte Harbor (15119); Sarasota Bay (6422), Goodland Point (15120), Pass a Grille Reef (6441), Boca Ceiga Bay, inner shore of Pine Key (6145), Cedar Keys (6411); H. Hemphill. Charlotte Harbor; W. H. Dall (12446). Tampa Bay; James Newman (13109). Clearwater (3259). Pensacola; Silas Stearns (4506). Yucatan: Merida; A Schott (2169). Libinia setosa Lockington. Plate XXVIII. Libinia setosa Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., p. 68, 1876. Streets and Kingsley, Bull. Essex Inst., 9, p. 108, 1877. Miers, Challenger Rept. Zoöl., xvii, p. 73, 1886. Libinia semizonale Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p. 103, 1877. Lower California (2300). Type of Streets's semizonale. Libinia macdonaldi, sp. nov. Plate XXIX. Entire surface, except the fingers and the tips of the ambulatory legs, densely covered with short, soft hairs, which in alcohol are brown, the surface being much lighter when the hairs are removed. Carapace broadly ovate, somewhat contracted behind the hepatic region, which is distended outwardly, a character not common to any of the species VOL239 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVdescribed hitherto. A conspicuous groove defining the inner angle of the branchial region ends anteriorly in a round pit and is interrupted posteriorly at the widest part of the cardiac region, behind which point it is continued almost to the posterior margin and unites with a broad irregular depression occupying the posterior portion of the branchial region; another short groove on the branchial region near the inner angle. There is a pit at the inner angle of the hepatic region, and another further back, between the gastric and branchial regions. The spines of the carapace are stout and blunt pointed. There are nine on the median line: four on the gastric, one on the genital, two on the cardiac, and two on the intestinal region. There is a spine on the frontal region on either side of the median line from which a ridge extends forward to the rostrum, which is either tuberculous or armed with a small spine. Between these ridges there is a broad, shallow depression. On each gastric region there is a spine which forms a T with those on the median line. There is a line of seven spines begin- ning at the summit of the hepatic region and terminating with the last antero-lateral spine. There two other strong antero-lateral spines, one at the prominent angle of the hepatic region, and one on the branchial region midway between the other two. There are four additional spines on the branchial region: one between the first and second lateral spines, but a little higher up and smaller; one, small, near the anterior border; two larger, of which one is near the inner angle, and one at some distance posterior, and nearer the margin; a fifth, near the cardiac region, is sometimes wanting, and in one specimen is accom- panied by another at a little distance. On the anterior margin of the hepatic region at the base of the lateral spine are one or two small irregular spines directed forward. In some specimens there is a small spine on the postero-lateral margin just back of the last antero-lateral spine. Rostrum depressed, flattened vertically, composed of two broad spines coalesced for from one-third to more than one-half their length, their outer margins slightly converging. Orbits with a single closed fissure above and below and prominent præocular and postocular spines. Orbital opening very small in pro- portion to the size of the carapace. Basal antennal joint broad, with a spine at the base of the second joint, directed downward and forward, and a little smaller spine on the anterior margin near the outer angle. Merus of external maxilliped strongly notched at its antero-internal angle, slightly rounded at its antero-external angle. Tooth near the distal extremity of the inner margin of the exognath large, acute. There are several tubercles on the pterygostomian region, and some- times a small spine on the subbranchial above the base of the first am- bulatory leg. Abdomen with a longitudinal carina which is broader in the female than in the male; a spine or spiny tubercle on the first segment, and a tubercle on the second. 240 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDÆ-RATHBUN. Chelipeds slender, not so long as the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus subcylindrical, with a row above of four spines and a few tuber- cles; inner, outer, and inferior surfaces, each with a longitudinal row of tubercles. Carpus obscurely tuberculate, with a crest of four tuber- cles above. Hands compressed, upper and lower margins parallel in the male, tapering in the female. Fingers meeting along their inner edges, evenly dentate. Ambulatory legs slender, decreasing successively in length. Dactyls slightly arched, shorter than the penultimate joints. Dimensions of a male in millimeters: Length, including rostrum, 88; width, without spines, 70; length of cheliped, 122; length of first am- bulatory leg, 144; length of fourth ambulatory leg, 81. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Gulf of California; V. S. Fish Commission, 1889: Cat. No. Statien. Lat. N. Long. W. Fath- oms. O Nature of bottom. O 16069 16070 16071 11. M. 3016 3015 3011 O 112 57 00 112 50 00 111 39 45 29 40 29 19 28 07 76 145 71 59 54.9 57.9 br. M. fne. gy. S. brk. Sh. This species is named after the Hon. Marshall McDonald, U. S. Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries. Libinia spinimana, sp. nov. Plate xxx. Carapace the same general shape as the preceding, studded with nu- merous sharp spines and covered, excepting on the distal half of the spines, with a dense pubescence, the hairs being lighter and shorter than in macdonaldi. The depressions and grooves are placed similarly to those of macdonaldi, but are more shallow. There are about twelve prominentspines on the median line; five on the gastric region, twoon the genital, two on the cardiac, two on the intestinal, and one on the pos- terior margin. On the frontal region there are two or threesmall spines placed longitudinally on either side of a broad shallow groove. On each gastric region there is a spine which forms a transverse line with the second median spine. There is no continuous line of lateral spines, but near the margin there are prominent spines arranged as follows: Three on the hepatic region, the longest at the external angle, the other two on the anterior border and directed forward; two near the anterior portion of the branchial region, and two farther back. There is an irregular row of small spines near the posterior margin. The entire carapace is covered with spines of different sizes, varying with the specimen. Rostrum but slightly deflexed, flattened vertically, composed of two sharp divergent spines coalesced for about one-third their length. Orbits as in macdonaldi; praocular and postocular spines more prom- inent than in that species, Basal antennal joint shaped as in macdon- VOL241 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XValili, and bearing besides the two spines of that species a third on the outer margin behind the anterior angle. Maxillipeds much as in macdonaldi. Pterygostomian region armed with a few spines. Abdomen carinated, with a median spine on the first two segments in both sexes. On each side of the second, third, and fourth segments in the female, there is one prominent tubercle, and in some cases one or two smaller ones. In the male there are incon- spicuous tubercles on either side of the first three segments. Chelipeds shorter than the first pair of ambulatory legs; pubescent, except the fingers and distal half of the hand, which are smooth. Ischium with a few short spines. Merus with four longitudinal, equi- distant rows of irregular spines, those of the upper margin being the longer. Between these rows are scattered a few small spines. Carpus spiny. Hands and fingers shaped as in maclonaldi. Hand with small spines on the proximal half of the upper margin, more prominent in the male than in the female, and sometimes arranged in two rows, which become more divergent toward the distal end, the spines decreasing to small tubercles; inner and lower surfaces finely tuberculate or gran- ulate, with a few stout tubercles in the male at the proximal end of the lower margin. Ambulatory legs resembling those of macdonaldi; pubescent, except the distal two-thirds of the dactyls. Merus of the first pair with a longitudinal row of four or five sharp spines on the upper surface, two on the outer side of the anterior margin, and six or eight smaller scat- tered spines. Meral joints of the remaining legs with a sharp spine on the outer side of the anterior margin, and one or more minute spines on the anterior portion. Carpal joints of first pair with a few small spines; of remaining pairs sometimes with faint tubercles. Other joints un- armed. Dimensions of male in millimeters, as follows: Length, including rostrum, 86; width, without spines, 69; length of cheliped, 114; length of first ambulatory leg, 147; length of fourth ambulatory leg, 98. There is a small male from the Gulf of Mexico, measuring 52 milli- meters long and 36 wide, which differs from the three large specimens collected off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in the following particu- lars: The dorsal spines are fewer and longer; there is only one spine on the genital region, and one on the anterior margin of the hepatic. The rostral spines are proportionally longer and more divergent. In other respects, however, this specimen agrees with the types. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Cat. No. Station. Lat. N. Long. W. Fathoms. Nature of bottom. 1 0 1 14029 16053 S. R. 2002 2103 34 38 30 28 42 30 75 33 X5 29 30 00 124 88 gy. M. Proc, N. M. 92- -16 242 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. This species and the preceding differ from all other species of Libinia in the prominent hepatic regions, and in the sharp postocular spine directed outward, characters which hardly seem to justify the formation of a new genus. Excepting L. rostrata Bell, they are the only species having long rostral horns in connection with closed orbital fissures. L. spinimana is peculiar in having spines on the hands. Libinia mexicana, sp. nov. Plate xxxi, fig. 3. Carapace pyriform, covered with a short pubescence and bearing twelve long spines besides the præocular. Median spines four: two on the gastric region (the posterior the longer), one on the cardiac, and one on the intestinal. There is a small spine on each side of the anterior median gastric spine, a tubercle on the genital, and one on the cardiac behind the spine. There are two long spines on each branchial region, one on each side of the genital region, pointing outward and a little forward, the others further from the median line and nearly in line with the cardiac spine, but pointing backward and outward. Lateral spines two: one on the hepatic region, one on the anterior part of each branchial; further back on the margin there is an inconspicuous spiny tubercle. Rostrum rather long, nearly straight, the distal half bifurcated. Horns tapering; outer margins sliglıtly divergent; interspace V-shaped. Orbits with an open fissure above and below; praocular spine prom- inent; postocular well developed, obtuse. Basal antennal joint rather narrow, with a triangular acute spine at its distal extremity, pointing downward and forward. Second and third joints rather stout. Remaining portion wanting. There is a short spine and two or three tubercles on the pterygostomian region. Legs short, covered with a close pubescence; joints unarmed. Cheli- peds, in a young male, weak, almost as long as the first pair of ambu- latory legs. Palms compressed, not dilated. Fingers narrowly gaping, their distal half finely toothed. Length, without rostrum, 10mm; breaslth, 7.5mm; length of rostrum about 3.5mm; length of cheliped about 8.5mm. Collected in the Gulf of California, off Shoal Point, Mexico, near the mouth of the Colorado River, lat. 31° 33' N., long. 114° 20'30" W., 104 fath., fine gray sand, broken shells, station 3029, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16072). This species is nearest to L. smithii Miers, but differs in the narrower carapace, the less divergent rostral horns, the shorter ambulatory legs, The lateral branchial spine is also farther forward in mericana, and the twelve long spines are nearly equal in length, while in smithii the ear- diac, intestinal, and second lateral spines are longer than the others, The marginal spine of the basal antennal joint is wanting in mericana, VOL243 1892] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. W. . . XVLibina mericana belongs to that section of the genus having open orbital fissures, a section which should perhaps form a new genus and be transferred to the Maiida. Prionorhynchus edwardsii Jacquinot and Lucas. Voy, au Pole Sud, Zool., III, Crust., p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1853. (Filhol, Rec. Vénus, 111, Abth. 2, p. 367, 1886.) Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 662, 1879. Upper surface coarsely and densely granulous and closely set with short, coarse hairs. Dimensions in millimeters: Length, 107; width, including teeth, 97. Auckland Island; Otago University Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand; one male (16297). Lissa chiragra (Fabricius). Cancer chiragra (Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 409, 47). Herbst, Natur, der Krabben und Krebse, I, p. 243, pl. 17, fig. 96, 1790. Inachus chiragra (Fabricius, Sup. Ent. Syst., p. 357, 1798). Lissa chiragra Leach, Zool. Misc., II, p. 70, pl. 83, 1815. (Desmarest, Consiil. sur les Crust., p. 117, 1825.) (Risso, Hist. Nat. de l'Europe Mérid., V, p. 23). (Costa, Fauna Napoli, p. 17.) Milne Elwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 310, 1831. (Latreille, nl. Ed. Règ. Anim., pl. 29, fig. 1.) (Heller, Crust. S. Europe, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 26, 1863.) Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 663, 1879. Auri- villius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1889. Pisa chiragra (Latreille, Encyc., t. 10, p. 143). Vaia chiragra (Risso, (rust. Nice, p. 47, 1816). An adult male from Naples (14508) was presented to the National Museum by the Rev. A. M. Norman, Tiarinia cornigera (Latreille?) Dana. Pisa cornigera? Latreille (Encycl. Meth., X, p. 141, 1825). Pericera cornigera? Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 335, 1834. Adams and White, Voy. Samarang, p. 18, 1818. Tiarinia cornigera Dana, Crust. U. S. Expl. Exped., I, p. 110, pl. 3, fig. 5, 1852. Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IX, p. 217, 1857. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 664, 1879; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), v, p. 228, 1880. Haswell, ('at. Austral. Crust., p. 28, 1882. Japan; H. Loomis; one female (16271). This species is distributed throughout the East Indies and the Indian Ocean. Pericera Latreille (amended). Latreille, Règne Anim. (2d ed., iv, p. 58, 1829); translation III, p. 43, 1831. Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., I, p. 331, 1834. Dana, Crust U. S. Ex. Ex., 1, p. 83, 1852. Saussure, Mém Soc. Phys. de Genève, xiv, p. 426, 1857 (partim). A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci., au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 49, 1873. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, p. 664, 1879; Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 76, 1886. Carapace subpyriform, tuberculated or spinose, with a series of lateral spines. Preocular spine well developed. Spines of rostrun long and more or less divergent. Interorbital space broad. Basal joint of antennae very much enlargedl, usually with two small distant spines at its distal end, not visible from above; sometimes, however, . 244 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. the spine at the antero-external angle is long and visible from above. Anterior legs long, palm slender and elongated, fingers slightly or not at all gaping Pericera cornuta (Herbst). Cancer cornudo Herbst, Natur. der Krabben 1. Krebse, III, pt. 1, p. 6, pl. Lix, fig. 6, 1804. Maia taurus Lamarck, Hist des Anim, sans Vert, v, p. 242, 1818. Pericera cornuta Latrèille, Rigne Animal (2d ed., IV, p. 58); translation, III, p. 44, 1831. Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 335, pl. 14 bis, figs. 4, 5, 1834; (Atlas du Règne Animal de (uvier, Crnstacés, ed. 3, pl. xxx, fig. 1). Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 172, 1850. Guérin, in La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, p. 11, 1856. Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genève, XIV, p. 426, 1857. Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 183, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 113, 1870. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 12, 1867). Streets, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 131, 1872. Martens, Arch. für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 84, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 51, 1873. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, XIV, 1). 664, pl. XIII, figs. 4, 5, 1879; Chal- lenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 76, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 54, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1889. Chorinus armatus Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, p. 108, 1839. Dimensions of largest specimen in millimeters: Length, from tip of rostrum to tip of posterior spine, 146.5; width, including spines, 93; length of rostrum, about 53; length of cheliped, 215. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Savannah, Georgia (Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci.). ? Gulf of Mexico (5813). Jamaica (Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci.); V. S. Fish Comm. (7670); T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas; A. H. Riise (2458); U. S. Fish Comm. (16177). A. Milne Edwards records this species as far south as Bahia. Pericera cornuta cælata (A. Milne Edwards). Pericera calata A. Milne Edwards (Bull. Soc. Philom., June, 1878, p. 5); Miss. Sci. an Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 200, pl. XV A, fig. 3, 1879; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, P. 1, 1880. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 76, 1886. Pericera cornuta (?) and Pericera, sp., Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, ix, p. 303, 1889 (1891). A comparison of a series of specimens from different localities seems to indicate that Pericera cælata A. Milne Edwards is only a variety of P. cornuta (Herbst), as Miers has suggested (loc. cit.). A. Milne Edwards says of cornuta that the rostral horns are shorter, the interorbital space narrower and the carapace smoother than in cælata. In this collection there are specimens of typical cornuta, and a large series of specimens with prominent tubercles on the carapace, in many cases more spiny than in A. Milne Edwards's cælata. In a specimen from the Gulf of Mexico (?), the carapace is smooth, and the rostral horns longer than in any specimen with tuberculous carapace; distally the horns are somewhat convergent. In another smooth specimen, from St. Thomas, the rostral horns are shorter than in many tuberculous specimens, VOL245 1892] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. XM, . . XVand do not converge. The comparative length of the rostrum in the two forms is, therefore, not constant. Most of the tuberculous forms lave more divergent horns and greater interorbital breadth, but a specimen from Pensacola offers an exception to this rule, having horns no more divergent and a frontal breadth no greater than in the typical cornuta. There is then no additional character by which the tuberculous forms can be separated from the smooth. A. Milne Ed- wards's specimen was 36 millimeters long, including the rostrum. We have specimens of the same size which agree well with his description and figure; but larger specimens differ in having a number of the tu- bercles spiny; in all cases, however, the tubercles are disposed as in the typical cornuta. In the collection of the museum, P. cornuta cælata ranges from 21 to 30 fathoms in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (A. Milne Edwards records it from 175 fathoms); while cornuta is found in shallower water. The young specimens of both varieties it is almost impossible to sep- arate, and under the supposition that the variation in the adults is the result of the different range in depth, I propose to make the deep water form a subspecies of cornuta as the best arrangement that can be made with our present knowledge. Length of largest specimen, from tip of rostrum to tip of posterior spine, 91; width, including spines, about 65; width, without spines, 47.5; length of rostrum, about 30; length of cheliped, 87 millimeters, RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Pensacola, Florida, from stomach of fish; Silas Stearns (4505, 9373). Gulf of Mexico; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885, 1889: Cat. No. Station. Lat. N. Long. W. Fath- oms. Nature of bottom. O 25 25 26 30 26 24 16045 15144 151 45 15147 15146 9803 15148 15205 15150 15149 16008 15276 9847 2370 2373 2374 2105 2406 2407 2409 5110 2412 2413 5070 5063 2414 29 18 15 29 14 00 29 11 30 28 45 00 28 46 00 28 47 30 27 04 00 26 19 00 26 18 30 26 00 00 25 23 00 25 17 00 25 04 30 85 32 00 85 29 15 85 29 00 85 02 00 84 49 00 84 37 00 83 21 15 82 50 00 83 08 43 82 57 30 82 54 30 82 54 30 82 59 15 26 crs.gy. S. brk. Sh. Co. S. G. brk, Sh. gy. S. brk. Co. crs. S. Co. Co. brk. Sh. ers.g: S.brk, Sh. Sh. S. bk. Sp. ine. gy. S. bk. Sp. brk. Sh. fne. S. bk. Sp. brk. Sh. Sh. S. Sh.S. fne. wh. S. brk. Sh. 21 27 24 26% 27 26 Off Cape Catoche, Yucatan; V. S. Fish Commision, 1885 : Cat. No. Station. Lat. N. Long. W. Fath- Oms. Nature of bottom. 27 9592 16051 9567 15143 2366 2365 2360 2363 22 28 00 22 18 00 22 08 30 22 07 30 87 02 87 04 86 49 87 06 00 fne wb. Co. wh. R. Co. wh. Co. wh. R. Co. 26 21 246 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. Pericera triangulata, sp. nov, Plate XXXII, fig. 1. Carapace triangular-ovate, covered with a short, close pubescence. Median spines nine; four on the gastric region, of which the one next the posterior is the longest; one, tuberculous, on the genital region; two on the cardiac, the anterior one the longest of the median spines; and two on the intestinal, the last one projecting almost horizontally over the posterior margin. There are two long spines arranged length- wise through the center of each branchial region, the anterior one being much nearer the median line. A little farther forward on the branchial region, and in a transverse line with the posterior gastric spine, there is a tubercle. On the branchial there is also a tubercle just above the margin midway between the first and second lateral spines; and a line of three faint tubercles, almost parallel with the antero-lateral margin and between the margin and the dorsal branchial spines. There is a small tubercle on the hepatic region, and a spiny tubercle on the anterior part of each gastric region, almost in line with the first median spine. Rostral horns straight, widely divergent, with fine hairs on the mar- gins. Præocular spine long, acuminate, strongly upturned; postocular sharp; sinus wide. Antero-lateral margin slightly convex, armed with three triangular acute spines: one on the hepatic region; one at the lateral angle of the carapace pointing outward and backward; the other half way between, almost parallel with the hepatic spine. From the last lateral spine to the last median spine the margin is marked by an almost straight ridge. Basal joint of the external antenna with a short tooth at its antero- external angle, and a tubercle at the insertion of the next joint. Re- maining joints with a few long marginal ciliæ. Antenna a little longer than the rostrum and inserted underneath it. Abdomen of immature female with an uneven carina through the center, caused by a tubercle on each segment. Chelipeds no longer than first pair of ambulatory legs, slender. Merus tuberculous above; hand long, slender, somewhat compressed, slightly tapering. The chelipeds, with the exception of the hands and fingers, and the ambulatory legs, are clothed with a soft, thick pubes- cence. Entire length, 18.7; width, including second lateral spines, 13.2; width without spines, 10.2; width between tips of postocular spines, 8.3. milli- meters. A single specimen was dredged in the Gulf of California, lat. 280 28' N., long. 1120 04' 30'' W., 29 fathoms, gray sand, temperature 62.9°, station 3014, 1889 (16066). VOL247 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVPericera atlantica, sp. nov. Pericera, sp., Smith, Rept. U. S. Commr. of Fisheries for 1885 (1887), p. 627. Carapace oblong-ovate; spines of the dorsal surface and margin in number and position corresponding to those of triangulata; but the spines are shorter and weaker, the two dorsal branchial spines are ar- ranged more longitudinally, and there is no tubercle on the hepatic region and none on the branchial region above the margin. Width of front greater than in triangulata. In addition to the close pubescence of the surface, the carapace is covered with long curved hairs. Color in alcohol very light, while triangulata is a reddish brown. In other respects this species agrees with triangulata, of which it appears to be the Atlantic analogue. It resembles in forin specimens of P. cornuta of equal size, but the series of dorsal spines, the wider orbital fissures and shorter rostrum separate it from that species. Entire length, 17; width, including second lateral spines, 12.3; width without spines, 10.3; width between tips of postocular spines, 9 milli- meters. The above description is made from a young female collected off Key West, Florida, lat. 24° 25' 45'' N., long. 81° 46' W., 45 fath., coral, tem- perature 750, station 2318, by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1885 (15142). A smaller female was collected in lat. 35° 10'40" N., long. 750 06' 10" W., 68 fath., gray mud, temperature 71.30, station 2268, 1884 (7220). Two very small specimens from the Gulf of Mexico, lat. 290 27' 30" N., long. 87° 48' 30" W., 30 fath., coarse sand, black specks, shells, sta- tion 2390, U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 (16044) have been doubtfully referred to this species. They have the form and orbits of atlantica, but are too small for exact determination. Pericera contigua, sp. nov. Plate XXXII, fig. 2. Carapace oblong-ovate, narrower at the orbits than posteriorly; pu- bescent; armed with three lateral spines: one on the hepatic, one a little above the margin at the postero-lateral angle of the carapace, and the other, the longest, situated halfway between the two. Protuberances of the dorsal surface arranged as follows: Three spiny tubercles in a triangle on the gastric, the posterior one on the median line most prominent. On each branchial region a spine in a transverse line with the posterior border of the gastric; another spine midway between this and the lateral epibranchial spine; a spiny tubercle close to the posterior-lateral border of the cardiac region; behind the last a rounded tubercle near the posterior margin; and a spiny tubercle on the anterior portion. On the intestinal region, a spiny tubercle, and 248 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. behind it another directed upward just over the posterior margin. The cardiac region has a spine at its summit. Rostrum slightly deflexed, about one-fifth of the entire length of the carapace. Horns somewhat scythe-shaped, thick, regularly tapering, acuminate; convex to each other, separated at base by a slight cavity, then curving inward and in contact for about two-fifths of their length, finally diverging. Præocular spine prominent, long pointed; postocular acute. Basal joint of antenna broad, armed with one long triangular spine, parallel with the præocular spine and visible in a dorsal view. Pterygostomian regions pubescent, with a few tubercles. Abdomen carinated. Chelipeds slender, pubescent, a little longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs; merus with an irregular spiny ridge above; hands tapering; fingers slender, in contact for nearly their whole length. Ambulatory legs stout, very pubescent. In spite of the long spine of the basal antennal joint, I have placed this species in the genus Pericera, because it has the orbits of Pericera and the lateral row of spines. The prominence of the antennal spine can hardly be said to be a character sufficient to distinguish Pericera and Macrocæloma, as there is at least one species of Macrocæloma in which it is not visible from above, J. diplacantha Stimpson. Besides this character, contigua can readily be separated from the other known species of Pericera by the peculiar rostrum. Length including rostrum, 28; width without spines, 16.3; width with spines, 21; width between tips of postocular spines, 14 millimeters. One female from the Gulf of California, lat. 25° 02' 45' N., long. 1100 43' 30" W., 21 fathoms, sand, shells, coralline, station 3005, U. S. Fish Comm., 1889 (16067), and two males from lat. 31° 21' N., long. 113° 49' W., 11 fathoms, sand, broken shells, gravel, temperature 670, station 3024 (16975). Picroceroides tubularis Miers. Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 77, pl. x, fig. 1, 1886. In one male the rostral horns and præocular spines are longer than in the specimen figured by Miers. The largest specimen, a female, measures 20.5 millimeters in length from the base of the horns and 13.5 millimeters in width at the branchial regions. Collected off Havana, Cuba, lat. 23° 10' 25'' N., long. 89° 20' 24" W., 33 fathoms, station 2324, coral, temperature 79.1°; by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, 1885 (9495); also at station 2138, 1884, lat. 17° 44' 05" N., long. 75° 39' W., 23 fathoms, coral, broken shells (6928). This species was collected on the coast of Brazil by the Challenger. VOL249 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THỂ NATIONAL MUSEUM. X, . ] . XVMacrocoeloma trispinosa (Latreille). • Pisa trispinosa (Latreille, Encycl. Méth. Hist. Nat., X, p. 142, 1825). Pericera trispinosa Guérin, Icon. des Crust., pl. 8, fig. 3. Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 336, 1831. Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genève, XIV, p. 426, 1857. Martens, Archiv. für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 84, pl. iv, figs. 4a, 4b, 1872. A. M. Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 52, pl. xv, fig. 2, 1873, and synonymy; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, p. 1, 1880. Aurivillins, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 2, 1889. Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 178, 1891. Macrocæloma trispinosa Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 665, 1879; Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, pp. 79, 80, 1886. In most of our specimens of this variable species the rostral horns are parallel and deflexed for two-thirds of their length, and then become divergent and upturned. In an individual from Fernando de Noronha, the four lobes at the summit of the carapace are very distinct and defined by deep depressions. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. / Off North Carolina, U. S. Fish Comm., 1885 : Lat 33° 42' 45'' N., long. 77° 31' W., 17 fath., sand, pebbles, sta. 2616 (16178). Lat. 33° 37' 15'' N., long. 77° 35' 30" W., 17 fath., coarse yellow sand, broken shells, sta. 2618 (16179). Florida: Key West, on rocks, low tide; H. Hemphill, 1885 (9279), (Union College Coll.). Eastern Dry Rocks; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (9280). Dry Tortugas; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (14001). Cedar Keys; Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. N., U.S. C. S. S. Bache, 1887 (15137). Pensacola; Silas Stearns (4497). Gulf of Mexico; U. S. Fish Comm., 1885: Lat. 26° N., long. 82° 57' 30" W., 24 fath., fine sand, black specks, broken shells, station 2413 (15136). Lat. 27° 04' N., long. 83° 21' 15'' W., 26 fath., coarse gray sand, broken shells, station 2409 (16055). Jamaica, T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas; U. S. Fish Comm., 1884 (16180). Curaçao; U. S. Fish Comm., 1884 (16181). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875–1877: Fernando de Noronha. Bay of Bahia, 3 to 4 fathoms. Found also in the Bermudas. ܕ Macrocoeloma camptocera (Stimpson). Plate XXXIII, fig. 2. Pericera camptocera Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 112, 1870. A. M. Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 57, 1873. Macrocæloma camptocera Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, pp. 79, 80, 1886. This species is distinct from trispinosa, as in a series from eight localities most of the differences pointed out by Stimpson hold good. The rostrum, however, though usually longer than in the specimens of trispinosa examined, varies in length, being from more than one-half to less than one-third the length of the post-frontal portion of the carapace. 250 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDE-RATH BUN. The difference in the size of the antennæ, noted by Stimpson, is not constant, but varies with the specimen. The four spines of the dorsal surface are situated on the cardiac, gastric, and at the inner angle of the branchial region. In addition to the close pubescence of the carapace, the front, the gastric region and the lateral portions of the branchial region are clothed with long hairs curved at the extremities. The lateral and posterior spines are longer, more slender and upturned than in trispinosa. Total length of large male, 37 millimeters; total width, 29.5 milli. meters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Indian Key, among rocks, near low tide; H. Hemphill (15140). Key West; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 (15141). Off Cape Sable; Lient. J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy, U. S. C. S. S. Bache, 1887 (13757). Marco; H. Hemphill (15139). Lat. 28° 43' N., long. 82° 56' W., 17 feet (13055), lat. 28° 50' N., long. 830 W'. (13013), lat. 28° 56' N., long. 82° 55' W., 19 feet (13061), Cedar Keys (15138); Lieut. Moser. Macrocæloma diplacantha (Stimpson). Pericera diplacantha Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 183, 1860. (Des- bonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 16, pl. v, figs. 16–18, 1867.) A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 55, pl. xiii, fig. 2, 1873. Macrocæloma diplacantha Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 79, 1886. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Key West, Florida; H. Hemphill, 1885; one female (9365). St. Thomas; U. S. Fish Comm., 1881; one male (16182). Old Providence; U. S. Fish Comm., 1884 (9136). Recorded from Guadaloupe. Macroceeloma subparallela (Stimpson). Pericera subparallela Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 182, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 54, pl. XIII, fig. 3, 1873. Pericera vilpini (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 12, pl. v, figs. 14, 15, 1867). Vacrocaloma subparallela Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 79, 1886. A male from Florida (?) (16054), 26 millimeters long, has on the pos- terior portion of the carapace, back of the transverse row of spines and tubercles, the short, tough pubescence arranged in irregular ridges sep- arated by a network of grooves. This character is less strongly marked in the two females from St. Thomas (16183) and Old Providence (16184), U.S. Fish Commission, 1884. Recorded from Guadaloupe. Macrocoeloma septemspinosa Stimpson. Pericera septem spinosa Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 113, 1870. A. M. Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. au Mexiqne, pt. 5, 1, pp. 59, 200, pl. xv A, fig. 2, 1873. Macrocæloma septem spinosa Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, pp. 79, 80, 1886. VOL251 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVRECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. The specimens were all collected by the C. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1885. Off Sonth Carolina. Cat. No. Station. 1 Lat. N. Long. W. Fath- onis. Temp. Nature of bottom. 1 11 15127 2311 32 53 00 77 54 00 79 59. 1 ers. S. bk. Sp. Off Key West, Florida. Cat. No. Station. Lat. N. Long. W. Fath oms. Temp. Nature of bottom. 7 1 15129 15128 2318 2317 24 25 45 24 25 45 81 46 00 81 46 45 45 45 73 Co. 75 i Co. Gulf of Mexico. 1 Cat. No. Station. Lat. y. Long. W. Fath oms. Nature of bottom. 1 15135 15134 15133 15132 15131 15130 2407 2406 2405 2373 2372 2370 28 47 30 23 46 00 28 45 00 29 14 00 29 15 30 29 18 15 84 37 00 84 49 00 83 02 00 8.3 29 15 8.3 29 30 85 32 00 24 26 30 25 27 25 Co. brk. Sh. crs. S. Co. gy. S. brk. Co. Co. G. crs. gy. S. brk. Sh. Found as far south as Bahia. Macrocoeloma eutheca (Stimpson). . Pericera eutheca Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 112, 1870. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, pp. 58, 200, pl. XV A, fig. 1, 1873. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1889. Macrocaloma eutheca Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, pp. 80, 82, 1886. To this species I have referred an adult male from off Havana, lat. 230 10' 51" N., long. 82° 19'03" W., 163 fath., white and brown coral, station 2323, U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 (9192); also a young male from near Aspinwall, lat. 9° 32' X., long. 790 51' 30" W., 34 fath., broken shells, station 2146, 1884 (7780); and a young female from lat. 23° 10' 36" N., long. 820 20'20" W., 122 fath., coral, station 2168 (7756). The adult male differs from Stimpson's description in its slightly narrower carapace, longer rostrum with divergent horns, and in the presence of tubercles instead of spines on the gastric region. A. Milne Edwards figures, without remark, a specimen which he calls eutheca, although it is much narrower than the one in question, the pos- terior half of the carapace is much rounded, and the rostral horns are separated by a triangular interspace. The specimen under examination has the carapace very much nar- rower posteriorly than in M. concara Miers (Op.cit., p. 81, pl. x, fig. 2), 252 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDÆ-RATHBU'N. from which it differs also in the protuberances of the carapace. In its proportion it approaches nearer the figure given by Aurivillius (loc. cit.). A detailed description of the individual is given below, as a series may in the future connect these two species. The two small specimens in the collection offer no essential differences. Carapace with a scattered pubescence, subtrapezoidal, concave at the hepatic region; outline of branchial region rounded. The protu- berances of the carapace are as follows: three tubercles forming a tri- angle on the gastric region, the posterior one large and on the median line, the other two inconspicuous; a spiny tubercle on the cardiac region; another longer on the intestinal; on the branchial region, a prominent slender spine just above the margin and behind the broad- est part of the carapace; above this spine another very small; on the lateral margin an irregular row of small spines and spiny tubercles, one on the hepatic and about five on the branchial, the one next to the last being the longest, but only two-thirds as long as the epibranchial spine; a branch of this marginal row is continued on the pterygosto- mian region, which is covered with small tubercles. Rostrum thin, almost straight; horns separated by a triangulate space; their distal half slender, acuminate; proximal half broad, sub- triangular, with convex outer margin. Orbital sheaths long, prominent. Distance between the tips of the postocular spines a little greater than the width of the carapace at the branchial regions exclusive of spines. On the upper orbital margin there is a tooth above the postocular; and a small spine on the lower margin. Basal joint of external antennae armed with two sharp spines. Chelipeds moderate. Merus tuberculous, with a row of four small spines above. Hands long, compressed, finely pubescent. Fingers arched, partially gaping; distal third brown. First pair of ambulatory legs barely reaching the manus. Entire length, 25; length of rostrum, 6; width at the branchial regions, without spines, 15.6; length of cheliped, 28; length of first ambulatory leg, 20 millimeters. II. eutheca has been collected at the Tortugas, Florida Straits, 12 to 115 fathoms, Santa Cruz, besides other localities. > Macrocoloma tenuirostra, sp. nov. Plate XXXIII, fig. 1. Carapace much lorger than broad, subrectangular, slightly convex; finely pubescent. Epibranchial spine short, slender; posterior margin with a slender upturned spine. Dorsal surface with a blunt median spine above the posterior margin; a tubercle occupying the cardiac re. gion; another far back on the gastric region; remainder of the surface with small depressed tubercles, which on the antero-lateral margin form an indistinct row. 1892. ] 253 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rostrum very slender, more than half as long as the remainder of the carapace. Horns subcylindrical, tapering to a fine point; outer margin spinulose for its posterior half; a narrow interspace at base; horns con- tiguous for the iniddle third; slightly divergent at tips. Orbits slightly projecting. Preocular and postocular teeth distinct, acute. Basal antennal joint with a short spine at the antero-external angle, visible from above. There is a tooth at the insertion of the sec- ond joint, pointing downward; and an obtuse tooth on the outer mar- gin. Remaining joints very slender. Chelipeds long, slender, pubescent except on the fingers. Merus and carpus tuberculate. Hand long, compressed, not dilated, granulate. Fingers in male gaping at base; tips brown; a short broad tooth on the dactyl. Ambulatory legs very slender, pubescent. First pair much longer than the others. Dactyls spinulose beneath. Length of carapace, including rostrum and posterior spine, 22; length of rostrum, 7.5; branchial width, including spines, 10; without spines, 8.5; width between tips of præocular teeth, 6 millimeters. One individual, a male, was taken in the tangles, between Jamaica and Hayti, lat. 17° 44' 05" N., long. 75° 39' W., 23 fathoms, coral, broken shells, station 2138, 1884, U. S. Fish Commission (6929). This species can not be confounded with any other described species of the genus, on account of its narrow, elongated carapace and slender rostrum. Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille). Pisa bicornuta (Latreille, Encyc. Méth., X, p. 141, 1825). Pericera bicorna Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., I, p. 337, 1831. Pisa bicorna Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3, p. 170, 1850. Pericera bicornuta Guérin, in La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, p. XII, 1856. Martens, Arch. für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 85, pl. iv, fig. 5, 1872. Pericera bicornis Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2), Ix, p. 501, 1857; Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève, XIV, p. 428, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1857. Milnia bicornuta Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 180, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 111, 1870. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., II, pp. 1, 33, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVIII, p. 389, 1869. Pisa galibica (Des bonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 18. 1867). Pisa purpurea (Desbonne and Schramm, loc. cit.). Omalacantha hirsuta Streets, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (3), 1, p. 238, 1871. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. :), I, p. 65, 1873. Microphrys bicornutus A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat., viii, p. 247, 1872; Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 61, pl. XIV, figs. 2-4, 1873. Miers, Chal- lenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 83, 1886. Heilprin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 318, 1888. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1889. Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xx, p. 507, 1890. Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 178, 1891. Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ix, p. 303, 1889 (1891). Microphrys bicornuta Kingsley, Proc. Acai. Nat. Sci. Phila., X.XXI, p. 386, 1879. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Cape Florida; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (9360). Key Largo; II. llemphill (15116). Lower Matacumba Key, among grass, below low tide; H. Hemphill (15114). Indian Key; H. Hemphill (15117). Florida Bay (Union College Coll.), 254 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. Key Vaccas (11070), Nights Key (15112), No Name Key (15111), Big Pine Key (15113); H. Hemphill. Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West Har- bor; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (15115). Key West; D. S. Jordan, 1883 (5749); H. Hemphill (9351); L'. S. Fish Commission (11390), (Union College Coll.). Plan- tation Key (Union College Coll.). Dry Tortugas reefs, from corals and sponges; Dr. E. Palmer, 1884 (9362). Garden Key, Tortugas (15825). Marco; H. Hemphill (16056). Bird Key; U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (15207). Bermudas: Tuckers Island; Dr. George Hawes (13796). Dr. F. V. Hamlin, Wesleyan Uni- versity (4024). Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.); New Providence, U. S. Fish Commission, 1886 (11369). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. West Indies, U. S. Fish Commission: Jamaica (16057); St. Thomas (16186); Curaçao (7580); Old Providence (16185); near Aspin wall, lat. 9° 32' N., long. 79° 51' 30'' W., 34 fathoms, broken shells, sta, 2146 (16187). Barbados; U. S. Eclipse Expedition to West Africa, 1890 (14883). Sabanilla, U. S. of Colombia; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16058). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875–1877; Pernambuco; Rio Formoso, Pernambuco; Plataforma, Bahia, in tide pools; Fernando de Noronha. Microphrys, sp. Carapace broadly triangulate. Regions well defined, tuberculous. There is one sharp spine at the lateral angle of the carapace; a little nearer the median line are two spiny tubercles. Anterior portion of brancbial region much swollen in an oblong tuberculous lobe. There are small tubercles on the margin of the hepatic region and on the sub- branchial region. Rostrum depressed, short, reaching to the middle of the third joint of antennæ. Horns narrowly triangular, acute, separated by a narrow V-shaped notch. Præocular angle distinct. Basal antennal joint with two marginal teeth separated by a narrow sinus; the anterior tooth long, flat, procurved, subacute. Chelipeds in young female weak, not much longer than first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus with four tubercles on upper margin; carpus tuberculous on outer surface; margins of hand subparallel; fingers evenly dentate, gaping at base. Ambulatory legs with meral joints spinous above and tuberculous on outer face; carpal joints with one spine above; propodal joints with a broad, rounded, lamelliform process for the articulation of the dactyl, as in platysoma. Length, including rostrum, 12 millimeters; width, without spines, 9 millimeters. Gulf of California, lat. 28° 16' N., long. 111° 54' W., 22 fathoms, fine gray sand, temperature 630, station 3012, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16774). This species appears to be nearest to bicornutus. The species de scribed from the Pacific coast are so numerous and the literature so inad- VOL255 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVequate that the writer, with only one immature specimen at hand, hesi- tates to give a name to a species perhaps already overburdened. Subfamily OTHONIINÆ. Othonia aculeata (Gibbes). Plate XXXIV, figs. 1 and 2. Hyas aculeata Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3, p. 171, 1850. Othonia aculeata Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VII, p. 49, 1859; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 116, 1870 (partim). A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 115, pl. xxiv, fig. 4, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 388, 1879 (partim). Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, I, p. 56, 1889. See remarks under Othonia lherminieri Schramm. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Key Largo (14049), Lower Matacumba Key (15809), Indian Key (14054), Key Vaccas (14072), Nights Key (15089); H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (9283); D. S. Jordan (5751), U. S. Fish Commission (7518). Dry Tortugas; Dr. E. Palmer (13896). Sarasota Bay, one young specimen (Union College Coll.). Bahamas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1886: Nassau (11401); New Providence (16309). Found also at St. Thomas. Othonia lherminieri Schramm. Plate XXXIV, figs. 3 and 4. Othonia lherminieri (Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 20, 1867). A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 116, pl. XXIV, fig. 5, 1875. Othonia aculeata Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 116, 1870 (partim). Kings- ley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 388, 1879 (partim). Othonia anisodon Martens, Archiv. für Natur., p. 83, pl. iv, fig. 3, 1872. An examination of numerous lots of this species proves it to be very distinct from 0. aculeata (Gibbes), with which it has been confounded by some authors. The front is much narrower than in aculeata, rostrum more advanced and less deflexed. In aculeata a groove runs from the tip of the inner upper angle of the orbit along the margin of the front to the base of the rostrum. This groove is very slight in therminieri. Orbital angles less produced and less conspicuous in therminieri. In both species the basal article of the external antenna has the anterior margin more or less dentate. Second article, in therminieri, with an external lobe which is shorter than in aculeata and directed forward rather than out- ward. Antero-lateral teeth sharp, while in aculeata they are obtuse. Appendages of the male abdomen with the distal third of a light brown color, and gradually tapering; and arranged in the form of a lyre, widely spreading at the tips (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 4). In aculeata, the appendages are brown for about the distal half, the brown parts in con- 256 'CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. tact for one-half their length, diverging at the extremities in slight curves convex to each other, each appendage terminating in a right- angled hook, the point of which is directed toward the median line of the carapace (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 2). The chelipeds are variable, in full grown males usually slender, shorter than the first pair of ambulatory legs and not much stronger than in the female; but in five out of fifteen large males the chelipeds are from one and a half times to nearly twice as long as the carapace, and are of the same character as in aculeata. The palms are, however, longer and narrower, and the merus more cylindrical and less angled than in aculeata, in which species the merus has three depressed tuber- cles on the upper margin. The two species agree in the widely gaping fingers of the male, with a tooth near the base of the dactyl, and in the short, weak chelipeds of the female, with fingers evenly dentate and in contact. The carpal joints of the ambulatory legs are longer and more slender than in aculeata, and have a shallow groove on the outer surface which in aculeata is broad and deep, leaving a conspicuous ridge on either side. The carapace of therminieri is smoother and more pubescent; that of aculeata more tuberculous; a character most noticeable in very young specimens. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Key Largo (15090), Lower Matacumba Key (14085), No Name Key (14077); H. Hemphill. Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; H. Hemphill (9286); D. S. Jordan (15093), U.S. Fish Commission (15092). South Florida ; S. Stearns (3463). Marco (15091), Punta Rassa (13837), Charlotte Harbor (15096); H. Hemphill. Charlotte Harbor, young (Union College Coll.). Sarasota Bay; H. Hemphill (6124, 6131); (Union College Coll.). Boca Ceiga Bay; 9. Hemphill (15094). Off northwest end St. Martins Reef; Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. N. (15097). Cedar Keys; H. Hemphill (15095). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. West Indies; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884: Jamaica (16188); St. Thomas (16189); Curaçao (16190); Old Providence (9133). Sabanilla, United States of Colombia; V. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (15820). On the west coast of Florida where Therminieri is abundant, aculeata rarely occurs, but one small specimen in the Union College collection representing that region. 0. lherminieri has been recorded from Guadaloupe and Cuba. Othonia carolinensis, sp. nov. Plate XXXV, figs. 1 and 2. The following description is based on two imperfect male specimens collected off Charleston, S. C., by Mr. R. E. Earll, U. S. Fish Com- mission, 1880: Carapace nearly as broad as long, tapering posteriorly, broadest at the third antero-lateral tooth; regions well definedl. Width of front intermediate between that of aculeata and Therminieri. Carapace with VOL257 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] ::. XVscattered tubercles, six or eight on the branchial region, four or five on the mesogastric, two or three on the gastric, and a row near the pos- terior margin. The rostrum and the inner and outer orbital angles are about equally advanced. Orbital angles acute. Antero-lateral teeth five, the first three prominent, acute, the fourth sinaller, the fifth almost obsolete. Sinus between the second and third not so deep as between the first and second, making a partial coales- cence of the second and third teeth, which, however, is very slight as compared with the coalescence of the same teeth in aculeata and Ther- minieri, where the second tooth is much more feebie than the first and third. Basal article of the antenna with a shallow emargination on its anterior border outside the insertion of the second article, which is narrower than in lherminieri, the outer lobe produced forward but little beyond the inner lobe. Remaining articles wanting in our specimens. Appendages of the male abdomen in contact at about three-fifths of the distance from the distal end, then separating slightly in faint curves concave to each other, and again converging before they finally spread out at the tips. Distal three-fifths yellow, very slender, tapering grad. ually to a fine point (pl. xxxv, fig. 2). Chelipeds small, longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus somewhat angled, unarmed. Palms about one and a half times as long as broad, tapering slightly toward the distal end. Fingers with distal half minutely dentate and in contact; proximal ends gaping, a slight tooth at the base of the dactyl. Ambulatory legs short, sparsely hairy, a longitudinal depression on the carpal joints as in aculeata. Length, 14.2 millimeters; width, 14 millimeters; width of front, 8.7 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Near Charleston Harbor, 1 to 12 fathoms (3158). Blackfish Bank, off Charleston, 12 fathoms, from stomach of fish (5755). An egg-bearing female from Jamaica, T. H. Morgan, 1891, has been doubtfully referred to this species. The carapace is wider posteriorly and narrower in the center, sparsely pubescent. The basal antennal joint is dentate on its anterior margin. Othonia nicholsi, sp. nov Plate Xxxv, fig. 3. Carapace oblong, outline of anterior portion much as in aculeata, broader posteriorly. Carapace with strongly marked tubercles of which the larger are arranged as follows: Two on the median line of the mesogastric, the anterior one the smaller; two transversely on the anterior part of the cardiac region; three or four on each branchial region, where they have a tendency to become spiny. Of smaller tubercles, there is one on each gastric lobe, two transversely at the Proc. N. M. 92—17 258 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATUBUN. posterior end of the mesogastric, one on the anterior edge of the car- diac. There is a long line of stout granules a little above the posterior margin; a shorter line of granules behind this; a curved line of four granules just back of the middle of the cardiac region, arranged con- cave to the posterior margin; and two lines of granules on the posterior half of the branchial region, one following the general direction of the posterior margin, the other shorter, along the inner boundary of the branchial region and meeting the first line at an acute angle. There are other granules scattered on the carapace, but no conspicuous pro- tuberances on the hepatic region. Lobes of the rostrum acute, emarginate on their inner margins near the tips. Orbital angles sharp, the inner one produced in a line with the tip of the rostrum, the outer angle less produced. Antero-lateral teeth five, irregular, the second small and somewhat coalesced with the third at its base. Carapace broadest at the fourth tooth. Fifth tooth small. Basal joint of antenna with its anterior margin cut into three irregu- lar teeth. Second joint with the lobe at its outer angle projecting laterally, but not so long as in aculeata. Meral joint of outer maxillipeds longer than broad; antero-external angle produced; no perceptible notch at internal angle. Chelipeds in the young female slender, no longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus somewhat angled; carpus compressed; upper and lower margins of hand subparallel; fingers finely dentate, with a narrow hiatus at their base. Ambulatory legs with a fine scattered pubescence. Carpal joints dis- tended as in aculeata with an uneven ridge above and a longitudinal depression on the outer face. Length from tip of rostrum, 9 millimeters; greatest width, 8.5 mil- limeters. Collected in the Gulf of California, lat. 29° 30' N., long. 112° 40' W., 45 fath., by Lieut. Commander II. E. Nichols, U. S. Navy, 1880–1882 (15822); specimen imperfect, dried. This species can hardly be identical with 0. picteti Saussure (Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2), v, p.357, pl. 13, fig. 2, 1853) as the carapace is broader posteriorly, the tubercles are differently disposed, the front is broader, and the orbital angles more produced than in Saussure's figure. Othonia rotunda, sp. nov. Plate XXXVI, fig. 1. Carapace as broad as long, widest at the fourth antero-lateral teeth, much swollen in both directions, transversely rising abruptly from the bases of the antero-lateral teeth, longitudinally rising in almost an equal curve from behind the front and from the posterior margin. Re- gions faintly indicated. Carapace covered with granules which are more thickly set on the posterior half. Long fine hairs proceed from VOL259 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, , . . XVthe top of the granules. Along the outer margins of the gastric lobes, bunches of granules beset with coarse hairs form a broad line which is continued to the rostrum. Rostral teeth sharp, produced beyond the orbital angles. Præorbital angle obtuse, less produced than the post- orbital, which is subacute. Antero-lateral teeth usually five in number (in one specimen four), acute, separated to their bases, the first the largest, the others as a rule decreasing regularly in size to the posterior, the tips of the five teeth making a single curve. In the largest specimen, however, the third tooth on one side is much smaller than the fourth; the third tooth on the other side is broken, but, judging from the base, it was interme- diate in size between the second and fourth. Anterior margins of teeth thickened. Antero-lateral margin marked by inconspicuous granules irregularly placed, giving the teeth the appearance of being themselves minutely dentate. Basal article of the antenna with a sharp longitudinal groove through the middle. Tooth at distal extremity slightly more produced than the superior inner angle of the orbit, and visible in a dorsal view. Second article broad, with the outer lobe directed forward, and slightly thick- ened on the outer and anterior margins. Third article as broad as long. Surface of the abdomen and the sternum minutely pubescent. Ap- pendages of male abdomen diverging slightly at the distal ends, hooked at the tips. Chelipeds in both sexes, slender, longer than the ambulatory legs, covered with fine punctures, upper margin with thinly scattered hairs. Merus angled, a few small tubercles on the upper margin. Manus very slightly tapering toward the distal end. Fingers in the male gaping for the proximal third, with a tooth on the dactyl; in the female, evenly dentate and in contact for nearly their whole length, a slight gape at the proximal end. Ambulatory legs very hairy above, first pair reach- ing to about the middle of the manus. Length and width of large female, 17.5 millimeters; width of front, 9.8 millimeters. Length and width of largest male, 14 millimeters; width of front, 8,5 millimeters. Ten specimens were collected at Key West, Fla., by Henry Hemp- hill, 1885 (15807), and one female at the same locality, by the U. S. Fish Commission in 1884 (16298). Subfamily MITHRACIN Æ. Mithrax (Nemausa) spinipes (Bell). Pisa spinipes Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc., London, II, p. 50, pl. ix, fig. 6, 1836. Nemausa spinipes A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 82, 1875. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc., London, XIV, p. 666, 1879. Mithras (Nemausa) spinipes Miers, Challenger Rept. Zoöl., XVII, p. 85, 1886. A single male from the Gulf of California, has been referred to this species. It is a smaller specimen than the one figured by Bell (loc. cit.) 260 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. and differs in some respects. The original description says that there are seven or eight lateral spines (A. Milne Edwards says six or seven), and in the figure there are six besides the postorbital. In our speci. men there are five besides the postorbital, the fourth being the longest and defining the lateral angle of the carapace, the fifth shorter than the others and elevated a little on the branchial region. The granules of the anterior two-thirds of the carapace are very inconspicuous. There are two large granules on the median line of the cardiac region, five or six granules on the posterior half of the branch- ial region, and a conspicuous row of four spiny granules on the intestinal region, making a curve concave to the posterior margin. The two teeth on the upper margin of the orbit are minutely serrate. The orbital sinuses are deeper than in other species of Mithrax. Spine at antero-external angle of basal antennal joint about half as long as the rostrum; remaining tooth spiniform. Chelipeds in our specimens shorter than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus spiny, bearing on the anterior part of its upper margin one or two spines longer and more slender than the rest. Carpus tubercu- lous, some of the tubercles spiny. Hands slender, smooth. Fingers spoon-shaped, finely dentate, when closed showing but a faint hiatus. Ambulatory legs pubescent, third and fourth joints with long spines above, third joint with small spines below. Length from base of rostral horns, 11 millimeters; width, without spines, 8.2 millimeters. Lat. 24° 55' 15" N., long. 110° 39' W., 33 fathoms, fine gray sand, broken shells, temperature 64,5°, station 3001, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16064). Bell records this species from the Galapagos Islands, 16 fathoms, and St. Elena, 6 fathoms. Mithrax (Nemausa) acuticornis (Stimpson). Plate XXXVII, fig. 1. Mithrax acuticornis Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, p. 116, 1870. A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. an Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 98, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zoöl., XVII, PP, 86, 88, 1886. Mithrax (?) sp., Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, ix, p. 303, 1889 (1891). Stimpson' says, “The margin of the orbit is armed with six spiniform teeth, not including those of the antennal joint.” In some of the spec- imens examined the tooth on the inferior margin of the orbit next to the basal antennal joint is obliterated, leaving only five orbital teeth; three on the superior margin, one at the external angle, and one on the inferior margin. The following are the dimensions of three specimens, the length measured from the base of the rostrum, and the width, not including thespines. No. 1. Length 13; width 10 millimeters; ratio 1:.77. No. 2. 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 261 Length 11; width 9 millimeters; ratio 1:.82. No. 3. Length 10.5; width 9 millimeters; ratio 1:.86. The color in alcohol is a cinnamon brown; fingers of a pinkish tinge. I think this species is not the young form of li. cornutus Saussure. In large specimens of cornutus, according to A. Milne Edwards, the length is only a trifle greater than the width; while in our series of acuticornis, the larger the specimen the narrower the carapace. In acuticornis the præocular spine is proportionally shorter and the an- tennal spine longer than in Milne Edwards's figure of cornutus. In the twenty-two specimens examined there is no trace of spines on the manus. The young Mithrar enumerated by Mr. W.C. Kendall (loc. cit.) in his list of Brachyura collected by the schooner Grampus on the fishing grounds off the west coast of Florida, undoubtedly belongs to this species. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMIXED. Gulf of Mexico; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 and 1889: Cat. No. Station. ! Lat. N. Long. W. Fatb. Temper OMN. ature. Nature of bottom. 0 O 1 26 26 15811 15819 15817 15206 15812 15813 2406 2409 2411 5108 2413 2414 28 46 00 27 04 00 26 33 30 26 19 00 26 00 00 25 04 30 84 49 00 83 21 15 83 15 30 83 11 00 82 57 30 82 59 15 cre. S. Co. (18.gy. S. brk. Sh. fne. wh. S. bk. Sp. S. alga. fno S. bk. Sp. brk. Sh. fne. wh. S. brk. Sh. 68 26 Caribbean Sea; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885 : Cat. No. Station. Lat. N. Fath- Long. W. Nature of bottom. Oms. 0 O 17 9502 15818 16307 15814 7760 2330 2365 2362 2303 2136 23 10 48 22 18 00 22 08 30 22 07 30 17 43 30 82 19 15 87 04 00 86 53 30 87 00 00 75 38 25 121 fue. Sy. Co. 24 | wh. R. Co. (o. S. 21 wh. R. Co. Co. brk. Sh. 25 Mithrax spinosissimus (Lamarck). Maia spinosissima Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., V, p. 241, 1818; 2d ed., p. 435, 1838. Mithrax spinosissimus Milne Edwards, Mag. Zoöl., II, pols. 2 and 3, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 321, 1831. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1847. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., III, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, p. x, 1856. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 188, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guade- loupe, p. 4, pl. vIII, fig. 21, 1867.) Martens, Arch. für Natur., XXXVII, p. 81, 1872. A. Milue Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 100, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 390, 1879 (partim).* Miers, Challenger Rept. Zoöl., XVII, p. 86, 1886. Anrivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Han.l., Bd. 23, 1, p. 57, 1889. *The specimens here recorded by Mr. Kingsley as spinosissimus prove to be aculeatus. 262 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: G. Wurdemann (2093, 15816). Carysfort Reef; Dr. E. Palmer (9257). Harbor Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; D. S. Jordan (5758); L. S. Fish Com- mission (7339); H. Hemphill (9258). Garden Key, Tortugas (15081). Off Havana, Cuba, lat. 23 10' 48'' X., long. 82° 19' 15'' W., 121 fathoms, fine gray coral, station 2330, L'. S. Fish ('ommission, 1885 (9502). Havana, Cuba; D. S. Jordan (7854). Guadaloupe; L. Guesde (4095). Mithrax pilosus, sp. nov. Plate XXXIS. 1 Carapace ovate-orbicular; width, without spines, less than the length. Postero-lateral margin rather long for the genus. Entire upper surface of the crab except the fingers, the proximal half of the manus, and the horny tips of the dactyls of the ambulatory legs closely covered with velvety hairs, which are present also on all the spines. Carapace fur- nished with spinose tubercles as follows: Three, small, arranged longi- tudinally each side of the median line just behind the rostrum; four transversely on the gastric region in two distant pairs; one further back on the median line of the gastric; three forming a triangle on the cardiac; nine or ten scattered on each branchial region; four in an arcuate row above the posterior margin. Rostrum composed of two spines strongly incurved at the tips; inter- space U-shaped. Præocular spine distinct, upturned. Lateral spines five, stout, triangular, tips hooked forward. The fifth of the series is on the postero-lateral margin. Farther back is a very small spine. There is also a small spine between the first and second lateral and the second and third lateral. There are three small tuber. cles on the posterior margin. Basal antennal joint broad. Spine at the antero-external angle about as long as the rostrum, but not so much advanced, directed outward; tip turned inward. Farther back on the outer margin there is a sharp triangular tooth, and another at the insertion of the second joint. Fla- gellum rather long. There is a triangular tooth on the lower orbital border next the postocular tooth. Lower surface of the crab covered with a short pubescence. Chelipeds a little shorter than the next pair of legs, not enlarged. Merus and carpus spiny above, the merus widening at the proximal end, the spines forming a crest on the distal half. Hand compressed, tapering slightly towards the fingers, spinose on the upper surface near the base, a character present in both sexes. Fingers slightly gaping at base. Ambulatory legs very stout. Meral and carpal joints with two rows of spines above; carpal joints with one or two additional spines. Propodal joints short, broadly cylindrical; those of the first three pairs of legs with one or more spinose tubercles. Dactyls broad at the articulation, tapering abruptly to the curved horny tip. VOL263 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVWhen the hairs are removed, the surface is speckled with small pur- ple spots. Length of carapace, with rostrum, 28; width, with spines, 30; without spines. 24; length of cheliped, about 26 millimeters. Three males and one young female were collected at Abaco, Baha- mas, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, 1886 (16299). This species is very distinct from any hitherto described. Like spino- sissimus, aculeatus, and cornutus, it has spines on the manus, but it is readily distinguished from those species by the stout lateral spines, the dense pubescence, and the short legs. Mithrax hemphilli, sp. nov. Plate XXXVII, fig. 2. Carapace oblong-triangular, covered with strong tubercles and gran. ules. Regions distinct. The largest tubercles are arranged as fol- lows: One on either side of the median line on the frontal region; a transverse row of four on the gastric; two on the median line of the mesogastric, the posterior one being the larger; one on the genital region; a line of three across the cardiac forming a transverse curve concave to the front; behind these, one on the median line; about seven strong tubercles on the branchial region, those most posterior being spinous; four spinous tubercles on the intestinal region forming a transverse curve concave to the posterior margin. The two tubercles at the extremities of this curve are continuous with a line of granules which border the posterior margin. The two central protuberances of the marginal line are small tubercles. Besides the strong tubercles of the carapace, there are numerous smaller tubercles and granules, scat- tered or clustered about the larger tubercles. There is a row of gran- ules just within and parallel to the posterior margin of the mesogastric region. Rostrum rather long for the genus, but not so long as in acuticornis, divided by a U-shaped sinus, each horn bearing two or three minute denticles on its outer margin near the tip. Præpocular tooth long, acu- minate. The two sinuses of the upper orbital margin small, V-shaped. Antero-lateral teeth four, stout, conical, pointed, and so embossed with granules about their sides that their margins have more or less the appearance of being denticulate. There is a spiny tubercle in the sinus between the second and third teeth, also a spine near the margin of the branchial region just back of the last antero-lateral tooth, which forms the angle of the carapace. The basal joint of the antenna is armed with four spines and teeth. There is a long slender spine at the anterior outer angle, and farther back a broad triangular tooth which forms part of the orbital margin. At the base of the movable joint is a prominent spiniform tooth, visi- ble in a dorsal view. Just below the sinus between the two marginal teeth is another small tooth, which, with the one at the base of the 264 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. movable joint, forms part of a row of six teeth ending at the subhepa- tic region. There are several irregular rows of tubercles beneath the lateral teeth of the carapace. Chelipeds slightly longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs. Merus with spinous margins, a ridge of strong spines above, and tuber- cles on the inner and outer faces. Carpus covered with tubercles, some of which are spiny. Hands smooth, upper and lower margins nearly parallel. Fingers finely dentate, showing when closed only a slight hiatus at the base. Ambulatory legs pubescent, with the meral and carpal joints flattened above, both margins of the upper faces with strong spines. Lower margins with a few small spines. Propodal joints with a few weak spines above. Length, from base of horns, 15.5 millimeters; width, exclusive of spines, 13.5 millimeters; proportion, 1: .871. Indian Key, Fla.; II. Hemphill, 1885 (15823); one immature female. A somewhat worn specimen of a male not differing essentially from the above description was collected at Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Bra- zil, by R. Rathbun, 1875-1877. Mithrax aculeatus (Herbst). Cancer aculeatus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, p. 248, pl. xix, fig. 101, 1782. Mithrax aculeatus Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., II, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 321, 1834; (Atlas du Règne Animal de Cuvier, pl. 27, fig. 1). White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 188, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 5, 1867.) Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., XXXVIII, p. 81, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci, au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 102, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 86, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 56, 1889. There are no specimens of large size in the collection. In individuals one and a half inches long the rostrum is no longer than in specimens of verrucosus of the same size. 2 RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED, Florida: Indian Key (14081), Nights Key (14073), Big Pine Key (14030); H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (13820), (Union College Coll.). Key West Harbor; Dr. E. Palmer (15810). Bahamas: Andros Island, young, fragmentary (Stearns Coll.); Abaco, V. S. Fish Com- mission, 1886 (16301). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas, U. S. Fish Comunission, 1884 (16191). San Domingo; W. M. Gabb, 1878 (4171). Fernando de Noronha, Brazil; R. Rathbun, 1875–77. This species has also been recorded from Vera Cruz. VOL265 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVMithrax verrucosus Milne Edwards, Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., II, pl. iv, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 321, 1834. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 6, 1817. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., III, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, in La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, p. 10, 1856. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 187, 1860. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 6, 1867.) Martens, Arch. fiir Natur., XXXVIII, p. 82, 1872. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 102, 1875. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 86, 1886. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 57, 1889. Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lon- don, xx, p. 507, 1890. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Big Pine Key, Florida, H. Hemphill (15075). Swan Island, Caribbean Sea; C. H. Townsend, 1887 (15074). Previously recorded from the islands of Fernando de Noronha and “St. Barthelemy." Mithrax hispidus (Herbst). 1. Cancerhispidus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, p. 247, pl. xviii, fig. 100, 1782. Maia spini-cincta Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim, sans Vert., V, p. 241, 1818; 2d ed., p. 431, 1838. Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 158, 1818. Mithrax spinicinctus (Desmarest, Cousid. sur les Crust., p. 150, pl. xxIII, figs. 1,2). Guérin, Iconographie du Règne Animal, Crust., pl. vii, fig. 5, 1828. White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1817. Mithrar nispidus Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., II, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 322, 1834. De Kay, Crust. of New York, p. 4, 1814. White, op. cit., p. 6. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., III, p. 172, 1850. Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genève, xiv, p. 423, 1857. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 188, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, p. 116, 1870. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 7, 1867.) Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., II, pp. 2, 32, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVIII, p. 389, 1869. Martens, Arch. für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 82, 1872. (Schramm, Rev, et Mag. de Zool., (3), ii, p. 342, 1874.) A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 39, pl. xxi, fig. 1, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 390, 1879. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 667, pl. XIII, figs. 7, 8, 1879; Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 86, 1886. Mithrax pleuracanthus Stimpson, loc. cit. A. Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 95, pl. xx, fig. 3. Kingsley, loc. cit. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, 1889. Mithrax hispidus var. pleuracanthus Miers, op. cit., p. 88. A comparison of a number of small specimens from many differ- ent localities leads me to believe that the pleuracanthus of Stimpson is not even a variety, but merely the young form of hispidus. As a rule, the smaller the specimen the more tuberculous the carapace, the sharper the teeth or spines of the orbit and basal joint of the antenna, and the less evident are the punctures of the carapace. The specimens of medium size show characters intermediate between these and the large or typical hispidus, so that there seems to be no line where a sep- aration can be made into two distinct varieties. In many young speci- mens all the antero-lateral teeth except the last have a tendency to 266 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDE-RATHBUN. become blunt, and each tooth consists of a central spine or tooth with a cluster of tubercles surrounding it. One female, however, measuring 20 millimeters wide between the tips of the spines, has teeth even more slender than in large specimens. The carpus in small specimens is more or less tuberculous. Length of largest specimen from tip of rostrum, 86.5 millimeters; width, including spines, 114 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Off Cape Fear, North Carolina, 14 to 17 fathoms, stations 2616 to 2619; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885. Blackfish Banks, off Charleston, South Carolina; R. E. Earll, U.S. Fish Commission, 1880 (5760). Florida: Lower Matacumba Key; H. Hemphill (15077). Indian Key; H. Hemphill (15076). Florida Bay (Union College Coll.). Key Vaccas; H. Hemphill (15806). Be- tween Salt Pond Key and Stock Island; Dr. E. Palmer (9282). Four miles northeast of Key West; Dr. E. Palmer (9253). Key West (Union College Coll.). Eastern Dry Rocks; Dr. E. Palmer (13853). Marco; H. Hemphill (6983). Oyster Bay; H. Hemphill (15079). Sar:isota Islands; Walker and Stearns (16050). Sarasota Bay (Union College Coll.). Off northwest end St. Martins Reef; Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, U. S. S. C. S. Bache, 1887 (13011). Lat. 28° 56' N., long. 82° 55' W., 19 feet; Lieut. J. F. Moser (13063). Cedar Keys; Lient. J. F. Moser (12174). Pensacola; S. Stearns, 1882 (1501), from stomach of fish (9372). Coast of Southern United States; U.S. Fish Commission, 1880 (5780). Gulf of Mexico; U.S. Fish Commission, 1885: Lat. 26° N., long. 82° 57' 30'' W., 24 fathoms, station 2413 (15080). Lat. 28° 47' 30'' N., long. 81° 37' W., 24 fathoms, station 2407 (15805). Bermudas; G. Brown Goode, 1876-1877. Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.); Abaco, U. S. F'ish Commission, 1886 (16302). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. West Indies; U. S. Fish Commission, 1881: St. Thomas (7651); Curaçao (16192); Old Prov (16193). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875–1877. (All the branchial spines long and sharp): Bom Fim, Bahia, on stone reef. Plataforma, Bahia. Mithrax sinensis, sp. nov. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 2. Carapace ovate, a little longer than broad, covered with tubercles. A deep sulcus divides the hepatic and branchial from the gastric and cardiac regions. Front shaped much as in hispidus; rostrum consisting of two tuber. culiform and granulate teeth separated by a rounded sinus. Præocu- lar angle obtuse; margin denticulate. Orbit with six teeth besides those of the antennal joint: three on the superior margin, one at the external angle, and two on the inferior margin. VOL267 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVAntero-lateral spines four, tuberculiform, irregular in shape; the first most distinct and surrounded by the tubercles of the hepatio region; the second and third each having on its anterior margin a spiny tubercle almost as large as the tooth itself. Last tooth single. Basal joint of the antenna with a spiniform tooth at the antero-exter- nal angle visible from above, and another farther back almost as large; also a smaller tooth at the insertion of the movable joint. Chelipeds moderate. Merus tuberculous, armed with six spines on the outer margin, a row of smaller spines on either side of the outer margin, and three spines on the inner margin. Carpus strongly tuber- culous. Hand slightly compressed, smooth, unarmed, showing scat. tered punctures under the lens. Fingers stout, prehensile edges crenulate, with a slight hiatus at the base. Ambulatory legs with fine scattered hairs; meral joints having two longitudinal rows of spines above; carpal and propodal joints with short spines above; dactyls spiny below. Color in alcohol reddish; hands of a deeper hue. Entire length, 9.2 millimeters; width, including tubercles, 8.9 milli- meters, Gulf of California, lat. 25° 02' 15'' N., long. 1100 43' 30" W., 17 fathoms, sand, shells, station 3002, U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (16065). In general appearance this species most nearly resembles hispidus; the prominences of the dorsal surface, the shape of the front and præor- bital tooth, are very much as in specimens of hispidus of the same size. In sinensis, however, the last antero-lateral tooth is not long and con- spicuous as in hispidus, and the lateral angle of the carapace is nct well defined. Mithrax bahamensis, sp. nov. Plate XXXVIII, fig. 1. Carapace longer than broad, oblong-ovate, covered with a close, tough pubescence. There is a tuft of hair near the inner angle of the bran- chial region; another behind each gastric lobe; and a line of hair extending from the rostrum back upon the gastric. Gastric region ele- vated. Tubercles of the surface not prominent. There are two on the frontal region, one on each gastric lobe, five or six on each bran- chial region besides the marginal tubercles, and four in a curve con- cave to the posterior margin. Front deflexed, composed of two sharp incurved horns; interspace broadly U-shaped. Antero-lateral margin with four protuberances: one on the hepatic region, a spiny tubercle; three on the branchial region of which the first two are tubercles, the last a small spine. Præocular spine acute, conspicuous; postocular subacute; two inter- vening teeth, small. There is a small suborbital tooth besides those of the basal joint. 268 (RABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDE-RATHIBUN. Merus joint of exterior maxillipeds deeply out at the antero-internal angle. Basal joint of antenna with a small tooth at the base of the movable joint. Spine at external angle, long, more advanced than the præocu- lar spine, incurved. There is a smaller spine farther back on the mar- gin. Remaining joints long with long hairs on the margins. There are two subhepatic tubercles, and an irregular longitudinal line of four granules on the vertical face of the subbranchial region. Chelipeds a little longer than the first pair of ambulatory legs, pubescent like the carapace. Upper margin of merus tuberculous. Carpus with one or two faint tubercles on the posterior end of the upper surface. Manus in the male with upper and lower margins almost parallel, slightly contracted near the fingers. There is a small tooth at the base of the dactyl. Fingers gaping at base. Ambulatory legs with the joints flattened above; margins beset with long hairs. Color in alcohol, reddish brown; chelipeds lighter. Fingers pinkish red for their proximal half; tips white. Length of largest specimen 18.8; greatest width, 16.5; width at post- ocular teeth, 11.2 millimeters. Found with Mithrax cinctimanus in sponges at Andros Island, Baha- mas, by Mr. Frederick Stearns, 1888. This species in its shape and antero-lateral teeth most nearly resem- les cinctimanus, but it is more oblong, more convex, and is also readily distinguished by the absence of sulci on the branchial regions, and by the flattened joints of the ambulatory legs. Mithrax cinctimanus (Stimpson). Mithraculus cinctimanus Stimpson, Amer. Jour Sci., xxix, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1). 186, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, I, p. 112, pl. xxii, fig. 3, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 389, 1879. Aurivillins, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 59, 1889. Mithrax affinis (Desbonne and Scramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 10, 1867). Mithrax cinctimanus Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 87, 1886. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Florida: Cape Florida (15084), Carysport Reef (13897), Rodriguez Creek (14429), Salt Pond Key (14439), Eastern Dry Rocks (14437); Dr. E. Palmer. Harbor Key and Plantation Key (Union College Coll.). Key West; H. Hemphill (13830), (Union College Coll.), U. S. Fish Comm. (16194). Andros Island, Bahamas (Siearns Coll.). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas and Curaçao; U. S. Fish Comm., 1884 (16195, 16196). Found also in the Gulf Mexico. Mithrax braziliensis, sp. nov. Plate XXXVI, fig. 2. Carapace a little broader than long, ovate, slightly convex, without sulci. Regions faintly defined. There is a short line of indistinct flat- tened tubercles extending back from each rostral lobe, and two or three VOL269 1892. XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] . tubercles and a few granules near the lateral border of each branchial region. The surface above the posterior margin is covered with scat- tered granules. Rostral lobes very short, truncate, minutely crenulate; interspace broadly V-shaped. Upper orbital border with two small teeth. Antero-lateral spines four; the hepatic spine is subacute, with tuber- cles on its anterior border; branchial spines sharp, procurved, with a small spine anterior to the first and second. On the postero-lateral border just back of the lateral angle is a minute depressed spine. Basal antennal joint with three teeth visible from above; the tooth at the insertion of the next joint subacute; the one at the external angle, truncate; posterior tooth acute. Two additional teeth on the suborbital border; that next the postocular tooth acute; the other rounded, serrulate. Subhepatic and subbranchial regions tuberculate. Chelipeds longer and larger than the next pair of legs. Merus with a row of five sharp spines above, two tubercles on the lower inner border, a triangle of three spines on the inner face, two spines on the upper anterior margin, and two on the outer surface near the anterior border. Carpus with two or three tubercles near the merus and two on the inner margin. Hand smooth, unarmed, with scattered punctures. Fingers slightly gaping at base with a tooth on the dactyl in both sexes. Ambulatory legs with meral and carpal joints spinose above; propodal joints and dactyls unarmed. Carapace and ambulatory legs finely pubescent. In the largest speci- men from Pernambuco the carapace is denuded, probably accidentally, and the surface under the lens presents a cellular structure with scat- tered punctures. Alcoholic specimens show traces of crimson. Length of carapace, 15 millimeters; width without spines, 15.5 mil- limeters. Mar Grande, Bay of Bahia, one specimen; Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, five specimens; collected by R. Rathbun, 1875–1877. This species, in the characters of the front, lateral spines, and legs, is very much like forceps, from which it is at once separated by the com- parative smoothness of the carapace. The sharp tooth on the basal antennal joint, forming part of the suborbital border, is conspicuous in this species. The præorbital angle is not advanced as in forceps, and the legs are less hairy. Mithrax forceps (A. Milne Edwards). Mithraculus forceps A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. an Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 109, pl. XXIII, fig. 1, 1875. Mithraculus hirsutipes Kingsley, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 147, 1879; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXi, p. 389, pl. xiv, fig. 1, 1879. Heilprin, op. cit., p. 318, 1888. Mithrar forceps Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, PP. 87, 88, 1886. Mithrax hirsutipes Miers, op. cit., p. 87. A large series of specimens from nineteen different localities shows this species to be extremely variable. The small specimens show marked 270 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. variations from those described by A. Milne Edwards, and some of them are identical with Kingsley's Mithraculus hirsutipes. The specimens intermediate in size present every gradation in character between the large and small and prove the two extremes to be variations of one species. Carapace subtriangular, comparatively smootlı, the large specimens with scattered punctures, the small ones deeply sculptured. In large specimens three grooves run diagonally backward from near the first, second, and fourth sinuses of the antero-lateral margin to the cardiac region. There are six or seven depressed tubercles along the margin and on the posterior part of the branchial region, two or three along the outer margin of the hepatic region, and two pairs on the frontal region directly behind the lobes of the rostrum. In small specimens the grooves are deeper and the tubercles more prominent; the outline of the mesogastric region is well defined; and there are depressed tubercles on the anterior part of the gastric region. Lobes of rostrum short, broad; median notch broadly V-shaped. Orbital angles acute, internal angle prominent. Antero-lateral teeth four, acute, slender, separated by broad rounded sinuses, the first the shortest and in large specimens subacute, the remainder sharp and directed forward, the second one usually the longest and largest. In some specimens there is a small tifth tooth on the postero-lateral margin just back of the fourth tooth. In large specimens, chelipeds proportionately larger, strong and smooth. Merus with five spines or spiniform tubercles on the upper margin, two on the inner face just below the margin. On the inner margin are two prominent teeth, the anterior one often more or less flattened, broad and obtuse, the posterior one sometimes with a lobe on its posterior margin. Carpus rounded, smooth, sometimes unarmed, often with a short spine or tubercle on the inner margin, anterior to the inner angle, which is often produced in a less conspicuous promi- nence, giving the carpus the appearance of being double-toothed. Hands from the articulation to the tips of the fingers much longer than the carapace, broad, compressed; upper and lower margins nearly parallel. Dactyl long, arched, with a tooth one-third the distance from the proximal end. Fingers widely gaping when closed. The fingers are exceedingly variable. Sometimes there are from one to three small irregular teeth or tubercles on the pollex half way to the end. Some- times there are a few minute teeth on the dactyl instead of one large one. In some of the females and smaller males the dactyl is little arched and the gape is slight. Ambulatory legs spiny and hairy above, propodal joints slightly hairy below, dactyls equally hairy above and below. It is the rule that the smaller the specimen the more prominent the protuberances, the sharper the teeth and spines. Small specimens have the meral spines acuminate and occasionally two tubercles on the carpus near its posterior margin. VOL271 1892] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2., . . XVThis species approaches most nearly to sculptus, but the antero- lateral teeth are sharp instead of tuberculous, the carapace is invaria- bly wider, the ambulatory legs are less hairy, the color is cinnamon, while in sculptus it is sage green or bluish green. While the configura- tion of the carapace is very variable, in no case is the posterior half deeply sculptured and the anterior half smooth, as is often the case in sculptus. Of the three ridges running from the antero-lateral margin to the cardiac region, the two anterior ones are continuous and not broken up by transverse grooves as in sculptus. Length of largest specimen, measuring between the rostral lobes, 30.5; width, without spines, 35 millimeters. Length of three large males, 25; width, 29 millimeters. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Off Cape Fear, North Carolina, 15 to 17 fathoms, stations 2616, 2618, 2623; U. S. Fish Commission, 1885. South Carolina; R. E. Earll, U. S. Fish Commission, 1880: Near Charleston Harbor, 1 to 12 fathoms (3159). Fifteen miles southeast of Charleston (5062, 5823). Florida : Cape Florida (13928), Rodriguez Creek (16048), Eastern Dry Rocks (16019); Dr. E. Palmer. Indian Key (16046), Key West (16047); H. Hemphill. Sarasota Bay (Union College Coll.). Coast of Southern States; U. S. Fish Commission, 1880 (16061). Bermudas; G. Brown Goode, 1876–77. Nassau, Bahamas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1886; one, young (11412). West Indies; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884: St. Thomas (16197); Curaçao (16198); Old Providence (9130). Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875-'77: Rio Formoso, Pernambuco; Plataforma, Bahia. This species is found also in Guiana. Mithrax sculptus (Lamarck). Maia sculpta Lamarck, Hist. Anim, sans Vert., v, p. 242, 1818; 2d ed., p. 436, 1838. Mithrax sculptur Milne Edwards, Mag. de Zool., 11, pl. v, 1832; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, p. 322, 1831. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., III, p. 172, 1850. Guérin, La Sagra's Hist. of Cuba, p. 11, 1856. Martens, Archiv für Natur., XXXVIII, p. 83, 1872. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 87, 1886. Mithraculus coronatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847 (partim). Mithrax minutus Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. de Genève, XIV, p. 425, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1857. (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 10, 1867.) Mithraculus sculptus Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 186, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 117, 1870. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci, au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 105, pl. xx, fig. 2, 1875. Miers, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 667, 1879. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 389, 1879. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, 1889. Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, ix, p. 303, 1889 (1891). RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Cape Florida (13892), Cipsar's Creek (12411), Rodriguez Creek (13900), Dry Tortugas (13891); Dr. E. Palmer, 1884. Key Largo (14050), Indian Key 272 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. (14058), Key Vaccas (15087), Nights Key (15085), Big Pine Key (15086); H. Hemphill. Key West; H. Hemphill (13816), (Union College Coll.), U.S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16303). Bird Key; U. S. Fish Commission, 1889 (15208). Bahamas: Andros Island (Stearns Coll.); New Providence (16310), Abaco (16304); U.S. Fish Commission, 1886. Jamaica; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (15821); T. H. Morgan, 1891. Swan Island; C. H. Townsend, 1887 (13981). Barbados; U. S. Eclipse Expedition, 1890 (14885). St. Thomas (7650), Old Providence (16199); U. S. Fish Commission, 1884. Previously recorded from Fernando Noronha, 7 to 20 fathoms. Mithrax coronatus (Herbst). > Cancer coronatus Herbst, Natur. der Krabben und Krebse, 1, P. 184, pl. XI, fig. 63, 1782. Cancer coryphe Herbst, op. cit., III , p. 8, 1801. Mithraculus coronatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1817 (partim). Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 186, 1860; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., II, p. 118, 1870. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., II, pp. 1, 32, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVIII, p. 389, 1869. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 106, pl. xx, fig. 1, 1875. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXXI, p. 388, 1879. Aurivillius, K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand., Bd. 23, 1, p. 58, pl. iii, fig. 8, 1889. Mithrax sculptu8 (Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 9, 1867). Mithrax coronatus Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., xvii, pp. 87, 89, 1886. Pocock, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, xx, p. 510, 1890 RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Florida: Indian Key, H. Hemphill (15083); Key West, H. Hemphill (15082), (Union Col- lege Coll.). Abaco, Bahamas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1886 (11374). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1884 (16200); Hartt Explorations, 1870. Brazil; R. Rathbun, Hartt Explorations, 1875–77: Pernambuco; Rio Formoso, Per- nambuco; Mar Grande, Bahia; Fernando de Noronha. Found also in Central America and in the West Indies to 30 fathoms. Mithrax denticulatus Bell. Mithrax denticulatus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, II, p. 54, pl. XI, fig. 2, 1836. Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 87, 1886. Mithraculus denticulatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 187, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 109, pl. XXIII, fig. 4, 1875. Entire length of carapace in largest male, 13; width, including spines, 19 millimeters; in another male, length, 12; width, 16.8 millimeters. Panama; Capt. John Dow (3209). This species ranges from California to Ecuador, VOL273 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. . ] . XVMithrax nodosus Bell. Mithras nodosus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 11, p. 53, pl. xi, fig. 1, 1836. Miers, (hallenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 87, 1886. Mithraculus nodosus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust., p. 7, 1847. Stimpson, Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 132, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 108, pl. xxiii, fig. 5, 1875. A single soft-shell specimen of a male without chelipeds was collected at the Chatham Island, Galapagos Archij elago, by Dr. W. H. Jones, U.S. Navy (13873). Previously recorded from Chili. Mithrax cristulipes (Stimpson). Teleophrys cristulipes Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 190, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1860; Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, p. 133, 1860. A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci.itu Mexi- que, pt. 5, 1, p. 113, pl. xix, fig. 2, 1875. Mithrax (Teleophrys) cristulipes Miers, Jour. Lim. Soc. London, XIV, 1". 667, 1879. Pocock, op. cit., xx, p. 508, 1890. ? Mithrax cristulipes Miers, Challenger Rept., Zool., XVII, p. 87, 1886. Two specimens, i ale and female, were collected at Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Brazil, by R. Rathbun during the Hartt explorations of 1875–77. The types from Cape St. Lucas, said to be in the Smith- sonian Institution, are not extant. California and the Bay of Panama are also given as localities for this species. Mr. R. I. Pocock, loc. cit., gives a detailed description of a specimen found at Fernando de No- ronha, which he doubtfully refers to this species. The male from Pernumbuco agrees with his specimen in nearly every detail. The tubercles of the antero-lateral margin are very small. The merus of the cheliped is furnished below with three small teeth. There is one minute tooth on the middle of the pollex. The teeth of all the legs are much smaller and less conspicuous than in the figures of cris- tulipes. The female has smaller chelipeds, fingers less gaping, two small teeth on the pollex in the gape, and no teeth on the lower margin of the merus. As this Museum possesses no specimens from the west coast of Amer- ica, and as the individuals at hand are more or less imperfect, the writer is unwilling to designate them as a distinct species. Mithrax sp., Miers. Op. cit., p. 89, pl. x, fig. 3. An immature female collected off Cape Catoche, Yucatan, lat. 22° 18' N., long. 870 04' W., 24 fathoms, station 2365, by the U. S. Fish C'om- mission, 1885 (16052), apparently belongs to the same species as the young specimens described by Miers from Fernando Noronha, 7 to 20 fathoms. As our specimen is no larger than those collected by the Challenger, and has only one cheliped and one of the first pair of ambu- latory legs, I prefer not to give it a name, hoping that at some future time more perfect specimens may be obtained. Proc. N. M. 92—-18 274 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDA-RATHBUN. It agrees with the specimens described in all essential particulars. The tubercles of the frontal region are, however, not apparent. The tooth at the antero-external angle of the basal joint is sharp and curved. The ambulatory leg is bordered above and below by a thin lamellate crest cut into teeth, which are arranged almost as in the figure cited. This (rest is most noticeable on the meral joint. The teeth of the me- ruis of the cheliped are also thin, and partake of the same character. Thoe puella Stimpson. Thoe puella Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 178, 1860. A. Milne Ed- wards, Miss. Sci. au Mexique, pt. 5, 1, p. 122, pl. xix, fig. 3, 1873. Pisa latipes (Desbonne anıl Schramm, Crust. de la Guadeloupe, p. 19, 1867.) The length of the largest specimen, a female, is 11.7 millimeters; width, 10 millimeters. The merus of the last pair of ambulatory legs is di- lated outwardly, but to a less extent than in the first three pairs. RECORD OF SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Key West, Florida; H. Hempbill, 1885 (14142), (l'nion College ('oll.). Jamaica; T. H. Morgan, 1891. St. Thomas; U. S. Fish Commission, 1881 (16201). Other localities for this species are Tortugas and Guadaloupe. LIST OF SPECIES OF PERICERIDÆ NOT REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WEST INDIAN REGION. Lissa bicarinata Aurivillius .St. Barthelemy Leptopisa setirostris Stimpson Tortugas Sisyphus compressus Desbonne and Schramm. ..Guadaloupe Pericera spinosissima Saussure West Indies Macrocoloma diacantha (A. M. Edwaris). Majores, 12 fathonis larigata (Stimpson).... St. Thomas; Guadaloupe Othonia quadridentala Miers (=! quinquedentata Aurivillius; St. Thomas). West Indies larigata A. M. Edwards West Indies Mithrar cornutus Saussure .. West Indies; Florida Straits to 589 fathoms; also Bahia depres8u8 A. M. Edwards Guadaloupe; Woman Key laprimanus Desbonne and Schramm .Guadaloupo leucomelas Desbonne and Schramm . ..Guadaloupe nudus A. M. Edwards.. Guadaloupe (Nemausa) rostrata A. M. Edwarıls..Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea to 163 fathoms. holderi Stimpson. Tortugas ruber (Stimpson). .Cuba EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA, Libinia brasiliensis (Heller) coccinea Dana... gibbosa A. M. Edwards spinosa M. Edwards ferreira Capello Macrocoloma concara Miers. Brazil East coast of Patagonia, 30 fathoms Brazil Brazil; Patagonia; also Chili ? Brazil Bahia; Fernando Noronha, 7 to 20 fathous VOL275 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVWEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. Anaptychus cornutus Stimpson... .Gulf of California Microphrys depressa (Lockington). Lower California error Kingsley .Lower California platysoma (Stimpson) Lower California tumidus (Lockington). San Diego, Cal.; Lower California (=Perinea) tumidus (Dana) Sandwich Islands Macrocæloma heptacantha (Bell).. Puerto Portrero, Central America rillosa (Bell)... California; Cape St. Lucas; also Ecuador Othonia picteti Saussure Mazatlan The sulcata Stimpson.... .Cape St. Lucas; Mazatlan; Gulf of California Mithrax areolatus Lockington. Gulf of California armatus Saussure Mazatlan pygmæus Bell.... Panama, 10 fathoms triangulatus Lockington. .Gulf of California trigonopus Cano. Panama tuberculatus Stimpson... Cape St. Lucas; California; Mazatlan; also St. Barthelemy (Aurivillius). WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Libinia gracilipes Miers... Coast of Chiloe, 45 fathoms smithii Miers Coast of Chiloe, 245 fathons rostrata Bell Peru subspinosa Streets. ..Chili Pericera orata Bell..... Galapagos Islands Microphrys aculeatus (Bell). .Galapagos Islands weddellii M. Edwards.. Peru; also West Indies Othonia quinquedentata Bell..... .Galapagos Islands; Panama serdentata Bell.... Galapagos Islands; also Cape St. Lucas Thoe erosa Bell.... .Galapagos Islands; Panama Mithrax rostratus Bell.. .? West coast of South America ursus Bell. Galapagos Islands; Chili tumidus Cano .Payta, Peru EAST INDIAN REGION. Pyria pubescens Dana.. .Fiji or Tongatabu Cyphocarcinus minutus A. Milne Edwards.. .Madagascar Podohuenia erythraa Cano .Red Sea Tiarinia elegans Haswell... Australia mammillata Haswell Australia spinosirostris Haswell. Cape Grenville; Torres Straits angusta Dana... Sooloo Harbor gracilis Dana Sooloo Sea terrucosa Heller... Nicobar Island depressa Stimpson .Ousima spinigera Stimpson. Ousima; Tanegasima tiarata (Adams and White) Philippine Islands setigera (Adams and White) Philippine Islands Tylocarcinus styx (Herbst) Fiji; Mauritius; Jedda; etc. gracilis Miers. Eastern Seas Macrocæloma trigona (Dana) Fiji Entomonyx spinosus Miers. Western Indian Ocean, 19 to 24 fathoms Cyclocæloma tuberculatum Miers ... Amboina Parathoe rotundata Miers... Fiji; Port Curtis; Suez Gulf LOCALITY UNKNOWN. Paramaya dehaanii White. 276 CRABS OF THE FAMILY PERICERIDE-RATHBUN. EXTRACT FROM THE INPUBLISHED REPORT OF DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON, ON THE CRUSTACEA OF THE NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORING EXPEDI- TION, 1853 TO 1856. Tiarinia cornigera (Latreille). Our specimens differ from those describeul and figured by Dana in having, at the summit of the intestinal region, one very large and two inconspicuous tubercles, instead of three of equal size. They are also much larger, some being nearly 2 inches in length. They are found on the reefs at low-water mark, and were collected at the Amakirrima Islands by the officers of the steamer John Hancock, and by myself at Loo Choo and Ousima. Tiarinia depressa Stimpson. (Plate XL, fig. 1.) Carapax in shape much like that of T. cornigera; proportion of breadth to length, 1:1.5; form depressed; upper surface with tubercles less numerous and more flattened than in the cornigerai. There is a small marginal spine on each side at the branchial region, above which an are of four depressed warts extends around the side; the first (pos- terior) one largest and placed a little behind the level of the tritubercu- lated cardiac protuberance; the fourth and smallest is near the anterior extremity of the branchial region, with a still smaller one before it. A submarginal channel of some depth passes around behind, above the intestinal region. Posteriorly, at the upper or intestinal margin, there is a subtriangular median tubercle, with a smaller trilobate one on either side of it; on the lower margin there are four small tubercles. On the stomachal region there are three warts in the median line, the anterior one smallest and placell some little distance before the others, with a wart on either side of it; behind the posterior one there are two warts placed close together. The ambulatory feet are depressed, smooth above, their edges not spinulose, but sparsely fringed with stout clavate seta. Only one specimen of this species was taken, a sterile female, the dimensions of which are: length, 0.77; breadth, 0.52; length of a foot of second pair, 0.67 inch. In the characters of the rostrum, orbits, etc., our species much re- sembles T. cornigera. The tooth at the external angle of the basal joint of the external antenne is, however, less prominent than in that species, and the rostrum curves upward at its slender tip, where the horns are slightly divergent. It is more depressed than T. tiarata; the forks of the rostrum are less divergent; the præorbital spine less prominent, and is wanting in the wooly hairs characteristic of that species. The specimen was taken at the Island of Ousima, which forms one of the chain connecting southern Japan with Loo Choo, VOL277 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 19. . ] . XVTiarinia spinigera Stimpson. (Plate XI., fig. 2.) Carapax somewhat elongated, the greatest breadth, excluding spines, being considerably less than the postorbital length. Upper surface not very convex except at the well-developed gastric region; cardiac region, with three tubercles at the summit, placed as usual in the genus; on either side of this on the branchial regions there are three sharp, erect spines, the outer one being lateral a little larger than the others, and somewhat inclined ontward. There is a single longislı clavate seta at the summit of each spine. Upper posterior margin with seven small spines, the middle one largest at the summit of the intestinal region; lower posterior margin also with seven spines, but of much smaller size. The sides of the carapax, including the hepatic regions, and the poste- rior half of the upper surface are covered with small, sharp tubercles occupying the interspaces between the spines and larger warts; while the gastric region and parts adjacent on either side, although irregu- larly protuberant, are nearly smooth. Rostrum sharp and very slender, in length equaling two-thirds of the interorbital width; horns contig- uous throughout their length. Præorbital tooth prominently salient, very slender and sharp, curved upward; a single closed fissure sepa- rates it from the somewhat prominent postorbital tooth. The basal article of the external antennäe is broader than long; its antero-exterior tooth lies close beneath the præorbital tooth and helps to form the deep tubular orbit, which incloses the eye as in a sheath. The edges of the rostrum and of the external antennæ are, as usual, ciliated; and there are some few crispate setä on the prominent parts of the carapax ante- riorly and at the sides. In the feet of the anterior pair the carpus and meros are sparingly spinulose above. The ambulatory feet are almost smooth; those of the first pair in the female are scarcely as long as the carapax. The abdo- men in the female is tomentose. Two specimens only of this species were found, both females. The dimensions of the largest are: length of the carapax, 0.79; breadth, including spines, 0.57 inch. This species occurred at the islands Ousima and Tanegasima, of the southern Japanese chain. Perinea tumida * Dana. Crust. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1, p. 114, pl. iv, fig. 1, 1852. Our specimens agree well with those of Dana, except that in the male the pincers are much smaller and less gaping, while the size of the car- apax is the same; this may, however, result from a difference of age and development. Taken from branches of Madrepora found below low-water mark near Hila, Island of Hawaii. * Now included in the genus Microphrys. 1 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXVIII Libinia setosa Lockington, o, * about U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXIX ماده Libinia macdonaldi, sp. nov., d. about it U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXX Libinia spinimana, sp. nov., o, X about 1. U: S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXI XX No. 432. 1 X No. 431. 2 3 3 Fig. 1. Libinia dubia Milnė Edwards, * of small male. Fig. 2. Libinia emarginata Leach, x of small male. Fig. 3. Libinia mexicana, sp. nov., young , 31. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXII itibitzua 1 1 2 Fig. 1. Pericera triangulata, sp. nov., young 4, X 29. Fig. 2. Pericera contigua, sp. nov., young f, X 14. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXII Girin 1 2 Fig. 1. Macrocoloma tenuirostra, sp. nov., d, X 24. Fig. 2. Macrocæloma camptocera (Stimpson), d', X about 19. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXIV 1 2 ) 3 Fig. 1. Othonia aculeata (Gibbes), o, 11. Fig. 2. Othonia aculeata, appendages of male abdomen, * 4. Fig. 3. Othonia lherminieri Schramm U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL XXXV 1 3 Fig. 1. Othoniu carolinensis sp. nov., O'. X 27. Fig. 2. Othonia carolinensis, appendages of male abdomen, X about 5. Fig. 3. Othonia nicholsi, sp. nov., young 6, +4}. - U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXVI 1 Fig. 1. Othonia rotunda, sp. nov., , about 2. Fig. 2. Mithrax braziliensis, sp. nov., d, X 14. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXVII 1 7達 ​Red 2 Fig. 1. Mithrax (Nemausa) acuticornis (Stimpson). ď, X 23. Fig. 2. Mithrax hemphilli, sp. nov., young f, * 24. 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXVIII C 1 «... amphibetler בילוייל ויין - موتور 2 Fig. 1. Mithrax bahamensis, sp. nov., , X 14. Fig. 2. Mithrax sinensis, sp. nov., young , X 4. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 17 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XXXIX Mithrax pilosus, sp. nov., o, x 14. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XL And Katalonheiten 1 Fig. 1. Tiarinia depressa Stimpson, ?, X 21. Fig. 2. Tiarinia spinigera Stimpson, ?, X 24. ( THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSE-BUILDING AMONG THE NAVAJO INDIANS. BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D. (With plates XLI-XLIII.) From November, 1884, until the early spring of 1889 the writer lived at Fort Wingate, a military station in northwestern New Mexico. Dur- ing the earlier part of this period there was always to be found a floating population of Navajos living on the outskirts of the fort. Including men, women, and children, these varied in number from twenty to a hun- dred or more, depending upon the time of the year. A few of them, however, remained the year round, and these, as well as the others, furnished ample material for the ethnological study of this interesting tribe. Accounts of many of their simple industries, of their arts and craniology have already been published by the writer, and it is now intended to give the result of my studies concerning their methods of architecture, and the influence which civilization has had upon the mind of these Indians-a contact which has led them to improve their plans of house-building, and has had the effect of bringing about an evolution of the same. During the early part of the summer of 1885 the Indians who remained all the year round in the neighborhood of Fort Wingate took up their abode on the summit of a barren, rounded hill, situated near the officers' quarters. Here I watched them with increasing interest, as they con- structed their first permanent dwellings in this part of the country. Men and women entered upon this labor, though the men did the heav- ier part of the work. Having selected a site, more or less circular with a diameter some- thing like 15 to 20 feet, they would clear it of all stone and rubbish, and often to some extent excavate it, or else improve a natural excavation which existed. Next some twenty or thirty logs, usually of pine, are brought, which vary in size from one as big as a bean pole to a piece of timber averaging 8 or 9 inches in diameter. Often these are gathered in the forest, but occasionally the Indians cut them dowo, using some old condemned ax they have found in the refuse of the post. Branches are also brought, and a thick, clayishi mud is mixed close by the near- est running stream or spring of water. All being ready, several of the builders erect a tripod, composed of some of the stouter pieces of timber, Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV --No. 902. 279 280 NAVAJO HOUSE-BUILDING--SHUFELDT. 1 1 and slightly bury their heavier ends in the periphery of the excavation. This primary framework is now strengthened by adding to it other pieces, care being taken to leave a proper aperture for a door on the side least exposed to the prevailing winds, and an opening at the apex to allow the escape of smoke. Soon there is but little left to do, as far as the wood work is concerned, except to fill in the interstices between the larger pieces of timber with the lighter poles. To give the frame additional strength, pieces of rock are now placed here and there, both inside and out, at the lower ends of those pieces of timber which, from some cause or other, are the least secure, or are likely to slip. Plastering with mud is next in order, and this is thickly laid on the outside, filling in as much as possible all the spaces between the logs and poles, and piling it up all the way around the base, externally. This operation is performed with the naked lands, though occasionally a smooth piece of bark may be used in lieu of a trowel, but this is an exception. The top of the doorway is squared off with a stout stick as a crosspiere, and sometimes the chimney is finished up a little with flat stones, as may be seen in the hut in the distance in pl. XLI, and a blanket is invariably hung as a door. A few branches are now laid all over the outside, as a simple means of protection against dogs and children, who might otherwise run over the fresh mud. These are eventually blown away, or burned inside. Often an old condemned piece of canvas comes into play, being laid over the exterior as far as it will go, and admira- bly protecting the plaster against the elements. This finishes the con- struction of the primitive Navajo house, and in the spring of 1885 these Indians had advanced no further in the construction of their dwellings. In pl. xli a Navajo and his sister are seen in the doorway of one of the huts heretofore described, and it will be seen that the woman is dressed in a somewhat civilized costume. She is the only Navajo squaw in that part of the country that ever did so, and she both received and courted the attention of the soldiers of the garrison, and was withal a remarkable character. During the following year some of these Navajos commenced build- ing in a little more sheltered situation, close to but to the westward of the fort. Although they used similar materials to those mentioned in my previous description, the form of the house was by no means the same. Its sides upon the east and south were vertical; the roof was horizontal, while its side to the west was slanting. Moreover, they had gotten hold of some old pieces of stove joints and passed them to the rear outside where their free end was again turned upwards, and there plastered and stoned up as a chimney (see pl. XLII). In many particulars this house was far more comfortable and roomy, and as a study it was exceedingly interesting, for it not only showed improvement, but was remarkable, inasmuch as it combined that improvement with their pristine notions of house-building, which we see in the slanting west side of the structure. In fact it would be difficult to conceive of a VOL] 18927, 281 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . XV"structure standing so inmediately betwixt what these Indians first erected as a house and that which still remains to be described. There are some interesting figures standing about the doorway of the house shown in the second plate. The man with his hand resting upon his left hip is “ Navajo Jake,” the celebrated silversmith of the tribe, whose work has formed the basis of one of the reports of the United States Bureau of Ethnology. Charlie stands with his carbine in the hollow of his arm; he is a well-known Government Navajo scout. The man with the blanket over his shoulders is an old chief, long since retired; the others are also Navajos. The woman with the baby in the cradle is the subject of one of the illustrations to a paper which has re- cently been accepted for publication by the Popular Science Monthly, of New York. Near the house we have just described the Navajos built another some time during the spring of 1888, and it showed in its every detail a marked advance in house-building. It had but one room, to be sure, but it would accommodate a family comfortably, living as these people are accustomed to do indoors. All its sides were vertical and built regularly of heavy pieces of fine timber, the interstices among them being carefully sealed with a generous supply of mud plaster. The roof had a moderate pitch to it, and was built of boards nailed on to cross rafters, the whole being heavily covered over with mud. (Pl. XLIII.) Small strips of board were used in other parts, as over the door and elsewhere, while some heavy pieces of timber supported the structure on the outside as struts, Then the door itself was a real door on hinges which they had obtained somewhere and hung with no little in- genuity. They had also secured an old condemned stove with its joints of pipe from the fort, and had set it up quite comfortable inside. The floor was of earth, but level, hard, and dry, and here and there about the interior were evidences of a growing notion of comfort. In this picture we have the family fully represented. The man is standing with his hand resting upon the door, his wife is seated out- side weaving a belt, and at her side is her baby boy, seated upon a blanket of her own manufacture. The whole is a scene of marked naturalness and great interest, and one that rarely rewards the labors of the photographer among these people, who are very averse to hav. ing their pictures thus taken, and one must know them well and be liked by them before he can hope to succeed. It was months before they became in any way accustomed to my camera. A group of gam- blers never would permit the exposure to be made; they invariably rolleil themselves up in their blankets, and lay as quiet as so many arma- dillos until the enemy had departed. By tact and perseverance, how- ever, a great many valuable negatives were procured by the writer, which depict all manner of scenes from the daily life of these Indians. Nearly all the Government and other buildings at Wingate are built of adobe bricks, and these bricks are made in the immediate vicinity of the post by the Navajos, who are hired for the purpose. 282 NAVAJO HOUSE-BUILDING-SHUFELDT. Often groups of these Indians have watched the erection of a large two-storied house built with these bricks, and yet I have never heard any of them say that it was their intention to use the same kind of materials in building their own houses. There are two things which probably deter them from doing this, and from following the example of the white man, one of which is the dread of criticism, and the other a fear, perhaps, of exciting his jealousy and being prohibited the use of such inaterial. Were they to attempt to erect houses of brick, I think they would doubtless succeed. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLI he authon PRIMITIVE NAVAJO INDIAN HOUSE AT FORT WINGATE. NEW MEXICO, 1885, WITH A SECOND ONE IN THE DISTANCE, From a photograph by U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLII NAVAJO INDIAN HOUSE, SHOWING IMPROVEMENT IN BUILDING, 1886, NEAR FORT WINGATE, NEw Mexico. From a photograph by the author. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLII NAVAJO HOUSE AT FORT WINGATE NA t NOTES ON FISHES COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY PROF. ALFREDO DUGÈS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY TARLETON H. BEAN, M. D., Ichthyologist of the United States Fish Commission. (With Plate XLIV.) The U.S. National Museum received from Prof. A. Dugès, August 24, 1891, a small but very interesting collection of fishes, including three species which appear to be new to science, and which are described in the following paper. Among these fishes are two examples of Lam- petra spadicea of much larger size than any previously obtained, and which show some very interesting variations from the types. The species of Acara from the region Huazteca Potosina, in the province of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, is interesting because it appears to be the first one of its group from the locality. It is rather curions that the name Mojarra should be held in common by this fish and the species of Gerres. Lampetra spadicea Bean. Two examples, 101 and 104 inches long, Catalogue No. 43766, Col- lector's No. 177; from Tanganzicuaro. The length of the head is one-eighth of the total, and the diameter of the eye is contained four and two-third times in the length of the snout. In the longer individual the maxillary tooth has two minute cusps between the large ones, but neither of these is median. The mandibulary plate has nine cusps, of which five are larger than the intervening ones. The teeth around the margin of the disk are reduced to two rows posteriorly. In the shorter example, which has more of a bluish tint overlying the chestnut of the upper parts, the maxillary tooth has one minute supplementary cusp, not median in position. The mandibulary plate has nine cusps, as in the larger individual. Algansea dugèsi, new species. (Plate Xliv, fig. 1.) This species is related to A. australe Jordan, from which it differs in its much smaller scales. The types of the species are catalogue Nos. 41818 and 43764, U. S. National Museum. They were collected by Prof. A. Dugès, of Guana- Proceedings National Musenm, Vol. XV-- No. 903. 283 284 NOTES ON MEXICAN FISHES-BEAN. 1 of the eye. juato, Mexico. The first is No. 169 of his series, and the other is 174. No. 169 was taken at Guanajuato and No. 174 in Lake Yuriria. The length of No. 41818 is 7 inches to the base of the caudal, the total length 83 inches. The smaller example is 54 inches to the caudal base; total length, 64 inches. The height of the body in the larger specimen equals the length of the head, and one-quarter of the total without caudal. In the smaller example the height is contained four and one- half times in the same lengtlı. The least depth of the tail is from one- hall to two fifths that of the greatest depth. The eye is placed near - the top of the head; its diameter is contained one and one-half times in the length of the snout and from five to five and a half times in the length of the head. The lower jaw is slightly included; it has a small knob at the sympiysis. The maxilla reaches to below the front The dorsal origin is midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal (over the twenty-eighth scale of the lateral line). Its base equals two-ninths of its distance from the tip of the snout. The longest ray is two-thirds as long as the head and more than twice as long as the last ray. The scales are very small and much crowded anteriorly, larger behind. The ventral origin is under the middle of the dorsal base; the fin does not reach to the vent, its length equal to that of the postorbital part of the head. The pectoral is as long as the head without the snout. The anal origin is distant from the ventral origin a space nearly equal to the length of the head. The length of the anal base is about equal to that of the snout. The longest anal ray equals the length of the ventral, and fully twice the length of the last ray. D. ii, 7; A. ii, 6; V. 9; P. 16. Scales 18, 69 to 72, 13. The lateral line is sharply decurved over the pectoral, and, in the straight portion, is below the median line of the body. The caudal is large and well forked, its middle rays three-fifths as long as the outer. The color is dusky brown, the cheeks and opercles silvery, and the belly whitish. A very indistinct dark spot at the caudal base, deeper than long, its depth about equal to the diameter of the eye. The dor- sal, caudal, and pectoral fins dusky; the pectorals, ventrals, and anal mingled with silvery. Teeth 4-4. The three largest with a broad grinding surface, and the second, third and fourth with a slight hook. On the other side of the same example all of the teeth have a well de- veloped grinding surface. Gill-rakers, four above the angle and fifteen below; the longest about one-third as long as the eye. The species is named in honor of its discoverer, Prof. A. Dugès. Hudsonius altus Jordan. A single example of this species, catalogue No. 43763, "ollector's No. 175, obtained at Lake Yuriria, Mexico, is 0.4 inches long. The eye is nearly as long as the snout and two-ninths as long as the lead, which VOL285 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVis one-fourth of the total without caudal. The depth is two-sevenths of the same length. The dorsal origin is over the seventeenth scale of the lateral line and immediately over the ventral origin. The ventral reaches to the vent. D. iii, 7; A. iii, 7. Scales, 9.-15—5. Teeth 4-t, scarcely hooked; a narrow grinding surface developed on three of them. Fundulus robustus, new species. (Plate XLIV, fig. 2.) The types of the species are numbers 43760, U. S. National Museum, collector's No. 173, and 43762, the first being a female and the other a male. The length of the female to the base of the caudal is 107 millimeters; total length, 126 millimeters. The greatest height of the body at the origin of the ventral (37 millimeters) is slightly more than one-third of the length without caudal. The length of the head is a little less than one-third of the total without caudal. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is one-half of the greatest depth of the body. The head is broad, the distance between the eyes equal to the length of the eye and the snout combined. The top of the head is nearly flat, and the nape is moderately elevated. The eye is as long as the snout, its length con- tained from four and one-half to five times in that of the head. The inouth is very obliquely placed, and the lower jaw is longer than the upper. The end of the maxilla reaches to below the front of the eye. The intermaxillary is very protractile; the width of the mouth is one- third the length of the head. Teeth in the jaws in narrow bands or biserial, all conical, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Gill-rakers short, stout, about nineteen on the first arch. There are thirteen scales between the upper angle of the gill opening and the origin of the dorsal. The dorsal commences nearly midway between the tip of the snout and the end of the tail. The dorsal base is one-half as long as the head and a little longer than the longest dorsal ray. The ventral origin, is midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the canal. In the male the fin reaches to the vent and nearly as far in the female. The anal origin is under the middle of the dorsal base, and the last ray is under the last dorsal ray. In the female the first six rays are short and stiff, and the genital opening is immediately in front of, but disconnecter from, the anal fin. The anal base is nearly as long as the longest anal ray and one-third as long as the head. In the male the middle caudal rays are one-half its long as the lead; slightly shorter in the female. The longest dorsal ray (fifth) in the female is considerably more than one-half the length of the head, while in the male it is considerably less than one-half length of head. B. 5); 1. 14; A. 16; V. 6; P. 16. Scales, 16–38. The color at present is uniform pale brown; fins unspotted and the opercle with a golden tint. 286 NOTES ON MEXICAN FISHES--BEAN. In radial formula and number of scales this species is apparently nearest to F. labialis Gthr., but in labialis the height of the body at the base of the pectoral is contained four and one-half times in the length without caudal, while in the species here described it is contained three times. In F. labialis the head forms one-fourth or less than one- fourth of the total without caudal, while in this species it is fully one- third of this lengtlı. Additional examples of this species were obtained by Prof. Dugès, being number 37834 U.S. National Museum, a single specimen 5 inches long; and number 41973, five examples, the largest 4 inches long and the smallest 24 inches. In these five specimens the differences separat. . ing F. robustus from F. labialis Gthr. are found to be constant. Characodon variatus Bean. A single specimen, No. 43761 U. S. National Museum, collector's No. 184, 22 inches long, was collected by Prof. Dugès in the State of Guana- juato. With the aid of the numerous additional specimens collected by this gentleman since my description of Characodon variatus and ferrugi- neus was published (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 370–372), I am led to believe that these two species are identical. The sexual differ- ences are very striking. On Plate Xx of the volume just mentioned is a female, and fig. 4 the male. In a large series of this species, No. 41813, containing many females, this sex is found to have a narrow dark baud along the side usually well developed, and a very distinct broad dark band occupying the middle of the caudal fin, the base and the tip being pale. The dorsal in this sex is bluish, except that there is a narrow pale margin along the top. It should be stated, also, that my previus opinion as to the identity of Goodeu aud Characodon is erroneous, the characters assigned to Goodea justifying its separation as a distinct genus. Acara bartoni, new species. (Plate Xliv, fig. 3.) The description is based upon four specimens, catalogue number 43765, U.S. National Museum, which were collected in Hauzteca Potosina, a region situated north of the State of Guanajuato, in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Prof. Dugès thinks this region probably extends eastward to the Hauzteca Grande, in the States of Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz. The common name in the region is Mojarra. All of the specimens have been eviscerated and have had their gills removed, but as no better individuals are available they must serve for the purposes of this description. The largest example is 7 inches long and the smallest 34 inches. The greatest height of the body is contained two and a third times in the length without the caudal. The two larger examples have the nape strongly arched. The diameter of the eye is contained from four and a half to five and a half times in the length of the head or twice in VOL287 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVthe length of the snout. The width of the space between the eyes equals two-thirds the length of the snout. The mouth is very oblique; the lower jaw projects, and the maxilla does not reach to the vertical from the front of the eye. The length of the upper jaw equals two- fifths that of the head. The teeth in the jaws are in bands, the outer series much enlarged and brown at their tips. Head of the vomer much enlarged, but toothless. Palate without teeth. Scales on the cheek in about six series. The dorsal begins over the gill opening, the first spine very short, the second somewhat longer, the length of the spines gradually increasing backward, so that the last and longest spine is nearly one-third as long as the head. The longest soft rays (third and fourth) are nearly one-half as long as the head. The spines of the dorsal are rather slender. The anal origin is nearly under the beginning of the soft dorsal. The fin contains four spines, of which the first is abuut three-fourths as long as the eye, and the fourth nearly one-third as long as the head. The longest anal ray (fourth) is more than one-half as long as the head. The least depth of the tail equals the length of the snout. The middle caudal rays are slightly longer than the long- est anal ray. The pectoral nearly reaches to above the origin of the anal and the ventral reaches to the vent. There are five or six rows of scales between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral line; eleven between the anal origin and the lateral line, counting obliquely upward and forward. Scales in L. lat. 34. The line is interrupted under the fourth soft ray of the dorsal and begins on the median line of the tail at a distance below the upper line a little greater than the diameter of the eye. D, XIV, 11; A. IV, 9. The color is purplish brown; from the head to the tail there is a broad dark band, which is more or less broken up into separate blotches, the last of which is very distinct at the base of the tail. Fins dusky. In a specimen about 5 inches long the cheeks and snout are profusely cov- ered with minute rouudish browu dots. a U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLIV 1 VAN . CITER ... 0 - > 3 Fig. 1. Algansea dugesi, new species. Fig. 2. Fundulus robustus, new species. Fig. 3. Acara bartoni, new species. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE BY MR. HARRY V. HENSON IN THE ISLAND OF YEZO, JAPAN. BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. (With Plate XLV.) In response to my request for the loan of material for my proposed manual of Japanese ornithology, several years ago, Mr. Harry V. Hen- son, then of Hakodate, Yezo, most generously placed in my hands for examination a large and interesting collection made by him in the neighborhood of that town. Since then the U.S. National Museum has acquired this collection by purchase. My original intention was to enumerate every specimen in the collec- tion, but as it now has become part of our Museum, this plan was given up, especially since press of other work threatened to entirely prevent me from finishing this paper. Consequently, only the more interesting species have been treated of, and, as will be noticed, in a somewhat uneven manner. The various species were written up in a sequence dic- tated more by the accessibility of the material than with reference to a natural and systematic arrangement, and as several years have lapsed between the working up of species here closely associated, uniformity was unattainable except by rewriting the whole, an undertaking entirely beyond my powers at present. I have thought, however, that it would be better to publish the paper in the present form than to leave it un- published. Great credit is due to Mr. Henson for his successful exploits in a locality which has been better worked ornithologically than any other in Japan, and it is to be hoped that this success will encourage him and others to continue the good work. It demonstrates how much is still to be done even in localities which have been considered nearly exhausted We are as yet only laying the foundations of a solid knowledge of the Japanese avifauna. A large amount of material has yet to be collected and discussed, and the sooner it is done the better. The members in parentheses following the specific names refer to Blakiston and Pryer's Birds of Japan." > Colymbus holbællii (REINH.). (151) A young female was shot near Hakodate, March 3, 1884 (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120709, H. V. Henson (oll. No. 98). Being only the second record of this species in Yezo, it deserves special mention. Proceedings of National Museum, Vol. xv, No. 904. Proc. N, M. 92—19 . 289 290 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. p. 77. > Podiceps nigricans (SCOP.). (16+161) Little Grebe. Kaitsuniuri. 1766.---Colymbus auritus y Linx., S. N., 12th ed., 1, p. 223. 1769.-Colymbus nigricans SCOPOLI, Ann. i Hist. Nat., 1771.-Colymbus fluriatilis Tunstall, Ornith. Brit., p. 3 (nomen nudum). 1782.- ? Colymbus pyrenaicus LAPETROUSE, K. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., III, p. 111. 1787.-Podiceps minutus LATHAM, Gen. Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294.-SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1882, p. 369.-BLAKIST, & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jar., X, 1882, p. 93. --BLAKIST., Chrysanth., Nov., 1882, p. 524.-Id., ibid., Jan., 1883, p. 25.- Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 32 (1884). 1787.- Podiceps hebridalis LATILAM, Gen. Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294. 1788.--Colymbur minor (MELIN, S. N., I, p. 591.--Podiceps m. SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. Bas., Urinat., p. 43 (1867). -SEEBOILM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 367 (1890). 1788.-('olymbus hebridicus GMELIN, S. N., 1, p. 594. 1790.-?Colymbus philippensis BONNATERRE, Enc. Méth., 1, p. 58.--- l'odiceps ph. SWIN- HOE, Ibis, 1875, p. 456.-BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 211.-/id., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 181. 1804.--Colymbus erythrocephalus HERMANN, Observ. Zool., 1, p. 151. 1831.- Podiceps pygmans BREHM, Handb. Vög. Deutschl., p. 966. 1842.-Sylbeocyclus europæus MACGILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Ornith., II, p. 205. 1855.- Podiceps pallidus BREHM, Vogelf., p. 403. 1877.—?Podiceps albescens "MANDELLI”, BLANFORD, Stray Feath., V, p. 486. Colymbus nigricans of Scopoli is very often quoted as a synonym of C. auritus LIN. (for instance, by Dresser and by Seebohm) but, I think, quite erroneously. Scopoli's diagnosis, “ Duplo minor priore (C.auritus) Remiges secundæ interno latere semialba," undoubtedly belongs to the present species, and fits no other. The name is evidently derived from Brisson, whose Colymbus fluviatilis nigricans by the same authors is cor- rectly referred to the Little Grebe. The confusion las originated with Latham, whose Podiceps nigricans (Synops., Suppl., 1, p. 294,1787) is entirely different from Brisson's and Scopoli's nigricans, being in fact the winter plumage of C. auritus. The name given by Scopoli (1769) is the oldest binominal bestowed upon this species, and should be given precedence over all the other names, even over that of Tunstall, C. fluviatilis (1771), which, moreover, is it nomen nudum, and, quently, untenable. The status of the present species and its subspecies is far from settled yet, and several names have therefore been left out ofthe above synonymy. Mr. Seebolun (cf. Chrysanth., 1882, Nov., p. 524) indicates several possi- ble subspecies, a black-bellied (not "black-billed," as printed there) race from the Moluccas, another with white wing-speculum from Madagas- car and India, and a third one from Asia Minor, remarkable for its short bill. Schlegel (Mus. P. B., Urinat., p. 43) aılmits that this species in certain localities exhibits light modifications in the colorations of the adults, but regards them as but little constant. His view, that they are "de nulle application générale, puisqu'ils ne sont sensibles que dans les adultes" is considerably at variance with ours and would lead to very curious consequences, Conse. 66 VOL291 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVAs to the Japanese birds, the general verdict seems to be that they are identical with Europera specimens, and the material at my com- mand does not contradict it, so that although none of my Japanese specimens are in absolutely full plumage, I feel but little doubt that the above conclusion is correct. The slight differences in the dimensions, as seen in the tables given below, seem to be fully within the limits of individual variation, while in the extent of the black on cheeks and chin, and in that of the white on the wing, I can discover no difference. 1. Japanese specimen8.- Measurements. Ex Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Wing posed Tar- cul Mid. dle toe with claw. SI18. men. 47 38 :36 37 C.S. Nat. 109172 Tad C.S. Nat. 91509. Jony, 758. dad. t'.S. Nat. 91611... Jony, 1035. P ad. Stejn. 700 Christiania, Norway Petersen. 60. o ad U.S. Nat. 120713. Henson, 1381 Y ad U.S. Nat. 120712. Henson, 95. jun. U.S. Nat. 120711.. Henson, 96 ... jun. Tokio, Hondo... Apr. 5, 188.3 .do Jan. 27. 1883 Kanagawa, Hondo Mar. 29. 1883 "Japan Nagasaki, Kiusiu Oct., ISR6 Hakodate, Yezo.. Nov. 1, 1881 Nov, 2.183 ..do Oct. 29, 1883 101 101 96 96 104 95 105 100 19 21 21 19 20 18 21 21 48 15 11 ...do 36 38 18 18 Petersen's Nagasaki specimen differs from all the rest in having the inner web of the secondaries dusky except at base of the inner ones. II. European specimens.--Measurements. Mid- dlo U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Wing Ex- posed Tar. cul 8018. men. with claw. 35 47 19056 Lazar. 57313 Schlüter 74316 Pearce 105962 Pluche. 105961 99587 23143 Lazar ad. Hungary.. dad. Pomerania Sweet Waters, Turkey. Havre, France 34 95 96 91 90 91 103 93 18 19 16.5 16.5 18 20 18 Dec. 8. 1877 Aug. 25, 1876 Oct. 30, 1875 1871 1860 47 46 47 ...do ...do 35 "Europe Hungary Urinator pacificus (LAWR.). A fine adult male of this interesting species opens the series of addi- tions to the Japanese avifauna. It was shot near Hakodate on July 13, 1883, and is, of course, in full summer plumage, in which it can never be confounded with the nearly allied but quite distinct V. arcticus, its small size and nearly white occiput and upper hind neck being con- spicuous enough. The lateness of the occurrence of this specimen near Hakodate sig- gests the possibility of its breeding not far off, and the question then arises whether U. pacificus may not be the breeding bird and U.arcticus, which also occurs in Japan, the transmigrating species. A male speri. men of the latter was also collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodate, May 12, 1883 (No. 120707). 292 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. The measurements of this specimen are as follows: U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120708; & adl.; Hakodate, July 13, 1883; H. V. Henson Coll. No. 8; wing, 280mm; tail feathers, 19mm; exposed culmen, 51mm; tarsus, 79mm; middle toe with nail, 90mm. Eurynorhynchus pygmæus (L.). (114) Five specimens obtained near Hakodate during the fall migration of 1884, 1885, and 1886 show the pretty regular occurrence of this species on the coast of Yezo. The dates cover a considerable range, and are therefore noteworthy. I. S. Nat. Mus. No. Henson No. Sex. Date. - 120589 120.590 120591 120592 120393 45 576. 887 972. Oct. 8,185 Sept. 14, IAN Aug. 3, 1825 Oct. 7. 18 Oct. 15, 1886 Tringa canutus L. (1041) U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120607 (8 ; Hakorlate, May 6, 1886; Henson coll. ; No. 1010) establishes the first record of this species in Yezo. Pavoncella pugnax (L.). (111) A second specimen from Yezo is of sufficient interest to deserve special mention. It was collected September 1, 1884, near Hakodate (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120608; Henson coll. No. 1129). Terekia cinerea (GÜLD.). (1004) The first record of this species in Yezo is made by the four birds in Henson's collection, two males and two females, and the dates of their captures show that this species must be a rather regular visitor during both migrations. The four specimens (Nos. 120618–120621) were col- lected near Hakodate August 30, 1883; August 24, 1884; September 6, 1883; and May 16, 1884. On the whole, this species seems to be more common in Japan than would appear from the published records. Nettion formosa (GEORGI). (10) Two specimens, making the first record of this species from Yezo, col- lected respectively April 28, 1886 (C.S. Vat. Mus. No. 120673, & ad., Henson, No. 18), amil October 11, 1883 (No. 120674, 9, Henson, No. 35), show that it occurs during both migrations, > Falco rusticolus Lin. 9 With the exception of the more or less uncertain references to a “Falco candicans" or Falco gyrfalco," based upon Japanese drawings, Mr. Henson's specimen is the first record of a Gyrfalcon in Japan. It was shot near Hakodate March 15, 1884, and is nearly, if not fully, VOL293 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVadult, that is, the under side is rather heavily streaked with dusky but with the new feathers of uie adult plumage protruding on the rump, consequently in a plumage corresponding to my No. 92721, from Bering Island, May 5, which had the ovaries in such a condition that she was probably going to breed that spring. Henson's bird agrees in the minutest details with my Bering Island and Kamchatkan birds (Res. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., etc., pp. 203, 204; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 139–141). The specimen measures as follows: (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120720), adol.; Hakodate, March 15, 1984; II. V. Henson coll. No. 9): Wing, 400mm; tail feathers, 237""; chorol of culmen from cere, 26mm; tarsus, mm; middle toe, without claw, 55mm. 6.5in; Cuculus kelungensis SWINII. (165) The three specimens of Cuckoos in the collection represent three dif- ferent stages of this species. The series is very interesting, inasmuch as it shows that the broadly-barred species is quite as polymorphic as the common European Cuckoo. We have in fact here to deal with a curious kind of dichromatism, the character of which is still wrapped in nystery U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120566, Henson No. 146, Hakodate, August 30, 1884, is a female in the rufous stage or phase, apparently adult. I say "stage or phase," because it is not yet certain whether this peculiar plumage represents a transient stage only or a permanent phase. The facts indicate, indeed, that it is a permanent phase in some individuals, and an intermediate stage in others, for Naumann (Naturg. Vög. Deutschl., V, Pl. 128, fig. 1) figures a female, in transition from the rufous plumage to the typical adult gray garb, wliile in the text (p. 203) he asserts that he opee shot a female cuckoo in the genuine rutous plumage, which was molting into a still brighter rufous one. The ob- servation ly Naunann (loc. cit., 1). 203) on the European Cuckoo, that the central pairs of the tail-feathers are of more uniforin length and jess graduated in the rufous birds, seems also to apply to those of C. kelungensis. No. 120368, Henson No. 1194 (Hakodate, September 19, 1884), is a young male of the year in the liepatic stage (back, remiges, and rec- trices liaving numerons distinct rufous bars), molting directly into the typical gray plumage of the adult; while No. 120567, Henson No. 115 (Hakodate, September 29, 1883), is a young male in the purely gray phase, not yet molting. Caprimulgus jotaka TEMM. & Scul. (188) Three specimens included in the table below. In the young bird the upper and lower tail-coverts, as well as a number of feathers on the hind neck, belong to the first plumage. In general coloration Mr. Hen- sou's Yezo birds agree with others in the National Museum from Hondo, and with a specimen collected by Petersen in Kiusiu. 294 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. (primulgus indicus, with which C, kelaartii seems to be synonymous, is sometimes quoted as belonging to the present species, but a compari- son of Indian specimens of the former with the table of dimensions below will show them to be a much smaller specics. Veasurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed calmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. Total length 10 15 11 15 16 10 15 23 *22 U.S. Nat., 120563. Henson, 33 dad Hakolate, Yezo Sept. 27, 1885 222 140 U.S. Nat., 96118.., Pryer, Bl., 2015 (d) adl Yokohama. 213 132 Hondo. U.S. Nat., 88702.. Jony, 602 cad.. Fuji, Hondo ... July 26, 1882 213 130 U.S. Nat., 91388.. Jony, 730 Pad.. Tate Y a ma, , Oct. 28. 1882 221 132 Hondo. U.S. Nat., 120561.' Henson, 131.. Pad.. Hakodate, Vezo Sept. 10, 1884 205 132 Christiania, N... Petersen, 67... (9) ad Nagasaki, Kin. Nov., 1886 214 128 siu. U.S. Nat., 120565. Henson, 130.. e jun. Hakodate. Yezo. Aug. 22. 1885 212 135 U.S. Xat., 96117.. Blak., 2079. ejus Sept. 20, 1876 213 1:30 U.S. Nat., 96116.. Blak., 1181. juin Sept. 1874 209 129 Na is 23 10 16 10 9 15 10 22 22 275 ....do ....do Average measurements of six adults 215 132 10 15.5 22.5 Ceryle lugubris (TEMM.). (176) We retain the name given to this bird by Temminck for two reasons, first because we regard it as distinct from the Himalayan bird, and, in the second place, because Alcedo guttata of Vigors (1831) is preoccu- pied by Alcedo guttata of Boddaert (1783) (A. 0. U. Code, p. 47, canon XXXII). Considering the continental bird as distinct, we propose to call it Ceryle guttulata, in order not to deviate too much from the name by which it has been universally known. The chief difference between the Japanese and the continental birds consists in the white coloration being much more extensive in the former than in the latter. The white bands crossing each feather of the upper parts are much broader in C. lugubris, being generally of the same width as the dark interspiaces, while in the form which we have designated as C. guttulata the white cross bands are considerably nar- rower. This is not only very striking on the upper side of the folded wings, but on closer examination we find that the white cross-bands on the inner side of the primaries are more numerous in the Japanese form, there being at least one more, this one being about midway be. tween the tips and the next band, while in the mainland species, the entire tip is inspotted for twice the ordinary distance between the white bars. The gray ground color of the back, moreover, is consider- ably lighter in C. lugubris. C. lugubris is usually stated to be larger than the Himalayan birds, but the size of the two forms is practically identical, as will be seen from the appended tables. The alleged distinction in the shape of the VOL295 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVbill will hardly liold, for in the nine specimens before me I can detect no tangible difference. Mr. Sharpe, in the introduction to his “ Monograpli of the Alcedi. nidæ” (p. XXV), says that “ should a large Pied Kingfisher be discovered in China, interinediate forms will doubtless be found to connect the two races." Since then Swinhoe found the Spotted Kingfisher at Ningpo, and a beautiful specimen from the same locality is in the National Museum. So far from being interinediate in character, however, the Chinese specimen agrees most minutely with the darkest Himalayan birds. We have, therefore, no hesitation in referring all the continen- tal birds to C. guttulata. In view of the very pronounced characters of the Ningpo bird we are not willing to accept a trinominal for the con- tinental bird, which should not rank as C. lugubris guttulata until inter- gradation be satisfactorily proven. The bill of the Ningpo specimen is absolutely perfect; it is very pointed, and the upper tomium near the point is distinctly and regu- larly serrate for a distance of about 15mm, showing that this charac- ter is not peculiar to the genus Syma. Males and females differ considerably, the former having the under wing-coverts and the axillaries pure white, while in the latter the mid dle portion of the lining of the wing, as well as the axillaries, are of a bright vinaceous cinnamon. In Henson's collection is one specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120571, 9 ad., Hakodate, February 1, 1885. H. V. Henson coll. No. 251. Measurements of Ceryle lugubris. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Ses and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed cnlmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing: Tarsus. 114695 | Ringer, 26.. dad. Kiusiu 109403 (0)ad. Chichibu, Musashi 91576 Jouy, 1053 dad.. Kawasaki River, Hondo 91577 Jony, 1054 Qad.. do 110484 Jouy, 1054 1)ad. .do 120571 Henson, 251. Pad.. Hakodate, Yezo.. Jan. 3, 1887 Dec. 18, 1881 Apr. 11, 1883 Apr. 12, 1883 185 186 187 191 183 190 107 111 111 112 57*i 13 64 13 61 13 61* 1 60 13 61 ಪಪಪಪ ಪಪ 28 28 28 28 28 30 112 Feb. 1, 1885 112 * Bill much worn from digging the vest hole. Measurements of Ceryle guttulala STEJN. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 65 101987 101988 101989 85709 Pad May 18, 1871 May 31, 1875 Brooks dad.. Chungus, India Anderson Kup Kate, India 180 183 185 191 104 109 110 107 13 13 13 29 29 30 (P) ad. Darjeeling, India. H.B. Meyer. Pad.. Ningpo, China 66 71 Feb. 16, 1881 296 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. Jynx torquilla Lin. (174) When writing my “review” of the Japanese Woodpeckers (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, pp. 102-104) I had to regret my inability to examine Japanese specimens of the common Wryneck, as well as the insuficiency of my material to solve the question whether there are two climatic varieties of this bird separable by the deeper coloration of the alleged southern form. The tive Japanese birds which I have now before me (see table below) prove conclusively to my mind that the difference in coloration is not due either to sex, age, season, or locality, for Mr. Henson has both the pale and the deeply colored form from Yezo. Owston's specimen, from Hlondo, is pale, and Petersen's, from Kiusiu, is dark. I am fully con- vinced that we have only to do with a dichromatism similar to that of the owls, though, as in some of the dichromatic owls, the one or the other phase may predominate in certain localities. A comparison of the measurements below with those of the Western examples previously given (tom. cit., p. 104) shows that Bonaparte was right in saying that the Japanese Wryneck is smaller than European specimens, though not much smaller as he alleges. In point of fact the difference in size between the examples from the two extremities of the Eurasian continent is so trifling that it would hardly do to basea sepa- ration of two forms upon that character, the more so as I have speci- mens of the same sex before me from both localities which are absolutely identical both in size and coloration. I would call attention, however, to the curious wiformity in the size of the Japanese specimens as shown in the table below, with which Capt. Blakiston's experience completely agrees, as in all the five Japanese Wrynecks measured by him the length of the wing was exactly 80mm. An individual variation of only 1mm in ten specimens is certainly extraordinarily small. Measurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Ant. ext. toe withont claw. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Wing. Tarsus. Remarks. U. S. Nat., 120560. Henson, 30..dad. Hakodate, Yezo.. May 17, 1886 U.S. Nat., 120561. Henson, 24.. Pad.....do. May 11, 1886 U.S. Nat., 120502. Henson, 106. G ad. ....do. May 9, 1884 U.S. Nat., 110208. Ownton, 2895 Gad. Hondo. U.S. Nat., 110183., Petersen, 13. & ad. Urakami, Kiuriu.! Jau. 7, 1886 17 16 80 80 79 79 80 65 65 63 63 64 15 11 13 20 20 20 20 19 Pale. Do. Dark, Pale, Dark. 13 17 VOL297 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2., . ] . XV> Yungipicus kizuki seebohmi (Hargitt). (1701) ad.; Henson No. 186; Hakodate, September 10, 1881. In my review” of the Japanese Woodpeckers (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, pp. 120–123) I stated that I had found that the Hondo breed- ing birds of this species agree completely with typical Y, kizuki from Nagasaki, and that only my birds from Yezo were properly referable to Y. seebohmi. This was quite opposed to the view of the original de- scriber, who referred all his specimens from the Middle Island to the north- ern form. Since the publication of my paper Mr. Seebohm has taken the question up again (Ibis, 1887, p. 178), remarking as follows: "In a series of sixteen examples in Mr. Hargitt's collection and my own, those from the North Island of Japan are indistinguishable from those from the Middle Island, whilst those from the Southern Island are conspic- uously darker. On the other hand, Dr. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. . Mus., 1886, p. 121) regards a series, apparently of nine skins, from the Middle and Southern Islands as practically the same, while those from the North Island are treated as specifically distinct. It is, of course, possible that Dr. Stejneger is right, and all our skins from the Middle Island are those of winter migrants from Yesso." Since then I have had the opportunity of examining additional speci. mens from all three islands, so that the series now before me comprises fourteen skins, all sexes and all but one properly dated. I am there. fore in the position to throw more light upon the question. Mr. Seebohm in the article alluded to characterizes three races of Y. kizuki. The form from Liukiu which he calls Y. nigrescens is distin- guished by having only four very small white spots on the outer webs of each of the three longest primaries” (loc. cit.); in Y. kizuki proper these "primaries have five small white spots on each;" while in Y. see- bohmi "the white spots are larger and are six in number.” The result of an examination of my material may be tabulated as fol- lows: Locality. Number of spots on three longest primaries. Musenm and num- Length of largest ber. Third Fourth Fifth spot. primary. primary. primary, North Island (Yezo). 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 Middle Island (Hondo). U.S. Nat., 96004 U.S. Nat., 96005 U.S. Nat., 96003 U.S. Nat.. 120559 U.S. Nat., 91333 U.S. Nat., 91427 U.S. Nat., 91334 U.S. Nat., 91426 . U.S. Nat., 109398 U.S. Nat., 109399 U.S. Nat., 88705 U.S. Nat., 111659 U.S. Nat., 96002 . Petersen, 49 77 crorerererererer 6 0 6 5 4 4 4 4 1 South Island (Kiusiu) It will be seen that there is a regular gradation from north to south, and that the number of spots, or their size, gives no absolute reliable 2.98 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. character by which to separate these subspecies. And, as in the case of the wing spots, so also with the other characters distinguishing Y. seebohmi from Y, kisuki proper; they intergrade; they are only to be designated by trinominals! Many specimens can only be referred to their proper subspecies by the totality of their characters, and these can only be properly appreciated by placing series of both forms to- gether, carefully comparing them. Specimens from Yezo and Kiusiu are easily distinguishable, and look quite different. Those from the eastern side of the Middle Island (the last four species of the Hondo series in the above table) agree very closely with the typical Y. kizuki from the south. But the remaining four of the same series come from the high mountain chain near the western shore of the Middle Island (Tate-Yama), and, as already indicated in my former paper, these are somewhat intermediate, though by a careful comparison with Yezo birds they are found to differ sufficiently from them in the direction of the southern form to be referable to the latter. What the birds of the northern portion of the Middle Island are like nobody knows, but it would not be surprising if those inhabiting the high mountain districts of this portion of the island were indistinguishable from the Yezo birds. In winter they would naturally come down into the lower districts, where only the true Y, kizuki breeds, and it would not be necessary to presume a crossing of the Tsugaru Strait in order to explain the pres- ence of typical Y. seebohmi in Hondo. The instance of this bird shows plainly how necessary it is to have every portion of the islands thor- oughly explored and the specimens from all parts of the Empire most carefully compared by competent investigators. Mr. Seebohm also says that the bird in the “Central and North Island” is larger. From the tables of dimensions below, it will be seen that the South Island birds are not appreciably smaller than those from the Central Island, and that although one of the smallest specimens is from Tate-Yama the others from this locality are quite as large as the Yezo birds. But whatever be the opinions as to the occurrence of Y. sebohmi in Hondo, this name should be abandoned by those ornithologists who re- quire “hard and fast lines” between their species." Measurements of Yungipicus kizuki seebohmi. t.s. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. -- Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail.feathers. Exposed culmen. Ext. ant.toe without claw. Wing. Tarsus. 48 50 120559 96004 96005 96003 Henson, 186 Blak., 3213 Blak., 3214. Blak., 2766. ad Hakodate, Yezo (0)al Sapporo, Yezo. lorad do (7)ad ..do Sept. 10, 1884 Oct 26. 1882 do Nov. 9, 1881 85 85 83 88 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 16 10 10 10 11 52 VOL299 192PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVMeasurements of lungipicus kizuhi. Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Est. aut.toe without claw. Wing. Tarsus. 47 53 13 15 13 13 14 15 14 15 12 10 10 10 10 10 U.S. Nat., 91333 U.S. Nat., 91427 !'.S. Nat., 91334 U.S. Nat., 91426. U.S. Nat., 109398 U.S. Nat., 109399 U.S. Nat., 88705. C.S. Nat., 11165 U.S. Nat., 96002. Christiania. Norw Jony, 698. Jony, 82.23 Jouy, 780. Jouy,801. Namiye do Jouy, 314. Naniye, 15. Ringer.. Petersen, 49 ďad.: Tate-Yama, Hondo Oct. 17, 1882 80 ad do. Nov. 30, 1882 83 Pad ..do Nov. 23, 1882 87 Pad. ..do Nov. 20, 1882 90 ad Subashi, Hondo Nov. 22, 1884 82 ? ad do 82 dad. Fuji-Yama, Hondo June 28, 1882 82 ad Miyakeshima, Idzu. May 3, 1887 83 9 ad Nagasaki, Kiusiu 82 y ad Tokitsu, Kiusin Apr. 19, 1886 80 .do. 52 48 48 45 46 14 1 16 14 13 12 15 13 14 10 10.5 10 10 46 Dryobates subcirris STEJN. (169) & ad., > 8 aud., C. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120557; Henson No. 212; Hakodate, Oct. 30, 1881. No. 120558; Henson No. 213; Hakodate, Nov. 10, 1881. These birds are typical D, subcirris both in size and color, and con- form in every detail to the diagnosis which I gave six years ago (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, p. 113). The under side, lower back and greater upper wing-coverts are strongly suffused with buff, and the rump is black. The question as to the occurrence of true D. leucotos in Yezo is still an open one. Dryobates japonicus (SEEB.). (167) In Henson's collection there are two specimens undoubtedly referable to this species, though the under surface is rather dark butly, but the white shoulder patch is comparatively large. One of them, a bird in male plumage (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120555, Henson No. 200), collected at Hakodate, November 10, 1884, is molting the first two primaries. The other (No. 120556, Henson No. 167), a female, from the same lo- cality, September 11, 1881, is a comparatively young bird, as testified by two red feathers on the crown, and by the large size of the first (tenth) primary, which measures 3.5mm in length. Since writing my “review" of the Japanese Woodpeckers, I have re- ceivell quite a number of additional specimens, but as they are all win- ter birds and none from farther south than Tokio, they throw but little light on the question of the occurrence and validity of the so-called D). gouldii GRAY from Japan. It still seems as if the birds from the eastern and southern central portion of Hondo (Tokaido and southern Tosando) have less white* on » * In reply to a footnote by Mr. Hargitt (Cat. B. Br. Mus., XVIII, p. 219), in which he says that I have “stated that in the Main Island of Japan a species is found which has black scapulars and the underparts uniforni," I may remark that in the paper quoted (Pr. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, Review of the Japanese Woodpeckers) I gave the characters of the supposeul species as “Under surface brownish; scapulars mostly black." It is but just to an author to quote him correctly, 300 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. the scapulars than the Yezo and western Hondo specimens, and that their under surface is more deeply colored, but the Tate-Yama birds are intermediate to such an extent that I am now inclined to think that the percentage of distinguishable birds will not be found suffi- ciently large to warrant the separation of the typical D. japonicus and the 6 so-called D. gouldii GRAY.” Hargitt has proven conclusively that the true 1). youldii MALH. is not a Japanese bird, a thing I hardly doubted myself, but he has failed to show what the bird from Japan in the British Museum is, which Gray called D. gouldii! Should it ever be found necessary to designate this bird by a separate name, it will have to be rebaptized, of course. Picus canus jessoensis STEJN. (172) Henson's two specimens (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120553; Henson, No. 214; [ 3 ] ad., Hakodate, November 13, 1884; and No. 120554; Henson, No. 215; [ 9 ] ad., ibid., November 2, 1884) agree in every particular with the specimen upon which I originally based the present subspecies. They are strongly tinged with green on the head, and hind neck; their entire coloration is lighter and brighter than in north and central European specimens before me; and the black stripes on the occiputs of the males are large and better defined. Mr. Edward Hargitt in a recent revision of the genus Gecinus (Ibis, 1888, pp. 1-42), drawn up in the thorough and excellent manner of this gentleman, takes some pain to show that the present subspecies can not be distinguished from true P. canus because (1) his two Japanese female specimens are indistinguishable from specimens from the Vosges, France, and (2) because another Yezo female is gray, like my P. canus perpallidus, from the opposite coast of the Asiatic mainland. But it seems to me that this way of reasoning is very much the same as if he were going to prove that Egithalos trivirgatus belongs to E. cauda- tus proper if it should be found not to differ from E. curopaus (= roseus, ragans, etc.). In the first place, I would remark that the green color on the head is much more pronounced in the male Japanese birds, and that the difference between these and the European ones which I have seen is greater than in the females. In the second place, I regard the dark Norwegian birds as the types of the name P. canus; and as the Japanese ones to my mind are quite sufficiently different to form a sub- species, it makes but little difference so far as their nomenclature is concerned whether the French birds are identical with them or not, a proposition which I can neither deny nor affirm, as I have seen none of the latter. Nor have I any reason to doubt that the differences which I pointed out between the Japanese and the central European (German) examples hold good, which I have designated as P. canus viridi-canus (M. & W.). Mr. Hargitt has treated but lightly the question whether there exist any races or subspecies of the Gray-lieaded Green Wood- pecker in Europe or not. He only says (loc. cit., p. 20): “It seems to me VOL301 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XTthat if every slight variation of color necessitates the creation of subspe- cies, then there would be no limit to such in both Gecinus viridis and G. canus." If the subspecies really exist, we should recognize them, and it would facilitate our researches if we name them, but whether the number of them be great or small is only a secondary matter. Many ornithologists would willingly recognize two or even three subspecies by names, but they would be scared were it found that a species had split up into a dozen subspecies, or more. Their ruling principle is like that of Mr. Seebohm, who regards a genus as highly objectionable" because only containing one or two species, though the result is quite different. Mr. Hargitt, moreover, seems to require that it shall always be possible to “ draw a line” between the forms which he honors with a name (see loc. cit., p. 14), but from the nomenclature which I adopted in describing the present subspecies under the heading of a trinominal he might have known that I did not claim that any 66 line" can be drawn. It is the essential difference between binominals and trinomi- nals that a line can be drawn between the forms designated by binomi- nals, but not between those for which it has been found necessary to apply three names. Yor do I think that a very gray female collected at Sapporo in May proves anything either in regard to the status of P. canus jessoensis or to that of P. canus perpallidus. Perhaps it may belong to the latter; ; it would not be surprising; but perhaps it is only a faded and abraded specimen of the typical Yezo bird. However, even if none of these suppositions should hold, it is now well understood by American tri- nominalists, at least, that isolated cases of this kind do not affect the general status of the subspecies. In fact, in order to justify the use of a trinominal such cases are required. Dryocopus martius Lin. (171) A fine pair of this woodpecker is in Henson's collection, the first Jap. anese specimens I have seen. They are of a very intense black, and the bill is somewhat larger than in a European specimen before me. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120551 & ad., Henson, No. 216; Hakodate, December 2, 1881. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120552 | ad., Henson, No. 254; ibid., December, 15, 1881. Otocoris alpestris (Lin.). (267) U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120550 adl., Henson, No. 1972; southeastern shore of Volcano Bay, Yezo, February 12, 1887. The Common Horned Lark, or Shore Lark, has only been admitted into the Japanese avifauna with a query on the strength of a Japanese drawing so identified by the authors of Fauna Japonica (Aves, p. 138). Mr. Henson, therefore, has made a real addition to the fauna, since his specimen is the first, and as yet the only example, of this species from Japan, which has come into the hands of ornithologists. It belongs to the normal form, which is quite alike in both hemispheres, 302 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. A somewhat full description of this specimen may prove useful and interesting to Japanese ornithologists. Forehead, supercilary stripe, a crescent across the middle of the ear- coverts, upper half of sides of neck, chin, and throat, delicate straw- yellow, the forehead, chin, and throat brighter, nearly Naples-yellow; upper portion of forehead spotted with black; fore part of crown and a live above the superciliary stripe black, forming, with the latter, a some- what pointed horizontal feather tuft above the ears; nasal feathers, lores, anterior portion of auriculars, and malar region, black; jugulum similarly colored, forming a large black crescent on the foreneck, not connected with the black cheek patch; auriculars apically drab-gray, forming a well-marked crescent which posteriorly circumscribes the auricular region; posterior half of crown and occiput vinaceous drab, each feather obscurely striped with cinnamon-rufous; hindneck, as well as lower portion of sides of neck, pinkish vinaceous cinnamon, obscurely striped with dull cinnamon-rufous; back grayish wood-brown, more or less distinctly streaked with dusky brown; rump and some of upper tail-coverts strongly suffused with vinaceous cinnamon; under side of body from breast backwards white, flanks suffused with vinaceous cin- namon and streaked with dusky; wings above like the back, outer lesser and median coverts more or less vinaceous cinnamon medially striped with cinnamon-rufous and margined at the tip with whitish; greater wing-coverts, as well as most of the quills, similarly margined in the apical half; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones with gray or dusky centers; middle pair of tail-feathers and longest upper coverts like the back, outer pair blackish brown with the outer webb whitish in the apical half, next pair with a corresponding very narrow white edge, otherwise like the rest of the rectrices, uniform brownish black. Bill pale, horny plumbeous; feet blackish brown. First (ninth) primary scarcely longer than third, but somewhat shorter than second, these three forming the tip of the wing; second, third, and fourth distinctly sinuated in outer web. Wing, 110mm; tail-feathers, 69mm; exposed culmen, 10.5mm; tarsus, 22; middle toe, with claw, 17mm. 2 Alauda japonica TEMM. and SCHL. (266) U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120548 & ad., Henson No. 149; Hakodate, May 30, 1885; U'. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120519 % aul., Henson No. 150; Hakodate, April 3, 1884. Mr. Henson's birds agree perfectly with numerous others from Yezo and liondo. This is apparently the only lark breeding in Japan proper (excluding the Kurils), and from the description and the figure in Fauna Japonica (Aves, p. 87, pl. xlvii) it is to this smaller form that Temminck and Schlegel gave the name Alauda japonica, and not to the large one, as Mr. Seebohm suggests (Ibis, 1884, p. 41); for not only do their measurements agree (wing 3 inches 9 lines, Pied du Roi= 101, slightly less than the average male as given in the table below), 1892. ] 303 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. but in the plate the peculiar shortness of the tip of the wing is rendered very exactly. In 1885 (Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 236) I gave the measurements, including averages, of six Japanese specimens. They are included in the following table, and it is very interesting and gratifying to observe how close the averages of the two series run, as the results indicate that their figures are worthy of confidence. Blakiston (Chrystanth., 1883, p. 35) informs us that the larks do not winter in Yezo. The present species passes the cold season in Londo. Measurements. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and number. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with Anpa Tarsus. Wing Total length. 66 65 64 66 20 19 20 2:2 178 171 o ad 20 67 64 ó ad. 69 21 20 21 20 120548 Henson, 149... all. Hakodate, Yezo. May 30, 1885 120549 Henson, 150... Pad. .do Apr. 3, 1884 96303 Blak., 1168 ad. ..do Apr. 1, 1873 96305 Blak., 2097 oad. .do Oct. 1, 1876 91551 Blak., 2938 dad. Sapporo, Yezo June 23, 1882 96312 Blak., 29:39 .do do 91550 Blak., 2984 dad. Yubutz, Yezo. Sept. 15, 1882 96316 Blak., 2989 .do do 96314 Blak., 2982 ďad. Tomakomai, Yezo.. Sept. 16, 1882 96309 Blak., 2844 dad. Sarubuto, Yezo May 24, 1884 96306 Pryer, Pl., 2184 oad. Tokio, Hondo Mar. 27. 1877 109389 Namiye. dad. do. Mar. 15, 1883 91464 Jouy, 911. o ad. Yokohama, Hondo. Jan. 3, 1883 96321 Jouy.. ail. .do Jan. 91465 Jouy, 912. ad. do Jan. 3, 1883 91466 Jouy, 913. ad. do do 91467 Jouy, 914. ad. .do .do 96322 Jouy. ad. do Jap. 109:98 Namiye ad. Tokio, Hondo Mar. 8, 1881 96310 Blak., 2845 ad. Sarubuto, Yezo. May 24, 1882 96318 Blak., 2990 ad. Yubutz, Yezo. Sept. 13, 1882 36320 Blak., 2992 adl. .do Sept. 14, 1882 96307 Blak., 2369 ind. Sapporo, Yezo May 28, 1877 96311 Blak., 2903 Qad.....do June 9, 1882 Average measurements of 13 males Average measurements of 11 females 102 99 101 100 104 * 101 99 (1) 102 101 101 101 106 100 92 98 93 91 99 91 97 (1) 64 01 12 25 11 25 12 11.5 25 12 12. 5 25 12 11 11 24 12 25 11 21 12 11 11.5 21 13 12 11 11.5 23 11 12 11 12 11.5 24 12 25 21 65 58 58 02 20 : : : : :ីពីរ គឺ 60 19 20 2:2 22 19 53 61 94 102 95 65 61 11.6 24.7 20.4 11.6 24.3 20,1 Much worn. Molting. The U.S. National Museum possesses three more adult specimens of Alauda japonica (Nos. 96302, 96308, 96319) whichi, in view of the above series, it is unnecessary to mcasure, as they are not sexed loy the collectors. Three young ones also belong to the Museum, viz: No. 88657, collected by Mr. Jouy, at Fuji, July 22, 1882; No. 96304, Hakodate, June, and No. 96317, Ynbutz, September, both collected by Capt. Blakiston. Alauda blakistoni STEJN. (2661) U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120546-7, two ad. 8 8, Henson, Nos. 148, 722; Hakodate, No- vember 5, 1885; April 2, 1886. As contended by Capt. Blakiston long ago, there is no difficulty in keeping separate the two forms of larks wluichí inhabit Japan, for the measurements alone are sufficient to distinguish them, as shown by the appended tables of climensions. A. blakistoni is very nearly allied to A. intermedia Swish. of the opposite mainland and to A, arrensis Lin. of Europe, being, in fact, 304 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. only a subspecies of the latter. These belong to a northern type of a migratory habits, characterized by having the tip of the wing much elongated, that is, the first four primaries which form the tip of the wing are lengthened so as to reach farther beyond the others than in the birds of the southern type. This latter is represented in Japan by A. japonica, which in turn is only subspecifically distinct from A. carli vo.r Swina, from China. These forms I believe in the main to be resi. dent birds. The difference in the construction of the wing above alluded to is well pronounced in the Japanese species and may be expressed as follows: (1) Alauda blakistoni, distance of fifth primary from tip of wing greater than middle toe, without claw; (2) Alauda japonica, distance of fifth primary from tip of wing less than middle toe, without claw. These characters, of course, are only well pronounced in specimens the quills of which are fully grown and not much abraded. Mr. Seebohm adinits (Ibis, 1884, p. 11) the existence in Japan of two races distinguished by their difference in size. The larger one, with “the wing varying in length from 4.9 to 3.9 inches," he says "might be called var. japonica by ornithologists anxious to split hairs." This name I consider referable to the smaller form. Alauda blakistoni was based by me on Kamtchatkan specimens before I had seen any skins from Japan. A comparison of the figures of the table below with those given by me in my Orn. Explor. Kamtsch., P. 235, shows a remarkable uniformity; the averages of wing and tail being identical to the millimeter. Alauda blakistoni has as yet been reported in Japan only from Yezo and the Kurils. It breels apparently on the latter, and passes through Yezo only during the migrations, which do not seem to extend to Hondo. As we have no Yezo winter specimens, this form probably winters some- where on the inainland. Measurements. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and piumber. Locality: Date. Sex and age. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Winy Tarsus. (ول.. 76 *68 60 d'ail 26 1205-46 120547 996313 96315 96298 06:300 96301 96299 Henson, 148 Henson, 722. Blak., 2981 Blak.. 2985 Blak., 1569 Blak., 2770 Blak., 2771 Snow, Blak., 27:35. dad Hakodate, Yezo.... o all Tomakomai, Yezo. ad do cad. Nemoro, Yezo dail! Iturup, Kurils. o ad do Kuril Islands Nov. 5, 1885 124 Apr. 2, 1886 *112 Sept. 7109 Sept. Oct. 6, 1874 115 Sept. 1116 Sept. 1121 117 13 13 12.5 12.5 12 12.5 12 12 71 71 20 196 205 74 26 load Average measurements of 7 males 116 72 12.6 26 2.9 * Much worn, | Partly inolting. VOL305 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVMotacilla lugens KITTL. (2294) It is just as well to state at the outset that this is not the Motacilla lugens of Fauna Japonica, which is the next species; or, perhaps, it may be better to give the full synonymy of both species, in order not to be misunderstood. 1784.- Motacilla alba PENNANT, in Cook's Voy. Pacif., III, p. 355 (nec Lin.). 1826.- Motacilla albeola var. PALLAS, Zoogr. Ross. As., 1, p. 507. 1833.- Motacilla lugens Kittlitz, Kupfertaf., p. 16, pl. xxi, fig. 1 (nec TEMM. & SCHL.)- Cassin, Perry's Exp. Jap., II, p. 221 (1856).-Id., Proc. Acad. Philada., 1858, p. 193.--SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1878, p. 347 (in part only).-Id., B. Jap. Emp., p. 111 (1890).-STEJNEGER, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 287 (1885). – SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X, p. 474, pl. iv, figs. 1-4 (1885). 1833.- Motacilla lugubris GLOGER, Abänd. Vög., p. 148 (nec TEMM., 1820).—TEMM., Man. d'Orn., 2d ed., III, p. 175 (part) (1835).-CABANIS, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 12 (1850). 1839.- Motacilla leucoptera VIGORS, Voy. Blossom, p. 18 (nec SELYS, 1856).—ZANDER, Naumannia, 1851, iv, p. 14. 1844.—“Motacilla albeola var, camtschatce PALL.," SCHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., p. 68. 1850.—“Motacilla albeola var. camtschatica Pall.,” Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1, p. 250. 1851.- Motacilla alba lugens ZANDER, Naumanuia, 1851, iv, p. 13. 1863.- Motacilla ocularis SWINHOE, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 275 (part). 1863.- Motacilla japonica Swinhoe, Ibis, 1869, p. 306,-1d., ibid., 1874, p. 156 (part). - WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 198.—BLAKIST. PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 236 (part).- Iid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., viii, 1880, p. 220 (part). 1878.- Motacilla amurensis SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1878, p. 345, pl. ix.-Id., ibid., 1883, p. 91.- Id., ibid., 1884, p. 39.--BLAKIST. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 155.—BLAKISTON, Chrysanth., 1882, p. 522.-Id., ibid., 1883, p. 174.-Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 53 (1884). 1882.-- Motacilla kamtschatica STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1882, p. 182. 1882.- Motacilla camtschatica TACZANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 388. 1883.- Motacilla ? BLAKISTON, Chrysanth., 1883, p. 31. 1883.- Motacilla blakistoni SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1883, p. 91.-1d., ibid., 1881, p. 38.-Ring- WAY, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 147. - Motacilla mutabilis BLAKISTON, MSS. and labels. It is only during the last few years, and due to the late Capt. Blakis- ton's indefatigable efforts, that the two Japanese species of Wagtails have become thoroughly understood, for not only has the nomencla- ture been in a inost deplorable state of confusion, but the fact that both species occur in the same locality, at certain seasons at least, coupled with the great variation of the plumages, according to age and season, presented some of the most perplexing knots in Japanese ornithology; in order to untie them it was necessary for Capt. Blakiston to bring to- gether about seventy specimens collected at all seasons. In an interest- ing article in the “Chrysanthemum" (1883, p. 31), and in the "Amended List of the Birds of Japan," pp. 52–55 (1884), he ably disentangled the skein, and recently Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X, 1885), has added inaterially to the clearness of the case by giving the black- eared species a new name, and hy systematically describing and illus- trating the different plumages of M. lugens. It appears, however, that the differences have not been contrasted in such a way as to enable the field ornithologists to distinguish the two Proc. N. M, 92- -20 306 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. species in all plumages, for Mr. Henson, who has correctly named nearly all the other species of his large collection, has sent me the entire lot of White Wagtails without an attempt to identify them, simply labeling them “ Motacilla -- !" It may, therefore, not be out of place to give a brief tabular synopsis of the chief differences by which the various plumages are most easily distinguished. Plumage. Motacilla lugens. Motacilla grandis. Young in first plumage (June, Upper surface "smoke gray 'pper surface, ear-coverts, and en- July, August; plumage (Ridgw., Nomencl. Col., pl. ii, n. tire fore-neck, uniform dark easily recognized' by the 12); ear-coverts and entire fore. " drab-gray" (Ridgw.. Nomen. loose and open texture of neck white faintly washed with cl. Col., pl. ii, n. 13); greater the contour feathers). "cream color,'' each feather nar. upper wing-coverts white to the rowly edged at tip with dusky, base; middle coverts likewise more broadly on lower jugulum, entirely white. forming an indistinct dusky col. lar across the latter: greater np. per wing coverts dark brownish gray broadly margined with white; middle coverts lusky at base, grayislı white at tip with a dusky shaft streak. Young after the first molt, Upper surface smoke-gray more. Upper surface, sides of head, in (which usually is finisher or less strongly washed with cluding ear-coverts, sides of before the middle of Octo- straw.yellow, the males usually nerk throat, and jugulum, dead ber: texture of contour less black on hind black; feathers on upper surtace feathers tirin; remiges and crown; supraloral region, super- more or less broadly margined rectrices pot molting). cilia, ear-coverts, malar region, at tip with grayish; forehead, sides of neck, chin, and throat superciliary streak, and chin white tinged with straw yel- pure white; wings as above. low: upper jugulum similar, but feathers subapically margiued with blackish, lower jugnum with a black, semilunar collar, each feather apically margined with whitish; through the eyes a dusky line; wings as above. Adult bird (i.e., birds ready Cheeks (malar region, suborbital Cheeks and sides of neck black. for propagation) after the region, auriculars) and sides of Tarsus longer, 25min to 27mm. first spring (no matter what neck white. Tarsis shorter, the coloration of the wing), 23inm to 250m summer, and winter. more or Notwithstanding the great superficial similarity in the two species, to the close observer they are very different indeed. Their general size is about the same, but the proportions differ materially, J. grandis having a longer and at the base comparatvely narrower bill anti con- siderably longer tarsus than M. lugens. The changes of plumages, moreover, are radically dissimilar, in fact so much so, that this case ought to be a warning to ornithologists not to be too hasty in conclud. ing that, while he knows the change of plumages is one form to be of a certain nature, that of the nearest allied species is essentially alike. Capt. Blakiston, I think, was the first ornithologist to announce (Chry. santh., Jan. 1883, p. 31), the interesting observation that in M. grandis the young birds during the first autumn pass at once into the black plumage, while the young M. lugens are gray during the first winter, and that subsequently the former remains black during all seasons, while the latter is black in summer only and gray in winter. It is quite evident from Capt. Blakiston's manuscript notes, as well as from the labels attached to the specimens in his collection, that he considered the differences in the wmg pattern found in the various in). VOL307 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVdividuals of M. lugens to be due to successive molts of the quills. Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe (loc.cit.), on the other hand, seems to maintain that the changes between the different patterns of wings take place during the time between the molts. And he too bases his conclusions upon a study of the series in Blakiston's collection. It would therefore seem as if this series were not quite sufficient to settle the question, and so is in fact the case, for, although very complete in autumnal specimens, spring birds are comparatively not so well represented. The large series of the present species, which I myself collected in Kamchatka, on the other hand, contains mostly specimens killed cluring the month of May (cf. “ List of specimens collected,” Res. Ornith. Explor. Kam- tschatka, p. 291), supplementing Capt. Blakiston's collection to a great degree. I am therefore in the position to throw considerable light on the subject, and hope to be able to settle a part of this vexed question. Before attempting this, however, a few general remarks in regard to points which must not be lost sight of during the following discussion may not be out of place. It is then to be noted that while the color of the small plumage is changed twice a year, the quills and tail-feathers are only shed once, viz, in autumn. The last (proximal) three secon- daries or "tertiaries") form an exception to this rule, inasmuch as they are molted twice a year. In speaking of the changes which take place at the annual (autumnal) molt of the quills, we do not include any ref: erence to the last three, in order not to create any confusion. I will also mention that I shall designate the three figures of the wing of M. lugens, presented by Mr. Sharpe in the tenth volume of the “Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum," on pp. 475, 476, and 477, as fig. 475, fig. 476, and fig. 477, respectively. Of M. lugens ten specimens in the first plumage are before me, seven belonging to Mr. Henson's collection (Henson's Nos. 28, 29, 31, 40, 41, 42, 65) and three to Capt. Blakiston's (Blak., Nos. 1389, 1390, 1561; U.S. Nat. Mus.. Nos. 96206, 96207, 96208), the former collected during August, the latter during September and July; some are marked as male and some as female, but all are essentially alike in regard to the distribution of whitish and brownish gray, agreeing minutely with Sharpe's fig. 475. As this figure does not exhibit the inner webs of the quills, I append a sketch of the secondary next to the longest “tertiary” (pl. xlv, fig. 1). Birds which have finished their molt have exactly the same quill pattern, as testified by twelve specimens collected in Septem- ber and October (Henson's No. 328; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96210, 96212, 96220, 96227, 96228, 96229, Blak. coll. ; 92689, Stejn. coll., all September birds, and Henson's No.335; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96223, 96224, 107107, Blak. coll., October). I have, furtherinore, four November specimens (Henson's No. 735, Hakodate; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96214, Yokohama, Owston coll. ; 96213, Nagasaki, Ringer coll.; Petersen's No. 74, Nagas- aki) which differ in no particular from the figures quoted above. From December and January I have no examples, but from the fact that a 308 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. male killed in February (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 96218, Nagasaki, Ringer coll.) and two males in March (91531, 91559, Tokio, Jouy coll.*) offer no differences from the early winter birds it is safe to conclude that speci- mens from the intervening months are equally alike. Early April specimens are wanting; however, a bird obtained by Mr. Grebnitzki on Bering Island, April 30 (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 106609)t and one by Blakiston in Yezo during May (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96192), as well as ten others from Kamtchatka and Bering Island, collected during the latter month (Nos. 92682, 88985, 88986, 92683, 92686, 92681, 96606, 96607, and Stejneger Nos. 1035, 2031), show no trace of change in the quill pattern; at least not in the direction supposed by Mr. Sharpe, for the northern birds appear to have the dark color on the outer web of the last secondary (the one figured as above) more extended towards the base. This series is concluded by two birds in full breeding plum- age, one ( 8 ) shot by myself in Petropaulski, Kamtchatka, June 27, 1882 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 89146), the other ( 9 ) collected by Blakiston at Cape Blanco, Yezo, June 23, 1873 (No. 96194), the latter in a very abraded plumage, both of which in every essential particular have the quills colored in the same manner as the birds in the first plumage killed the year previous in July, August, and September. We have thus examined a series of forty-three specimens, illustrating the pattern of the quills, from the birds leaving the nest until they have become a year old and are rearing their own young. This mate- rial proves most conclusively that the quills undergo no change what- soever in regard to the relative distribution of white and dusky (except, of course, the grailual wearing away of the whitish edges during the second summer). It is also to be noted, that in this enormous series the individual variation is but very slight. I The yearly inolt of the quills does not take place until about two months later than the latest specimen enumerated above, and from these months I have no specimen to show. I should therefore have expressed myself much more giardedly in regard to a possible change in the col- oration of the quills during the last period before the molt, had it not been that our collection contains a most interesting specimen which, * These two specimens are molting their "tertiaries," and the new black feathers on the back make their appearance; throat already black in No. 91559. I make this statement well aware of the fact that Dr. H. Gätke (Journ. of Orn., 1854, p. 323) flatly denies a prenuptial molt in the British White Wagtail. He says: “Von bei- den Arten [ Motacilla lugubris (yarrellii) an Inthus littoralis] habe ich Hunderte von Exemplaren in allen Stufen des Leberganges vom Winter- zum Sommerkleide in Händen gehabt, nie aber neu herrorkeimende, halb- oder weiter ausgewachsene Federn finden können.” However this may be in the European bird, the fact remains that in the specimens referred to, most of the black feathers on the back are still in their sheaths. + From this time on all the specimens are in full summer plumage; throat black; males with back black, females gray. # The greater amount of lusky on the proximal secondaries in the Kamchatkan spring specimens is possibly a peculiarity of the breeding birds of that country. VOL309 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVin connection with the above series, most satisfactorily completes the proof and makes it incontrovertible. This specimen, a female, was collected by Capt. Blakiston at Yubutz, Yezo, September 15, 1882 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No.96211; Blak., No. 2958), and is in full molt all over. The black feathers on top of the head are giving way to gray ones tinged with yellow; the anterior portion of the back has already assumed the latter color; new white feathers del- icately suffused with straw-yellow appear on the throat; several new black marginal (smaller) upper wing.coverts have taken the place of the gray ones; the tail feathers also are molting, and in the left wing the longest “ tertiary” has fallen out. Most interesting is the molt of the other quills, inasmuch as all the primaries and all but two of the secondaries are new and still partly in the sheaths; the two seconda- ries left from the old plumage are the two ones next to the “tertiaries,” quite brown and faded and with the whitish margins nearly entirely worn off, but the extent of terminal dusky and basal white is exactly as in the July bird just out of the nest, which we have already figured (pl. XLV, fig. 1). In a day or two these feathers would have fallen out, and we have thus proof that the first quill pattern remains absolutely unchanged until the molt in the second autumn. This demonstrated, we will now take a look at the new quills in this bird. Only the six inner primaries are nearly fully grown, and of the secondaries only the three next to the primaries are so far grown that this pattern can be made out. In a general way they do not differ greatly from the wing pattern of the first plumage, except that the dusky portion is blacker and less extensive, while the light bases and margins have increased in extent and whiteness; the black in the outer web of the primaries descends along the shafts nearly to the base. So far as I can make out, this pattern is the one which Mr. Sharpe represents in fig. 476. In order to give an illustration of the secondary next to the longest "ter- tiary” for comparison with my previous figure of the corresponding quill in the young bird, I select another specimen, with which the molting bird alluded to agrees in every respect as far as the quills already grown out are concerned. This specimen is U. S. Mus. No. 96205 (9, Tomakoma, Yezo, September 17, 1882, Blak. coll., No. 2959), shot only two days later than the above female, but probably of an earlier brood, inasmuch as the entire molt is finished. Pl. XLV, fig. 2, gives a fair idea of the distribution of black and white on the inner secondaries in this stage of plumage, while fig. 3 illustrates the same on the fifth primary. Quite a series of specimens agree closely with this type, which we regard as representative of the birds in the second winter and third summer, viz: U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 96226 (Yezo, September), 107016 (Nagasaki, December 25), and 96195 (Yezo, April); Henson, No. 138 (Yezo, April 19); U.S. Nat Mus., Nos. 96196 (Yezo, May 16), 107014 (Yezo, June 22); 96212 (Yokohama), and 107108 (Nagasaki), the latter two, however, without date and sex on the collector's labels. All these 310 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. are designated as females by the collectors, except the last two, of which the Yokohama specimen is widoubtedly a female, while the Na- gasaki biro may possibly be a male. As the series covers the time from the autumnal molt until the middle of Jwe next year, and as there is no perceptible increase of the white color to be observed, it seems fair to conclude that the quill pattern of the females of the second year remains nearly unchanged until the molt in the third autumn; conse- quently that the black does not "gradually disappear," at least not in the females, during the second year. We headed the foregoing series with a September female just molt- ing and another one having just finished the molt of her second autumn. No. 96209 (U. S. Nat. Mus.) is also a September male, collected by Blakiston at Yubutz, Yezo, September 13, 1882 (Blak., No. 2957), which has just passed the molt, traces of the "sheaths" still adhering to the basis of several of the quills, while the first primary and the inner- most secondary is not yet fully grown out. That it is not a bird of the year is plain from the fact that some of the feathers on the back are blackish, while nearly all the lesser wing coverts are black; that it is not much more than a year old, I think, will be plain from the pattern of the quills, the secondary and primary corresponding to those of the female already figured, being figs. 4 and 5, pl. xlv. It will be seen by a comparison with figs. 2 and 3 that the difference in male and female in the quill pattern during this stage is slight, although the latter is evi. dently “ more backward," as Mr. Sharpe remarks. Like the female, , this specimen has the white of the head and the back suffused with yellowish. Another male in precisely the same stage of molt was shot by Capt. Blakiston on the following day (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 107015; Yubutz, Yezo, September 14, 1882; Blak., No. 2955), has the wing pat- tern essentially similar, the fifth primary having only a little more white in the inner web along the shaft, but on the proximal secondary the black is reduced to a slight dusky trace in both webs. A third male, shot by the same gentleman on the last day of the same month (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96227; Blak., No. 3031), is absolutely similar, but there is hardly a trace of dusky left on the proximal secondary. In all three the black on the outer webs of the outer primaries extends consider. ably towards the base, but is especially pronounced and extensive in the last-mentioned specimen. These three examples being shot nearly at the same time show plainly the range of individual variation in re- gard to the quill pattern, and demonstrate the necessity of dispensing: with the theory of a gradual change taking place during the following winter, a conclusion furthermore strengthened by an inspection of the following specimens: U. S. Nat. Mus., No.- 96222 ( 8 , Yezo, Oct. 10, 1882; Blak., No. 3101), very much like the bird figured (figs. 4 and 5), but the outer web of the proximal secondary nearly entirely white, and black on outer webs of outer primaries very heavy; No. 96201 ( 8 , Yo- kohama, Nov. 20, 1882), nearly identical with No. 96225, but black on VOL . 1892311 , PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] XVouter webs of outer primaries more like No. 96209; No. 96202 ( 8 , Na- gasaki, Dec. 25, 1882), quite similar. Henson's No. 157 ( 8, Hakodate, April 16, 1884) and Stejneger's No. 2035 ( 8 , Petropaulski, May 17, 1883), both in full summer plumage, are also identical with the foregoing specimens. Finally I have to mention a male which I shot at Petro- paulski, Kamtchatka, on May 17, 1883 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 92685); it is in full suminer plumage, black-backed, and I dissected it myself; it is also the latest as to date in the series of males, yet it has more black on the quills than any of the foregoing ones, the proximal sec- ondary and the fifth primary being in fact absolutely identical with those of the female, figs. 2 and 3. So far our material has been ample and our conclusions, I think, safe. There remain only seven specimens, the quill pattern of six of which dif- fer considerably from that of the foregoing series (figs. 2-5). Although taken from the most extreme specimen, pl. xlv, fig. 6 represents very well the fifth primary of this group, as compared with figs. 3 and 5, while the proximal secondary is pure white, or nearly so (all or most of the secondaries being in fact similar). The first bird of this series to attract our attention is No. 96203, collected by Mr. Ringer at Nagasaki, December, 1879, and by him designated as a female. Nearly all the secondaries are pure white; the black on the outer web of the four outer primaries does not extend further down than on the inner web, and the fifth primary is colored very much like the one figured (fig. 6). Should the determination of the sex be correct, I should think it most probable that this pattern had been assumed after the molt in the third autumn, since the difference seems to be too great to be only an indi- vidual variation of quill pattern (fig. 3). A September male (Yezo, Blakiston, No. 2956; U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96200) and it summer bird, male, collected in the Kurils by Mr. Snow (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96198), on the other hand, are quite similar, leaving the black apical patch on the fifth primary somewhat larger than in fig. 6, the latter being col- lected at Hakodate in March by Capt. Blakiston (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96197). It will be observed that the difference between these males and the lighter ones already referred to the type represented by figs. 4 and 5 is not so great as to preclude the possibility of their being only individual variations of the same stage of plumage, and it must be ad- mitted that the three last specimens of our collection, which we have not yet mentioned, seem to point in this direction. The first of these is a ở collected by Mr. Henson at Hakodate, May 16, 1883 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96199), the left wing of which is quite normal, with a fifth primary like fig. 6, but with some dusky marks on the proximal second- ary. In the right wing, however, fourth and fifth primaries, although apparently fully grown, are considerably shorter than normally, and the greater pureness of the white color at once indicates that they are of more recent origin than the rest, in other words, that they have recently grown out in the place of the old ones which had been lost 312 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. accidentally; of these new feathers the fifth primary las quite as much black as fig. 5, while the fourth one in the inner shows even more than the average female after the molt in the second autumn, though the outer web is pure white, except at the tip, a feature only visible in a few of the most extreme specimens. The other bird is an unsexed specimen in the middle of the autumnal molt (Henson's No. 39, Hako- date, Aug. 14, 1882) contour feathers as well as remiges and rectrices being shed; in the wing, which even in the old plumage belongs to the extreme white type, the five proximal primaries are fully grown; the third and fourth are still small, while the two outer ones as well as all the secondaries belong to the old plumage. So much can be said from this specimen that the new feathers have just as much black as the old ones, and that in this bird, at least, the new molt wculd not have brought on an increased amount of white. To this may be suc- cessfully replied, however, that this bird had already at some previous molt obtained its maximum of white, and that it consequently does not prove that at the molt in the third autumn the quill pattern of figs. 2-5 is not exchanged for that of the extreme white type. Nor does the last specimen before me, a female which I collected in Kamtchatka, May 24, 1883 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 92688), prove much either way. Although being surely a female it has a fifth primary like fig. 5 ( 8 ) aud a proximal secondary nearly white. It is consequently whiter in the quill pattern than any female in the series, the sex of which is as- certained beyond a doubt. As I have pointed out above, the Kam- tchatkan birds seem to have a somewhat darker wing than the birds breeding in the south. Is the present specimen, therefore, a bird in the fourth year, or is the unusual amount of white simply due to indi- vidual variation? After having thus examined a series of about seventy examples, we are reluctantly forced to admit that still more examples are needed in order to get at the bottom of the question. About twenty more white- winged M. lugens, collected in the north of Japan between the begin- ning of August and the middle of September, in the different stages of molt, and accurately sexed by dissection, will be necessary to end the dispute. Will our friends in that country help us to complete the se- ries and end the dispute? But no more young birds with “brown" wings need be slaughtered. Mr. Henson's thirteen specimens having been mentioned during the above already too lengthy discussion, I consider it unnecessary to refer to them more particularly. Motacilla grandis SHARPE. (229) As with the foregoing, it will be most instructive to begin with the synonymy as follows: 1835.- Motacilla lugubris T'EMMINCK, Man. d'Orn., 2d ed., III, pp. li, 175 (part., nec 1820). VOL313 1992PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , 1 . . XV* * * 1817. - Motacilla lugens TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Aves, 60, pl. XXV (nec Kittlitz, 1833).- ? BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 319.-Id., Chrys- anth., 1882, p. 522.-Id., ibid., 1883, p. 31.-Id., ibid., 1883, Feb., p. Ia., ibid., 1883, p. 174.-SEEBOUM, Ibis, 1879, p. 31.—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Tr. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 155.-JOUY, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 290. 1866.- Motacilla japonica TRISTRAM, Ibis, 1866, p. 291 (nec SwinH., 1863).-SWINHOE, Ibis, 1874, p. 156 (part.).—BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 236 (part.).- lid., Tr. As. Soc. Jap., VII, 1880, p. 220 (part.).—BLAKIST., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 52 (1881).-STEJNEGER, Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 289 (1885). SEEBOHM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 112 (1890). 1885.—Motacilla grandis SHARPE, Cat. B. Br. Mus., X, p. 492. Motacilla immutabilis BLAKISTON, MSS. and labels. Mr. Sharpe was undoubtedly correct in giving this species a new name, since Swinhoe (who afterwards, however, confounded the two species) bestowed the name M. japonica upon the black-backed race (of M. ocularis) , peculiar to the Japanese islands” (Ibis, 1863, p. 309, footnote), which, of course, is the true M. lugens. It has already been remarked under the head of M. lugens that the changes of plumage in the two Japanese species of Wagtails are quite different, and this statement does not apply to the contour feathers alone, but to the quills as well, for it is evident that M. grandis does not pass through the brown" stage of M. lugens, as the young birds upon leaving the nest have the white and black of the quills as strongly con- trasted as the adults, while the white color in this stage of the wings, which lasts until the molt in the autumu of the next year, is somewhat more extended than in the corresponding stage of M. lugens. How. ever, all the quills are marked with dusky, except occasionally one or two of the inner secondaries. The male, as a rule, seems to be a trifle more white than the female. The series of thirteen specimens before me seems to prove that no change takes place in the quills between the molts. After the autumnal molt the next year all the secondaries become pure white, and the black on the inner primaries is greatly reduced, so that these parts now exactly resemble the corresponding quills in the most extremely white M. lugens. On the outer primaries the black is also somewhat restricted, but not so much so as in M. lu- gens; the black tips are much longer, and the black on the first pri- mary reaches nearly always to the base, thus presenting a very marked difference from the adult M. lugens in the corresponding plumage. Of this species Mr. Henson's collection only contains a single speci- men (No. 821), a female, in the first year, collected at Hakodate, De- cember 5, 1885; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120527. Motacilla melanope PALL. (230) Š, No. 139, Hakodate, September 17, 1884; 4, No. 163, ibid., September 10, 1881. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120541-2. 314 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. Anthus maculatus HODGs. (225) Two $ $ , Nos. 698, 154; Hakodate, November 25 and 27, 1883; , No. 28, ibid., July 19, 1886. V. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120544, 120543, 120515. Turdus cardis TEMM. (260) a Four specimens, of which one just out of the nest, all in the olive plumage. Two of them are marked & , but this must be a mistake, for, as I shall slow, the sexual difference in coloration is very pronounced in all plumages. When Seebohm treated of the Thrushes in the fifth volume of the “Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum” (1881), the young in the first plumage were unknown. Since then nestlings and young ones just out of the nest have been collected by Mr. Jouy and Mr. Henson. I have also a full series of the other plumages, so that a few remarks on the different plumages and their changes may not be out of place. 8 in nestling plumage is of a blackish slate color above with but a very slight suffusion of fulvous, and with very distinct pale buffy shaft streaks; tail and wings similarly colored, though more fulvous towards the outer margins of the feathers; the terminal spots of ochraceous buff on the upper wing-coverts are rather large on the middle row, but nearly obsolete on the larger ones; the dusky spot on the under side are large, and the buffy tinge suffusing the white ground color rather pale (U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 88607, 88612). The nestling differs considerably, being of a dark, dull, tawny olive above, with dusky margins to the tips of the feathers and narrow, buffy shaft streaks more or less pronounced; tail and wings more fulvous than in the male, without any slaty cast, and the ochraceous tip to the greater upper wing-coverts rather larger and well defined; sides, breast, and fore- neck more strongly suffused with ochraceous (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 88608, and Henson, No. 5). 8 jun., after the first autumnal molt differs very much from the female in corresponding plumage. The entire upper surface is of a dull plum- beous or bluish slate gray, nearly pure on lower back and wing, and but slightly suffused with fulvous on head and interscapulars, but more strongly so on the secondaries, and especially the greater upper wing- coverts which have the tips narrowly margined with pale ochraceous buff'; sides of head dusky, with but faint fulvous suffusion; fore-neck and breast very thickly spotted with large blackish, fan-shaped termi- nal spots, the visible ground color between them being pale plumbeous on the chest and lower neck, whitish on throat and chin, but suffused with ochraceous; rest of under surface pure white, tinged with plum- beous on the flanks and with ochraceous on the sides of the breast, these parts, besides, spotted with blackish like the breast; under wing-coverts ochraceous rufous. (This description is taken from a specimen collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy, in Fusan, Corea, April 26, 1886. Jouy, No. 1585.) VOL315 1892. X. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. :] . & after the following (second) autumnal molt resembles the above in the color of the back, but the head and face are blackish and the fore- neck and chest are of a uniform dul, brownish slate, only the chin being whitish; secondaries and greater upper wing-coverts are still strongly washed with fulvous, but the ochraceous wash on the under side has disappeared, and the under wing-coverts are slate-gray in the middle, being only broadly margined with ochraceous (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96289). In the fully adult & all traces of fulvous disappear; the black of the head, fore-neck, and chest becomes darker and pervades the back, and even the under wing-coverts are blackish (U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 88606, 96288). The adult & is olive above; fore neck, chest, and flanks strongly suf- fused with ochraceous spotted with black; under wing coverts bright ochraceous. In summer slightly gray above, in winter more fulvous. (Numerous specimens.) Measurements. Collector and Museum and No. No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 73 73 72 27 28 29 dad. U.S. Nat., 120326. Henson, 1235.. 9 ad... Hakodate, Yezo U.S. Nat., 120327 Henson, 1241.. (P) ad .do U.S. Nat., 120328 Henson, 1233..(P) ad .do. C.S. Nat., 120329 Henson, 5 (8) ad do Christiania, N... Petersen, 70... 9 a.. Nagasaki, Kiusiu U.S. Nat., 96288. Ringer, 18 ilo U.S. Nat., 88606.. Jouy, 495. load Fuji, Hondo. U.S. Nat., 88611.. Jouy, 454. Pad. .do.. U.S. Nat., 88608.. Jouy, 591. juv. U.S. Nat., 88612.. Jouy, 526. o juv. U.S. Nat., 88607.. Jouy, 381. djuv. ..do U.S. Nat., 96289.. Blak., 758 cad Hakodate, Yezo U.S. Nat., 96287.. Blak., 2356 (P) ad . Sapporo, Yezo. Oct. 6, 1884 ..do (et. 4, 1884 July 20, 1883 Nov. --, 1886 Dec. 13, 1876 July 13, 1882 July 8, 1882 July 24, 1882 July 16, 1882 July 2, 1882 Oct. 21, 1861 Oct. 12, 1877 110 109 111 108 110 114 118 111 106 85 71 112 111 仍​仍​=numm似​%B85 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 18 18 15 14 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 28 29 30 29 71 76 80 70 62 30 18 76 75 28 28 27 27 ....do ..do. 27 26 18 28 Turdus eunomus TEMM. (264) > A normally colored pair of this species is in Henson's collection: o ad., No. 81; Hakodate, March 15, 1884; 9, No. 658, same locality and date; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120330-1. The latter specimen agrees very closely with Naumann's, fig 1, pl. lxviii, Naturg. Vög. Deutschl., Vol. II, and his excellent description of the same specimen on p. 291, which, however, he erroneously refers to T. naumanni. Two females collected by Jouy in Tate.Yama, Hondo, October 27, 1882 (U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 91311, 91312), agree even better with the figure in question, as they have the spots on the flanks still browner than Henson's bird. Turdus naumanni TEMM. (261) A pair of this comparatively rare Thrush in Henson's collection, and a female collected by Blakiston in Yezo, resemble in all essential points 316 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN--- STEJNEGER. specimens from Shanghai, China, and from ('orea. None of them show any inclination toward T. ruficollis PALL., being in every respect quite typical. Measurements. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector ard No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. 120332 120333 96291 Henson, 77. Henson. 78. Blak., 3212. dad. Hakodate, Yezo. ad do ad. Sapporo, Yezo. Mar. 15, 1884 .do Oct. 23, 1882 135 125 130 90 89 93 17 18 18 33 33 31 27 230 Turdus pallidus GM. (259.) Mr. IIenson sends two specimens, No. 744, Hakodate, November 23, 1885, apparently an old male, and No. 807, November 7, 1885, a younger bird of the same sex. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120334–5.) This species appears to be very rare in Yezo, for it seems that Capt. Blakiston did not obtain it in that island, though he was able to com- pare a specimen, apparently in the Hakodate museun, with his Chinese examples. Whitely only collected one specimen. These two speci- mens, with those of Mr. Henson, appear to be the only ones obtained so far in the North Island. In Hondo the species occurs more frequently, as well as in Kiusiu, and in the Liukiu Islands, though by no means a common bird. All the specimens which I have seen were winter birds, and I do not think there is any valid record of the species breeding in the country. I can discover no differences beyond individual variation in a series of eighteen examples from the various Japanese islands, Corea, China, Liukiu, and Formosa. Turdus chrysolaus Temm. (263) Two specimens from Ilakodate ( 8 ad., No. 234, May 20, 1885; and a younger unsexed specimen, No. 721, October 4, 1884, U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120336–7) agree with others of the same species from Hondo, Kiusiu, Liukiu, and Corea. The male is perfectly adult, with uniformly dusky throat and without light tips to the greater upper wing coverts; but there are a few dusky spots on the sides of the breast. These are only “recollections,” not“ remnants,” of the first plumage. This speci- men is also interesting as being taken later in spring than any of the others examined by me. Compared with the breeding male of T. jouyi (July 2) it bears out the difference in the coloration of the throat in the two species, as pointed out in the original description of the latter (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 5). I can throw no further light upon this form, and additional specimens of these birds from various parts of Japan, and collected at all seasons of the year, are very desirable. VOL317 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. .Turdus obscurus GM. (262) According to the account given by Blakiston and Pryer, this species, although of regular occurrence, must be comparatively rare in Japan. It has hitherto not been found in Yezo (Blakist., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 26), and Mr. Henson's specimen (No. 1274, juv.; Hakodate, Octo. ber 10, 1882) is therefore of particular interest as extending the range of this species into the Northern Island. (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120338.) The scarcity of the Eyebrowed Thrush in the northern portions of Japan is very remarkable, when we consider that it is common in Kam- tchatka. Cichloselys* sibiricus (PALL.). (258) The Siberian Thrush is comparatively rare in Japan, but is found sparingly breeding at least in Hondo. Its occurrence in Yezo has not been recorded with certainty, and Blakiston (Amend. List B. Jap., p. 26) enumerated it among the “Species not found in Yezo or the Kurils." Mr. Henson, however, has been so fortunate as to secure specimens at Hakodate in June, both in 1884 and 1885 (No. 83, Š , June 3, 1884; No. 159, 9, June 22, 1885). (U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120339–40.) The male has not quite obtained its final plumage, for the wing is still more or less tinged with fulvous, and the chin is white, in fact closely resembling a breeding male collected by Mr. Jouy at Fuji, July 14, 1882 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 88609). The female is a fully adult bird characterized by the very pronounced plumbeous cast of the back, and by the median upper wing-coverts being uniform and not marked with the buffy deltoid spots characteristic of the bird of the year. Mr. Seebohm, in the fifth volume of the British Museum Catalogue, gives Turdus auroreus PALLAS as the female of the present species, followiny Gloger, Brehm, and Gray. Looking apart from the locality, Kadiak, as indicated by Pallas, the following points of his description can not be reconciled with sibericus : “Subtus tota ferrugineo-lutea, * The “Siberian Thrush” has the wing constructed somewhat differently from that of the other Japanese Thrushes. The second primary, as a rule, is very long, nearly, or quite, as long as the fourth; second, third, and fourth thus forming the tip of of the wing. Furthermore, it has only the third and fourth primaries sinuated in the outer webs toward the tips, while in the other Thrushes the fifth is also usually sinuated. The tail in the present species is conspicuously rounded, against square, or nearly so, in the others. With these structural differences there is also associated a peculiar patteru of coloration, especially of the under surface of the wing, which induced Mr. Seebohm to include it in the genus Geocichla, in which he also puts Oreocincla. To the latter C. sibiricus has undoubtedly nearer relationship than to Turdus, though there seems to be enough structural characters to warrant the separa- tion of Cichle selys and Oreocincla. The name Cichloselys was originally applied by Bonaparte to a heterogeneous assemblage of Turdine birds belonging to different groups at that time already named. Since he has not indicated any particnlar species as type, I feel justified (A. 0. U. ('ode, Canons XXI, XXIV) in restricting the name to the only species of the group requiring a separate name. 318 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. 类 ​* versus anum pallidior Remiges nigricantes, inargine exte- riore luteæe, 2 ad 4 exteriore vexillo angustata tectrices se cundariarum et incumbentes apice exterius late lutex Cauda æqualis In all these points Pallas's description agrees with Hesperocichla næria (GM.) which breeds in Kadiak, Alaska. * ** Monticola manilla (BODD.). (256) Blue and Red Rock-Thrush. Iso hio-dori. 2 1776.— Turdus solitarius MÜLLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 142 (nec Lix., 1758).- Petrocossyphus s. DRESSER & SHARPE, B. of Eur., II, pp. 150, 161 (1872).- Monticola s. SWINHOE, Ibis, 1874, p. 157.-M. solitaria BLAKIST. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 240.—Iid., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 225.- Iid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 163.-SEEBOHM, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 319 (1881).-Id., Ibis. 1887, p. 174.-BLAKIST., Chrysanth., 1882, p. 521.-Id., ibid., 1883, p. 33.– Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 58 (1881).-STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, p. 616.-Id., ibid., x, 1887, pp. 405, 415, 485.--Id., Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith., IV, p. 174 (1888). 1776. — ? Turdus philippensis MÜLLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 145. 1783.- Turdus manilla BODDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 39. 1788.—? Turdus eremita GMELIN, S. Y., I, p. 833. 1788.— Turdus manillensis GMELIN, S. X.,1, p.833.—Kurtitz, Mém. Sav. Étr. St.-Pétersb., I, p. 246 (1831).-Id., Denkw., II, p. 186 (1858).--TEMM. & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 67 (1847).- Petrocossyphus m., HARTLACB, Journ. Orn., 1854, p. 167.—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philatla., 1862, p. 314.—Petrocincla m. BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 319. --WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 199.-Copsychus manilensis MARTENS, Prenss. Exp. Ost-As., Zool., 1, p. 368 (1877). 1858.- Petrocincla violacea SWINIIOF, Zoologist, 1858 (p. 6228). 1881.-Monticola cyanus solitaria SEEBOHM, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 318 (part). 1890.—Monticola cyanus SEEBOIM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 53. There has of late been written a great deal in regard to the changes of plumage which take place in the present species, and many.theories have been advanced, but no satisfactory solution has been arrived at as yet. In an elaborate memoir (B. of Eur., II, pp. 149-163, 1872) Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser attempted to demonstrate that the male Blue-and-Red Rock-Thrush is only “ blue and red” during a comparatively short trans- itional period of its life, and that the old birds are entirely blue, like the European Blue Rock-Thruslı, basing their conclusion upon the fact that wholly blue birds are found also in the East, in China and Indo- China. Mr. Seebohm, on the other hand, rejects this theory (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, PP. 319-320, 1881), and in doing so I think he is abso- lutely correct. But he solves the mystery of the Eastern blue birds by extending the range of M. solitaria (LIN.) (10 ed.=M. cyanus Lin., 12 ed.), the European bird, eastward into China, and in this I think he is wrong. The eastern bird is smaller, with a comparatively smaller bill; its wing formula is different, and the blue color is deeper and darker. I have no doubt as to its distinctness, but whether a binom- inal or only a trinominal should be used to designate it I am at 2 VOL319 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. my, . ] . XVpresent unable to say. It seems as if the name Monticola pandoo (SYKES) is available for this form. Sharpe and Dresser (tom. cit., p. 161) indicate the possibility that the Rock Thrush from Japan may turn out to be a different species-char- acterized by a greater brilliancy of coloration and longer tarsus. With- out specimens from the Philippine Islands it is difficult for me to form an opinion. All I can say is that I find no essential difference in pro- portion or coloration between Japanese, Liukiuan, Formosan, Chinese, and Corean examples. Eleven specimens from China, Corea, and For- mosa vary in the wing between 115mm and 128mm (average 122mm) and in the tarsus between 28mm and 31mm (average 30mm), while fourteen spec- imens from Japan and Liukiu measure in the wing 116mm to 128mm (average 122mm) and in the tarsus 29mm to 32mm (average 30mm). Mr. Seebohm (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 320) asserts that “males of the year scarcely differ from adult females, except in having the ground- color of the under parts, especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue.” In this I think he is wrong, for the material before me clearly indicates that the young male in the first autumn is essentially like the adult male at the corresponding season. To substantiate this asser- tion I select from my series four males collected in September and No- vember, viz: Ô ; Jouy Coll., No. 1177; Chemulpo, Corea, September 7, 1883. 8 8 ; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 86141; Hongkong, China, November 12, 1881; Jouy Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 85830; Kowloon, China, September 28, 1881; Jouy Coll. ; U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 85831; Amoy, China, September 18, 1881; Jouy Coll. The first two specimens at once proclaim themselves as young birds by the comparatively abraded condition of wings and tails. In the young birds the remiges and rectrices remain from the first plum. age, and are not shed in autumn, as in the old birds; hence the fresher condition of these feathers in the latter. I need hardly add that the comparatively abraded quills here spoken of are not those of old birds with these feathers yet unmolted, for in that case they would have been uniform blackish with dark bluish edges and no white, while those I refer to have very broad and light edges, white at the tips. The con- dition of the quills at this season is a certain indication of the age of the bird when no trace of the first plumage is left. Such a trace, how- ever, is still visible in the Corean example enumerated above, for this specimen has on each tail-feather (central pair absent) a rufous, some- what heart-shaped, but ill-defined spot near the tip, separated from the broad terminal margin of similar color by a blackish line. In the Hong- kong specimen traces of the same are still visible, but the tail is more abraded. The very fresh condition of the corresponding quills in the two other specimens testifies to their having been but recently acquired; the birds are consequently more than a year old. 320 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. The two specimens of each group mentioned above agree in every point. The differences between the two groups, which reveal them- selves upon closer examination, may be tabulated as follows: Adult do. din first autumr. Bill blackish throughout. Bill horny brown, basal half of lower mandible particularly pale. The drab-colored portion of the upper parts ex. The drab color of the upper parts extends tends only to the miadle of the back, and the nearly to the rump, and the snbapical dusky subapical dusky band to the feathers on head, band to the feathers is very pronounced, causing neck, and interscapulars is very indistinct. a distinct scaly appearance. Blue of lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and Blue of rump, npper tail-coverts, and under parts under parts deeper and parer, with fewer and paler and dingier, with the markings more narrower terminal markings of blackish and pale numerous, broader, and more distinct. drab-gray. Brown of under parts with fewer and narrower Brown of under parts with more numerous and terminal markings. broader markings. A distinct bluish supraloral streak, and a ring of A distinct whitish supraloral streak, and a ring similarly colored feathers round the eye. of similarly colored feathers round the eye. Wing feathers black with blue edgings of same Wing feathers blackish brown with pale smoke. tint as rump, and narrow white margins to the gray edgings and broad white margins to the tips. tips, these white tips being particnlarly broad on primary and greater coverts. Tail without any particular mark near tip. Tail with marks as described above. There is no doubt that Mr. Seebohm (op. cit., p. 320) is correct in the main in asserting that the males during (February and) March cast off the terminal and subterminal bars to the feathers, which they assumed at the autumnal molt, leaving the bird in full breeding plumage. But his material must have been deficient when he states that “in the chest. nut feathers (of the autumnal plumage] traces only of the subtermi- nal dark bars are observable.” He can have had no fully molted male, for in such a one he would have found not only the pale terminal bar but also a bluish one preceding the dusky bar. Measurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus, 65 20 23 20 30 30 31 32 29 31 31 31 29 22 Tokio Educat.... Tasaki.. (9) North part of Lin. kin' Christiania, N Petersen, 1. . Urakami, Kiusiu. U.S. Nat., 120341 Henson, 23. (p)ad. Hakodate, Yezo. U.S.Nat., 114663. Jouy, 1522 dad Tsushima U.S. Nat. 111664. Namiye, 3b dad. Miyakeshima, Idzu U.S. Nat., 21148 Stimpson, y183 (9) Oshima.. U.S. Nat., 21146 Stimpson, 7169 ()ad. Liukiu.. U.S. Nat., 21147 Stimpson, y165 (9). Liukiu. U.S. Nat., 109473. Namiye.. 9 Napa, Liukiu. U.S. Nat., 96277 Ringer, 6 juv . Nagasaki, Kiusiu. U.S. Nat., 96276 Blak., 1320i. dad Hakodate, Yezo. U.S. Nat., 96278 Blak., 1329. Pad 117 79 Dec. 11, 1885 121 80 July 18, 1885 | 123 811 May 26, 1885 129 84 May 3. 1887. 128 85 Jan., 1855 120 81 123 116 Mar. 5, 1886 120 Oct. 39 1876 122 May 128 May 30 30 31 30 Hakodate.. U.S. Nat., 114727 Ringer, 14.. Kiusiu U.S. Nat., 114728. Ringer.. 오 ​Kiusiu 121 Jan. or Feb 122 78 Jan. 21, 1887 122 o ad »2 20 . 321 1892xv . PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Phænicurus auroreus (PALL.). (253) & ad., No. 105, Hakodate, Nov. 8, 1883; ? ad., No. 337, ibid., Sept. 17, 1883. '. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 12345-6. Identical with birds from the southern islands and from China. Young Japanese birds in the first plumage are among the desiderata of the U. S. National Museum. Ianthia cyanura (PALL.). (251) ďad., No. 161, Hakodate, Nov. 5, 1883. 9 d., No. 162, May 5, 1881; No. 967, April 29, 1881. V. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120344, 120359-60. U.S. National Museum would like to get young birds in the first plumage. Melodes calliope (Pall.). (252) Two ad. 8 8, No. 219, Hakodate, Oct. 8, 1884; No. 793, ibid., Sept. 12, 1886. U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120312-3. Quite similar to the scarlet-throated males from Kamtchatka, China, Nagasaki, and the Yayeyama Islands. These are all characterized by having the lower fore-neck and upper breast more or less olive-gray (Ridgw., Nomencl. Col., pl. ii, no. 14), and the first one or two rows of feathers back of the scarlet throat pure white with a blackish band across the tips. Two scarlet-throated birds collected by Capt. Blak- iston in Yezo (8, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96269, Yubutz, May 18, 1882; Blak., No. 2858. 9, Mus. No. 26271, Mukawa, May 26, 1882; Blak., No. 2862) differ considerably from all the other specimens before me. The whole under parts are lighter and whiter medially; the gray is entirely absent on lower fore-neck and breast, these parts being of a very pale clay color (Ridgw., Nomencl. Col., pl. v, no. 8); and there are only a few grayish spots to indicate the blackish band noted above. Both of Blakiston's birds are collected in May, but some of the other specimens are obtained during the same month, or even later in the summer, so that season does not seem to have anything to do with this difference, but it may be that it is due to age. At all events, here is an inter- esting question well worth the attention of the Japanese field ornithol- ogists. Does the Ruby-throated Nightingale breed in Yezo or in the Kurils, and, in such a case, how are the breeding birds colored with reference to the above differences! The young in the first plumage of this common bird are apparently yet unknown and would be a great prize. Not being on the mainland of Kamtchatka at the proper time, I myself was unable to secure any in that plumage. Larvivora cyane (PALL.). (250) of this species Capt. Blakiston says (Chrysanth., February, 1383): - This is by no means an abundant species in Japan, and I know of only one female specimen, which is in the Education Museum;" and during his many years of collecting in Japan he only obtained one speci- Proc. N. M. 92-21 322 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. a men. Mr. Jouy secured a breeding male not yet in full plumage on Fuji- Yama, and he and Mr. Smith collected two young males at Chiusenji Lake. Mr. Henson has been more fortunate, for he has placed before me not less than twelve specimens from Hakodate, viz, four fully adult males, one male in the second spring, one male in the first autumn, and six females. The dates and numbers of these specimens will be found in the subjoined table of dimensions. The specimen which I take to be a young female of the previous year (No. 1405), because it has quite distinct tawny terminal edges to the greater wing-coverts, is similar to the young males in the first autumn, except that there is hardly any blue on the upper parts, which, besides, are more tawny. The tail also is dull russet olive above, but a few of the upper tail coverts are strongly suffused with dull indigo. These feathers are only scattered and placed asymmetrically, and as they do not seem to have been molted very recently, I suppose that they have I grown out to replace feathers accidentally lost. It may therefore be that in the first spring the females assume the blue rump by actual molt. It is possible, however, that the blue is assumed without a inolt, and I may mention that in the other female specimens before me there is a great amount of individual variation in regard to the extent and intensity of the blue color. All these I take to be fully adult birds which have passed the molt of the second autumn, as the wing coverts are quite uniform without any trace of tawny tips. In No. 1401 the blue mark is rather strong, but confined to the lower rump, upper tail- coverts, and upper side of tail, contrasting strongly with the olive of the back. No. 1392 is quite similar, but on upper tail-coverts and tail the olive is much more pronounced. In Nos. 1482 and 1490 the blue is much paler, and it contrasts much less with the back, which is also slightly suffused with a faint tinge of indigo, which in the latter is quite pronounced on some of the wing-coverts. Finally, No. 1488 has no distinct blue in its plumage, the upper tail-coverts being, in fact, strongly marked with tawny. Yet its perfectly black bill and the uniformly colored wing-coverts, as well as the absence of well-marked dusky scaling on the lower parts, prove it to be an old bird. Generally speak- ing, these adult females may be said to resemble the young males as described by Capt. Blakiston, but with the blue color more restricted and less extensive, with the buffy mark on the lower parts less bright, and with the dusky margins to the jugular feathers less distinct. It appears that in the first spring, that is, when a little less than a year old, the young inales assume the blue plumage of the old male. The quills not being shed at this molt remain as in the young plumage until the following antumn, the tawny marginal tips of the great coverts being very couspicuous by contrast. In this transition plumage they undoubtedly breer!, for the breeding bird which Mr. Jouy collected at Fuji, July 14, 1852 (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 91457), is in this stage. The wings are very much abraded and the tawny tips to the great wing- VOL323 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, , . ] . XVcoverts nearly worn oft; but Henson's bird (No. 1576), which was taken earlier in the season, is perfect in this respect, even more so than the bird from Idzu (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 109337). The two latter birds exhibit another trace of youth, viz, a strong mark of buff on the sides of the abdomen. Of this color there is hardly a trace in Jouy's bird. Measurements. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Tarsus. Wing. Total length. 19 19 137 d'ad. 109337 Namive. dhorn Amagisan, Idzu, Hondo. May 3, 1885 75 91457 Jouy, 513. d'horu Fuji, Hondo July 14, 1882 73 91377 Jouy, 660.. o juv., Chiusepji Lake, Hondo Sept. 3, 1882 74 96264 Jony, 662. jur 7 .do. .do 96263 Blak., 1267 dad... Hakodate, Yezo.. May 9, 1873 | 77 120317 Henson, 160. dad. ..do May 15, 1884 74 120348 Henson, 1500..! dad.. do May 19, 1825 75 120349 Henson, 1577. do June 7, 1885 74 120350 Henson, 1603.. dal. do June 30,1886 77 120351 Henson, 1576. Ohorn .do June 7, 1885 74 120352 Henson, 1144. ejuv.. to Sept. 9, 1884 76 120353 Henson, 1392.. Pad... .do May 20, 1885 75 120354 Henson, 1401. .do .do 74 120355 Henson, 1482. Pad .do May 30, 1885 77 120356 Henson, 1488.. Pad. do May 26, 1885 120357 : Henson, 1490. dlo May 30, 1885 72 120358 , Henson, 1105. horn ......do May 23, 1885 Average measurements of u males. 75 Average measurements of 6 females.. 48 17 46 51 51 17 50 47 51 47 50 47 50 50 47 46 47 11 27 12 25 12 12 12 11 11.5 27 12 12 26 12 11 26 11 11 12 11.5 25 11 23 12 26 二​二​二​二​二​: 21 20 18 19 19 19 20 20 19 Qad EFEF24 20 19 19 19 Pad 49 48 11.7 26.3 19.5 11. 4. 25. 2 19.3 は ​Pratincola maura (PALL.). (254) Eastern Stonechat. Nobitaki. 1773. — Votacilla maura PALLAS, Reise Russ. Reich., 11, (p. 728).- Pratincola m. SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, 1879, p. 188.--SEEBOH, Siberia in Europe, (p. 117) (1880). Id., B. Jap. Emp., p. 57 (1890).—BLAKISTON, Chrysanth., 1882, p. 473.--Id., ibid., Jan., 1883, 1). 33. - Id., ibid., Feb., 1883, p. —-.--Id., Amend. List B. Jap., p. 16 (1884).-- JOU'Y, Proc. L. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, p. 280. 1835.- Saricola rubicola TEMMINCK, Man. d'Orn., 2d ed., III, pp. li, 170 (nee Lix.).- TEMM. & SCHL., Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 58 (1817).--Pralincola 1. BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, p. 318. 1863.- Pratincola rubicola var. indica SWINHOE, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 291 (nec BLYTH?). 1863. – Pratincola indica SWINIOE, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 335 (nec BLYTH?).-Id., Ibis, 1874, p. 155. —WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 197.—BLAKIST, & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 240.-- Iid., Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 225.-- Iid., ibid., X, 1882, P. 162. Notwithstanding all that has been written in regard to the Eastern Stonechats, there is still considerable doubt both in regard to the dis- tinctness of the several forms and their characters and to the names to be applied, if they be considered distinct. The question whether the Eastern birds are different from the European Pratincola rubicola (Lin.) is easily disposed of. The latter 324 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. (i. e., the adult male) has generally the rump striped with blackish, and on the lining of the wing the white predominates. In Eastern birds the rump is in most cases unspotted, and black predominates on the under wing-coverts. These characters are now generally admitted. It may be added that the brown margins to the feathers on the upper surface in British examples are much darker than in Indian, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese specimens, and that the under surface is also deeper colored. But there is a character, hitherto apparently overlooked, which, so far as my experience goes (thirty-eight specimens), trench- antly separates the two species. On comparison it will be found that the European birds have the bill much narrower at the base than the birds from the East. Even the young in the first plumage can be easily told apart by this character. Considering this fact and the many points in which the two forms disagree, I refuse to adopt a trinominal appellation for the Eastern birds, the more since it seems as if the breeding habitats of the two species are separated by a belt of country about 600 miles wide. (Cf. Severzow, Journ. f. Orn., 1873, p. 360, foot- note.) Now, concerning the latter, it may be said that Maj. Biddulph (Ibis, 1882, pp. 272-276; Stray Feath., x, 1882, pp. 263–266) has made out a pretty strong case for those gentlemen, headed by Mr. W. E. Brooks, who insist upon the existence in India of two forms of Stone- chats, both with unspotted rumps. He states that he was able to sep- arate his birds in two series. In series A the males are characterized by absence of white on the nape concomitant with larger size (wing 2.70 inches to 3 inches = 68.0m to 76m), the females by brighter colors ") and larger size (wing 2.55 to 2.70 inches = 64.8mm to 68.6mm); the males of series B have the white patch on the sides of the neck ex- tending “round to the back, meeting the white from the other side, so as to form a complete demicollar when viewed from above," their wings varying between 2.52 and 2.75 inches (= 64m and 69,8mm); the females of the latter form are “ altogether of a much darker tone,” with the length of the wing 2.35 to 2.60 inches (= 59.9mm to 66mm). Five specimens of somewhat intermediate size he was “unable to separate by differences of color." Then he concludes as follows: “Now, it can not be denied that these measurements overlap considerably, especially among the females; but the fact remains that, after separating forty- three specimens solely by color and markings (omitting the last five undetermined), those of one form average considerably larger than those of the other, and that the greatest divergence in color is shown between those which differ most in size. It may be that the specimens that . overlap in measurement are to be acconnted for by hybridism-an ex- planation that no ornithologist can affect totally to ignore when treat- ing of two very closely allied species found in the same locality; or it may be that some of those classeil as females would have been found by more careful examination to be inales that had not got rid of female ? VOL325 1892:] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XYplumage. Whatever may be the explanation of this, I believe that we have here two species. The smaller species of Chat, which I have called form B, is evidently P. indica of Blyth.” In view of Maj. Biddulph's statements, we are, therefore, obliged to recognize two Indian forms of Stonechats, although not without some doubt, for it appears from his own words that the sex of the specimens has not been determined beyond doubt, and the two forms appear to occur in the same localities at the same season. In regard to the latter point, however, I may recall the case of Cettia cantans and C. cantillans, while, on the other hand, it is not absolutely clear from his notes whether the two forms breed in the same locality. Unfortunately, I have no authentie malespecimens from India proper by which to test his conclusions, for three specimens collected by Bingham in Tenasserim appear to agree with Chinese examples to be mentioned later on. I may remark, however, that I am unable to distinguish a female said to be from Nepal (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 95613) from other small Eastern specimens. A comparison of my Japanese, Chinese, and Tenasserim specimens (to be called series C) with Biddulph's exposition leads to the conclu- siou that they agree with the smaller form (B) in size (see table of dimensions below), while in color they conform to the larger form (A), that is to say, the males have no white on the nape, and the females are brightly colored. It thus appears that we have three different forms of Eastern Stonechats, viz: Form A, size large. No white on nape; bright. Form ] White on nape; f dull.. Form Csize small. We may now proceed to determine the names of these three forms. Mr. Brooks and Maj. Biddulph have identified “form B" with P, in- dica Blyth, and as this seems to be the general opinion, and as noth- ing is known to the contrary, we have to accept this name.* He seems uncertain. Gmelin (S. N., 1, p. 997) describes Motacilla tschecantschia as - nucha albicante, torque et macula alarum oblonga albis,” but the original de- scription and plate by Lepechin, upon which Gmelin's diagnosis is founded, being inaccessible to me, I am unable to ascertain the true status of this name whether belonging to the smaller or the larger form. I have no access to the original description in Pallas's “ Reise," but from his “ Zoographia” it is evident that he imposed the name M. maura, by a mistake, and that he really regarded the European and Asiatic birds as belonging to the same species. Since the length of the wing, however, as given by him, equals 66.6mm, or about the average * Pratincola indica BLYTI, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi, 1847, p. 129. It is diffi- cult to see why Hodgson's Saricola saturatior (Gray's Zool. Miscell., 1814, p. 83) should not be used, unless it is a nomen nudum. 326 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. . of the males of " form ('," and since the description only speaks of white on the sides of the neck and not on the nape, we conclude that M. maura belongs to the smaller forin without white on the nape, con- sequently to “ form ('.” There remains now only to determine the name of the large “form A." By some Indian ornithologists it has been designated as "P.robusta TRISTRAM," but, as shown by Mr. Hume (Stray Feath., IX, 1880, pp. 133, 136), this name belongs only in part to our bird. Rev. Tristram originally (Ibis, 1870, p. 497) gave this name to two alleged Indian specimens of Stonechats, one of which belonged to the present large form of P. maura, while the other represents an entirely different species, which Oates now shows to be the larger form of P. sibylla from Madagascar (Fauna, Brit. Iud., Birds, II, 1891, p. 58). Mr. W. E. Brooks seems to have intended to name it, for Mr. Hume says (op. cit., p. 136): “Mr. Brooks persistently urges me to assign a separate specific name to this form, and he declares that if I do not, he will,” but I am unaware that Mr. Brooks has done so. Since the above was written and set in type I find that Dr. Th. Pleske has discussed the same question and come to similar results (Wiss. Res. Przewalski, Zool., Vög,, pp. 46, seqs.), but too late for any other notice than the adoption of his name for “ form A,” the names of the three then being as follows: 1. Pratincola maura (“form C'"); 2. Pratincola maura indica ("form B"); 3. Pratincola maura przewalski ("form A"). In Japan only the small form, without white on the hind neck, occurs. This is very fortunate, as the name of the Japanese birds will remain unaffected, whatever be the fate of the Indian races. As to Mr. Henson's specimens, I would call attention to the fact that the two adult males collected on August 30, are molting both quills and contour feathers, No. 194 having already finished the molt of the former. Their coloration is considerably brighter and redder than that of the October specimen in the National Museum (No. 96274); the broad light margins to the feathers of the throat are particularly bright, being of a rich vinaceous cinnamon in No. 193, and but slightly paler in No. 194. I have above already indicated the chief color differences between the European P. rubicolu and the Asiatic P. maura, at least so far as the old males are concerned. The material before me suggests another and very striking difference in the coloration of the females and the young males, On the 5th of July, 1882, Mr. P. L. Jouy collected at Fuji a breeding female (U. S. Nat. Mus, No. S8637) in very abraded plumage. The whole upper side is nearly uniform dull sepia-brown; the light edges to the wing feathers are nearly worn away, and the under surface is a dirty dull buff'strongly marked with tawny on the breast;chin, throat, and upper jugulum is of the same dirty buff as the abdomen, though somewhat more whitish without trace of dusky or dark brownish. Identical with this VOLX 327 1892. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. :] 2 Specimen is llenson's No. 90, collected near lakodate, June 20, 1881, and deterinined by him to be a female. The only difference is, that the throat is slightly suffused with the tawny of the breast, but there is no trace of dusky or dark brownish on chin, throat, or jugulum. Nor have I found it otherwise in any of the eastern specimens before me desig- pated as females. On the other hand, the only European female P. rubicola before me (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 18751) has the chin, throat, and upper jugulum brownish black with narrow pale margins to the feathers. Naumann, moreover, on plate xc (Naturg. Vög. Deutschl., III), and Dresser, on plate xl (Birds of Eur., 11), likewise figure the adult females as having the parts named more or less blackish brown, and so describe them. In Yarrell's "British Birds” (4th ed., Newton, 1, p. 343) the adult female is described as having the 6 chin buff, throat blackish.” These descriptions and figures refer to the breeling plumage, for after the autumnal molt the light margins to the feathers of the throat are so broad as to totally or nearly totally conceal the blackish base; and feinales in this plumage (November) are described by Macgillivray (Hist. Brit. Birds, 11, p. 281) as having the throat - light grayish brown.” “ The blackish on the throat, therefore, only appears in spring, when the margins become worn towards the breeding season. But it will be observed that the females of P. maura, which I have referred to, are in the most possibly abraded plumage, their throat feathers being light colored down to the plumbeous bases. And as with the adult females, so with the young males. Several specimens so marked by the collectors (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 86123; and Jouy's Corean examples) have the throat uniform buffy in the first autumnal plumage, with no black at the base, and Henson's No. 782, col. lected in June, and in a wretchedly worn plumage, has the throat quite as whitish as the females quoted above, being in every respect a coun- terpart of them. The young P. rubicola, on the contrary, appears to assume at once a plumage which is but slightly different from the old males (Naumann, tom. cit., p. 888), with the throat more or less blackish. Measurements. U.S. Nat. Collector and Mus. No No. Sex and age. Locality. Date, Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. Total length. Hakodate, Yezo. ..do ..do ..do juflܐ .do 120361 Henson, 89. d'ad 120362 Henson, 194 dad 120363 Henson, 193. dad 120364 Henson, 125. 120365 Henson, 702 d'horu 96275 Blak., 3209.. d'ad. 88636 Jouy. 312. June 20, 1884 64 464 Ang. 30,1886 68 52 Aug.30, 1886 (t) Aug. 23, 1885 67 49 June 3. 1885 64* i 48 Oct. 23, 1882 68 19 June 27, 1882 68 51 July 5, 1882 64° 48* June 20, 1884 63 47* 10 22 18 10 22 18 10 21 19 10 22 20 22 19.5 10 21 10 22 18 10 21 19 10.51 21.5 18.5 132 Sapporo, Yezo Fuji, Hondo cad 88637 Jony, 430.. 120366 Henson, 90 Pad Very worn. † Molting. ..do Hakodate, Hondo. ad! * 328 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. Measurements-('ontinued. U. S. Nat. mus. No. ('ollector and i No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus Total length. dad Canton, China 52 ...lo 145 96490 Blak., T, 51. 96191 Blak., T, 52.. 86123 Jony, 186. 86153 Jouy, 216. 86124 Jony, 187 dad d... Hongkong, China .do.. dlo.. April October Oct. 23, 1881 Dec. 11, 1881 Oct. 23, 1881 69 68 68 68 67 52 49 49 10 1 21.5 19 9 9.5 22 19 21.5 18 10 21 19.5 오 ​95299 Bingh., 483. ..., dad 95298 Bingh., 483.. 95300 Bingbam. Tenasserim ..do clo dad Pad Dec. 27, 1879 63 Jan. 14, 1880 66 Nov. 13, 1879 65 47 48 49 10 10 10 21 22 21.5 18 20 140 135 A pr. 20, 1884 68 Apr. 24, 1885 67 A pr. 11, 1886 66 48 47 47 10 21.5 19 9.5 22 18 9.5 21.5 19 114378 | Jony, 1390. dad Fusan, Corea 114382 Jouy, 1497 fad do 114381 Jouy, 1574 ad Average measurements of 14 males. Average measurements of 6 females. ..do 67 65 49.5 10 | 21.6 18.8 48 10 21.4 18. & Cyanoptila bella (HAY). (207) Blue-and-black Flycatcher. Oruri. 1829. — Muscicapa cyanomelana TEMMINCK, Pl. Color., Ii, livr. 79, pl. 470 (nec u. cyanomelas VIEILL., 1818). — TEMM. & SCHL., Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 47 (1847).-BLAKIST., Ibis, 1862, p. 317.-Hypothymis c. MARTENS, Preuss. Exp. Ost-As., Zool., 1, pp. 94, 368 (1866-1876).—Cyanoptila c. BLAKIST. & PRYER, Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 215.- Iid., ibid., X, 1882, p. 147.- Van- thopygia (Cyanoptila) c. BLAKIST., Chrysanth., 1882, p. 523 (scr. Xanthrop. err. typ.).-Id., ibid., 1883, p. 29.—Xanthopygia c. BLAKIST., Chrysanth., Feb., 1883, p. 1845. ---Muscicapa gularis TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Aves, p. 43, pl. xvi (nec STEPHENS, 1824). 1845.- Muscicapa bella Hay, Madr. Journ. Lit. Sc., xui, p. 158 (fide reprint in Tweeddale's Orn. Works, p. 10 (1881), where, by misprint, “p. 162"). 1817.-Cyanoptila cyanomelanura Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi (p. 125).-Id., Ibis, 1870, p. 164. 1847.- Muscicapa melanoleuca TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japon., Aves, pl. xvii, D. 1860.- Niltara cyanomelana SWINHOE, Ibis, 1860, p. 58.—SEEBOHM, B. Jap. Emp., p. 59 (1890). — Muscicapa c. WHITELY, Ibis, 1867, p. 199.-Cyanoptila e. BLAkist. & PRYER, Ibis, 1878, p. 231.—BLAkist, Amend. List B. Jap., p. 49 (1881).- Xanthopygia c. SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 251 (1879).- JOUY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, p. 306.-SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1884, p. 180. 1879.-Cyanoptila cyanothorax “Leiden Museum” SHARPE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., iv, p. 252. Muscicapa cyanomelana and M. gularis both being untenable accord- ing to the A. O. U. Code, Canon XXXIII (p. 47), Lord Arthur Hay's (i. e. Lord Walden=Marquis of Tweeddale) Muscicapa bella seems to be the first available name for this species. Mr. Henson's series of this species, consisting of one old male, one young male, and two adult females, is very interesting as bearing VOL329 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVdirectly upon the somewhat vexed question of the different plumages of this species. The two females are both old birds, as they show no trace of light ter- minal margins to any of the upper wing-coverts, but, although shot on the same day (May 20, 1885), one (No. 1381) is considerably more ashy than the other (No. 1402). I have observed a similar difference in other specimens; the grayer birds are, perhaps, older than the more fulvous specimens. These old females are without any blue in the plumage, but an adult female in the U. S. National Museum collection (No. 109339, May 5, 1885), which is fully as ashy as Henson's No. 1381, has the feathers on the crown and forehead narrowly tipped with sky-blue, with no trace, however, of this color on rump, wings, and tail. Hen- son's No. 1381, moreover, shows a trace of albinism, one of the primary coverts in the right wing being nearly pure white. The old male (Henson, No. 102) is a magnificent bird in the fullest height of plumage; the blue edgings to the wing feathers are rich and perfect; the under wing-coverts are blue tipped with white; the sides of the breast blue, and the flanks white, heavily spotted with dusky spots washed with blue. The young male (Henson, No. 1243) shot October 7, 1884, is perhaps the most interesting specimen of the lot. On head, interscapulars, and under parts it is very much like those of the adult female, though slightly more tawny; lower back, rump, wings, and tail, on the other hand, are much more like those of the adult male, being colored with different tiuts of blue, but the tips of the greater upper wing coverts are margined with pale ochraceous buff. However, a few feathers of the nestling plumage, with pale buffy spots at the tips remain on occi. put and upper tail-coverts to prove that the young male molts directly from the spotted first plumage into the one with the blue lower back and rump. The greater upper wing coverts, as well as a few of the lesser ones, are margined at tip with pale ochraceous buff. With the aid of specimens in the U.S. National Museum we are then able to trace the different change of plumages as follows: First plumage at leaving the west.-Feathers on head, interscapilium, and breast, with a subapical ochraceous-buffy spot followed by a termi- nal dusky margin. This plumage is already described by Mr. Jouy (loc. cit.), from whose remarks we note that the sexes are strongly marked already in this plumage, the males having the wings blue, the females brown. He does not say anything of the color of the tail in the nest- ling male, and we have no specimen at hand, but it is safe to assume that it is blue with white bases, as in the next plumage, since no molt of the rectrices takes place when the nestling plumage is changed. (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 88616.) Young males in the first autumn (cf. what is said above) have the upper parts of head, neck, and interscapulars nearly a pure raw umber, gradu- ally changing into a tawny olive on the under parts, the middle portions 330 BIRDS FROM TEZO, JAPAN-STEINEGER. of which (except across the breast) are white, or whitish; scapulars, lower back, rump, outer webs of tertiaries, and edges of quills and pri- mary coverts glaucutons to veriliter blue; upper tail-coverts narrowly tipped with white and marked with a black cuneate shaft streak near the tip; tail-feathers white at base; under wing-coverts gray. (This is the plumage described by Sharpe, tom. cit., p. 252, as "adult female.") U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 91379; Henson, No. 1213. Young females in the first autumn.- No Japanese specimen being at hand, I describe this plumage from a young female collected by Blak- iston at Canton, China, during November (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 9645; Blakist., No. T, 116). Very similar to the adult female, but more brown- ish above, the rump being quite russet, and more tawny beneath; tips of greater upper wing coverts and shorter tertiaries margined with pale ochraceous buft. (In the rump of the specimen here described there still remains a feather of the nestling plumage, which clearly proves the age of the bird.) This plumage is retained during the winter months, which the birds spend in the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, in spring and autumn “passing up and down the coast of China” (they being apparently absent on the Philippine Islands). Shortly before their passage north- wards the color of the contour feathers is changed (whether by molt or independent of a molt I do not know), so that the young birds reach Japan in spring in a plumage but slightly different from that of the old ones. The young male before finishing the spring change appears to be described by Mr. Sharpe (loc. cit.) as “ young male." Young males in the first spring differ from the old males chiefly in the following points: The onter (clistal) greater upper wing.coverts have still the ochraceous-buti terminal margins; the edges of quills and pri- mary coverts are still verditer blue; under wing-coverts gray, more or less tinged with fulvous; sides of breast and flanks fulvous gray. (The birds breed in this plumage. U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 91813, 88614.) Young females in the first spring are probably not very different from the old ones. I have no specimen that can safely be referred to this category, but I am much inclined to think that the more fulvous females alluded to above (IIenson's No. 1402) are really the younger ones, and that the light tip margins to the greater wing-coverts disappear earlier in the females than in the males. The breeding season over, the second autumnal molt, which includes both quills and contour feathers takes place, during which the birds assume the full plumage of the old ones, the color of which is never materially altered. The old males then in the second autumn and win- ter of their life (llenson, No. 102) differ from young spring specimens in having all the upper wing-coverts margined with hyacinth-blue to smalt blue, the quills edged with "marine" blue; the under wing-coverts blue tipped with white, sides of breast black tinged with blue, and flanks white heavily streaked with bluish dusky. VOL331 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XV66 Before leaving this theme I will call attention to the fact that in some of the males the fore neck and breast are pure black, while in others the black is more or less suffised with blue. I am inclined to think that this blue wash is due to the freshness of the plumage, and as it is found both in fall and spring specimens, it may indicate that these feathers are shed twice a year. It does not seem to be due to age. This explanation has no bearing upon the question in regard to the curious specimen in the Leiden Museum figured in Fauna Japonica plate xvii D, lower figure, which has received the name Cyanoptila cyanothorax. In the latter work (p. 47) it is described as being des teintes beaucoup moins pures. Le noir de la queue s'avance jusque vers la base de cet organe, et le noir des parties inférieures est rem- placé par une teinte d'un bleuâtre sale.” Blyth describes the same spec- imen (Ibis, 1870, p. 165) as having the throat, breast, and ear coverts of a dull whitish color, while the back is strongly tinged with verditer.” This hardly represents a regular plumage, much less a distinct species, and Blyth's surmise that it is "probably a female in quasi- masculine attire" is most likely the correct explanation. The absence of black on the fore neck and of white on the tail feathers clearly indi- cates the female sex; that the females are apt to assume a more or less bluish plumage is illustrated by the specimen alluded to above, which has the feathers on the crown tipped with sky-blue. 6 Measurements. U.S. Nat. Collector and Mus. No, No. Sex and nge. Locality. Date. Tail-feather. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing Tarsus. 18 16 17 17 fad do. 120367 Henson, 102.. dad Hakodate, Yezo 120368 Henson, 1243.. o jun ..do... 120369 Henson 1381.. ..do. 120370 Henson, 1402.. Qad 91813 Jony, 1064.. horn Yokohama, Hondo. 88614 Jouy, 453. horu Fuji, Hondo... 91379 Jouy, 638. djun. Chiusepji Lake, Hondo. 88615 Jouy, 364. Pad Fuji, Hondo. 109339 Namiye. Qad 88616 Jouy, 614. juv. Fuji, Hondo Nov. 12, 1882 92 Oct. 7, 1884 89 May 20, 1885 90 May 20, 1885 88 Apr. 29, 1883 90 July 8, 1882 89 Aug. 30, 1882 94 June 30, 1882 90 May 5, 1885 87 July 28, 1882 89 61 10 18 58 9.5 16 59 12 17 58 11 17 60 11 17 59 (11 16 63 11 16 60 11 16 57 11 16.5 59 17 18 16 17 Poliomyias ferruginea (GMEL.). (210) This is the same as Pallas's M. luteola and Temminck's M. mugimaki, as evidenced, among other things, by Pallas's own synonymy (Zoogr., I, p. 470). Henson's collection contains not less than five specimens of this bird so rare in Japan, and throws considerable light on the question of sex- ual differences and seasonal changes in this species. It would have been impossible for me to gain a full and correct idea of these facts, had I not been permitted to examine an unparalleled series of thirty-five specimens collected in Corea by my friend P. L. Jouy. The conclusions 332 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. > drawn from this collection are particularly valuable, as the preparation is excellent, the labeling full and exact, and the sex ascertained in every instance by dissection. An examination of all the material before me gives some general re- sults: (1) The amount of white at the base of the tail-feathers is not entirely due to age, and is subject to an endless individual variation, hardly two individuals being alike. Jouy's No. 1592, Fusan, May 2, 1886, has , very little white on the inner webs and scarcely any on the outer web of the outer pair, and yet it is a full-plumaged male with the whole upper surface black; and among the males with olive back there are many with the white in the inner web developed ap to the maximum of black-backed ones. (2) In Mr. Jouy's series twenty-one specimens are marked as males, some are black-backed, others olive-backed, but all have white at base of tail-feathers; fourteen specimens are females, all of which are olive- backed, and all without trace of white at base of tail feathers. The females have also the color on fore neck and breast considerably paler and duller. The great number shows that this coincidence is not due to an accident, but that we have here expressed the true sexual difference in this species, viz, males have white on tail, and throat rich orange- tawny; females have no trace of white on tail, and throat dull orange- ochraceous. Against the above series it counts very little that Hen- son's No. 240 is marked "?," though having white on the outer webs of the tail feathers and a rich orange-tawny breast and throat; it is a young bird, as evidenced by the two broad light cross bands on the wings, and there is every probability of a mistake in sexing. The same remark applies to Swinhoe's description of a young bird as male, but without white on the tail (Ibis, 1862, p. 305, as 11. hylocharis!). As far as the coloration of the tail is concerned the sexual difference in this species seems to be the same as in Cyanoptila bella (= cyanomelana). (3) This sexual difference in the coloration of the tail holds appar- ently good even in the first plumage, when the bird is leaving the nest, for Von Schrenck describes and figures a young bird in this plumage (Reis. Amur-L., 1, p. 375, pl.xiii, figs. 1, 2), which has the rectrices white in basal third of outer webs, while a young bird in Mr. Henson's collec- tion (No. 1322), labeled female, and still showing traces of the nestling plumage, has no white at all on tail. (4) There is a considerable difference in the color of the spring and fall plumages of the adult males. After the autumnal molt they are of a bluish slate gray above, somewhat darker on the middle of the back, and the feathers more or less distinctly tipped with olivaceous. When they return in spring, however, the whole upper surface is glossy black, The young males are olive backed, and Swinhoe was consequently in error when considering this stage to represent the winter plumage of the adults. VOL333 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XV(5) Mr. Jouy's fourteen females may be divided into two series: (a) those with narrow light outer edges to the tertiaries and narrow ochra- ceous tips to the greater upper coverts; and (b) those in which the light edges to the tertiaries are broader and surround the tip; which have very broad whitish tips to the greater coverts and light tips to the median coverts. The latter (0) I take to be birds of the year; the former (a) I consider adult birds. The sequence of the different plumages would then be, according to the above: Nestling plumage spotted; males with white at base of tail, females without; contour feathers molting in September and October. Young after autumnal molt: Olive above; males bright orange-tawny underneath and with white on tail; females dull orange-ochraceous underneath, without white on tail, broad whitish tips, to greater upper wing coverts. Contour feathers change before the birds leave the win- terquarters (Malayan peninsula and Borneo). Whether the black plum- age is assumed in spring by an actual molt or by a change of color in the individual feather I can not say without specimens, but the proba- bility is for the latter. Adult in breeding plumage: Males black above, orange tawny beneath, white on tail; females like young females, but with greater wing.coverts but narrowly margined at tip; by abrasion the plumage of the female turns gray above and buffy beneath. At the next autumnal molt both quills and contour feathers are shed; the males assume a somewhat lighter, more bluish slate color with a wash of olive. It will be seen that my conclusions differ considerably from those arrived at by Mr. R. B. Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, pp. 201, 202), but I can not help thinking that he has been led into error by specimens wrongly sexed by the collectors, and that in reality the bird which he describes as "adult female” is but a young male. Henson's collection containstwo fine adult males in black spring plum- age; one in the slaty-blue fall plumage; one in olive plumage (marked female); and one young female with traces of the nestling plumage still on shoulders and upper tail-coverts. Measurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality Date. Tail feathers. Esposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 15 U.S. Nat., 120371 Henson, 239 U.S. Nat., 120372 Henson, 1.352 U.S. Nat.. 120373 Henson, 1297 U.S. Nat., 120374 Henson, 210. U.S. Nat., 120375 Henson, 1322 U.S. Nat., 91373 Jouy, 731..... Hakodate, Yezo.. .do. May 20, 1887 : 76 May 20, 1820 73 52 (1.12, 1884 8 17 8.5 17 8 dad 8(?) 9.juv o jun dlo ...lo. ..do Matsumoto, Hondo 76 Oct. 8, 1881 75 32 Oct. 20, 1884 70 51 Oct. 29, 1882 74 i 52 16 8 16 8 15 8 15 14 14 334 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. Zanthopygia narcissina (TEMM.). (209) - Twenty-seven specimens, the particulars of which will be found below, This series is the most interesting and most convincing one I have ever seen demonstrating the curious and still but little understood change of color in the old plumage without abrasion of the feathers or shedding of their margins, as it takes place in some birds in spring. At the meeting of the German ornithologists in Altenburg, July, 1852, Mr. Leopold Martin demonstrated the fact that the young black and white Flycatchers of Europe exchange their juvenile gray plumage for the adult black one without a molt, and without shedding the margins of the feathers (printed in Journ. f. Orn., 1853, pp. 16–19). Curiously enough, Dr. Hermam Schlegel on the same occasion laid a similar dis- covery before the same society (printed in Naumannia, II, ii, 1852, pp. 19–40), but unfortunately both gentlemen overestimated the frequency of the phenomenon. Schlegel tried to prove that such a change of color without a molt or marginal shedding takes place in all birds, while the feathers are only molted once a year, viz, in spring; and Mr. Martin, without committing himself positively, expressed a somewhat similar opinion. An animated discussion sprang up in the journals mentioned, in which especially Gloger, Brehm, and Gätke participated, and it was finally conceded on almost all sides that such a change of color takes place in certain birds, but that so far from it being the usual process, the change of color independent of molt or marginal shedding must be regarded as the exception. Schlegel's unwarranted general- ization, however, had brought the whole theory into disrepute; the subject was soon dropped, and but few later ornithologists bave paid any attention to it, in spite of the fact that it is one of the most in- teresting questions in ornithology. The great difficulty is in giving a satisfactory physiologic explanation of the process, which to-day is nearly as much of a mystery as it was thirty years ago. People were willing enough to admit the possibility of a change of the color, but it was found that this was accompanied by an apparent renewed growth of the feathers, a process by which the worn and broken plumes seemed to undergo a complete mending or renewal. This phase of the ques- tion is admirably illustrated in Henson's series, and I must confess that I am not prepared to accept any of the theories which have been proposed. But although unable to offer a satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, it will not do to deny the facts, and we must leave the solution of the question to some painstaking physiologist, who shall take up the subject in a careful and empirical manner. Of Henson's birds eight are males in full plumage, and two adult females; six are young birds after the first autumnal molt, and eleven are spring males in all possible gradations between the young and the aulult plumage; one similar bird is in the U.S. National Museum, and one in Petersen's collection from Nagasaki. VOL335 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM , . . IVIt appears from this series that the yellow on the fore-neck appears before any of the other parts change color, for in all tlie specimens, even in those quite gray on the back and yet without yellow on the rump, the chin, throat, and chest (præpectus), are of a rich orange, paler and more gamboge behind. The yellow superciliary streak is also pres- ent in all. The change of the gray feathers to black seems to start on the forehead and the part adjoining the yellow on the fore-neck, for even in the specimens which have undergone the least change (Hen- son's Nos. 685 and 690) the anterior half of the crown, cheeks, and a nar- row band down the sides of the neck bordering the yellow throat are black; the white spot formed by some of the upper wing-coverts has also appeared, and a few of the latter have also turned black; the upper tail-coverts are just changing to black, No. 690 being particularly inter- esting in showing some of the latter black at the base and russet, as in the young plumage, towards the tips; in these specimens the yellow is just making its first appearance on the rump; both have the remiges still brownish gray, as is also the tail in No. 683; but in No. 690 the tail- feathers are already pure black. It is worthy of remark that the change is not equilateral, nor does it take place regularly or on one side in pref. erence to the other. It is also a noteworthy fact that, while in the European Black-and-White Flycatchers the change is only one from gray to black or white, the recolorescens in Zanthopygia also embraces the yellow of an exceedingly bright and rich tint. No. 680 is like the foregoing ones, but black commences on the left scapulars; the rump is nearly entirely yellow, and the tail black. No. 688 similar; back clouded with black; but tail brownish gray. No. 689 is but slightly more ahead: rump intensely yellow, nearly (admium; tail black; and the second tertiary in left wing deep black; yellow on breast in this and foregoing three specunens somewhat farther back. No. 677 is black on scapulars and interscapulars, and the tertiaries are just changing; but there is less black in the upper wing-coverts than in any of the foregoing; tail black. No. 691 similar, but blacker on hind neck and wing.coverts, and more yellow on lower breast and abdo- men; longer tertiaries brownish gray; tail black. No. 684 differs only in having the tail brownish gray. No. 683 again has the tail and two shorter tertiaries black; otherwise no difference. No. 692 identical. In all the foregoing specimens, as well as in the one in the National Mul- seum and in Petersen's collection, the occiput is still gray. They agree therefore closely with the upper figure in the plate (xvii C) in Fauna Japonica, which gives an excellent idea of these birds in the last stage of transition. It seems, therefore, as if the occiput regularly is the last part of the smaller plumage to assume the black color. No. 693 has fivished the change on the body, but the remiges are still brownishi gray, except the three tertiaries in the left wing and the two shorter ones in the right; the black on back and upper head, moreover, has a strong wash of olive. 336 JAPAN-STEJNEGER. BIRDS FROM YEZO, Mr. Henson's specimens are from Hakodate, Yezo, and the dates on which they were collected run as follows in the order in which the speci. mens have been mentioned above, viz: May 20, June 17, May 17, 23, 6, 27, 18, 18, 17, 30. For comparison it is interesting to note, that Pe- tersen's bird, which has nearly finished the change, was collected in Kiu- siu April 29. The change, therefore, seems to take place during May and first half of June. In the above specimens in which the tertiaries have become black, this color contrasts strongly with the faded brownish gray of the other remiges, and there is no indication of the latter becoming black by a gradual change. In the series of 8 specimens which I have designated as males in "full plumage" there are several in which all the remiges are intermediate blackish brown, paler towards the tip. It would there. fore appear as if all the primaries and secondaries change to black sim- ultaneously and that this change takes place very suddenly. The pro- cess seems to be the same in the tail-feathers, though I may mention, that Mr. Jouy has a changing male from Korea in which all the rec- trices are black or nearly so, with the exception of the middle pair, which is still brownish. In regard to the young males collected by Mr. Henson I have only to remark that No. 1161 has still a few feathers on the nape belonging to the first plumage, with a buffy spot and dusky margin to the tips. 4 Measurements. Museum and No, Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed cnlmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Targus. Total length. ....do o ad. 498 :49578 :4945 U.S. Nat. 120376.. Henson, 687. ad... Hakodate, Yezo. May 23, 1885 78 50 U.S. Nat. 120377.. Henson, 680. dad. May 17, 1885 76 49 U.S. Nat. 120378.. Henson, 681 dad. ...do May 18, 1885 79 52 U.S. Nat. 120379.. Henson, 682. .do .do 50 U.S. Nat. 120380.. Henson, 676. dad. do May 20, 1885 50 U.S. Nat. 120381.. Henson. 694. o ad do May 23, 1885 76 50 U.S. Nat. 120382.. Henson, 679. oad. do June 9, 1886 77 49 U.S. Nat. 120383.. Henson, 678 om ad. .do June 6, 1885 77 50 U.S. Nat. 120384.. Henson, 690 d'trans.....do June 17, 1886 76 49 U.S. Nat. 120385.. Henson, 680 otrans. ..do June 8, 1886 52 U.S. Nat. 120386.. Henson. 685 otrans. .do May 20, 1885 74 49 U.S. Nat. 120387. Henson. 688. trans. .do May 17, 1886 76 53 U.S. Nat. 120.388.. Henson, 677.! 'trans.....do May 6, 1884 79 52 U.S. Nat. 120389.. Henson, 691 d'trans. May 27, 1885 75 49 U.S. Nat. 120390.. Henson), 683 otrans. .do May 18, 1885 49 U.S. Vat. 0391.. Henson. 684. otrans. .do 74 49 U.S. Nat. 120392.. Henson), 692 otrans. 10 17 17 10 16 16 10 16.5 16.5 10 16.5 10 16.5 16.5 10 ! 16 16 10 17 17 10 17 17 10 16.5 16 9.5 16 16 10 16.5 17 10 17 17 10 17.5 17 10 17.5 17 9.5 16 16 10 16 16 ..do ...do. May 17, 1885 75 50 U.S. Nat. 120393. Henson. 689. Otrais. ..do May 23, 1885 51 U.S. Nat. 120394.. Henson. 693 otrans. do. May 30, 1685 49 Christiana N Petersen, 54. trans. Shimbon, Kin. Apr. 29, 1886 75 siu. U.S. Nat. 26140.. Blak. 2914... trans. Sapporo, Yezo.. June 50 '.S. Nat. 88021.. Jouy, 338. o d... Fuji, Hondo. June 29, 1882 77 51 U.S. Nat. 88620.. Jony, 449.. o ad... .do. U.S. Nat. 91380.. Jouy, 719.. July 6, 1882 77 50 o jun.. Tate Yama, Oct. 26, 1882 77 50 Hondo. U.S. Nat. 120395.. Henson, 1161 jun.. Hakodate, Yezo. Sept. 11, 1884 76 50 t'.S. Nat. 120336. Henson, 1177 o jun.. Sept. 15, 1884 72 47 U.S. Nat. 120397.. Henson, 1186 jun.. .do Sept. 17, 1884 76 48 9 17 16 10 16.5 16.5 9.5 16 15 9,5 ...do 10 16.5 16 10 16.5 16.3 9.5 10 1 17 17 ....do 10 10 10 | 17 | 16 17 16 VOL.XV337 1892. , PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements—Continued. Collector and Museum and No. No. Sex and age. Locality, Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle tow with claw.' Tarsus. Wing. Total length. 49 51 49 47 10 16 16 10 17 9.5' 16.5 16 9.5 16.5 16.5 9,5 17 10 16.5 17 10 16 15. 5 10 16 16 10 16 16 U.S. Nat. 120398.. Henson, 1189 * * jun.. Hakodate Yezo Sept. 17, 1884 U.S. Nat. 120399.. Henson, 1219 o jun .do Sept. 23, 1886 78 U.S. Nat. 120400.. Henson, 1223 jun. .do Sept. 30, 1884 76 U.S. Nat. 120401.. Henson, 1351' 7 ad. .do May 20, 1885 72 U.S. Nat. 120402.. Henson, 1283 ad. do May 30, 1885 75 U.S. Nat. 96139 Blak, 2284.. ad. Mori, Yezo May 13, 1877 74 U.S. Nat. 109343. Namive. $ ad Amagi, Hondo. May 12, 1885 73 U.S. Nat. 88622 Jouy, 518. Fuji, Hondo. July 14, 1882 74 U.S. Nat. 88623 Jony, 625. ad. July 30, 1882 73 Average measurements of 23 males 76 Average measurements of 6 females 74 120 50 51 48 47 ad. do... 50 48 9.8 16.6 16.4 9.8 16.3 16.2 Hemichelidon griseisticta SwinH. Henson Coll., No. 238; & jun., Hakodate, Yezo; September 1, 1885; U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120403. This is a very interesting addition to the Japanese avifauna. quite natural that Mr. Henson should mistake this specimen for H. si- birica (Gm.), when he found that it differed from the common Japanese Gray Flycatcher (A. latirostris). It occurred to me that the alleged occurrence of the former species in Japan might also rest on specimens belonging to H. griseisticta, but an examination of the skin, upon the identification of which H. sibirica has been introduced into the fauna of Japan (Blak., No. 2730, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96138; See- bohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 37) proves that it was correctly referred to this species. To which species, however, the two specimens in the Tokio Educational Museum mentioned by Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer (Trans. As. Soc. Jap., X, 1882, p. 148) belong must, of course, remain doubtful until they be carefully examined and compared.* As Henson's speci- men has still a few feathers of the first plumage left, it is reasonable to suppose, that H.griseisticta, although rather rare, may breed in Yezo. We have consequently three gray Flycatchers in Japan, which in general appearance are very much alike, and therefore difficult to dis- tinguish unless close attention be paid to their essential characters. The following “key” may assist in identifying the three species. al First (tenth) primary, very short, much shorter than the primary coverts; second primary longer than fifth; wing more than 75 mm .... (HEMICHELIDON). bi Inner edges of remiges (as seen from below) vinaceous-cinnamon; longer under tail-coverts brownish gray with white tips; breast and Aanks clonded with drab-gray-. H. sibirica. * It is even possible that they may belong to a fourth species, the B. manillensis of Tweeddale, which seems to have a longer and narrower bill and to be somewhat larger (see farther on). Proc. N. M. 92- -22 338 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. b? Inner edges of remiges (as seen from below) pale drab-gray; longer under tail-coverts entirely white; breast and flanks white with well-defined longitudinal streaks of dark drab-gray... .H. griseisticta. a’ First (tenth) primary equal to, or longer than, longest primary coverts; second primary shorter than fifth; wing less than 75mm (ALSEONAX)... A. latirostris. In proportions, size, and shape of bill my specimens of H. griseisticta (as well as my H. pallens) agree very closely with H. sibirica, so that it is entirely out of question to keep them in two different genera or even subgenera. In fact almost the only structural difference which I can detect is the slightly longer gonys in H. griseisticta. I am, therefore, I considerably perplexed at seeing Mr. Sharpe referring the latter to the genus Muscicapa, next to M. grisola, while separating M. sibirica as the type of Hemichelidon. It seems therefore probable to me that his M. griseisticta (Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 153) differs from mine, being probably Bonaparte's (or at least Tweeddale's) Butalis manillensis, a name which Sharpe quotes in his synonymy, but rejects on account of there being a Muscicapa manillensis previously employed.* Judging from Tweeddale's remarks (P. Z. S., 1877, p. 694) there occurs in the Philippine Islands a gray Flycatcher in coloration very much like H. griseisticta, but with a bill more like M. grisola. Whether Mr. Sharpe or I are wrong in the identification of Swinhoe's name, I cannot Ι say, but I have had for guidance two Chinese examples, one collected by Mr. Swinhoe himself, in March 1861, at Amoy, and marked " Musci- capa griseisticta” in his own handwriting, and until the opposite be proven I shall regard this specimen as perfectly typical, and with this the Japanese bird agrees in all the essential particulars. The measurements of the latter are as follows: Wing, 82mm; tail- feathers, 50 mm; exposed culmen, 8.5 mm; tarsus, 14 mm; middle toe, with ' claw, 15.5 mm Hirundo dasypus (BonAp.). (185) šad., Henson No. 153; Hakodate, May 16, 1884; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120480. Breast pale, intermediate between “smoke-gray” and “drab-gray” (Ridgway, Nomencl. Col., pl. ii, pp. 12, 13), exactly like adult and young specimens collected by Mr. P. L. Jouy at Fuji, Hondo, July 20, 1880. Phyllopseustes borealis (Blas.). Phyllopseustes borealis xanthodryas (Swinu.). Material which has come to hand since I wrote my “Results of Orni- thological Explorations in Kamtschatka, etc.," and especially the five specimens in Mr. Henson's collection, as well as the example obtained by Mr. Petersen at Nagasaki, have considerably shaken my confidence in Phyllopseustes ranthodryas as a good species. Three characters are * Mr. Sharpe seems now to have adopted Bonaparte's name notwithstanding the earlier M. manillensis (cf. Ibis, 1888, p. 200) and from a recent examination of Philip- pine examples he still considers B. manillensis and B. griseis ticta identical. VOLONT1892 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ] 339 given as distinctive of this form, viz, (1) general large size; (2) longer first (rudimentary) primary; and (3) more vivid yellow color of the underparts. Several of the thirty-one specimens before me can be thus distinguished (for instance, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 92557, Kamtchatka; Nos. 88624, 91374, Hondo, Japan; Jouy, No. 1445, Corea; Henson, Nos. 2, aa, Yezo, Japan) as true Ph. xanthodryas, and U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 92551, 92554, 92556 (Bering Island), 88504, 88505 (Amoy, China) Henson, No. x (Hakodate, Japan), and all the Alaskan specimens* as Ph. borealis, but other specimens will only show one or two of these characters in all possible combinations. Thus U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 89158, 106607 (Bering Island), and Petersen's No. 28 (Kiusiu, Japan), are Ph. xanthodryas as far as the first primary is concerned, but Ph. borealis according to color, while the first mentioned has the size of the former and the two others are not larger than ordinary Ph. borealis. Henson's No. 1 (Hakodate, Japan), on the other hand, belongs to the last mentioned form by its general size and the first primary, while it is colored like Ph. ranthodryas. Henson's No. y (Hakodate) is a Ph. xanthodryas by its size, a Ph. borealis by its color, with the first pri- mary intermediate. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96254 (Blakist., No. 1879; Ha- kodate) is also a Ph, santhodryas by size, and partly by its color, but its first primary does not reach beyond the longest primary coverts. The result is that if you arrange your birds in two groups according to either one of the three diagnostic characters, the two groups will con- tain different specimens every time. It cannot be denied, however, that there is a general tendency in the larger birds to have a proportionally larger first primary and a yellower tint, and it may be that this tendency would be more striking were all the specimens properly sexed. It is also somewhat significant that we * Three additional specimens from Alaska bear out my suggestion (Res. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., pp. 303–304) that the Alaskan colony consists of birds of smaller dimen- sions than those from Kamtchatka and Japan, and that their migration route does not touch these countries. I feel quite confident that the two forms are subspecifi- cally distinct. In evidence I offer the following Measurements. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen, First primary. Wing 9.5 45 48 106650 Townsend, 1165 101217 Johnson, 4 101216 Johnson, 12. 45909 Pease, 178. 75416 Nelson, 438 75415 | Nelson, 462. 10 ad. ad. ad ad ad d'ail Kowak R. Alaska.. Alaska do.. St. Michaels, Alaska. do .do. Ang. 1, 1885 June 19, 1884 do. Aug. 16,1886 Aug. 24,1877 Aug.31,1877 60 65 62 60 60 65 8 9 10 9 43 42 46 9 Average dimensions of 6 specimens.. 62 45 8.7 340 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. find none of the Ph. xanthodryas style in the Alaskan series. It is, furthermore, clear from the dates of the different birds, that season has nothing to do with the intensity of the yellow color. I am therefore not prepared to give up Ph. xanthodryas entirely, but as intermediate specimens undeniably occur, I shall, at least provisionally, adopt the course already indicated by me on a former occasion (Res. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch., p. 306) calling the yellow bird Ph. borealis xanthodryas, in spite of the fact that it is difficult at present to assign a definite habitat to the two forms, as both seem to occur in the same countries.* It is possible, however, that Ph. xanthodryas is the breeding bird of Japan, and that Ph. borealis only occurs there on the migrations, this is a question for the resident ornithologists there to investigate and solve. The Japanese specimens of the two forms, as I have provisionally separated them, measure as follows: Phyllopseustes borealis. Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Dato. ad. U.S. Nat. 96255.. Blakist., 2972 Tomakomai, Yezo . Sept. 16, 1882 68 47 Christiania, N Petersen, 28 ..dad.' Urakami, Kiusire Feb. 15. 1886 64 46 U.S. Nat. 120409. Henson, w.. ad. Hakodate, Yezo 64 48 U.S. Nat. 120410. Henson, 20 ad. 60 48 U.S. Nat. 120411. Henson, y ad. .do 72 51 10 11 19.5 10 13.5 20 10 11 18.5 10 (10 120 10 11.5 20 15 15 14 14 14 ......do Phyllopseustes borealis xanthodryas. Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. First primary. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 52 10 11 15 12 21 20 15 15 17 U.S. Nat. 88624.. Jouy, 537 dad.! Fuji, Hondo July 20, 1882 71 U.S. Nat. 91374.. Jouy, 682 dad. Chiusenji Lake, Oct. 3, 1882 65 Hondo. U.S. Nat. 96254.. Blakist., 1879. ad. Hakodate, Yezo Oct. 3, 1875 73 U.S. Nat. 120412. Henson, z. ad. | 70 U.S. Nat. 120413. Henson, aa ... ad. ......do ...... 69 51 50 48 11 11 ......do 11 13 14 21 21 20 15 16 Pleske (Ornith. Ross., II, ii, 1889, p. 155) has shown, however, that Ph. xantho- dryas has only been found in Kamtchatka, the Kuriles, Japan, and Amoy, China, while all the specimens from Siberia are typical Ph. borealis, and I have called attention to the fact that the Ph. canthodryax style is not found in Alaska. But the fact re- mains that Ph. borcalis also occurs in the countries whence comes the yellow form. VOL341 1892PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVPhyllopseustes tenellipes (SWINX.). (244) So far only two specimens of this species have been taken in Japan, both at lakodate. It is, therefore, very interesting to find in Mr. Hen- son's collection no less than fourteen specimens of this rare bird (U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120411-120427). They were not collected by Mr. Henson · himself, but by a native, and are therefore neither dated nor sexed, but "they were all netted on the hill behind Hakodate.” So far as I can judge they are all in spring plumage. The question now naturally arises: Where is the real habitat of this species? Mr. Seebohm (Cat. B. Br. Mus., V, p. 47) supposes it to breed in Japan, evidently upon the strength of Whitely's specimen having been collected in May. But if it breeds in Yezo, is it probable that it , could have so entirely escaped both Capt. Blakiston and Mr. Henson? Pleske, on the other hand, asserts that Ph. tenellipes breeds in Sakh- alin (Orn. Ross., II, pt. 2, p. 191). In view of these facts it seems proba- , ble that Ph. tenellipes only passes Yezo during the spring migration, and not even then regularly. 2 Urophlexis* ussuriana (SEEB.). (231) Four specimens in antumnal plumage, from Hakodate. I am somewhat doubtful as to the correctness of this identification. Seebohm, in 1881 (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., V, p. 143), separated a specimen collected in Ussuri from U. squameiceps (SWINH.) as "Cettia ussuria- nus” on account of the more olive cast of the plumage of the latter (squameiceps being described as "chocolate brown,” by which term he probably intends to designate a more rufescent cast). Since then he has examined many Japanese specimens, and in 1890 (B. Jap. Emp., p. 74) he still maintains this distinction, referring, as he does, the Japanese birds to typical U. squameiceps. If we compare Swinhoe's description in Ibis, 1877, p. 205, and figure on pl. iv, Seebohm's measurements (Cat. B. Br. Mus., v, p. 113) and Oates's statement (B. Ind., 1, p. 112) in regard to the graduation of the tail, with the results of our own measurements of eleven Japanese and Korean specimens, as given below, we shall soon gain the conviction that the latter differ from the Formosan and the Tenasserim birds. The average graduation of the tails of the former is 2mm (maximum 3mm), while Seebohm's Formosa skin has the tail grad- uated Gum. In other words, while the tail in U. squamciceps is nearly wedge-shaped, those of the Japanese and Korean birds are barely rounded. Now, Seebohm's measurements of Cettia ussuriana show that this bird has the tail rounded like the Japanese and Korean specimens. Leaving coloration out of consideration it would therefore seem as if we had at least two forins, one with a very rounded tail and another with the tail nearly even. As to the alleged difference in color, it may * Urosphena SWINHOE is preoccupied. The above substitute is derived from oupa, tail, and paesis, the name of an unknown bird. 卷 ​ 342 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. be observed that only one specimen of typical U. ussuriana has been critically compared, so far as I know. Furthermore, the Korean exam- ples differ in no way from Japanese specimens; and finally, some spec- imens in my series are slightly less rufescent than others. Until it be proven that there is an appreciable difference in the coloration of the even-tailed birds I shall regard them as all entitled to the name l'. ussu- riana, Measurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. 52 52 53 28 28 1 2 July 12 September Sc.Coll.Tokyo 1374 Ota ad. Fuji, Hondo.. U.S. Nat. 91456 Jouy, 490.. dad. .do. U.S. Nat. 96243 Blak. 1555. ad. Sonth Yezo U. S. Nat. 120441 Henson ad Hakodate U.S. Nat. 120442 . Henson ad. U.S. Nat. 120443 Henson ad. .do U.S. Nat. 120444.. Henson ad ...do 11 20 16 20 17 10 10.5 20 10 19.5, 16 10 19 10 19 17 ..do.. 54 53 51 29 28 95 29 30 U.S. Nat. 114377... Jouy, 1581. ad. Fusan, Korea. Apr. 25, 1886 53 U.S. Nat. 114376. Jouy, 1505. ad ..do May 3, 1886 54 U.S. Nat. 114374. Jouy, 1594. ad. ..do May 2, 1886 54 U.S. Nat. 114375... Jouy, 1595. ad. ..do May 2, 1886 53 10 19 10.5 20 10 10 19 29 20 2 1.5 16 1.5 16,5 3 93 93 30 1374. 1 primary much larger than primary coverts; 2 about = 9; 3 slightly shorter than 4 and 5 which are equal and longest. Tail.feathers subequal. 114376. "Iris very dark brown." Zosterops japonica TEMM. & SCHL. (180) and , Nos. 91, 92; Hakodate, March 11, 1883, and January 12, 1885. Normal both in color and size (bills 10.5mm and 11mm). U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120479–80. It is interesting to note that this delicately looking bird which belongs to a tropical family winters even in Yezo. Parus hensoni, sp. nov. i ad. Henson, No. 230; Hakodate, November 7, 1884; & ad., No. 231, ibid., October 12, 1884. U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 114093 and 120475. Henson's collection reveals the rather surprising fact that we have at least three forms of Marsh-tits in Japan. When a short time ago I reviewed the Japanese Paridæ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, pp. 378-381) I argued simply from the supposition that there were only two forms to account for, little dreaming that a third one would turn up to complicate this complicated question still further. The two specimens from Ilenson agree closely with the Hondo speci- mens (for which we deem it best at present to retain the name P. borealis) in regard to size and proportions, but differ considerably in color, having the top of the head glossy bluish black, like the other Yezo form, which is at once distinguishable by its long and strongly rounded tail. In the review above referred to, I called the latter P. brevirostris with a query, as I had considerable doubt as to the correct- ness of this identification. This doubt has grown into certainty since 1 1892. ] 343 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. > I recently received a specimen from Southern Central Siberia (the habitat of typical P. brevirostris) which in every particular agrees with Taczanowski's original description of P. brevirostris (Journ. f. Orn., 1872, p. 444), but differs from the Yezo long-tailed birds as much as any two forms of this perplexing group. Both of them have long tails and glossy bluish black caps, but the former is considerably darker, especially below, and has hardly any of the whitish edges to the remiges and outer rectrices so conspicuous in the Yezo birds, and while in these the tail-feathers are regularly graduated, in the Siberian bird all the tail-feathers are nearly equal except the lateral pair, which is much shorter than the rest. There are reasons for believing that had not the name P. japonicus, bestowed by Mr. Seebohm upon specimens from Hondo, been preoccupied, it would have been available for the present form. As the case stands now, I shall designate it as Parus seebohmi (type, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 96144), leaving to the future to determine to which other form, if any, it should be linked as a sub- species. Though differing but slightly from other forms, there is no species or subspecies known to me, which combines the characters as I find them in Henson's two specimens. I will designate it as Parus hensoni. DIAGN.: Similar to typical Parus palustris (LIN.), but with whitish margins to the tertiaries, and two outer pair of tail-feathers externally edged with white; flanks paler; top of head glossy bluish black; tail doubly rounded, less than 57mm. HABITAT: Yezo, Japan. Type: U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 114093, Henson, No. 230; & ad. Hakodate, November 7, 1884. . The three Japanese forms of Marsh Tits (subgenus Pæcile) may be distinguished as follows: (cf. “Synopsis” in Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, p. 375).* .P. borealis. al Top of head and bind neck dull brownish black... aTop of head and hind neck glossy bluish black. bi Tail doubly rounded, less than 57mm b2 Tail regularly and strongly rounded, more than 57mm .P. hensoni. .P. seebohmi. It should always be remembered that this “key” does not apply to young specimens before their first autumnal molt, for even the glossy. capped forms have a dull brownish head in the first plumage. The molt takes place in July or August, and in P. Hensoni and P. seebohmi the new feathers on the top of the head are distinctly bluish. Abra- *I seize the opportunity to correct a lapsus in the “Synopsis” referred to. In a-b', giving the characters of Parus minor, the last sentence should read thus: “the inner edge being black from the base.” 341 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN---STEJNEGER. sion, of course, affects the gloss somewhat, but adult birds in corre- sponding plumage, when compared, are not easily confounded. Measurements. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feath Wing. ers. Exposed culmen. Remarks Middle toe with claw. Tarsus. Henson, 230 Henson, 231. o ad. Hakodate, Yezo... ..do Noy, 7, 1884 Oct. 12, 1884 60 61 54 54 8 8.5 15 16 14.5 Type. 14 fad. Parus ater Lin. (215) M and 9, Hakodate, October 20, 1884; numbers 236, 237. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120473-4. Although some additional material has accumulated since I wrote my previous article on the Japanese Coal Tit (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, pp. 377, 378), I am unable to throw much new light on the subject. Henson's specimens agree in every respect with those previously at hand from Japan. They have no crest; that is, they have not the feathers on top of the head any longer than European examples (for instance U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 111118, ô ad., Christiania, Norway, Feb- ruary 27, 1887, R. Collett, coll.). The tawny tint on the under parts is just a shade deeper in the Japanese birds than in continental European specimens in corresponding plumage before me, but nearly all my Japanese birds are killed in autumn, while most of those from Europe are spring birds. The upper surface is colored identically with speci- mens from France, Germany, Hungary, and Scandinavia. I stated before (1. c.) that Japanese specimens differ from European ones in the black on the hind neck entirely encircling the white nuchal spot and distinctly separating it from the gray of the back. I must confess, however, that this character hardly holds, for in the specimens recently received from Central Europe there are several in which the white is similarly encircled (for instance, U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 111394, 111395, 111118), while in Henson's No. 237 the white spot immmediately joins the gray of the back. I have also remarked that Japanese specimens are smaller than those from the Continent of Europe, agreeing in size closely with P. britan- nicus. The additional material bears out this slight difference, inas- much as in ten continental European examples the measures of the wing ranges between 59mm (smallest ! ) and 65mm (largest ở ), average 62.3mm, those of the tail between 44mand 51mm, average 47mm, while six Japanese birds in a similar way vary between 55mm and 59mm (wing), average 58mm, and between 43mm and 46mm (tail), average 44,5mm. Six P. britannicus average respectively 58mm and 43,3mm. VOL315 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVMeasurements. --- Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feath ers. Wing. Exposed culmen. Tarsus. Middle toe with claw.! 46 Henson, 236 Henson, 237 o ad. Hakolate, Yezo. ad.l......do Oct. 20, 1884 .do 59 55 16 16.5 43 8 Sitta amurensis SWINII. (222) sad., Henson, No. 170; Hakodate, October 20, 1881. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120178. Wing, 76mm; tail-feathers, 39mm; exposed culmen, 16mm; tarsus, 19rum; middle toe, with claw, 21mm. It will be remembered that I established Sitta amurensis clara upon some pale flanked female birds from Yezo (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX 1886, p. 392). At the same time I remarked that “probably the males will show more of the chestnut color, but judging from analogy I think it safe to say that the amount will be perceptibly less than in the Hondo birds.” This will not hold good, and the whole subspecies will have to be dropped, if the male sent by Mr. Henson represents the typical Yezo Nuthatch, for this specimen agrees in every respect with the birds from Hondo. Whether this is really the style of the form breeding on Yezo) is another question which can not be solvedl until we receive ad- ditional material collected at the various seasons. Having obtained no more typical specimens from Amur I am yet ignorant whether the possible differences of the Japanese birds pointed out by me (op. cit., p. 391) have any significance or not.* Ægithalos caudatus (LIN.). (220) Henson's two specimens fully substantiate what I have said on a pre- vious occasion (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX., 1886, p. 386) in regard to Jap- anese examples as compared with typical European birds. The meas- urements are practically identical, and so is the coloration. The bills of the Japanese specimens are the merest trifle longer than in the others. An adult male from Amur agrees closely with the Japan birds, but the vinous of the flanks is a little more vivid, hardly to be distinguished from a Scandinavian specimen (No. 111120). Seebohm's . macrurus seems to me very doubtful. I have only seen a single Siberian specimen (Mus. C. Hart Merriam, Krasnoyarsk, De- cember 31, 1881). It has a tail somewhat in excess of the maximum of E. caudatus as given in the table below, and the dusky central portion of the tertiaries is very restricted, but the specimen from Pomerania (see table) has even more white on the tertiaries than the Siberian bird. * I may add that since writing my review of the Japanese Parida (1. c.) I have re- ceived four typical specimens of Sitta albifrons from Kamtchatka, thereby verifying my determination of the Kuril specimen (p. 393) as belonging to this form, 316 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. The latter measures as follows: Wing, 66wm; tail-feathers, 99mm; bill from nostrils, 4mm. Measurements. Museum No. ('ollector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Wing Tail-feath ers. Bill from nostril. Tarsus. Middle toe | with claw. 65 13 13 U.S. Nat. 56550... Schlüt., 536 U.S. Nat. 95259.. ..do U.S. Nat. 111413.. Ray. U.S. Nat. 111120.. Collett U.S. Nat. 96147... Blakist., 3205 U.S. Nat. 91549. Blakist., 3207 U.S. Nat. 120476 . Henson, 220 U.S. Nat. 120477 Henson, 221 U.S. Nat. 111412 load. Germany dad. Pomerania Apr. 10, 1876 64 82 dad Saxony... Dec. 15, 1880 92 ail. Soler, Norway, Dec. 8, 1886'64 89 dad. Sapporo, Yezo, Japan. Oct. 23, 1882 61 81 ad ..do 62 85 dad. Hakodate, Yezo, Japan Nov. 3, 1884 65 91 ad .do. .do. 63 86 dad. Amur, Eastern Siberia. Mar. 9, 1882 61 88 ..do... 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.5 4 17 17 17 18 17 17 17 13 13 14 12 Regulus japonensis BlakiST. ad., No. 171; Hakodate, October 25, 1881. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 120469. The name R. japonicus seems to have been instituted by Bonaparte in 1856 (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc., XLII, p. 767), but being unaccompanied by even a trace of a description, or reference to a specimen, description, or plate, it is entirely inadmissible under the existing codes of zoolog- ical nomenclature. Bonaparte only says: “Outre le R. japonicus, si difficile à distinguer du R. cristatus d'Europe," and unless a prior de- scription be found, or a later one, but antedating 1862, Blakiston's Reg. ulus japonensis will stand as the first name accompanied by an indica- tion of a distinguishing character. The Japan Kinglet is easily separable from the European Regulus regulus notwithstanding the fact that it is included in the synonymy of the latter, both by Dresser (B. Eur., II, p. 453 (1874)) and Dr. Gadow (Cat. B. Br. Mus., VIII, p. 80 (1883)); Dresser, however, has apparently receded from his former position (tom. cit., p. 451 (1880). The differ- ences between the two forms mentioned have been so well pointed out by Mr. R. Ridgway (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vi, 1883, p. 369), that I need not enlarge upon this subject in the present connection. I may add that their dimensions are nearly identical. As will be seen from the sub- joined table of measurements I have before me specimens from all three islands. There seems to be not the slightest difference between them, neither in size, nor in coloration. * Mr. Oates, in his Birds of India (1, p. 341), gets over the difficulty in disposing of the genus Regulus by making it an inclopendent family, Regulide. He says: “These birds possess a character which suttices to separate them from all the other Passeres, viz, a stiff, small, and perfect feather over each nostril. This character is sufficiently important, in my opinion, to render it desirable to elevate the Goldcrests to the rank of a family.” Mr. Oats is evidently not aware that R. calendula and R. obscurus, which most authors do not even separate generically, have the nostrils hid- den by a tuft of small bristle-like feathers. The family character thus fails, but I think the genus Corthylio CAB, should stand. 1 VOL347 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, , . ] . XVMeasurements. Museum No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality Date. Wing. Tail-feath. ers. Exposed culmen. Tarsus. Middle toe with claw. 40 12 39 12 Christiania N.... Pətersen, 42 ..dad. Amaknsa, Kiusin .. Mar. 30, 1786 56 U.S. Nat. 96260 Ringer, 34 *dad Nagasaki, Kiusiu Nov. 26, 1876 54 U.S. Nat. 109489 Namiye.. dad. Tokio, Hondo. Jan. 9, 1883 53 U.S. Nat. 91359 .. Jouy, 680 load. Tate Yama, Hondo. Oct. 3, 1882 55 U.S. Nat. 91360.. Jouy, 695 dad.......do.. Oct. 15, 1882 U.S. Nat. 91362 Jouy, 862 dad ....do. Dec. 9, 1882 55 U.S. Nat. 91361 Jouy, 844 Yad. .do.. Dec. 5, 1882 53 U.S. Nat. 110486 Jouy $ad. Nikko, Hondo 53 U.S. Nat. 96261 Blak., 2560. dad. Saporo, Yezo Apr. 19, 1878 55 U.S. Nat. 120469 Henson, 71. ďad. Hakodato, Yezo. Oct. 25, 1884 54 Average measurements of 8 males 54 Average measurements of 2 females. 53 42 42 40 38 39 41 41 8 8 7 7.5 7 7.5 8 8 18 17 18 17 18 17 16 GO 11 18 12 7 8 18 16.5 12 11 38 * Coll. Blakist. No. 2147. Cinclus pallasii TEMM. (247) It is extremely doubtful whether the name here employed is the cor- rect one, but inasmuch as it seems impossible at the present time to find out just to which form Temminck originally applied it, we may accept the name in common use, as the original description contains nothing which could seriously affect the identification. Temminck based the name upon a specimen which he received from Pallas at the time when the latter was in the Crimea. For that reason Temminck conjectured that the species occurred in that country. The variety which Pallas received from Baical (Zoogr. Ross.-As., I, p. 426) is usu- ally quoted as belonging to C. pallasii, but Taczanowski insists (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 58) that only 0. leucogaster occurs in that locality. Pallas also states that he received specimens essentially similar from Kamtchatka and the Aleutian Islands through Billing's expedition, but the Dipper does probably not inhabit Kamtchatka, and the species occurring in the Aleutian Islands is C. mericanus. I regard it as very probable that Pallas had no specimens at all of the present species. Swinhoe's C. marila (Ibis, 1860, p. 187) seems to be a smaller race of the present species occurring in Formosa, and a large and more richly colored form is indicated by Mr. Sharpe (loc.cit.) as occurring in China. There is a single specimen in Henson's collection, No. 245, collected at Hakodate, December 12, 1885. It is a female, and, like other speci- mens from Yezo, it does not differ in ny way from birds collected in Ilondo. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 120466. Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni, subsp. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Differs from typical Hypsipetes amaurotis (TEMM.) in being paler, the color of the flanks particularly so. HABITAT: Yezo, Japan, migrating south in winter to Hondo. TYPE: U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96280; Blakiston coll. 318 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. Ou a previous occasion (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, p. 612) I made the following observation : In addition, I should remark that it may later on be expedient to recognize the individuals breeding in Yezo as a distinct race, characterized by the paleness of the Hanks and the general lighter tone of the under parts, but at present, with only two specimens from that island, I refrain from naming it. I may also mention that a specimen from Tate-Yama, collected by Jouy October 28, agrees with the Yezo birds. This would not invalidate the status of the latter as a distinct race, since it may be presumed that in winter or during the migrations it may occur in Hondo, especially on the western siile. Additional specimens from Yezo are therefore very desirable in order to have the question settled. Henson's two specimens are consequently of great interest, the more so since I have before me three southern specimens in addition to those enumerated (tom. cit., p. 613). I find the differences indicated above substantiated in the five addi- tional specimens, and have no hesitation in pronouncing the Yezo birds a good local race, which I take great pleasure in naming after Mr. Harry V. Henson, whose courteous liberality has enabled me to make the present observations. I append the following measurements: I.-IIypsipetes amaurotis. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Christiania N Petersen, 22 U.S. Nat., 96279 Ringer, 21 U.S. Nat., 111662. Namiye. U.S. Nat., 88661 Jouy, 592 U.S. Nat.: 109316. Namiye. U.S. Nat., 109347. Nive. Tokio Educat Namiye.. and Urakami, Kinsin Fel. 9, 1886 120 108 o al Nagasaki, Kiusiu.. Jan. 1, 1877 128 115 Nail Niishima Apr. 22, 1887 137 120 all Fuji, Ilondo July 13, 1842 130 119 :Sagami, Hondo. Nov. 15. 1884 133 120 Nov. 15, 1884 123 112 $ au Napa, Liukiu Mar. 8, 1886 118 108 22 24 21 20 21 23 24 22 2:2 23 21 22 ....do 24 22 22 II.--Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni. 22 23 23 U.S. Nat., 96280 Blakist., 2154.. rail Ilakodate, Yezo Feb. 12, 1877 136 120 U.S. Nat. 120181. llenson, 79 car! ..do May 17, 1884 128 120 U.S. Nat. 120182. Henson, 589 do Dec. 9, 1885 130 115 U.S. Nat., 96281.. Blakist., 2873.. Paul Mororan, Yezo... May 16, 1882 127 112 U.S. Nat., 91325 .. Jouy, 729. pad Tate-Vama, Honilo. Oct. 281882 127 111 ad 21 23 22 24 Lanius superciliosus LATII, (205) s ad., No. 26, Hakodate, May 16, 1885; ad., No. 217, August 13, 1883; 9 hornot. No.31, May 25, 1885. U. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 120483-5. Identical with specimens from Hondo, except that the white frontal band of the adult male is much broader than in an adult male col- lectel by Mr. Jouy on Fuji-yama, Hondo, July 14, 1882 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 88672). This specimen is also considerably more tawny on the flanks. Another adult male from Ilakodate (Blakiston, No. 2023; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 96135), collected in June, agrees with Henson's example both in regard to the width of the frontal band and the pale- VOL349 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVness of the flanks. With only three specimens, however, it is impossi- ble to say whether there is a constant difference between the northern and southern birds or not. Sturnia violacea (Bond.). (203) This is the same as Temminck and Schlegel's Sturnia pyrrhogenys, of which Henson's collection contains six specimens. Details in table below. Already Cassin pointed out the great individual variation in the col- oration of the adult males (Perry's Jap. Exp., II, 1). 220). Capt. Blakis- ton (Chrysanth., 1882, p. 475) las further enlarged upon this subject as follows: I secured a good series of examples, showing the variation in the amount of brown, chestnut, or chocolate on the head and neck of the male, from its almost entire absence in the youngest-none, of course, younger than birds born last year the colored ear coverts, and a few specks on the throat of those of medium age, to the entire side of head, lower part of throat, and slightly round the back of the neck of the most aged specimens. I also noticed that the testicles of all the male birds I opened were nearly black. Wilh. Blasius (Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., 1886, pp. 123–124) has also some important remarks to the same effect, and the series now before me, consisting of birds collected by the Perry expedition, by Blakiston, Jouy, and Henson, fully substantiates the above statements, though I can not see upon what evidence the above gentlemen consider the birds with but little chestnut for younger individuals and those with very much for very old ones. It may be so, but there is no positive evi- dence.* This point could be easily settlerd, however, on young birds far advanced in the molt. Field ornithologists, therefore, should be on the lookout for male birds in August and September with a few feathers of the young plumage left-just sufficient to clearly prove the age-and should be particularly careful in determining the sex with absolute certainty by dissection. I urge particular care in this instance, as there seems to be some doubt still in regard to the sexual difference in this species and its nearest allies. Mr. A. Hume (Stray Featlı., VII, 1878, p. 393) says of the closely allied Sturnia sturnina (PALL.) (=damurica) that " in the perfect adult the plumage of the two sexes is quite alike," and in regard to the present species Dr. W. Blasius (Zeitschr. ges. Ornith., III, 1886, pp. 121, 123, and 124) clearly indicates as his belief that the dull brown birds are all young, and that both males and females are essentially alike, the only difference between the sexes being, * There is, however, one instance on record which, to a certain degree, seems to corroborate the above opinion. Dr. Blasius (tom.cit., pp. 121, 122) deseribes a winter bird from Celebes (specimen C) which is evidently a male in the glossy plumage with only a few brownish feathers of the young dress left. The chestnut ear patel is mixed with white, but judging from the description it has more chestnut color than U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 96124, killed in May. 2 350 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. according to his opinion, the somewhat smaller size and the greater intensity of the rusty suffusion on the white portions of the plumage of the female.* Oates (B. of India, 1, 1889, p. 525) also states that “in Stur- nia the sexes are alike.” From an inspection of the material before me I am led to believe, however, that these gentlemen are mistaken, especially Dr. Blasins (for, though it is highly probable that sturnina and violacea show no difference in this respect, it is somewhat risky to draw conclusions by analogies in such cases as this), and that Sharpe is correct when describing the two sexes as different (Cat. B. Orn. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 70-71). All the specimens which, in the table below, have the sex mark indi- cated and not included in parenthesis are thus sexed by the collectors; and all the glossy ones are marked as males, while those which are marked & are all dull brownish. This may be a coincidence, though not very likely, in view of some of the facts to be brought out below; it may also be that some of the collectors have not determined the sex by actual dissection, but then the material tends to show, at least, that the collectors (in this case ornithologists of considerable experience), who were familiar with the birds in their native haunts, regard the glossy individuals as males and the plain ones as females. Three of the brown birds marked as females were collected in May, one as late as the 29th. These differ in several essential points from the young autumnal bird in a somewhat similar plumage. Their bill is quite black, while in the young ones it is horny brown above and quite pale at base of lower mandible. The black bill I take to be an unfailing sign of ma- turity, and these birds I therefore regard as adult females. Their legs are also darker colored, and in regard to plumage these females differ from the young birds in having the fore neck and breast uniformly grayish white and not streaked with brownislı, as in the latter. Some- body might remark that even this is not convincing, and that there is a possibility that the full adult plumage may not be assumed until the molt in the second autumn. But such a supposition is directly dis- proved by Henson's No. 52. This bird is unquestionably a young bird of the year, which has just commenced its first autumnal molt. The new feathers are just appearing on the lower back, and as they are of a brilliant glossy purple black they prove beyond a shadow of doubt that the young birds molt into the fully adult plumage already in the first au- tumn. It is therefore hardly possible that the brownish winter birds from Celebes which Dr. Blasius examined could be young birds of the * In justice to Dr. Blasius it should be remarked, however, that he has expressed himself somewhat guardedly. He says (tom. cit., p. 121): “Beide Bälge zeigen in der Färbung und Grösse in die Augen fallende Verschiedenheiten, die wahrscheinlich als Geschlechtsunterschied aufzufassen sein werden, da von einer Verschiedenheit nach der Jahreszeit hier füglich nicht die Rede sein kann" (as both specimens were killed on December 13]. I regard it as well established, however, that the variation in the rusty tinge is partly individual and partly seasonal, and that it has nothing to do with the sex of the bird. VOL351 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVa > year, and, in fact, the only young bird in the lot seems to be the male in full glossy plumage with but a few feathers left of the brown plumage (specimen C; tom. cit., p. 120). Henson's No. 113 is perhaps even more convincing and interesting. The former specimen (No. 52) is marked &, the present one !, and both are, beyond a doubt, young birds of exactly the same age. The female is less brown on the back, the head is grayer, and the streaks on the latter less distinct. New feathers are protruding on the back, as in the male, but these are of a dull drab, while those of the male are me- tallic purplish black; new whitish feathers also appear on the whole fore neck. It is then plain that the females molt into a dull plumage essentially like that which I take to be that of the adult females (see above) at the same time when the young males molt into the glossy garb of the old males. So far we have only mentioned the change in the contour feathers of these two specimens. The molt which takes place in the wings is not less instructive, however. As in the true Starling of Europe and in Acridotheres cineraceus, the young Sturnia violacea also molts its remiges during the first autumn of its life. If we compare the wings of the glossy old males with those of the supposed adult females mentioned above, we shall find that in the males the outer edges of the inner pri- maries and of the secondaries, as well as the tertiaries, primary and greater coverts are of a lustrous metallic green, while in the females the metallic gloss is quite subdued and green only on secondaries, pri- maries, and primary coverts, while greater coverts and tertiaries are brown with a silky shine slightly purplish and hoary in a certain light. The new wing-feathers of the two molting young birds above referred to represent this same difference. The inner primaries and the greater coverts are about half out of their sheaths in the male and are lustrous green; in the female the former and a few primary coverts are also but half out and faintly glossed with green, while the greater coverts are fully out and with a color and gloss as described above in the supp adult females. There is consequently strong evidence in favor of a very marked sexual difference both in the adults and in the young birds. But we should be very pleased to receive information from our friends in the field whether they are able to positively confirm or disprove our opinion. In regard to the specific name here adopted I would remark that Pl. Enlum., No. 185, fig. 2, upon which Boddaert (1783) founded his Mota- cilla violacea, is a rather good representation of the adult male of the bird afterwards described by Wagler as Pastor ruficollis and by Tem- minck and Schlegel as Lamprotornis pyrrhogenys. The figure in question is rather extreme in the amount of chestnut on the sides and front of neck, and of gray across the breast, but it is closely approached by No. 96123, U. S. Nat. Mus., which also agrees with Buffon's figure in 352 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. having the entire rump glossy purplish black. The same peculiarity is observed in No. 96124, which, however, possesses the minimum of chest- nut on the ears. Measurements. Museum and No. Collector and No. ex and age. Locality. Date. Wing: Tail-feath Exposed culmen. ers. Tarsus. Middle toe with claw. Tokio Educat.... Nishi 51 15 26 ďad 50 21 راه 16 26 14 15.5 26 14 25 U.S. Nat., 88693.. Jony, 590 U.S. Nat., 96123. Blakist., 2819 U.S. Nat., 96121.. Blakist., 285) T.S. Nat., 96125 Blakist..2013 U.S. Nat., 15863. Heine, 19 U.S. Nat., 15402. Heine, 56 U.S. Nat., 96126. Blakist., 2856. t'.s. Nat., 120491 Henson, 23. U.S. Nat., 120192. Henson, 32. U.S. Wat , 120493. Henson, 84. U.S. Nat., 120194. Henson, 255 U.S. Sat., 120495. Henson, 113. U.S. Nat., 120196.' Henson, 19. - 1 5 ad. Yayayama Isl., .-- 107 Liukiu. Fiji, londo. July 24, 1882 103 ad South Yezo May 21, 1882 113 ad. ....do... do o ad do May 24, 1882 107 ad Ilakodate, Yezo. May 1834 109 ad ...do. .do 106 South Yezo May 24, 1832 105 djur Hakolate, Yezo. A. 6, 1483 101 djuv ....do... Aug. 14, 1883 107 all ..do. May 30, 1857 108 9 ad ..do May 29, 1885 105 ju (10. Ang. 21, 1683 99 juy....do.. Aug. 6, 1883 100 ܐ»i: ; 51 52 49 48 48 52 51 14.5 25 14.5 26 13 26 15 23 25 14 11.5 24 49 49 47 Acridotheres cineraceus (TEMM.). (201) Three 99. No. 111, ad., Hakodate, November 10, 1883; No. 32, ad., Hakodate, June 2, 1883; No. 176, juv., Ilakodate, September 11, 1884. 1. S. Nat. Mus. Nos. 12018-90. It is strange that most anthors, even those who recognize Pastor, Sturnia, Temen uchus, Acridotheres, etc., as distinct genera, or subgenera, should persist in placing the present species in the genus Sturnus along- side its type, the European starling, with which, in fact, it has nothing in common that is not shared also by the members of the groups men- tioned above. In style of coloration it is as strikingly different from the starling as any, wearing, as it does, the plumage of a typical Hill Myna; its bill is essentially that of Acridotheres (though slightly longer than in the typical species), the gently curved culmen, the lateral com- pression, and the very pronounced notch at the tip of the upper mandi- ble being characters which at once separate it from Sturnus, with its straight, flattened, and unnotched beak, while the complete feathering of the nasal groove and the comparatively narrow opening of the nostrils in the former is identical with the corresponding parts in Acridothercs as contrasted with the open nostrils and naked operculum of the Star- ling. The tail is not so rounded as in true Acridotheres, but this seems to be the chief difference. I am therefore not prepared to go so far as Mr. Sharpe, who separates this species generically under the name of Spodiopsar. One of Mr. IIenson's specimens is of particular interest, viz, No. 176, being a young female in transition from the first plumage to that of the first winter. This specimen is in full molt all over. The new feathers have already supplanted the old ones on lower back and rump; the upper lesser wing-coverts, as wel as the greater ones, are also new and fully out, besides a few of the inner primary coverts, But most inter- 1892. ] 353 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , esting is the fact that the five inner primaries also are inolting, and that the central pair of the new tail-feathers are just emerging from the sheaths, thus proving that the regular molt of the rectrices and remiges in the first autumn is not confined to the European Starling. Nor are these two species unique in this respect, for, as has been shown under Sturnia violacea, this unusual molt is quite as normal in the latter species. I have always believed that the Old World Sturnina are closely re- lated to the American Icterinae, notwithstanding the difference in the number of primaries. Mr. Ridgway and I at once set to work examin- ing the large material in the national collection, and found that the young of the American Icterinæ molt their quills and tail-feathers dur- ing the first autumnal molt exactly as do the true starlings. Of course, the material was not sufficient to prove it in every species and genus, but we found it in all cases in the genera Quiscalus, Scolecophagus, Agelaius, Sturnella, Molothrus, Dolichonyx. This fact seems to add evidence of great importance in support of the opinion that Icterinæ and Sturnina are next kin. Garrulus brandtii EVERSM. (198) Two specimens, 8 and 9 ad. ; Henson coll., Nos. 185, 132, Hakodate, September 18 and October 11, 1884; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120186–7. English ornithologists assert that they can discover no difference be- tween Japanese specimens and those from Altai, Siberia, whence came the type. It is curious to note that many authors recognize the present form as a distinct species while treating of G. japonicus as a mere geographical variety of G. glandarius. True, the latter are quite similar in the gen- eral coloration, but the loral region, the primaries, and the tertiaries are quite differently colored without any trace of intergradation or variation. In all these points G. brandtii agrees with G. glandarius, the chief difference between them consisting in the strong wash of cinna- mon-rufous, which suffuses the head in G. brandtii. In castern Russia, moreover, there seems to exist a somewhat intermediate form, G. sever- zowi BOGDAN. Pyrrhula griseiventris LAFR. (296) Nos. 242, § ad., Hakodate, November 25, 1883; No. 243, 9 all., Hakodate, Novem- ber 20, 1884; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120497-8. Being winter specimens, this pair does not add much towards finally settling the status of P. rosacea. The male is quite typical of the latter phase, being nearly identical with No. 3 of my list (U.S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 107), from Kiusiu. * Sharpe, in his Cat. B. Brit. Mus., XII, p. 832, enumerates three P. rosacea, two males and one female, as collected by C. McVean in “Yezo.” This is evidently a mistake which is repeated in all the birds enumerated as coming from the same source. The locality in each case should be “Yedo," the former name of Tokio, and the birds consequently came from the middle island and not from Yezo. Proc. N. M. 92 -23 354 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. The female is the first Yezo specimen of that sex which I have had an opportunity to examine. It differs in no way from specimens from the other two islands. Uragus sanguinolentus (TEMM. and SCHL.). (289) A female collected at Hakodate, November 9, 1883, and a male col- lected six days later are in the collection (Nos. 115 and 114; U.S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120.500 and 120499). They agree with other specimens before me in every particular. Acanthis linaria holboellii (BREIM). (286-7) I have stated on several occasions (Auk, 1887, pp. 33–35, and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 187) that the only subspecies of Red-poll belonging to the Japanese fawia is the long-billed coast form, named as above.* Henson's specimen (No. 241; U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 120501), which was collected at Hakodate, March 27, 1883, belongs eminently to this form. It is a male, without red on throat and breast, meas. uring as follows: Wing, 75mm; bill, from nostril, 9mm. All the tail-feathers are molting and still in their sheaths. Leucosticte brunneonucha (BRANDT). (288) A pair was collected by Henson near Hakodate in November, 1885 (Henson, Nos. 87, 88; U.S. Nat. Mus., Yos. 120501-2), agreeing in every respect with other winter birds from Yezo and from Hondo, fourteen specimens of which are now before me. A comparison of these with five from Kamtchatka, and four from Ussuri, on the mainland, show no per- ceptible differences. There is no record of this species having been observed in Japan proper during the breeding season, all the specimens hitherto obtained having been collected during the winter months, if we except a single specimen & (No. 1951), shot by Capt. Blakiston at Ilakodate, on May 5, 1876. On the other hand, it has repeatedly been found in summer on the Kurile Islands. However, it may confidently be looked for during the breeding season along the seashore of Yezo, where there must be plenty of wild and precipitous rocks to suit the taste of these birds. During the summer the brown on the nape wears off and this part becomes a silvery white, more or less shaded with buff. The light *At the saine time I was careful to remark that "it is reasonable to expect that both . linaria and ecilipes in winter may visit the northern island.” Since that was written Mr. Sharpe, in his Cat. B, Brit. Mus., XII, p. 249, refers two specimens from “Japan” to typical 1. linaria, with a wing 2.75 inches long, and in the synonymy he refers Blak. and Pryer's No. 287 to this form. The identification of the specimens in question is probably correct, but the quotation certainly refers to A. holboellii, as I have alreally shown. This remark refers also to Sharpe's quotation of Blak. & Pryer's 286 under A. erilipes. VOL355 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVedges to the dorsal feathers also wear off and the whole upper surface consequently looks darker than in winter, features nicely illustrated by a fine &, with black bill, collected in Ussuri, March 27, 1881 (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 111358). The gray nape of this bird explains the cor- responding portion of Pallas's description of the variety B 1.” from the Kurile Islands, “ vertice nigricante; cervice cano-albido.” The ab- sence of rosy color, which in Pallas's bird seems to be replaced by cin- namon, is not so easily accounted for, though I have before ine a speci- men from Kamtchatka (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 21126, Wm. Stimpson's coll.) which, in every respect, agrees with Pallas's description, but this bird has apparently originally been preserved in alcohol, which seems to have extracted the rosy color. The fact that the nape of L. brunneo- nucha becomes gray in summer may possibly have misled Prof. Lich- tenstein to determine two birds in the Berlin Museum said to have come from the Kurile Islands as L. griseonucha (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, p. 47), though " Kurile Islands" may be a lapsus for "Aleu- . tian Islands.” At any rate, L. grisconucha does not occur in the former. Chloris kawarahiba (TEMM.). (283) Two specimens of the larger Japanese Green Finch, viz, Nos. 224 and 225, 8 and 9, Hakodate, November 11 and October 18, 1883 (U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 120506-7). For dimensions, etc., see the following species. Chloris kawarahiba minor (TEMM. and SCILEG.). (281) The Eastern Green Finches are still in a state of confusion, and though having quite a number of specimens before me I have not been able to solve all the questions or clear all the doubts. I have satisfied myself as to the correctness of a few conclusions, which differ somewhat from the opinion generally accepted. In the first place the smaller Japanese Green Finch is not identical with the Chinese Chloris sinica (LIN.). They agree in size, but differ con- siderably in coloration. In the last-mentioned bird there is very little, if any green in the yellow that spreads over the iuder surface from the chest backward. On the contrary, the yellow is strongly suffused with a tawny brown. In Ch. sinica, furthermore, the great upper wing- coverts are brown, while in Ch. kawaruhiba minor they are olive-green, more or less suffused with yellow; and, finally, in the Chinese bird the pale margins to the inner secondaries and the tertiaries are con- siderably wider than in the smaller Japanese form. Whether speciti- cally or only subspecifically distinct is impossible for me to say at present, but this question is comparatively unimportant. The essential thing at the present stage is the fact that the two forms are separable. Strange to say, although the smaller Japanese form is almost uni- versally called Ch. sinica, and nearly all authors aclmit the distinctness of a smaller and a larger species in Japan proper, the two latter forms are much more difficult to separate and are inuch more closely allied. 356 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEJNEGER. > In fact, I was long in doubt whether they could be separated at all, and I still more so as to where to draw the line. The two Japanese forms were originally separated by Schlegel in Fauna Japonica, the characters ascribed to them being the smaller size and the deeper and brighter colors of Ch, kawarahiba minor. Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus., XII, pp. 26–28), who accepts Swinhoe's identification of the latter with Ch. sinica, gives the same characteristic of the two forms which he regards as species. Schlegel gives the following di- mensions of the wing: kawarahiba major, 90mm; k. minor, 77mm to 81mm. Sharpe's measurements are respectively: 86mm to 89mm and 76mm to 85mm, the larger dimensions being in every instance that of the male, the smaller that of the female. Whitely (Ibis, 1867, p. 202) gives also some measurements, viz, 82.5mm and 89mm, the latter being, however, that of a female bird only. Thus these authors allow a gap of about 10mm between the males of the two forms. Capt. Blakiston, however, has already shown that there is no such gap (Chrysanth., 1882, p. 474), and a glance at the tables below shows conclusively that they run into each other as far as size expressed by length of wing is concerned. According to the authors quoted above, the smaller size is accompa- nied by deeper and brighter colors. A glance at my series would con- vince any one that this does not hold good. My Kamtchatkan* male, one of the largest, is quite as brightly colored as any one in the whole collection. Capt. Blakiston (loc. cit.) has called attention to the greater size of the bill of Ch. kawarahiba as a more reliable character than the length of body or wing; but even in this respect no hard and fast line can be drawn. There is a regular gradation between the heaviest and longest bills to the shortest and most slender, and it will be seen that generally the bigger bill is associated with the longest wing. Size of bill, there- fore, is no more absolute character than length of wing. An inspection of my series, however, convinces me that there is a character which, taken in conjunction with those of size, makes it pos- sible to distinguish in most cases between the two forms, for I find that the larger birds have the secondaries and tertiaries, particularly the former, much more broadly edged with light than the smaller speci- mens, in which, moreover, the edges are grayer, while in the former they are nearly pure white. This character is most beautifully illus- trated in the two breeding temales, No. 88680, from Fiji, Hondo, and No. 92626, from Petropaulski, Kamtchatka, for although the latter is in a more abraded plumage than the former, the pure white edges to the secondaries form a very conspicuous white longitudinal bar on the folded wing; in the former there is hardly a trace of light edges. This, fortunately, gives us a fixed basis for determining the range of the two forms. Defining, as I do, Chloris kauarahiba as the larger form * The Kamtchatkan habitat of Ch. kawarahiba and the reference to this species in my “Results of Ornithol. Explorations in Kamtschatka, etc.,” have been entirely overlooked by Sharpe (loc. cit.). VOL357 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XV* with the broader white edges to the secondaries, we have now ascer- tained that it breeds in Kamtchatka; and as the smaller form has not at all been found in that country, it is safe to assume that this penin- sula is its home par excellence. On the other hand, it is certain that the smaller form, with the edges to the secondaries narrower and grayer, Chloris kawarahiba minor,* breeds in the middle island of Japan. That it also breeds in Yezo is probable from the fact that Henson's speci. men No. 226 was taken at Hakodate on May 10, and seems also to be indicated by Whitely. The larger form is migratory in Kamtchatka. It has never been taken on the mainland of Asia. Consequently, it is pretty safe to con- clude that its only way of migration is to Japan in winter, where it is found numerous all through the cold season as far south as Nagasaki. It may breed in Yezo and in the mountains of northern Hondo, but we have no evidence of it, and, on the whole, I think it rather improbable. The results of this investigation consequently indicate that there are two separable forms, Ch. kawarahiba, inhabiting Kamtchatka in summer, migrating south to southern Japan in winter, though occa- sionally wintering as far north as Hakodate, and Ch. k. minor, a resi. dent of Japan, which is stationary at least in the southern provinces of that empire. Ch. sinica does not occur in Japan at all. I.--Measurements of Chloris kawarahiba. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 53 12 55 50 :55 17 18 20 U.S. Nat., 89017.. Stejn., 1205.... ad. Between Bering I. June 13, 1882 88 and Kamtchatka. U.S. Nat., 92626.. Stejn., 2302 ( 9 ) ad. Petropaulski, Kam... Jnly–, 1883 88 U.S. Nat., 96360.. | Blak., 1587.. ďad. Hakodate, Yezo. Apr. 82 U.S. Nat. 96365. Blak., 2842. ďad. Nikap. Yezo May 86 U.S. Nat., 91512.. Blak., 3210. (d) Sapporo, Yezo Oct. 84 U.S. Nat., 96369.. Blak., 3202. (0) .do Oct. 85 U.S. Nat., 96368.. Blak., 3073. juv. ..do Oct. 81 U.S. Nat., 96366.. Blak., 2813. Nikap, Yezo.. May 84 U.S. Nat., 96362. Owst., 390 (0) Yokohama, Hondo.. 83 Christiania Peters., 41 sad. Tokitsu, Kiusiu. Mar.29, 1886 85 Christiania Peters., 29. Urakami. Kiusin Feb. 15, 1886 85 Christiania Peters., 98 ad. Nagasaki, Kiusiu. Dec. 1886 84 U.S. Nat., 120506. Henson, 224. o Hakodate, Yezo Nov.11, 1883 88 U.S. Nat., 120.507. Henson, 225. 오 ​1....do ... Oct. 18, 1883 84 57 50 52 53 52 55 51 55 53 12 12 12 11 11 11.5 12 12 11.5 11.5 12 13 12 o ad. 19 20 Average measurements of 14 specimens 85 53 11.8 * I should state here that the distinction between the two forms here pointed out is very well shown in the beautiful plates of these birds in Fauna Japonica (Aves, pls. xlviii and xlix), though not mentioned in the text. ---- 358 BIRDS FROM YEZO, JAPAN-STEINEGER. II.- Jeasurements of Chloris k. minor. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Exposed culmen. Tail-feathers. Remarks Middle toe with claw. Wing Tarsus. Molting. 11.5 52 52 83 80 78 79 79 16.5 96367 Blak., 3070 .. 963.9 Blak., 1158 96364 Blak., 1264. 88080 Jouy, 506 91429 Jony: 938 85784 Jouy, 10 85785 Jous: 12 96.363 Owst., 408. 96361 Ringer, 38 111738 Ringer, 30 120504 Henson, 220 120505 | Henson, 227 Sapporo, Yezo Oct. 5) Hakodate, Yezo.. Mar. 9 d. dlo May Vad. Fuji, londo July 13, 1883 Yokohama, Hlondo Jan. 10, 1883 ad. Yokoska, Hlondo. May 10, 1881 ail. ...clo May () Yokohama, Hondo.- Nagasaki, Kiusiu Dec. 17, 1876 Asoyama, Kinsiu Jan. 1887 1 Hakolate, Yezo. May 10.1886 .co Oct. 22. 1884 nm32222mm 49 51 19 53 10 11 u 10.3 73 82 79 79 80 80 51 51 50 10,5 11 11 11 17.5 18 Average measurements of 12 specimens. 80 31 10.9. Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonica (TEMM. AND SCHL.). (292) A pair. For particulars see “measurements” given below. The Hawtinch is one of the few birds which do not follow the rule that the representative forms in Japan are brighter and purer colored than the corresponding forms in Europe, for in the series of twenty-four birds before me it is easy enough to pick out the European specimens from those of eastern Asia by their brighter general coloration, with the exception of one (8, U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 102932, Vosges, France, January, 1877, Mougel coll.), which can hardly be told apart from some Japanese specimens by color alone. True, Mr. R. B. Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus., XII, p. 40) gives as a distinguishing character between the two forms, that in C. japonica the wing coverts are ashy whitish or pale drab at the ends instead of whitish” in the typical western form, but this character does not hold at all, as two European males, the one referred to above and No. 114695 (Talamone, Italy, April, 1880), have these light tips quite as dingy as in the average Japanese bird, while one of the latter ( 6 , U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 109372, Suruga, Hondo, Novem- ber 21, 1884, Namiye coll.) has them purer white than any of the European examples at hand. And as with the males so with the females, some are indistinguishable by color alone, while in these also the European birds are, on the whole, somewhat brighter colored. There is one character, howerer, which seems to bold when others fail, viz, the greater height and bulk of the bill of typical C. cocco. thraustes. As will be seen from the tables of measurements given below, the two forms are identical in general size,* but the bills of the European birds are considerably larger. The lower mandible is par- ticularly strong, as shown by the measurements which are taken on the side of the mandible at the base where the feathers join the horny sheath. * The males are slightly larger than the females. The measurements of the Japan- ese form given by Sharpe (loc. cit.) are therefore misleading. VOL359 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. :, . ] . XVOn the whole the two forms are fairly separable, and as the eastern subspecies was originally described under a trinominal appellation, I see no reason for changing it into a binominal. A male specimen collected by Mr. Jouy at Matsumoto, Hondo (No. 91437, November 5, 1882), is very remarkable for its unusually dark and saturated coloration. The back is a dark blackish broy still blacker on the scapulars, while the tertials are wholly black with a delicate green silky gloss; the longest of the upper tail-coverts are of a deep burnt umber. It looks so different from all the other specimens, eastern and western, that at first I was tempted to regard it as a special form, but I am now convinced that it is only a case of excessive individual variation. 1.- Measurements of Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonica. Museum and No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date Tail.feathers. Exposed culmen. Height of bill at base. Middle toe with claw. Total length. Height of lower man. dible at base. Wing. Tarsus. 15 4.8 14 92 24 1.5 dad 13 22 23 4.8 13 )) 7 iu.' 4.5 U.S. Nat., 1205e8 . Henson, 222.'s ad. next moniato, Nov. 22, '84.. : : 15 4.8 t'. S. Nat., 109372. Namiye.....dad. Suruga, Hon. Nov. 21. 81.. 100 35 19 dlo. U.S. Nat., 91568.. Jouy, 1023 dad Yokolia ma. Mar. 26, 83.. 100 54 19 Ilondo. U.S. Nat., 91437..' Jouy, 769 Matsumoto, Nov, 5, 682.. 10.; 52 18 Hondo. U.S. Nat., 96382.. Blak., 1046.. O ad.' Hakodate, Jan. 5. 73.. 103 54 19 Yezo. 99 51 19 Yezo. Christiania Petersen, 48.'dad. Tokitni. Ki- Apr. 16, '86.. 104 10 20 usin. Do... Petersen, 118 (D)ad Kiusinl.... 100 53 10 U.S. Nat., 96383. Blak., 3148.. djuv. Sapporo. Yezo. Oct. 14. '82.. 99 34 17 C.S. Nat , 91527.. Jouy, 976 Pad.! Yokoh a ma. 1 Ilono. Mar. 1, 83.. 101 31 17 U.S. Nat., 91438.. Jouy. 837 Pad! Tate Yama. Hondo. Dec. 9, 82.. 100 .... 19 U.S. Nat., 96381.. Blak., 3199... $ ad Sapporo, Yezo Oct. 19. 82.. 102 53 18 U.S. Nat., 120509 Henson, 223. f and Hakodate Yezo, Nov. 20, 84.. 102 53 · 18 13 4.5 13 22 22 180 14 2:2 4.0 2:2 21 4.8 14 22 21 174 4.0 19 Average measurements of 7 adult males.. Average measurements of 4 uult females. 102 51 101 32 13 14 4. 6 1.3 II.- Measurements of Coccothrausies coccothraustes. 1 U.S. Nat. Mus. No. Collector and No. Sex and age. Locality. Date. Tail-feathers, Exposed culmen. Height of bill at base. Middle toe with claws. Height of lower mandible at base. Wing. Tarsus. 20 56657 Schlüter. 776. u. Germany 18597 Mus. Cop.enh. ad. Denmark Feb. 24, 113771 Gätke caul. Heligoland.. May. 1887 102932 Mongel dad. Vosges, France Jan., 1887 114695 2770. dad. Talamone, italy., April, 1880 69970 Soph. Burch. qad. Rostock, Germ y 13031 Drexler 0 ad. Gerinany 17007 Drouet gaul. France ? ***" 102931 | Mougel Qad. Vosges, France . Mar., 1877 Average measurements of 5 adult inales. Average measurements of 4 adult females 106 105 100 103 103 100 102 102 100 36 20 17 56 17 22 5419 16 35 20 i 17 57 21 16 53 19 15.5 21 22 53 15 19 15 21.5 22 33 20 17 5.5 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 5. 0 5.0 5.0 5.0 : : 3 53 10: 101 56 20 16.6 54 19.3 15.6 5, 9 5.0 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XLV PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 3 1 5 6n 66 WING-FEATHERS OF MOTACILLA LUGENS; NATURAL SIZE. Fig. 1. Secondary next to longest tertiary (juv., U. S. National Museum, No. 9620* ; Yezo ; July; Blakiston collection, No. 1561). Fig. 2. Secondary next to longest tertiary ( after molt, second autumn ; U.S. National Museum, No. 96205 ; Yezo ; September ; Blakiston collection, No. 2959). Fig. 3. Fifth primary of same. Fig. 4. Secondary next to longest tertiary (s after molt, second autumn ; U. S. National Museum, No. 96209 ; Yezo ; September; Blakiston collection, No. 2957). Fig. 5. Fifth primary of same. Fig. 6. a, left wing ; b, right wing ; fifth primary (U. S. National Museum, No. 96197; Yezo; March ; Blakiston collection, No. 1154.) .. -- INSECTS OF THE SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINÆ WITH BRANCHED AN- TENNÆ. BY L. O. HOWARD. (With Plates XLVI-XLVII.) In a paper entitled “A new and remarkable Encyrtid,” published in 1890 (Insect Life, vol. III, pp. 145–148), I showed that up to 1889 West- wood's single specimen of Tetraonemus diversicornis, captured in 1835, was the only acknowledged encyrtine with branched antenne ever found. It is true that in 1885 Mr. Ashmead had described his Tetrac- nemus floridanus, but he had placed it in the subfamily Eulophinae, not recognizing its encyrtine affinities. In 1889, however (Proc. Entom. Soc., Washington, 1, 503), Mr. Ashmead announced that his species was a true encyrtine, and since that recent date five additional species, be- longing to four new genera, have been found, while Tetracnemus flori. danus has been shown to belong to still another new genus, making five in all. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the new forms and to bring the groups together to facilitate the characterization of additional genera and species which I feel sure will be discovered in the near future. Although the forms to be described in this paper agree in the abnor- mal branching of the antennæ of the male sex, they can not be said to form a natural group. Tetracladia, Calocerinus and probably Tetrac- nemus seem closely allied, and, were tribal divisions necessary in the subfamily, these three genera would be grouped together. Hexacladia, Tanaostigma, and Pentacnemus, however, all of which we fortunately know in both sexes, differ widely from the other three genera. Pentacne- mus would plainly belong near Copidosoma in any natural arrangement of the known genera, but Heracladia and Tanaostigma introduce new features into the encyrtine system and would form tribes by themselves. There exists, however, in the National Museum collection a new genus, reared in large series by Messrs. Coquillett and Koebele in California from a gall on mesquit, which plainly possesses strong affinities with Tanaostigma, but of which unfortunately we know only the female sex. The male may prove to have branched antenna. With this understanding of the diversity of the forms, the use of a purely provisional tribal name, Tetracnemini, may not be objected to. For the presentit may include all Encyrtinæ whose males have branched Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 905. 361 362 INSECTS OF SUBFAMILY ENCYRTIN.E-HOWARD. antennae, but may later be restricted to Tetracnemus, Tetracladia, Cal- ocerinus, and allied forms. The host relations of these insects may prove as variable as their structure. As yet we know with certainty the habits of but one-Pen- tacnemus bucculatricis—which was reared in large numbers from the overwintered cocoons of Bucculatrix thujella Pack., which had been sent to Dr. Riley from Cadet, Washington County, Mo., by Mr. J. G. Barlow. All of the specimens of Tanaostigma coursetiæ were extracted from the swollen ovaries of dry herbarium specimens of Willardia mer- icana, a rare legimunous plant, which was supposed to belong to the genus Coursetia at the time the description was drawn up, but which was subsequently made the type of the new genus Willardia. The most careful dissection shows no trace of any insect other than the Tanaostigma, but as we can not but suppose that this insect is para- sitic, the swollen ovaries must have originally been damaged by some other insect, perhaps by some small rhyncophorus beetle. The other five species were all captured, Tetracnemus diversicornis ou oak, Tetra- cladia texana by sweeping grass, and Calocerinus floridanus upon oak. Concerning Hexacladia smithii and Tetracladia gracilis we have no further information than that they were collected, the former at Cha- pada, Brazil, by Mr. H. H. Smith, and the latter at Jacksonville, Fla., by Mr. Ashmead. The genera may be separated by the following artificial key: Provisional tribe Tetracnemini. MALES. Antennæ with four branches. Mesoscutum with a transverse oblique impressed line.... Tanaostigma How. Mesoscutum normal. Scapulae widely separated at tips; antennæ 10-jointed... Tetracnemus Westw. Scapula meeting at tips; antenne 11-jointed. Sixth funicle-joint of the antenna more than twice as long as the other five together ... Calocerinus n. g. Sixth funicle-joint shorter than fifth. . Tetracladia n. g. Antennæ with five branches Pentacnemus 1. g. Antenna with six branches.. Heracladia Aslim. FEMALES. Tanaostigma How. Antennal scape with a leaf-like expansion below.... Antennal scape subcylindrical. Antenne arising at clypeal margin Antenne arising from above clypeus.. Pentacnemu8 n. g. Hexacladia Ashm. TETRACNEMUS Westwood. Westwood's original description of this genus and its single species was published in Magazine of Natural History, 1837, Vol. 1, new series, pp. 257-259, under the title "A new genus of British parasitic Hymen- optera,” and is here copied : “Genus quasi intermedium inter Encyrtum et Eulophum. Corpus VOL 363 1892XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . oblongum, minutuin. Caput thorace paullo angustius. Ocelli distantes Antenne capite cum thorace longiores; 8-articulatæ; articulo Imo, elongato; 2do, parvo, obconico; 3tio, 4to, et 5to, minimis, singulo ramum elongatum supra emittenti; 6to longo, tenui, apice supra ramum emittenti; 7mo, paullo breviori; ultimo, magno, oblongo-ovato. Thorax ut in Encyrtis formatus, scutello magno subrotundato. anticæ nervo subcostali, cum costa spatio parvo conjuncto, et ad apicem ramum parvum clavatum et curvatum emittente. Pedes sat longi atque graciles, intermedii ut in Encyrto formati. Tarsi 5-articu- lati pulvillo magno. Abdomen parvum, ovatum, subdepressum; apice subacuminatum. Mas. . "Species unica mihi adhuc cognita. “ Tetrachemus diversicornis Westw. “ Caput nigro-eneum, vertico tenuissime et transverse rugosum. An- tenna nigræ, pilosa. Thorax æneus, scabriculus; tegula piceæ. Ab- domen nigricans. Pedes nigricantes, geniculis rufescentibus, tarsis piceis, calcaribus et articulo basali pedum intermediorum, luteis. Long corp. 4 lin.; expans, alar. 1 lin. Habitat in quercetis apud Sylvam Coombe, die 3tio Julii, 1835, captus." TANAOSTIGMA Howard. The following description of this genus and its sole species is copied from Insect Life, Vol. III, No. 4, November, 1890, pp. 147-149: “Vale.-Resembles somewhat closely Tetracnemus Westwood. An- tennæ 11.jointed+2 ring-joints; scape with a slight expansion below, the expansion faintly serrate; pedicel one-third as long as scape, nar- rowed at base; joints 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the funicle (not counting ring- joints) each with a single long hairy dorsal apical ramus, each ramus bent forward and reaching to base of club; joints 1 and 2 short, subequal in length, and considerably broader than long; joint 3 one-third longer than 2; joint 4 rather more thun tuice as long as 3; joint 5 rather more than three times as long as 1, gradually widening towards tip; joint 6 a little longer than 4, gradually widening from 5; club oval, somewhat flattened, twice as long as joint 6 of the funicle and slightly wider, joints plain. Face sunken in and shriveled in death; ocelli forming a straight line. Mesocutum with a faint transverse, slightly oblique impressed line just anterior to and almost parallel with the scuto-scapular furrow, and connected with this by a faint median longitudinal impressed line; scapulce just meeting at tip,the mesoscutellum therefore pointed anteriorly, rounded posteriorly. Wings hyaline, not ciliate; marginal vein long; postmar- ginal less than one-third as long as marginal; stigmal a trifle more than tucice as long as postmarginal and descending almost vertically into the wing, the club bending abruptly outwards. Abdomen very short, almost truncate behind. Middle tarsi short, tico-thirds the length of the short tibir; mesotibial spur rather slender for this group, but longer than the first tarsal joint and acutely pointed. 364 INSECTS OF SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINÆ-HOWARD. : 1 “ Female.--Antennæ with the same number of joints as in the male; scape with a rather broad, leaf-like expansion below; pedicel short and rounded; flagellum broad, flattened, slightly clavate, the joints of the funicle all broader than long, convex basally, concave apically, gradu- ally increasing in length and width from 1 to 6; club as long as the first four funicle joints together. Face short; cheeks scarcely rounded; antennal grooves very sharp; ocelli in a straight line or the middle one is very slightly anterior to the lateral ones. Thoracic and wing char- acters as in male. Abdomen punctate, turned upward at tip; oviposi- tor slightly extruded and pointed upward. Tanaostigma coursetiæ Howard. “Female.—Length 1.8mm; expanse 4mm; greatest width of fore wing 0.64mm. Head, face, thorax, and abilomen finely, closely, and evenly punctured. General color blue-black; palpi white; a narrow black band above mouth; just above this a broad yellow-white band extend- ing across the face around the base of the eyes to a short distance be- hind the genæ; above this a narrow black transverse band from eye to eye at base of antennæ; above this a yellow-white band of about the same width, from eye to eye; antennal groove yellow-white; a light- yellowish spot behind the eyes and above the first-mentioned yellow band, and a narrow line of the same color across occipital margin be- tween the eyes; propleura and mesopleura edged above and in front by a narrow yellowish band; antennæ black; front coxæ edged with yellowish-white; other coxæ and all femora and tibiæ black, lighter at joints; front tarsi dusky; middle tarsi yellow-white; hind tarsi yellow- white; last joint black, first joint dusky at base. Thorax and abdomen with sparse silvery scale-like pubescence, easily rubbed off. “Male.—Length 1.4mm; expanse 3.2mm; greatest width of fore wing 0.62mm. General color uniform metallic blue black. Head, thorax, and abdomen very faintly shagreened, shining, almost smooth. Coloration of legs as in female. “Described from 39,98 specimens, all more or less mutilated, taken from ovaries of Coursetia (?) mexicana collected in the Alamos Moun- tains, Mexico, by Dr. Edward Palmer." HEXACLADIA Ashmead. The following descriptions of this genus and its sole species are copied from Insect Life, Vol. III, Nos. 11 and 12, August, 1891, pp. 456-457: “ Head very broadly transverse, including the eyes, much wider than the thorax, the face full convex, the space between the eyes and the mandibles longer than the length of the eye. Eye broadly oval, bare. Ocelli three, rather close together and subtriangularly arranged. Labrum very small, transverse, twice as wide as long. Mandibles very small, oblong, truncate at tips, bidentate. Maxillary palpi rather long, five-jointed; labiales short, three-jointed. Antennæ in both sexes VOL365 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVeleven-jointed, inserted on the middle of the face, the scape long, cylindrical, projected far above the vertex; in the male the six funicle joints each furnished with a long hairy ramus, the basal one being the longest, the others gradually diminishing in length to the last; the first funicle joint is very short, the following all long, at least thrice longer than the first; club long, fusiform, three-jointed. In the female the flagellum is subclavate, the first funicle joint being remark- ably long, almost as long as the five following joints together; the last five funicles are short and very gradually increase in length and width to the club, the latter composed of three joints. The thorax in the male is strongly developed, highly convex, resembling somewhat an Eucharid; in the female less strongly developed. Mesonotum trans- verse, smooth, polished, without trace of furrows. Scutellum longer than wide, rounded behind and highly convex. Axillæ transverse, con- vex. Metathorax short, smooth, the spiracles very large, rounded. Middle legs slightly the longest, their tibiæ long, slender, cylindric, about one-third longer than the tarsi, the spur more than half the length of the basal tarsal joint, the tarsi stouter than the posterior tarsi, the joints after the first very short. The posterior femora and tibiæ are slightly dilated, the tarsi slender, cylindrical, and almost as long as the tibiæ. “Abdomen, in both sexes, is small in proportion to the thorax; in the male it is long, oval, composed of seven segments, the first much the longest, the others short, all of about an equal length; in the female it is subcompressed, composed of six segments, the hypopygium being plowshare shaped, the ovipositor slightly exserted; as in the male, the first segment is the longest. “Wings banded; the submarginal attains to the middle of the wing before jointing the costa, the costal cell being somewhat wide; the marginal vein is thickened and a little longer than the stigmal; the stigmal clavate curved upwards; the postmarginal is longer in the male than in the female." Hexacladia smithii Ashmead. “Male.—Length, 1.8mm; wing expanse, 4mm. Head brownish-yellow, smooth, polished, the vertex fuscous; face very convex, with a few scattered, shallow punctures. Eyes broadly oval, brown. Antenna black, the scape pale rufous, with a dusky streak above, the six funiclar joints each furnished with a long hairy branch. Thorax black, impunctured, highly polished; collar brownish-yellow; scutel- lum shining, but microscopically shagreened. Anterior legs, in- cluding coxæ, brownish-yellow; middle and posterior legs black; in the middle pair the knees, tips of tibiæ, tibial spur, and tarsi are brownish- yellow. Abdomen black, the dorsum concave, probably unnaturally so in the dry specimen. Wings hyaline, with two transverse brown bands that do not extend entirely across the wing, terminating at about its center; the first and narrower is situated at about two-thirds the length 366 INSECTS OF SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINA-HOWARD. of the subcostal vein, the second and broader one just beneath the mar- ginal. “Female.-Length, 2. Head much wider than in the male, and except a streak on the face below the base of the antennæ, entirely black. Antennæ subclavate, brown, the scape and pedicel rufous. Thorax above black, highly polished; the basal half of the scutelluin is bright red; collar, mesopleura, anterior legs, middle coxe, tips of middle and posterior tibiie, and their tarsi, rufous; the rest of the legs dark fuscous. Abdomen short, rather strongly compressed, black, shin- ing. The apical halt of the anterior wings, except the margins, is wholly brown, the basal half hyaline, with the narrow subcostal band as in the male. “Described from one & and two ở specimens, taken by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, at Chapada, South America, during the month of April, and in honor of whom this beautiful chalcid is named." PENTACNEMUS gen. nov. 2 Male.--Antennae inserted at margin of clypeus; scape subcylindri- cal, not quite reaching to anterior ocellus; pedicel short, stout, as broad as long; joint 1 of funicle as long as pedicel; joints 2 to 6 increasing in length; joints 1 to 5 each emitting a long hairy branch from apical end, the second and third branches longest, the first and fifth subequal, the third joint nearly equal in length to joints 4, 5, and 6 of the funicle combined; club elongate ovate, nearly equal in length to joints 5 and 6 of the funicle. Ocelli at the angles of an obtuse-angle triangle. Occip- ital margin very sharp. Mesoscutum without grooves. Scapulæ meet- ing at tips. Mesoscutellum as long as mesoscutum, well arched later- ally. Submarginal vein gives off stigma at a little less than half the length of fore wing. Marginal vein wanting. Stigmal vein short, oblique; postmarginal shorter than stigmal. Middle tibial spur long, slender, as long as first tarsal joint. Female.-Resembles in some respects Copidosoma, particularly in an- tennal structure. The scape is long and cylindrical; pedicel short, ob- conical, stout; joint 1 of funicle narrower than pedicel; joints 1 to 6 of funicle subequal in length and width; club large, laterally some- what flattened, and very obliquely truncate, nearly equaling in length the five preceding fiuicle joints. Face differs from Copidosoma in be- ing closely and shallowly punctuate instead of with sparse deep punc- tures. In other respects resembles the male. Pentacnemus bucculatricis sp. nov. Male.—Length, 1mm; expanse, 2.5mm; greatest width of fore wing 0.5mm. Head and mesonotum very closely punctuate; abdomen smooth, shin- ing. Color: Head and mesoscutum brilliant metallic green, mesoscu. tellum dark metallic bronze; other parts of trunk shining black, except that the abdomen has a variable brown spot below at base; antenna 1892. ] 367 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. uniform dark brown; all coxie black, all femora and tibiae dark brown, light at tips; middle tibial spur nearly white; all tarsi light honey. yellow, black at tips; wings perfectly hyaline; wing veins rather light, except the short post marginal, which is brown. Female.—Length, 1.16mm; expanse, 2.4mm; greatest width of fore wing, 0.46mm. In punctation and coloration closely resembles the male, ex- cept that the tips of antennal scape and pedicel are lighter in color than the rest of antenna. Described from thirteen 8, twenty & specimens reared May 16 to 20, 1891, from over-wintered cocoons of Bucculatrix thujella Pack., received April 25, from J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo. TETRACLADIA gen. nov. Male.-In its four-ramose antennæ resembles Tetracnemus Westwood and Tanaostigma How. From the former it is at once distinguished by the scapulve meeting at tip, and from the latter by its rounded occipital ridge and the absence of ring joints to the antennæ. Antennæ eleven- jointed; scape inserted half way between middle of face and mouth, slightly broadened below; pedicel conical, its breadth at tip equaling its length; joint 1 of funicle very short, broader than long; funicle joints 2, 3, and 4 very short, each giving out a long branch, of which that from joint 1 is longest and stoutest; joint 5 of funicle nearly as long as scape, giving off a short branch at tip; joint 6 somewhat shorter than joint 4; club as long as joint 5, large, ovate. Antennal grooves converge towards front, leaving a regularly rounded ridge; ocelli at corners of a somewhat obtuse-angled triangle; eyes very far apart; occipital ridge rounded. Dorsum of thorax rather flat; scapulæ meeting at tips. Sub- marginal vein reaches costa at half the wing length; marginal vein short, about one-sixth the length of the submarginal; postmarginal somewhat shorter than marginal; stigmal slender and very short, shorter than postmarginal, descending at a wide angle from postmargi- nal and bearing a large and well-marked club. Hind femora of unusual thickness. Tetracladia texana sp. nov. Male.—Length, 1.4mm; expanse, 2.5mm; greatest width of fore wing, 0.46". IIead, pro- and mesonotum very closely and finely shagreened and with small sparse punctures; a close row of small punctures around border of eyes; genal sulcus absent; entire tergal surface of abdomen also delicately shagreened, but without punctures. Color: Head, pronotum, and inesoscutum metallic green; mesoscutellum green- ish bronze; abdomen and venter of thorax black; scape of antennæ brown; flagellum black; all coxãe, femora, and tibiae, black, with faint greenish reflections on coxæ and femora, and the tips of tibiæ yellow- ish; middle tibial spur light honey yellow; wings nearly hyaline; wing veins dark brown, a dark shade or brownish patch just below marginal, 368 INSECTS OF SUBFAMILY ENCYRTINÆ-HOWARD. and a faint infuscation spreading from this and broadening towards anal margin of wing. Described from 2 / specimens collected by Nathan Banks at College Station Texas. Tetracladia gracilis sp. nov. Male.—Length, 1.44mm; expanse, 2.9mm. Longer and slenderer than T. texana; antennæ longer and slenderer, except joints 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the funicle, resembling closely the antenna which Westwood has figured for Tetracnemus dirersicornis, except that the four branches are borne on funicle joints 2, 3, 4, and 5 instead of 1, 2, 3, and 4. Head and mesoscutum closely and finely reticulate, the reticulation becoming transverse on face; no sparse punctures; genal sulcus sharp and com- plete; mesoscutellum and scapulæ nearly smooth, very faintly reticu- late; dorsum of abdomen faintly shagreened. Color: Antennæ black; head and thorax metallic green, mesoscutellum somewhat bronzy, and scapulæ with a faint purplish reflection; mesopleura brilliant purple, greenish at base; abdomen black, shining, with greenish or bluish re. flections; all coxæ and femora metallic green; all tibiæ black, yellowish at tips; all tarsi honey-yellow with dark terminal joints; middle tibial spur honey.yellow; wings perfectly hyaline. Described from 2 8 specimens collected in east Florida by Mr. Ash- mead. CALOCERINUS gen. nov. Male.—Resembles Tetracladia, from which it differs mainly in the ex- traordinary length of joint 6 of the funicle, and of the branch of joint 5. Stape inserted slightly below middle of face, subcylindrical, not broad- ened below, long, curved slightly backwards, reaching to lateral ocellus; pedicel as broad as long; joints 1 to 4 of the funicle as in Tetracladia, joint 5 a trifle longer than 1 to 4 together; joint 6 about four times as long as 5, growing gradually stouter towards tip; club, long oval, slightly broader than tip of preceding joint, and nearly one- half as long. Face broad, well rounded; occipital ridge rounded, but more acute than in Tetracladia; ocelli forming an obtuse-angled tri- angle; head broader than thorax and with a very short occipito-frontal diameter; mesonotum well rounded, scutellum rounded at tip, scapulae meeting at tip. Wing venation same as in Tetracladia; fore wings partially infuscated. Legs rather long; hind femora not so much en- larged as in Tetracladia. The abdomen is broken off at second joint with the only specimen, and therefore its shape and other characters are unknown. Calocerinus floridanus (Ashm.). Tetracnemus floridanus Ashm. Proc. Entom. Sec., Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1885, Vol. 12. p. XVIII. VOL369 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ) . XVMale.—Length, 2.1 mm (estimating abdomen as one-third length of body); expanse, 4.1mm; greatest width of fore wing 0.58m. Face with sparse whitish pubescence, finely shagreened, with sparse shallow punctures; cheeks shagreened, but without the pubescence or the punctures which end abruptly at the faintly indicated genal sulcus; mesonotum finely and closely shagreened, without punctures. General color metallic green, with slight purplish luster at vertex; mesopleura brilliant purple, metallic green at base; antennal scape honey-yellow, pedicel and flagellum black; front and middle femora brown, tibiæ lighter, tarsi very light, middle tibial spur concolorous with tarsi; hind femora black with metallic reflections, tibiæ very dark brown, lighter at ends, tarsi light brown; fore wings fuscous, with brown pubescence, but with two irregular, wedge-shaped, white patches, the one with its base upon the costa immediately beyond the stigmal vein, and the other with its base upon the anal margin immediately opposite, their apices nearly meeting in the middle of the wing; basal one-fifth of the wing hairless, with a small distal patch of white pubescence, to whiclı comes obliquely a hairless streak from the marginal vein; veins dark brown, the origin of the stigmal almost obscured by the brown pube- scence, which is denser here than at any other point of the wing. Described from one 8 specimen collected by Mr. Ashmead near Jacksonville, Fla. EXPLANATION TO PLATES. PLATE XLVI. Fig. 1. Tetracladia texana Howard, male greatly enlargell (original). 2. Tetracnemus dirersicornis Westwood; greatly enlarged (redrawn from West- wood). 3. Tanaostigma coursetia Howard: a, ovary of Willardia mericana with the Tana- ostigma just issuing; b, alult male, enlarged; c, malo antenna; d, ſemale antenna; c, viens of fore wing; f, tip of middle tibia and tarsus, still more enlarged (after Howard). PLATE XLVII. Fig. 1. Pentacnemus bucculatricis Howard: a, adult male, enlarged; b, tip of middle tibia and tarsus; c, veins of fore wing; d, tip of front tibia and tarsus; e, male antenna; ſ, female antenna, still more enlarged (original). 2. Heracladia smithii Ashmeal, adult male with outline of female antenna above, enlarged (after Asbmea«). Proc. N. M. 92—24 9. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XLVI PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 十 ​1 d e 7 a 3 ENCYRTINÆ. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XLVII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV Bahan utama a a 1 1 2 ENCYRTINÆ. 1 TWO ADDITIONS TO THE JAPANESE AVIFAUNA, INCLUDING DE- SCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Batrachians. A few specimens belonging to the Science College Museum in Tokyo have been received by mail from Dr. Ijima in advance of a more exten- sive collection, but as they are quite interesting in themselves, and as a considerable time may lapse before I shall be able to report upon the larger collection, I have thought it best to embody my remarks upon the present specimens in a separate paper, Tringa temminckii (LEISL.). A young bird (Sc. Coll. Mus., No. 2193; & ?) collected in the neighbor. hood of Tokyo, during the autumn of 1891, is an interesting addition to the Japanese avifauna. Synonymy and East Asiatic references to this species may be found in my Results of Ornithological Explorations in Kamtschatka, etc., p. 119, and the distinctive characters are indicated op. cit., p. 117. Tringa temminckii has already figured among the Japanese birds (Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 330), but the record rested upon an erroneous identification, as the birds collected were T. ruficollis, the correction being made by Blakiston himself (Trans. As. Soc. Jap., VIII, 1880, p. 195), and Palmén's reference (Vega Exp. Vet. Arb., V, 1887, p. 320) to it as occurring in northern Japan during the migrations must be cor- rected accordingly. T. temminckii, thus for the first time correctly attributed to Japan, is apparently only an occasional visitor during the migrations, although it occurs and breeds in the countries to the north of it. Palmén (l. c.) shows that it is not uncommon on the Tchuktchi peninsula; Kittlitz has recorded it from Kamtchatka (Denkw., II, 1858, p. 196), and I have collected it on Bering Island.* # * Seebohm in his “Distribution of the Charadriidæ,” p. 435 (1887), says that it “has not been recorded from Kamtschatka” in spite of the fact that two years previously I had recorded four specimens from Bering Island (Res. Orn. Expl., Kamtsch., 1885, p. 119), and in spite of Kittlitz's record. The latter I have doubted somewhat, as Kittlitz only gives the name without adding anything that will aid us in ascertaining the correctness of his identification. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 906, 371 372 NEW JAPANESE BIRDS-STEJNEGER. The Russian ornithologists have it from the west coast of the Ok- hotsk Sea. It has, therefore, a migration route similar to Tringa ferru- ginea. The migrations of these birds in Eastern Asia are referred to more fully in my above-mentioned book (pp. 346–347). Acanthopneuste ijimæ sp. nov. DIAGNOSIS: Similar to A. coronatus, but top of head uniform with the back, and no coronal band; under tail-coverts yellow; second pri. mary longer than seventh, shorter than sixth. HABITAT: Seven Islands (of Idzu), Japan. TYPE: U.S. National Museum, No. 111663; Idzumura, Miyakeshima, May 3, 1887; M. Namije coll. SYNONYM: Phyllopseustes coronatus Stejneger, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 486 (nec Temm. & Schl.). When first reporting upon the birds of the Idzu Islands I had only one specimen of this species before me and a pretty poor series of A. coronatus for comparison. As the specimen in question in other par- ticulars, viz: in the intensity and pureness of the green of the back, the whiteness of the under parts contrasting strongly with the yellow under tail-coverts, in wing-formula, and in size agreed with A. coronatus, it was assumed, rather hastily, I admit, that the absence of the character- istic head pattern was due in some way, or another, to seasonal or indi. vidual variation. I never got over my suspicion, however, which almost amounted to a conviction when recently I came to reëxamine our now quite respectable series of A. coronatus with the result that the dark top of head and light crown patch is present even in the bird in the first plumage, in both sexes, and at all seasons. I wrote to Mr. Ijima kindly to forward me the other specimens collected by Mr. Na- mije in the Idzu Islands. He sends a pair (Sc. Coll. Mus., Nos. 187 and 188) which clearly show that we have to do with a different species. The whole top of the head is of the same greenish colar as the back, and there is not the slightest trace of a median palo stripe, The plumage is in very good condition. The green of the lower back is even purer and richer than in A. coronatus. There is no other species with which the present needs comparison i except perhaps A. plumbeitarsus from the fact that the latter has some- times been confounded with A. coronatus (for instance, by Middendorff), but they differ both in coloration, wing formula, and size, as will be plain from the statements made in this paper. There is nothing startling in receiving a new Phyllospeustine bird from these islands, which, it should be remembered, are the home of the well-differentiated Turdus celænops, and I can do nothing better than to name it for Dr. I. Ijima, who so successfully has taken up the study of the ornithology of his native country, 1 VOL373 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVMeasurements (in millimeters). Museum and No. Collector and No. Locality. Date. Sex and age. Total length. Tail-feathers. Exposed culmen. Middle toe with claw. Wing. Tarsus. 125 64 47 10 19 14 120 61 9 18 14 U.S. Nat., 111663. Namiye, 8a d'ad* Miyake, Idzu Isls. May 3, 1887 Japan. Sc. Coll. Mus. Namiye, 12.. ad. Miyake, Idzu Isls., May 1, 1887 Tokyo, 188. Japan. Se. Coll. Mus. Namiye, 8. cad. Niishima, Idzu Apr. 22, 1887 Tokyo, 187. 120 64 46 10 19 15 Isls., Japan. * Type. | ON THE EJECTION OF BLOOD FROM THE EYES OF HORNED TOADS. BY 0. P. Hay. Some years ago there moved into my neighborhood, from Texas, a family which included among its members two boys. These boys had brought along with them a few lizards belonging to the genus Phry. nosoma, and popularly called Horned Toads. The boys told me that these little animals would sometimes, when teased, squirt blood out of their eyes. I did not handle them much and saw no evidences of such a sanguinary disposition as was imputed to them. I did not believe that the lizards could really squirt blood, nor did I wholly disbelieve the boys' story. I thought it possible that some gland about the head might secrete a red fluid, which might:be ejected by the animal when there was occasion for its use. During a part of the past summer I was, through the kindness of Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator, permitted to work in the Department of Reptiles of the National Museum. Near my desk there was a speci- men of Phrynosoma coronatum which had been sent from California by a member of Dr. Merriam's exploring party. About the 1st of August it was shedding its outer skin, and the process appeared to be a difficult one, since the skin was dried and adhered closely. One day it occurred to me that it might facilitate matters if I should give the animal a wetting; so, taking it up, I carried it to a wash-basin of water near by and suddenly tossed the lizard into the water. The first sur- prise was probably experienced by the Phrynosoma, but the next sur- prise was my own, for on one side of the basin there suddenly appeared a number of spots of red fluid, which resembled blood. I immediately recalled what the boys had told me of the ability of Horned Toads to squirt blood, and I concluded that this was a good time to settle the question whether this fluid was blood or not. A microscope was soon procured and an examination was made, which immediately showed that the matter ejected was really blood. The affair now became very interesting. Just where the blood came from I could not determine with certainty, the whole thing having happened so suddenly and unexpectedly; yet the appearance seemed to indicate that the blood came from the region about one of the eyes. There appeared to be a considerable quantity of the blood, since on the sides of the vessel and on the wall near it I counted ninety of the little splotches. A consultation was had with Mr. Stejneger the next Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 907. 375 376 EJECTION OF BLOOD BY HORNED TOADS-HAY. day with regard to the propriety of dashing the animal into the water again to discover, if possible, where the blood came from. It was thought, however, that such blood-lettings must be somewhat exhaust- ing, and that it would be better to allow the animal a day to recuperate. While talking I picked up the lizard and was holding it between my thumb and middle finger, and stroking its horns with my fore-finger. All at once a quantity of blood was thrown out against my fingers, and a portion of it ran down on the animal's neck; and this blood came di- rectly out of the right eye. It was shot backward and appeared to issue from the outer canthus. It was impossible to determine just how much there was of the blood, but it seemed that there must have been a quarter of a teaspoonful. I went so far as to taste a small quantity of it, but all that I could detect was a slight musky flavor. All that I was able at that time to find in print concerning this strange habit of these animals is contained in Prof. S. F. Baird's “An- nual Record of Science and Industry" for 1872, p. 256. It appears to be merely a clipping from a newspaper, and reads as follows: We published not long ago a notice of a peculiarity of the Horned Toad of Califor- nia in the expulsion of a blood-like fluid from the eye, and a reader of the Weekly writes to give his own testimony to the fact. He states that he has caught numbers of these in Texas, and frequently noticed the ojection of the bloody fluid from the inper canthus of the eye, once receiving the discharge in his own eye, while holding the animal at a distance of at least a foot. The sensation experienced was quite painful for a few ininutes. Some very interesting questions arise regarding this strange habit. What is the purpose of the Horned Toad in thus besprinkling an enemy with its own blood? What is the source of the blood, and how is it expelled with such force! Is the habit practiced at all times of the year or only during certain conditions of the animal! I may state here that I was able to get the lizard to discharge blood only twice. Afterwards no amount of teasing sufficed to provoke it to a repetition of the act. This makes it appear probable that, as suggested by Mr. Stejneger, the habit is practiced only during the time of shedding the skin. As to the purpose of the habit, it appears to me quite likely that it is done in order to defend itself from the attacks of its enemies, al- though it would not seem likely that blood would hurt the eyes much, notwithstanding the statement of the newspaper correspondent re- ferred to above. Nevertheless, a discharge of blood into the eyes of some pursuing bird or snake might so seriously interfere with its clear- ness of vision that the lizard might make its escape while the enemy was wiping its eyes. In order to determine, if possible, the source of the blood, an alcoholic specimen of the same species was dissected, but the investigation was fruitless. It appears to me useless to expect to find anything of the nature of a gland. Glands secrete materials from the blood, not blood itself. The most probable theory regarding the matter seems to be . that there is lodged in the headl, on each side, a blood sinus, a portion VOI377 1892PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVof whose wall lies in the inner surface of the eyelid. This sinus is probably surrounded with muscular tissue of sufficient force to cause the thin wall in the lid to be ruptured and the blood to be ejected to a considerable distance. If this is the actual structure of the apparatus the rupture would soon heal and all things be ready for the next time of peril. Now, on turning up the upper lid of the eye of the living specimen the inner lining is seen to be very dark, not with pigment, apparently, but as if there were a quantity of blood there contained in a thin-walled vessel. However, if such an explanation is the correct one, the sinus, in order to contain sufficieut blood, must be continued back into the head some distance. I hope ere long to secure materials sufficient to enable me to settle this interesting question. Conversation with friends has elicited the fact that others have noted the remarkable habit referred to above. Prof. L.-M, Underwood, of De Pauw University, has kindly sent me the following: In answer to a request from Prof. 0. P. Hay I give herewith my experience with a Phrynosoma. In 1885 a studeut of mine received a specimen of Horned Toad from California. In examining the animal I took occasion to turn him on his back, using a leail pencil for the purpose. The animal resented this treatment and showed considerable anger, opening his mouth and putting up his body. Irritating the animal still more, he grew more and more enraged, until finally blooil spurted from just above his eye, which was fired at least a foot from the animal, as several spots struck my arm con- siderably above my wrist. After spurting the blood the animal became limp and collapsed, and remained in a stupor for some time, and, when handled, behaved as if dead. After a time, possibly not over five or six minutes, certainly not over ten, the animal revived and commenced to run about the table. Wishing to know if he would repeat the operation, I commenced to irritate him again in the same manner. After becoming enraged again the animal soon went through the same process, ejecting blood from the same eye as before. He then fell into a similar stupor and remained about the same length of time, after which he revived. No amount of irritation could produce a third discharge, although the animal showed some anger. Mr. S. F. Denton, of Washington, D. C., has communicated to me his experience with the Horned Toad. About seventeen years ago he was at Sonora, Cal. He caught one day a very large Horned Toad. He had been told by the proprietor of the hotel that these animals were called by the Mexicans “sacred toads” “because they wept tears of blood.” Mr. Denton scouted the idea, but it was not long before he had reason to confess his mistake. He was gently stroking the animal on the back, when it appeared to look at him as if taking aim, and then, all at once, a stream of blood was shot into his eye. There was so much of it that it ran down on his shirt bosom. He thought there was between a tablespoonful and a teaspoonful. The blood was shot out with so much force that some pain was produced, and there was pain felt for some little time, though this ceased as soon as the blood was wiped out. The next morning the eye was somewhat inflamed, but this condition soon passed away. Not long afterwards, perhaps the next morning, the animal squirted blood out of the other eye. Mr. Denton 378 EJECTION OF BLOOD BY HORNED TOADS-HAY. states that he did not see that the lizard showed any signs of exhaus- tion or collapse after the operation. Neither did I observe anything of the kind in the case of the animal experimented with at Washington. Nevertheless, a brief period of stupor might have escaped the notice of both Mr. Denton and myself.* * While preparing this paper, Mr. Leonhard Stejneger has kindly called my atten- tion to the fact that a notice of this remarkable habit of the Phrynosomas was pub- lished in 1871, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 1-2. At one of the meetings Mr. A. R. Wallace read extracts from letters of Mr. John Wal- lace, of Stockton, Cal. After describing the animal, which he says is there called the “Horned Toad,” he proceeds as follows: "Under certain circumstances, apparently as a means of defense, this creature squirts out from one of its eyes a jet of bright red liquid very much like blood. This I have observed three times from three different individuals, although I have caught many that did not do it. They do not generally use this defense when first captured, although I caught one a few days ago which squirted the liquid a distance of 6 inches over the back of my hand, and another ejected it when I flourished a bright knife before its eyes." Dr. Günther (Biologia Centrali Americana, Zool., pt. LxxxIII, Feb., 1890, Reptiles, p. 77, footnote) refers to this notice and states that he had not been able by dissec- tions of fresh specimens to find the source of what he calls “the secretion.” SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE TURTLES OF THE GENUS MALA- CLEMYS. BY O. P. Hay. Of the turtles belonging to the genus Valaclemys there are now recog- nized five species, two new ones having been described within recent years by Dr. G. Baur. The genus is a very distinct one, and is distin- guished from Chrysemys especially by the extremely broad and flat crush- ing surfaces of both upper and lower jaws. As a result of the provision made for the support of these wide, horny, masticatory plates, the in- ternal nares are thrown far back, so as to lie behind the level of the eyes. In the Catalogue of the Chelonians in the British Museum, 1889, Dr. G. A. Boulenger says that “the plastron is extensively united to the carapace by suture, with feeble axillary and inguinal peduncles, the latter ankylosed to the fifth costal plate.” Sometime ago I macer- ated a large specimen, M. geographica, until the whole plastron fell away from the carapace, thus showing that there was no ankylosis of the parts. The Map tortoise, M. geographica, was described by the naturalist Le Sueur, in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy for 1817. In the Mé- moires du Muséum de Paris for 1827, Le Sueur presented the description of another species of this genus from specimens which he had taken in the Wabash River, at New Harmony, Ind. Neither figure nor systematic name accompanied the description, although he appears to have had a name in manuscript, pseudogeographica. It is evident that Le Sueur had in mind the terrapin, which has for the most part gone by that name since then, although the description is in some respects erroneous. The first mention that I find of this manuscript name of Le Sueur is found in connection with the Emys lesueurii, described by Dr J. E. Gray in his Synopsis Reptilium, 1831. It is also given by Duméril and Bibron in Erpétologie Générale, vol. II, p. 256, as a synonym of Emys geographica, with the remark, "jeune age." In his work, Herpetology of North ”. America, published in 1842, Dr. Holbrook recognized the fact that this terrapin is distinct from the earlier described geographica, and gave to it the name that Le Sueur had bestowed on it in his manuscripts. He also accompanied the description with a colored plate. It is from this date, 1842, that we must reckon in deterinining the tenability of the name pseudogeographica. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 908. 379 380 TURTLES OF GENUS MALACLEMYS—IIAY. In 1831 Dr. J. E. Gray, in bis Synopsis Reptilium, p. 31, published a description of a species which he called Emys lesueurii. This supposed new species was founded on either a specimen of geographica or on one of what Holbrook afterwards called pseudogeographica. Dr. Gray him- self, in all his subsequent publications, wrote down the name lesueurii as a synonym of geographica, although previously to the publication of his Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles he did not recognize Le Sueur's pseudo- geographica as being distinct from the earlier described geographica. In 1857 Louis Agassiz, in his Natural History of the United States, arranged both the species referred to under the genus Graptemys. Of his Graptemys lesueurii le says: “ This species is commonly called Emys pseudogeographica, but the specific name Le Sueurii is older. It is evi- dent from his reference that Gray at first applied the name of Emys Le Sueurii to this species, and not to Gr. geographica; now Gray calls it also Emys pseudo-geographica.” Since that time Prof. E. D. Cope, in his Check List of 1875, employed the name used by Holbrook, but Mr. F. W. True, in Dr. Yarrow's Check List oi 1882, adopted Agassiz's sug- gestion and called the species Malacoclemys lesueurii. Since now the name by which we are to know the species called by Le Sueur and Holbrook pseudogeographica depends on what Gray had before him when he described his Emys lesueurii, it becomes necessary, if possible, to determine that matter. More certainly depends on that than on Gray's references to any previous writings. Among other differences existing between the two species of Mala- clemys referred to here, is one which enables us in all cases to distinguish them. This is found in the form of the yellow spot which lies on the side of the head just behind the eye. In M. geographica this spot is broad, rather triangular, and elongated in the direction of the head. In the other species the spot is a transverse streak, running behind the eye and sometimes curving forward below it. Now, in his description of Emys lesueurii, Gray has this language: “Temporibus macula trian-. gulari notatis.” At the end of his description he further says: “ Emys geographica of Le Sueur agrees with the museum specimen, except in that the first vertebral plate is not urn-shaped, and Le Sueur does not notice the triangular temporal spot.” In that remark we have evidence that Gray had before him but a single specimen and that that specimen had the "ear-mark" of geographica. We further learn why he described it as different from Le Sueur's species. That Gray was at this time aware of the existence of Le Sueur's manuscript name appears from the following words at the end of the description: “ß. Seutello vertebrali primo urceolato." Emys geographica, Lesueur, Jour. Acad. N. S. Phil. t. Emys pseudogeographica, Lesueur Mss. (Mus. Paris.). This is probably the reference that Agassiz alludes to, and it is hard to see why Gray introduces it here; but it no more proves that lie had Le Sueur's pseudographica in mind than the other species. Indeed, he 1892. ] 381 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. regarded them as both the same thing. Furthermore, in his Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles, he refers this ß to pseudogeographica, while his lesucurii is referred to geographica. It is evident that he regarded what he placed under B as different from the species he was describing. I make the suggestion that the quotation marks were put in front of the B through an error of writing or printing. As to the characters as- signed to lesueurii, I submit that they apply much better to M. gco- graphica than to pseudogeographica. The subsequent history of these two species, so far as Dr. Gray is concerned, is as follows: In the Catalogue of Tortoises, published in 1844, he regards both pseudogeographica and lesueurii as synonyms of geographica. He does not appear at this time to have seen Dr. Hol- brook's work of 1842. In his description of the geographica of the Cat- alogue of Tortoises, Dr. Gray says of the head-spot only that it is "a yellow streak on the temple.” In making this description he had before him two specimens, which, according to his plan, he designates as a and b. Was either of these the one on which he had in 1831 based the species lesueurii? This is of some importance and will presently be considered. By the time of the publication of the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles, in 1855, Dr. Gray had undergone another change of mind. He now rec- ognized the existence of two entirely distinct species, and these he des. ignates as Emys geographica and E. pseudogeographica. Of the latter species there were then in the British Museum seven specimens, five of which had certainly been received since 1814. The other two are dis- tinctly stated to be the ones which had been recorded as a and b under Emys geographica in the work of 1814. Of Emys geographica, on the other hand, there was in 1855 only a single speciinen in the Museum and that is expressly said to be the one which furnished the description of E. lesueurii in 1831. Even then Gray seemed to be little doubtful about its being the same as Le Sueur's geographica, but his description of it removes all doubt. He contrasts it sharply with the specimens of pseudogeographica. All these facts indicate that in 1844, when Gray wrote the Catalogue of Tortoises, the type of E. lesucurii was not in his hands. It had prob- ably been misplaced aud for the time being lost. The descriptions of that work had been drawn from two specimens of pseudogeographica. When the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles was written, the specimen had been recovered, and Gray was enabled to compare it with specimens of the other species and with Holbrook's descriptions and figures. It is spoken of as “animal dry, from spirits," the Museum specimen is in a , 6 bad state." Something concerning its history may be inferred from these remarks. Dr. Boulenger, in his Catalogue of Chelonians, 1889, accepts the spe- cific name lesueuri, instead of pseudogeographica. No mention is made of the specimen which served Dr. Gray as the type of lesucurii. > 382 TURTLES OF GENUS MALACLEMYS-HAY. With the evidence before us, we must, it seems to me, accept the name pseudogeographica for the species under consideration. To reject it will be to ignore Gray's statements, repeatedly made, that his lesueurii is a synonym of geographica, as well as the plain language of his de. scriptions. It may be a very objectionable name, but the laws of pri- ority must be rigidly observed. The masticatory surfaces of M. geographica are much broader than those of M. pseudogeographica, and we might infer therefrom that the food of the two species is not the same. In Volume XXII of the Bulle- tins of the Essex Institute, Prof. Harry Garman has made the observa- tion that the broad surfaces of M. geographica are employed in crush- ing the shells of mollusks, the remains of which he found in their stomachs. In the stomachs of M. pseudogeographica, on the other hand, he found the remains of a species of sedge, as well as some animal matter. During the last spring, at a meeting of the Indiana Academy of Sciences at Lake Maxinkuckee, in northern Indiana, three or four of us, within a few hours, captured about thirty specimens of M. geographica. These specimens were almost invariably taken in the water near the shores of the lake where the bottom was covered with the shells, living and dead, of Vivipara contectoides. Seven of the terrapins were taken home and kept some days in a washtub partially filled with water. When they were taken out, there were found on the bottom of the tub large numbers of the opercula of that water saail. In the alimentary canal of one terrapin were found these opercula, as well as the remains of crayfishes, and what appeared to be the cases of some species of caddis-worm. The masticatory surfaces of the older specimens were found to be much worn. The crushing surfaces of Dr. Baur's recently described M. oculifera are rather narrow, while the cutting edges of the jaw are very sharp. The indications are that the food does not consist of mollusks, but rather of some soft vegetable and animal substances. Most, if not all, the species of this genus are extremely variable in the size of the head. In the paper referred to above, Prof. Garman attempts to give us the characters that distinguish geographica from pseudogeographica, and among such differential characters is the size of the head relative to the length of the carapace. Geographica is stated to have a large head; pseudogeographica a much smaller head. He also presents measurements that appear to prove his position. Dr. Hol- brook long ago described a specimen of geographica under the name of Emys megacephala, the name being suggested by the massive head. Some years ago Dr. Gray suggested that the large head might be a sexual character, but he did not state which have the big heads, the males or the females. Through the kindness of Mr. Stejneger, I have been permitted to examine all the specimens of both species that are in the National Museum, and I have also examined a number of speci. mens of both the species in my own collection. I find that the size of the head is not a specific, but a sexual, character, and that it is the 1 VOL383 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ) . XVfemales which have the large heads. The heads of the males are much smaller and also more pointed. I believe that the same statements are true regarding the salt-water terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, although I have not been able to examine a sufficient number of specimens to be certain about it. With regard to the other two species referred to I am quite certain that 110 appreciable differences will be found between them, when we compare specimens of the same size and sex. Another interesting matter pertaining to most, if not all, the species of this genus is the size of the male as compared with that of the female. Le Conte is the only author who has, so far as I am aware, inade the observation that the male of the salt-water terrapin is small. of the seven specimens of M. geographica taken by myself at Lake Maxinkuckee, three had the carapace 3 inches long, while the other four had a length of carapace ranging from 67 to 9 inches. Dissections proved that all the small specimens were males and the lar, females. The same statements are true of such specimens of M. pseudogeographica as I have examined. * All the specimens of M. ocul- ifera Baur in the National Museum are, judging from the form of the shell, females; and they are all large specimens. Both Agassiz and Baur have observed that the males of Trionya spiniferus are smaller than the females. On the other hand, the largest specimen of Chelydra serpentina that I have ever seen was a male, and I believe that the males of the various species of the genus Chrysemys, as defined by Boulenger, exceed the females in size. It is quite characteristic of the species of the genus Malaclemys to have a prominent keel along the middle of the carapace, and this is often nodose. In M. pseudogeographica the keel is nodose all through life. However, all the species, so far as we know, have these eleva- tions along the keel when young. In some of the young of the salt- water terrapin I found that the nodosities were especially large and globular. They resembled greatly a row of medium-sized peas, four or tive in number, lying along the back. The species M. geographica, having such a nodose keel while young, but losing it as age advances, must be regarded as attaining a higher stage of development than pseudogeographica, which retains this embryonic character throughout life. The young of M. oculifera will undoubtedly be found to have a distinct and nodose keel. Agassiz (loc. cit. p. 260) discusses the various ways in which the dif: ferent kinds of turtles get rid of the older layers of the epidermis. He mentions certain species of fresh-water turtles, among them M. pseudo- geographica, in which he observed in the spring the uppermost layer of the dermal plates to be cast off at once as one continuous, thin, mica-like scale all over the plate. In a number of very young speci- mens of M. geographica taken at Lake Maxinkuckee, the outer layer of the epidermis was lifted up from the underlying layers by a quantity of Auid. This was preparatory, no doubt, to the casting off of the epidermal layer, ON THE BREEDING HABITS, EGGS, AND YOUNG OF CERTAIN SNAKES. BY O. P. Hay. Notwithstanding the deep impression which serpents have made on the human mind, as shown in literature and in popular conversation, it is surprising how little accurate information has been accumulated con- cerning some of their habits. The densest ignorance, the result of in- attention and general lack of interest, prevails with regard to some of the most interesting matters connected with the life-history of snakes; while, on the other hand, many of the popular notions about the powers of these animals are either wholly false or are gross exaggerations of the truth. The breeding habits of our snakes, even of the most common species, belong among the things about which little is known. Even our biologists have given but little attention to this subject, while un- scientific people simply recognize the fact that nests of snake eggs are occasionally met with. For instance, who would not suppose that all the essential facts are known concerning the reproduction of the com- mon black-racer, Buscanion constrictor? Nevertheless, where have we been told when it lays its eggs, how many there are of them, how they are concealed, and when they hatch? Some snakes are known to lay eggs which after a period produce young. Other snakes are known to retain the eggs within the body until the young have attained sufficient size and strength to care for themselves after birth. Still other species are supposed sometimes to lay eggs; at other times to bring forth living young, * or to produce some eggs and some living young at the same time. There are, in- deed, oviparous snakes and snakes which are ovoviviparous, and there is a conspicuous difference in their eggs. The eggs of the oviparous species are furnished with a thick, tough, flexible covering, or “shell,” while the eggs of the species which produce living young have cover- ings which are very thin and delicate. Now, should such eggs as the latter be laid any considerable period before the young are ready to be excluded, the thin envelopes would surely be torn during the writhings of the embryo. That some of the eggs may be only partially developed at the time wben the embryos of other eggs are ready to be ushered * Proc. A. A. A. S., 1873, p. 185. † Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1887, p. 12.1 Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV, No. 909. Proc. N. M. 92-25 385 386 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES-HAY. into the world, and that all may be expelled together, is possible; but this is not the normal course of things and may not be well for the im- mature young. Normally the coverings of such eggs are ruptured before birth or immediately afterwards. On the other hand, it is quite probable that the eggs of the oviparous species are laid a considerable period before they are hatched. The tough coverings of such eggs pro- tect them from attacks and injuries from without, and at the same time resist the movements of the young snake within. So far as we know, these eggs are deposited in the earth, in piles of decaying vegetable matter, and similar places. A very curious structure deserves mention here. This is the egg tootlı,” a small tooth fixed to the united premaxillary boles and pro jecting forward slightly beyond the edge of the upper lip. It is present only in the embryo, and is shed very shortly after the escape of the yomg snake from the egg. In the ovoviviparous species, the tooth may apparently be shed before the young are born. The tooth is employed by the little snake in ripping open the tough egg-covering in its efforts to escape from its prison. It would appear to be of little service to the young which are mature when born, since the egg-cover- ings are so very tender; nevertheless, I have found the tooth present in all the ovoviviparous species whose young I have had opportunity to study. This tootlı, as found in the black-racer, was described as long ago as 1857 by Dr. Weinland;* but Müller had observed it even earlier. The Crotalida, including the rattlesnake, the copperhead, and the water-moccasin, all, so far as I am able to discover, bring forth living young. The number procluced at each birth is small as compared with the number of young sent into the world by some other species. As to the breeding habits of the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrir, we have the statement of Dr. J. A. Allent that in Massachusetts tive out of seven females caught in the latter part of Juy contained slightly developed embryos, while of six killed in September, the oviducts of each contained from seven to nine young, each of which had a length of 6 inches. As to the time of the pairing of the sexes, I have knowl edge of only one observation. My frieud, Rev. A. M. Ilall, brought me from western Pennsylvania two specimens of this species, which he took while pairing, ou the 28th of August. Unfortunately, the female was disposed of before my investigation of this subject was begun. This observation and those of Dr. Allen, when considered together, seem to indicate a period of gestation of nearly a year. The breeding habits of the water-moccasin, Agkistrodon piscirorus, are no doubt much like those of the copperhead. A female 26 inches long (l'. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17968), which was taken on the Arkansas bank of the Mississippi River, just opposite Memphis, in the latter days * l'roc. Essex Institute, Vol. II, p. 28, pl. I. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, Vol. XII, p. 179, VOL387 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. *, . ] . XVof June, contains seven eggs, four of which are in the left oviduct. Usually the larger number of eggs in snakes is found in the right oviduct. The eggs of this specimen are about the size of the yolk of a hen's egg. In each is an embryo not larger than a common pea. The breeding habits of Crotalus do not appear to be well known. Prof. Putnam * dissected a female which he says contained in the ovi- duets eight fully formed eggs, besides a number of smaller ones, which he supposed belonged to a later brood. It is more probable that all the eggs were really in the ovaries. A female rattlesnake, 39 inches long (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17959), was brought to me from western Pennsylvania by Mr. Hall. In this I find nine eggs, four of which are in the left oviduct. The eggs will average nearly an inch and a half in long, and an inch in short, diameter. In one of them I find an embryo about 3 inches long. The egg-coverings are extremely thin. The mother snake was captured some time in August, probably before the 15th. At what time of year the sexes unite I find nothing on record. Prof. S. W. Williston, who has had abundant opportunities for inaking obser- vations on C. confluentus, states that the sexes pair in May. Nor do I know how large the young are at the time of their birth. M. Palisot Beauvois, as quoted by Dr. Goode, t says that he saw five young run into the mouth of a mother snake, and that these young were about the size of a goose quill. The young are undoubtedly much larger than this statement makes them. There is apparently as strong a ten- dency in observers to minify the size of the young of snakes as there is to magnify the size of the adults. I have been enabled to make some observations on Crotalophorus catenatus Raf. (Crotalus tergeminus Say.). In the American Naturalist for March, 1887, pp. 211-218, I published some notes on the breeding habits and young of this species. About September 1 two females, which had been kept in confinement, brought forth young, one six, the other seven. The young were not seen by myself at the time of birth, but on the 1st of Jamary they were at least 10 inches long. From a female sent me from Paris, III., I have taken an almost fully developed embryo (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17947). It measures 74 inches in length, and this is probably nearly the length which it would have been when born. A considerable amount of the yolk wasstill spread over and among the coils of the little snake; but, when its body was opened, a large mass of the yolk was seen to have been received within its walls. This would be sufficient to maintain life and growth until the little reptile could pro- vide for its own necessities. The fang is developed, and the egg-tooth is present, although it does not seem to be directed so much forward as in other species. In the oviduct, lying alongside of the embryo just de- scribed, was another egg which contained an embryo only about four inches in length. It was so deeply immersed in the yolk that its pres- * Amer Nat., Vol. II., p. 133. Amer. Nat., Vol. XII, p. 207. Proc. A. A. A. S., 1873, p. 183. 388 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES-HAY, ence was not suspected until the yolk was cut partially away. Never- theless this immature little snake exhibits quite distinctly the pattern of coloration found in the adults. In contact with this egg was another in which no indications of an embryo were to be found. The more im- mature young were probably lying farther forward in the animal, but of this I am not now certain. Should all these eggs be expelled from the mother's body at the same time, it would seem that the least de- veloped young must perish. A female (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17950) of , of this species taken in Hamilton county, Ind., contained eight eggs, and these had not yet left the ovaries. Three of the eggs were in the left ovary. The eggs were an inch long by half an inch in the short diame ter. Prof. Putnam mentions* a specimen of Crotalophorus miliarius which contained fourteen eggs. This appears to be a larger number than is usually found in the Crotalidæ. The species of the genus Eutainia are probably all ovoviviparous. Dr. Goode, as already cited, says that there is some reason to believe that some of them are in some instances oviparous, in others ovoviviparous. Dr. C. C. Abbottt says that the eggs of the garter-snake, E. sirtalis, and of the ribbon-snake, E. saurita, are deposited in the loose sandy soil of the recently plowed fields. He has found none earlier than May 9; and once he found a complement of seventeen within a day or two of hatching He farther states that he has never come across a young snake less than 4 inches in length, except in the case of the hog-nosed snake Heterodon platirhinos. I am convinced that there is some error of observation here. I shall present evidence that the species of Eu- tainia bring forth living young, and that too rather late in the summer and in autumn. It seems improbable that a snake should usually be ovoviviparous, and again, at rare times, should lay eggs furnished with coverings suitable for protecting the developing embryos. If notwith- standing all this, the Eutainias do lay spring eggs, I shall be extremely glad to receive a batch of them. Dr. H. C. Bumpus, in his interesting account of the snakes, $ says that the eggs of Eutainia sirtalis and of E. saurita are sometimes found about outbuildings, and in hatching give birth to little fellows having enormous eyes and a spotted body, the longitudinal bands of the adults only being gained after several sloughings of the skin. The source of the information here detailed is not given; but almost certainly the eggs of some other species have been mistaken for those of Eutainia. Young of both the species, especially those of saurita, taken by myself from the oviducts of the female and with a considerable portion of the yolk still unabsorbed, have the stripes perfectly distinct. As to E. sirtalis, Prof. F. W. Putnamg states that a female taken July 22 contained forty-two nearly developed young. Each of these * Amer. Nat., Vol. II, p. 134. + Rambles, &c., p. 295. Riverside Natural History, Vol. II, p. 371, $ Amer. Nat., Vol. II, p. 134, VOL389 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] . XYwas 5.4 inches long. The mother snake was 35 inches long. Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel, Ill., writes* that seventy-eight were taken from a female. He implies that he saw this done. C. Few Seiss sayst that the sexes of this species copulate in early spring and produce from thirteen to eighty young. That he has seen the latter number from a single snake he does not say. Drs. Coues and Yarrow refert to the habits of Eutainia sirtalis parietalis, as observed by them in Montana during the month of August. “At this season all the female individ. . 66 . uals observed were gravid with nearly matured embryos. Like others of the genus, this species is ovoviviparous, the young being some 6 inches in length when born.” In a specimen of E. sirtalis (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17960) captured near the city of Indianopolis by Dr. Alex. Jameson about August 1, I find thirty-nine partially developed young. Of these twentyfive are in the right uterus. The young measure 6 inches in length. There is a considerable amount of yolk still re- maining attached to these young, a fact which indicates that they will increase in size before birth. An examination of the mouth of some of these little snakes shows that the egg-tooth is present. The membrane which surrounds each egg is quite thin. The female bearing this lot of young is 33 inches in length. Another female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17961), from Paris, I11., of nearly the same size, contained about thirty- five young snakes, these being packed together sodensely in the mother's body that it was difficult to determine the number accurately without re- moving them. They are each 7 inches long, and are evidently just ready to be expelled. An examination of about half a dozen of them failed to reveal the presence of the egg tooth, which has therefore been shed. Nor could I determine with certainty that any egg-covering was present. The yolk of the egg, also, is wholly consumed. On opening these young snakes I find little or none of the yolk within the body. In this respect they contrast strongly with the young of the rattlesnakes. The young garter-snakes must from the first depend on their own activi- ties for support. This accords well with the report of Mr. C. Few Seiss,t that the young of a female kept in confinement began to feed shortly after birth, struggling vigorously with one another for the earthworms thrown them. At what time during the summer the Paris, II., specimen was captured I do not know. Seiss' statement that the sexes of E. sirta- lis pair in the early spring has already been mentioned. Drs. Coues and Yarrow (op. cit., p. 278) tell us that the females of the closely related spe- cies, E.radir, are pregnant in July and August, bringing forth as many as thirty to forty young; and that they are found in coitu in September and October. Can it be that snakes copulate twice in the year, as Agassiz sayss some turtles do, and as Gage has recently found || to be the habit of the newt, Diemyctylus? Observations on this point are to be desired. * Amer. Nat., Vol. xvi, p. 1008. + Scientific Amer., Vol. LXIII, p. 105. Bulletins U. S. Geol. & Geo. Survey, Vol. IV, p. 277. Ý Contributions, Vol. II, p. 491. || Amer. Nat., Vol. xxv, p. 1091. 2 390 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES-HAY. The ribbon snake, E. saurita, appears to be wholly similar in its breeding habits to its relative just considered, although it probably does not bring forth so many young at each birth. Prof. Putnam in- forms* us that a female, taken in Massachusetts on July 13, had uine eggs, each three-fourths inch long and containing an embryo 24 inches in length. Another, taken July 31, contained but four eggs, and these are ready to be burst by the young. The eggs containing the coiled embryos were then an inch and a quarter long, while the extended young had a length of 54 inches. Dr. Goode has quotedt a note from Herman Strecker, of Reading, Pa., who states that some years pre- viously he had found and caged a female of this species which soon produced thirty or more young ones. He supposed that the little snakes had been hidden in the mother's stomach. There is possibly some con fusion here with E. sirtalis, judging merely from the number of the young. Prof. S. I. Smith, of the Sheffield Scientific School, is quoted by Dr. Goode as having seen two young snakes, each 3 or 4 inches long, run down the mother's throat. The statement is no doubt incorrect, so far as regards the size of the young. In a female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17965) of the variety faireyi, taken probably in Mississippi, I find nine eggs, the lindermost three of which are in the left oviduct. The eggs are about three-quarters of an inch long and a third of an inch in the short diameter. The development of the embryo had just begun. In a female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17952) of faireyi, 28 inches long, taken at Veedersburg, Ind., are twelve ovarian eggs of the same size as those just mentioned. The linder four are in the left ovary. At what time of the year the two specimens last de- scribed were killed, I do not know. In a specimen of faireyi, 40 inches long (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17958), captured at Vicksburg, Miss., about the 4th of July, there are twenty young snakes, each close to 9 inches in length. The hindermost nine of these are in the left oviduct. All were evidently ready to be expelled. They did not appear to be con- tained in any egg-covering, and the egg-tooth was not found in any of the three which were examined. While this date is not quite so late as that given by Dr. Abbott for the finding of the eggs of this species in New Jersey, we must take into account the difference in the climate, and especially the difference in the size of the young snakes, The species of the related genus Tropidonotus are also ovoviviparous. T. sipedlon, our water-snake, is the commonest species of the genus in the eastern United States. It is extremely variable and reaches a large size. Prof. Putnam has a note regarding the breeding habits of this species.* lle states that twenty-two of the young belonging to one family were found. Each of them was 8 inches long. Dr. Heilprin mentious; a large specimen from which thirty-three young were taken. 9 * Amer. Nat. Vol. 11, p. 131. + Proc. A. A. A. S., 1873, p. 18. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1887, p. 121. VOL391 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVThese were in different stages of development. Some of the larger ones had absorbed all the yolk, while to others a considerable mass of this was attached. In a specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17962) from some point in northern Indiana I find sixteen eggs, eight in each oviduct. The young are 7}inches long, and each is provided with a well-developed egg-tooth. This is curved upward like a short horn, and tapers grad- ually to near the point, where it rounds off rapidly. The egg-mem- branes are thin. I have some reasons for believing that the larger specimens of this species will be found to produce a considerably larger number of young than the above observations indicate. I have met with no statements regarding the breeding habits of either Tropidonotus grahamii or T. leberis, except that made by Miss Topley, * to the effect that a specimen of the last-mentioned species in the Zoolog- ical Gardens produced in August five young and at the same time some eggs. What the state of development of these eggs was, and what be- came of them, we are not informed. I have a female specimen (No. 26) taken somewhere in Indiana, and in this I find eight eggs, of which three are in the left oviduct. There are no signs of beginning development- A gravid female (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17970), captured on July 15, and sent me by Mr. W. 0. Wallace, of Wabash, Ind., is 24 inches long. There are eight eggs, two of which are in the left oviduct. The eggs are of different shapes, on account of pressure. A considerable amount of yolk is still present, an indication that the embryos are not yet com- pletely developed. A measurement of one of these shows it to be 64 inches long. The longitudinal bands of the upper surface are sufti- ciently well-displayed to enable one easily to determine the species, but the longitudinal brown ventral bands are not seen. I find no indications of the presence of the egg-tooth, although it is probably present. Some years ago I killed a specimen of a female of T. grahamii in Bli- reau county, Ill. Of the specimen the skin and a few eggs (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17954) were preserved. The time of capture was about the middle of July or later. The mother snake was of such a rusty color that the species to which she belonged could not then be determined. One of the eggs measures an inch and a half in the long diameter by three-quarters transversely. A considerable mass of yolk is present, into one side of which an embryo snake is sunken. This embryo is 7 inches long; and, although thus immature, has its scales and its colors so perfect that there is no difficulty in assigning it to the proper species. The embryo is surrounded by a very thin egy-covering. No indications of the presence of the egg-tooth were seen until a series of sections through the snout were examined, when it appeared. Tropidonotus kirtlandi is a rather common snake in central Indiana. One specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17957) taken at Irvington contains three eggs in each ovary. Each egg is a little less than half an inch in length. Another specimen (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17953) from Winchester, *Snakes, etc., Miss C. C. Hopley, p. 437. 392 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES-HAY. ܙ Randolph county, has eight eggs in the ovaries. Each egg is seven-six- teenths of an inch in length. This species is in all probability ovovivi. parous. The species of Storeria are stated by Dr. Goode* to be oviparous; but Prof. Copet regards them as ovoviviparous, and he is quite certainly correct in his conclusion. One female (No. 27) of S. dekayi sent me from Winchester, Ind., contains thirteen eggs, five of which are in the left ovary, the remainder in the right. The eggs have apparently not attained their full ovarian size. Another specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17966) of this species, taken by Dr. D. S. Jordan, at Cumberland Gap, Tenn., about midsummer, is a foot long, and has in it eleven eggs, the hinder- most three of which are in the left oviduct. Each egg is about three- eighths of an inch in length by one-quarter in short diameter. Another speciinen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17967), which was taken at Irvington, contains eight eggs in the oviducts, each including a very immature embryo an inch and a half in length. The eggs are about half an inch long. The membranes are extremely thin. I tind a few notes on the breeding habits of Heterodon platirhinos, the hog-nosed snake, viper, or spreading adder, as it is popularly known. Some of these contain statements which, to me, appear exaggerated. Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel, Ill., reports that eighty-seven young spotted spreading adders" were taken from the body of a woundeil fe- male. The author of the note did not see this done, but got his infor- mation from persons who did see it. I am strongly inclined to believe that the reptile was a Tropidonotus sipedon. Another writers in Penn- sylvania gives an account of over one hundred young snakes issuing from a wound in the side of a female spreading adder. These young were each from 6 to 8 inches in length, and all were active and blowing vigorously. Neither did the author of this note see the escape of the snake, although he did see sixty-three of the young in alcohol. There may easily have been an error in the determination of the species to which these young snakes belonged. One who has examined the eggs of this species can not easily believe that so many young snakes could, with such readiness, escape from a wound in the mother's side. More. over, these snakes deposit their eggs in the earth some time before the young are ready to lead an independent existence. Dr. Bumpus (op. cit., p. 361) states that a female Heterodon in the National Museum brought forth one hundred and eleven young; but Dr. Bumpus kindly informs me that he did not himself observe this. Prof. F. W.Cragin reports || the finding, on September 10, oftwenty-two eggs of this species. They were buried in the sand at East Hampton, Long Island. Two of the eggs, which he had in his possession, hatched four days afterwards. Troost appears to have dissected a black specimen, in which he found twenty-five eggs. Dr. C. C. Abbott says that he * Proc, A. A. A. S., 1873, p. 181. Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1874, p. 116. Amer. Nat., Vol. xvi, p. 1008. Amer. Nat., Vol. III, p. 555. || Amer. Nat., Vol. XIII, p.71 0. | Rambles, etc., p. 289. VOT 393 1892] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, . , :XVhas frequently in May found the eggs of the hog-nosel snake in con- siderable numbers, a few inches below the surface of the ground; and in early July he once found a family of 17 very small, and apparently juist hatcheil, young. These resented all interference, snapped, hissed, and flattened their heails precisely as an older snake would do. The size of the young is not given, but in another place (op. cit. p. 295) he implies that they were less than 4 inches in length. I think that this species, like most other species, produce their young rather later in the season; but I see no reason for not believing that some individuals may bear their eggs over the winter and lay them in the spring. A female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17951), sent me from Veedersburg, Fountain county, Ind., contained fifteen eggs, the posterior four of which lay in the left oviduct. I could discover no signs of embryos. Each egg was covered by a thick, tough, yellowish coat, inside of whichi was a thinner and more delicate membrane. Through the kindness of Mr. L. Stejneger, curator of the department of reptiles in the National Museum, I have been enabled to make some observations on the eggs and living young of this Heterodon. On the 31st day of last August, there were brought into the laboratory of the Department, for some point in Maryland not far from Washington, a lot of twenty-seven eggs, wbich the finder said were the eggs of the copperhead. It was reported that the eggs were thrown up out of the ground by the plow, and that the mother snake was near by and had resented the disturbing of her treasures. She had been killed, but had not been sent along with the eggs. Since it was supposed that the copperhead produces living young, the occupants of the laboratory were anxious to learn it this opinion were erroneous. Accordingly one of the eggs was opened, and in it was found a young log-nosed snake, fully developed, and ready to assist himself on the stage of action. This Heterodon quite closely resembles the copperhead, and most peo- ple are not accustomed to make nice distinctions among snakes. This close resemblance may account for some of the statements of the large number of young produced by the copperheads.* The eggs referred to were between an inch and a quarter and an inch and a half long, and about seven-eighths inch in short diameter. The egg-covering was thick, tough, and flexible, resembling a piece of parchment. There is little if any deposit of lime in it. Of these eggs, some were found to have hatched during the night of September 6. Others, which were buriel somewhat deeper in some clay, escaped from the eggs later; but all were out by the afternoon of the 8th. The length of such as were measured varied between 7 and 8 inches. From the moment of escape from the egg all were quite active, and mani- fested many of the characteristics of the adults. Some of the little fel- lows were quite saucy, and would make a pretense of striking at the approaching finger; but their efforts in that line were rather feeble. A Amer. Nat., Vol. XVII, p. 1235. 394 BREEDING HABITS OF SNAKES-HAY. faint hiss was sometimes uttered, but that may not have been yoluntary. One would sometimes flatten its head and body and rear up with the anterior third of its length free from the ground. If one did not know well their inoffensive natures, one would be excused for fearing to handle them. An extremely singular habit possessed by the adults is that of feigning leath. On being struck or teased they will roll over and over, as it in the iniensest agony, and then throw themselves on the back anıl lie there as if dead. Out of some fifteen of the young experimented with, I succeeded in getting only two or three to go through with this performance, but these did it to perfection. On be- ing lightly struck a few times, they would turn over on the back, writhe about awhile, and then lie perfectly still. If turned right side up, they would again turn on the back. If left uudisturbed for a little while they would turn over and creep slyly a way. The others of the young would not act in this way, however much they were teased. It would be interesting to know whether all the adults possess this odd habit. or only a portion of them. The cuticle of the young Teterodons is shed very shortly after their escape from the egg-coverings. Within a few minutes after oue bad left its prison the skin was observed to be broken about the head. It had left the egg at half past 1 and by 4 o'clock the skin was pushed back half the length of the body. The next morning the skin was wholly shed, revealing the brighter colors of the new skin. While get- ting rid of the cuticle the little reptile kept crawling over the clay and among the roots of grass. The opportunity was embraced to observe the use which is made of the egg.tooth. The tooth itself is easily seen in the just-hatched snake. Its lateral borders are more nearly parallel than those of the tooth of Bascanion, as figwed by Weinland. Seen from the side, the anterior or upper outline is concave, the posterior outline convex. Thus, the tooth projects forward and is turned slightly up. The anterior face is also concave from side to side, so that there is, on each side, a distinct cutting edge. The tip is cut off square. The tooth appears to have a ligamentous attachment, and may be liſted a little, but not much de- pressed. It seems quite evident that the tooth is first engaged in the egg-covering and then made to do its work by a forward push of the head. An examination of the covering, after the snake has left it, gives ample proof that it has been out and not merely torn. The edges are as smooth as if they had been slashed with a razor. A long slit is sometimes made as if by a single effort. In other cases, several at. tempts appear to have been made before the covering has been open enough for the snake to get out. In one or two cases, a tooth has not been inserted deeply enough, and the only result was a scratch on the inside of the covering. The egg tooth having, performed its office be- - comes loose and drops out. This occurs usually within twenty-four hours. VOL395 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, . , ] ". XVWhen the slit has been successfully made, the little snake may some- times be seen pushing its heaul carefully out as if to survey the sur- roundings. Shoulil there be any movement, the head will be quickly withdrawn. I have been able to collect some facts concerning the pairing of the sexes of Heteroclon platirhinos. Prof. U. 0. Cox, of Mankato, Minn., informs me that he found two individuals uniting some time in May. A second male was entwined with the two other snakes. The latter were separated with difficulty. The male intromittent organs are de- scribed as being of an oval form, an inch long and over a half inch thick. Two observers have seen the black specimens, formerly called H. niger, pairing with the spotted individuals. Prof. W. S. Blatchley* found a black and a spotted one copulating on April 19. He speaks in a letter to me of the intromittent organs as being as large as a walnut, and covered with spines. Mr. E. R. Quick, of Brookville, Ind., an accurate observer of nature, writes me that he once found a black viper pairing with a spotted one. The time, he thinks, was late in June. The time of gestation of this species is not known. It may continue from spring until autumn. Possibly the late-pairing individuals may retain their eggs until the next spring. Nor do we know how long the eggs are laid before they are ready to hatch. These matters are known concerning very few of our snakes, and a wide field is offered for work and observation. Of the Colubers, I have been able to make observations on C. obso- letus alone. It is likely that others have observed and written on the subject, but I have not met with their statements. Dr. G. B. Goode reckonst this species among those which are ovoviviparous, but I am inclined to question this. My son, W. P. Hay, captured two of these snakes, near Indianapolis, while they were in sexual union. This was on June 19. The male (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17948) was 5 feet 5 inches long, the female (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17949) 6 feet 3 inches. When they were separated, the intromittent organs of the male were everted some 3 inches. A dissection shows that the hollow portion of the organ extends behind the vent 3 inches, while the retractor muscles form a cord which extends back nearly to the tip of the tail. At the base of the evertible portion, near the vent, the inner surface, which when the organ is everted becomes the outer surface, is furnished with numerous plications. Near the middle of the organ are found many hooked papillae, some of them large and horny. The remainder of the organ has the surface raised up into numerous anastomozing folds, so that under the microscope it reminds one of the reticulum of the ox's stomach. On opening the female I find in her sixteen eggs. Of these eggs, four lie about the middle of the animal's body, while the other twelve oc- cupy a much more anterior position; the one farthest forward being within 8 inches of the tip of the snake's snout, the hindermost one only * Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1891, p. 33. + Proc. A. A. A. S. 1873, p. 185. 396 BREEDING JIABITS OF SNAKES-HAY. 9 inches farther back. Several of these eggs are lying apparently loose in the body cavity. It might be supposed that they had just left the ovary and were about to enter the oviduct; but they are surrounded each with a covering nearly as thick and tough as that of the egg of the Heterodon. Could these eggs have been in the oviducts and then squeezed ont into the body cavity during the time of being entwined with the male! The thickness of the egg covering makes it appear to me highly probable that the eggs are destined to be laid before the young will be mature enough for independent existence. * Some years ago, in midsummer, I found a number of the eggs of the house snake which had been deposited in a pile of stable manure. This was in Bureau county, Ill. No record was kept of the number of the eggs, but a few of them (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 17955) were preserved in alcohol. When found, the eggs were glued together into one mass. Each egg is 2 inches long and nearly an inch and a quarter in the short diameter. On the outside is found a thick, leathery, yellow covering, be- neath which is a much thinner coat. From one of these eggs I have taken a young snake which measures 104 inches in length. Attached to this embryo is a considerable mass of yolk, a condition which indicates that the embryo is not ready for latching. Nevertheless, all the generic and specific characters are well shown. There is a well-developed egg tooth. The intromittent organs are everted in the specimen examined. Each consists of a rather slender and twisted basal stalk, at the end of which is the swollen glans. This is acorn-shaped at the base, but termi. nates, at the distal end, in two blunt lobes. The base of the glans is densely spinose, the remainder reticulately papillose. The seminal groove winds around the basal stalk and terminates at the tip of one of the terminal lobes, the larger one.t Concerning the breeding habits of the black-racer, Bascanion con- strictor, I find little in print. It is well known that the young differ markedly from the adults, being decidedly spotted. Dr. Weinland, as already stated, described the egg-tooth. In one female, taken near 1 * Since the above has gone to press, I have had the opportunity, April 29, of dis- secting a recently captured female, the length of which was 4 feet 4 inches. The ovaries lie in the region situated about two-thirds the distance from the head to the vent. Each oviduct ends close to the corresponding ovary. It seems evident, there- fore, that at least some of the eggs of the specimen described above are really lying loose in the body cavity. In the specimen dissected, the ovarian eggs are very imma- ture, none of them exceeding about a quarter of an inch in length. It may be of some interest to adel that female had the anterior three-fourths of the body ornamented with blotches of a decided red color, the red occupying both the surfaces of the scales and the skin between them. The blotches were separated by scales which were partly yellow. Soon after death a great part of the red disappeared. The stomach contained eight wild mice, six of them young. + I am able to state that Coluber obsoletus is oviparous. Mr. Thomas Marron, of the National Museum, early in April, 1889, collected a number of snake eggs in a hollow stump near the Potomac River. They were opened and found to contain fully de- veloped young of this species, (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 15334).- Leonhard Stejneger. VOL397 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVIndianapolis, I find nineteen eggs, seven of which lie in the left ovary. These eggs are quite immature. Some alcoholic eggs (U. S. Nat. Mus., No.17956) of this species from an unknown locality furnish some points. They are of the usual elongated oval form, an inch and a half long and close to an inch in short diameter. The outer covering is thick and tough, and it is furnished with numer- ous hard points, as if of deposits of lime salts. Within the egg is a young racer 104 inches long and evidently nearly ready to come forth. The intromittent organs of this specimen are somewhat flattened, broad at the extremity, and with prominent terminal angles. The organ be- gins to expand from its base. It is furnished plentifully with spines. When the sexes unite, when the eggs are laid, how concealed, and when they hatch, are some of the things which we need to learn. I have examined a specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17969) of Haldea striatula from some point in Arkansas. It is 94 inches long and con- tains five eggs, each with a young Haldea in it. Only the hindermost egg is in the left oviduct. This is a little over an inch long, but the others are only a little more than three-quarters. The short diameter of the egg is about a quarter of an inch. The embryos are far from ma- ture, being only 23 inches long when extended. They have a consid- erable mass of yolk still attached to them. The egg-coverings are This circumstance causes me to conclude that the young are brought forth alive. A series of sections through the snout of an embryo reveals the presence of the usual egg-tooth. very thin. F 1 NOTES ON THE FLOWERS OF ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM L BY THEO. Holm. (With Plate XLVIII.) It is a very interesting and highly instructive task to study the mor- phology of the Grass-flower. The numerous variations, which occur here are well fitted to confuse our ideas as to the identity of the con- stituents of the flower, and a mere look into the considerable literature upon this subject is sufficient to prove the difficulty of the study. While some authors have considered the development of the flower as the only reliable guide, others have thought to find the best explanation in the fully but abnormally developed flowers, of which several forms have been recorded in the Grained. It may not be denied that these aberrant forms, in many cases, are really worthless; but there are, on the other hand, not a few which seem to be of some use to morphological studies. But it would not be necessary to study, for instance, the nature of the glumes of viviparous specimens to find out that they are identical with bracts, because we are able to see that in the develop- ment of these organs; and in a similar instance has Goebel* taught us that the history of the development of the inflorescence in ('enchrus is suficient to show that the so-called involucre is an abundantly ramified, but rudimentary system of axes, in which each axis aborts and merely shows a spine in the mature flower. Now, in regard to Anthorunthum the true position of the floral organs and at the same time the mor. phological identity of these are so much disputed, having been studied from normal flowers, we propose to study the same, but from abnor- mally developed specimens. The explanations which have been given by different authors as to the correct understanding of the flower, or rather the spikelet of Antho.e- anthum, show a great divergency of opinion. Most commonly the spikelet is described as consisting of one pair of empty glumes, two neutral flowers, represented by two flowering glumes with distinct awns, and finally one perfect flower, of which the flowering glume and the palet are nearly uniform. We have, then, three flowering glumes in the same spikelet which do not resemble each other, a fact that has led to a *K. Goebel: Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenorgane (A Schenk's Handbuch der Botanik, Vol. III, p. 126, 1884.) I'roceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 910. 399 400 FLOWERS OF ANTHOXANTHUM-HOLM. * disagreement as to their true morphological identity. While several au- thors, as, for instance, Kunth, Nees. Von Esenbeck, Torrey, Roeper, Blytt, Hartman, Garcke, Lange, and others have adopted the same explanation as given above, and so strikingly characterized by Roeper* as “ Eine Hierochloë, deren männliche Blumen auf die blossen Deckblätter reducirt sind,” other authors have come to an entirely different con- clusion. Döllt was unable to content himself and to believe that these three glumes, called flowering glumes by the other authors, should represent organs of the same morphological degree, when so different in shape; while otherwise, as for instance in Bromus, all the glumes show nearly the same structure. He therefore came to the conclusion that the fifth and sixth glume (the flowering glume and the palet of the perfect flower) represent the exterior wreath of a perigon, and that all the glumes are then situated on the same axis. This same explaua- tion is also given by Eichler, † thus agreeing with Döll, who asserts that the flower is terminal on the rhachis, although he admits it to be contrary to the definition of most other authors. Finally, Hackel has described Anthoranthum as having four empty glumes, but does not mention whether the second pair, the inner ones, represents neutral flowers or not. It would be a very singular case, indeed, if the flower should really be terminal, although Doll's couclu- sion is very attractive. Schumann,|| however, has not hesitated to give the same statement: “Ein Contaktkörper ist auch im auch im Abor nicht anzunehmen, die oberste Blüthe ist echt terminal (Anthoranthun, Hie- rochloa).” But the same author seems not quite unwilling to change his idea, if only some “Missbildunzen” (1.c., p. 131) might be produced, of which even Döll seems to have observed two cases. In offering now a contribution to the explanation of the flowers of Anthoranthum, the aim will be to show that the two awned glumes inside the proper empty ones really belong to two neutral flowers," and “that the perfect flower has both a flowering glume and a palet, thereby not being terminal, but lateral.” The material, which has served as a base for the present investigation, was collected in the Smithsonian park in this city. In regard to the locality where the specimens were collected the ground had lately been overflowed, so that in this fact the cause of the malformation might be found, especially since no other factors were observed, neither parasitic fungi nor insects. The general appearance of the plants was quite remarkable; the culms were much taller than usual, the inflorescence very long, loose, 66 3 * Joh. Roeper: Zur Flora Mecklenburgs, 1844. + Döll: Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. Mannheimer Jahresbericht, 1868. IA. W. Eichler: Bliithendiagramme, 1875. Ø E. Hackel: 'The true Grasses, translated from “Die natijrlichen Pflanzenfamilieu" by F. Lamson Scribner and Elie Southworth, 1890. || Karl Schumann: Neue Untersuchungen iiber den Blüthenanschluss, Leipzig, 1890, p. 128, etc, VOL401 1892 . XV, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] and nodding, while from the apical spikelets slender branches issued, terminatel by a few,(1 to ) small spikelets (Tab. XLVIII, Fig. 1). In some specimens the spikelets were transformed into leafy shoots, thus rep. resenting the well-known variety “vivipara," as described for many species of Graminere (Tab. XLVIII, Fig. 12).* Now, concerning the first question, whether the two awned glumes represent two neutral flowers or not, let us examine figure 8 on the ac- companying plate. This spikelet, of which the proper empty glumes have been removed, shows altogether three awned glumes, but of which only the two basal ones are now in question. They are both situated on the same rhachis, but at different heights, and we see farther that the uppermost one, that on the right side in the figure, partly encloses another smaller and awnless glume, which is a normal palet. Judging from the position and the shape of these two glumes in connection with the fact that one of them has been found enclosing a palet and flower, may we then not suggest that they both are true flowering glumes? There is no doubt that they correspond to the two similar glumes of the normal spikelet, because their position is exactly the same, and there is no essential clifference in regard to their appearance; they were, it is true, merely hairy along the midrib, but this character is of but small importance. Several other variations were observed even in the same inflorescence, a circumstance probably due to the unusual moist locality where the plants were found growing. In some other spikelets, (Figs. 2, 9 and 10) only one of these glumes was developed, but it was easily recognized. We have now another case (Fig. 4) in which we see the same glumes again, but widely separated from each other on the Silme rhachis. Their forin is here very different from the normal one, since they are distinctly acuminate and but shortly awned. We meet here a fact which shows that their form may not be constant, and also that they may resemble the proper empty glumes. This very abnormal case would have been a good support to Döll's theory that these glumes should not be equal to the fifth glume in the normal spikelet, since they are not only very different from this in regard to their shape, but in this case, they even resemble the empty glumes. We venture, how- ever, to oppose this supposition of Döll by referring to the spikelet in Fig. 8. There are here three awned glumes, the uppermost one being a true flowering glume which has here simulated the shape of the others, and which really corresponds to the same glume of the normal perfect flower. It is situated upon the same rhachis as all the other glumes, the empty and the flowering ones of the neutral flowers, and encloses a palet and a rudimentary pistil, but no stamens. This was observed in several other spikelets, and we see it illustrated again in Fig. 6, where the upperinost flowering glume is easily distinguished by its long awn, although the glume itself is much smaller than the others. * Compare E. H. Hunger: Ueber einige vivipare Pflanzen und die Erscheinung der Apogamie. Inanc. dissertation, Bantzen, 1887. Proc. N. M, 92_26 402 FLOWERS OF ANTHOXANTHUM-HOLM. It may not be unreasonable to suppose now, that the spikelet of Anthor. anthum has three flowering glumes, although we have been unable so far to observe any trace of a palet or rhachilla in the axil of the lowest situated of these glumes. We now want to reply to the next question and show whether the per- fect flower, the uppermost one in the spikelet, is terminal, as stated by Döll, Eichler, and Schumann, or lateral. It is hardly necessary to offer any further discussion concerning this point, since it is a simple conse- quence of what has been shown in the two spikelets-Figs. 6 and 8; because we have seen in Fig. 8 that a palet is present, and thereby a rhachilla indicated, besides that in both figures the rhachis is distinctly elongated above the base of the flowering glume (Fig. 7), and shows here a pointed processus, as usual in the spikelets of the Graminere. Although, as stated above, abnormally developed specimens have been used to demonstrate the morphological identity of the organs in the normal spikelet of Anthoxanthum, it may not be denied that the comparison seems to favor the generally adopted idea that the spikelet really contains three flowers, but of which only one is perfect, and that this same flower is not terminal but lateral. Before leaving the sub- ject we will call attention to a very peculiar malformation observeil in some of the examined specimens. An abnormally developed flowering glume of one of the neutral flowers (Fig. 11), the apex of which showel not only a long and strongly bent awn, but also on each side of this awn was an appendage, the structure and shape of which reminds one very much about the glume itself. We have then in this glume the same kind of prolification, of which similar cases have been recorded by Masters. * The large number of truly viviparous spikelets examined did not show anything of particular interest; it might be noted that in these, as in all the other malformed spikelets, the empty glumes had con- stantly preserved their usual and normal appearance. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, D. C., March 21, 1892. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII. Anthoranthum odoratum L. Fig. 1. Inflorescence with proliferous spikelets, natural size. Fig. 2. Proliferous spikelet from the apex of the inflorescence, magnified about four times. The empty glumes are normally developed, while the flowering glumes of the neutral flowers are reduced to one; the rhachis is strongly elongated and bears at its apex three spikelets, the median nearly sessile, the two lateral ones distinctly pediceled, all surrounded by normal empty glumes. Fig. 3. Spikelet a of the preceding, showing a normally developed spikelet with one pair of empty glumes, two awned flowering glumes of the neutral flowers, and a perfect flower with the flowering glume and palet of the same shape. c. 4 x natural size. Maxwell Masters: Vegetable Teratology, London, 1869. VOL403 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . :] . XVFig. 4. Proliferous spikelet from the base of the inflorescence, showing the two empty glumes, the two flowering glumes of the neutral flowers, which are here separated from each other and situated on an elongated rhachis. The apex of the rhachis bears a very rudimentary spikelet; the perfect flower is here represented by two small scales (flowering glume and palet) and a very rudimentary pistil with two stigmas. c. 4 x natural size. Fig. 5. Branch with four spikelets from another inflorescence. c.4 x natural size. Fig. 6. Spikelet b of the preceding figure, showing the empty glumes, tire flowering glumes of two neutral flowers, and a strongly elongated rhachis, which bears, a little below its apex, a rudimentary flower. c. 4 x natural size. Fig. 7. The upper part of the rhachis of the preceding spikelot, showing the dis- tinct, pointed apex of the rhachis, and a lateral flower, consisting of one stamen and one stigma; the palet is absent, but the flower is supported by a flowering glume with long awn. c. 15 X natural size. Fig. 8. Spikelet e from the inflorescence, shown in Fig. 5. The empty glumes have been removed to show the other parts more distinctly. There are here three distinct lowering glumes of about the same size and shape; the two lowest belong to the two neutral flowers, but of which the one at the rigbt side in the figure encloses a palet. The rhachis is slightly elongated, and bears a third flowering glume, which also includes a palet and a rudi- mentary pistil, but no stamens. The rhachis is extended a little above the base of the uppermost flowering glume and is sharply pointed. This figure shows the lateral position of the perfect flower. c.4 x natural size. Fig. 9. Spikelet d of the inflorescence in Fig. 5. There is here, besides the two empty glumes, only one flowering glume of the neutral flowers; the other one is entirely wanting. The perfect flower has the flowering glume and the palet of the saine shape as in normal spikelots, but only one stamen and no pistil. €.4 x natural size. Fig. 10. Spikelet from another inflorescence with but one flowering glume inside the pair of empty glumes. C.4 x natural size. Fig. 11. An abnormally developed flowering glume of a neutral flower, showing at its apex a long, bent awn and two glumaceous, a wned appendages. c.4 x natural size. Fig. 12. A truly viviparons spikelet with normal empty glumes, while the other gluues have been transformed into green leaves. c. 4 x natural size. ! . U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. XLVIII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV 3. 10. a 6 8 9. Z. 12. a 5. 4. 7 2. Autor ad nat.del. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM. NOTES ON THE UNIONIDÆ OF FLORIDA AND THE SOUTHEAST- ERN STATES. By CHARLES T. SIMPSON, Aid in the Department of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum. (With Plates XLIX-LXXIV.) INTRODUCTION. For some yeur's past I have made a special study of the Unionidæ of Florida and the southeastern States, their variation and distribution, and I have been led to prepare the following catalogue and notes prin- cipally for two reasons: First. There are undoubtedly very many so-called species of unios from this region that are merely tritling variations of valid forms or actual synonyms, and which only serve to cumber our literature and embarass the student. Dr. Lea, our great authority, seemed in many instances to fully understand this wide variation, and he has often grouped together under a single name shells which at first sight seem to be distinct, but which, when carefully studied with other material, are seen to be but varieties of one thing. But in other cases he has founded species on trifling and inconstant characters, and has repeat- edly given different names to what are evidently identical forms. More recently the Wrights (Messrs. S. H. and B. H.) have collected in the lake region of Florida, they have made a study of the Unionidae of the State, and have published quite a number of new species; but they do not appear to have worked u;) their material with sufficient thoroughness, as a number of their new unios are certainly varieties of well-known forms or actual synonyms of hitherto named species from Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. Secondly. Much confusion exists among collectors and students re- garding the material in their collections, a considerable proportion of the shells from this region having been sent out under wrong numes. Fully one-half these species are not understood, and the cabinets of conchologists in general exhibit the most deplorable confusion in this matter. It is my desire in this list to considerably reduce the number of so- called species by showing that they vary into each other, or that many of them have without proper study simply been assumed to be new and renamed, and to give such descriptions and notes as will materially assist in properly determining material. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XT, No 911. 405 406 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. Little is known regarding the variation and distribution of the mol. lusks of this region, as but a very small part of it has been explored. No doubt many allied forms, which from want of sufficient material I have not felt justified in reducing to synonymy, will have to be united when we have thoroughly worked up the mollusks of all the south- eastern States, and there are probably some valid species as yet unde- scribed. Perhaps my opportunities for studying the Unionide of this region are as good as can be had at the present time. I resided four years in southwest Florida, and the collection I made at that time is very nearly complete as to species. I have had for study all the mate- rial belonging to my friend the Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa.; the mag- nificent set of southeastern unios belonging to Mrs. George Andrews, of Knoxville, Tenn., including the shells collected by F. Rugel; the equally complete lot of material in the cabinet of Mr. William A. Marsh, of Aledo, Ill., who owns the finest private collection of these shells in existence, and who has greatly aided me in my work with numerous valuable notes and suggestions. In the National Museum I have had constant access to our general collection, most of which has been studied and named by Dr. Lewis and Mr. R. E. Call. This includes a large and nearly complete series of Mr. Wright's new species, donated to the Museum by that gentleman. Besides this there is the unequaled collection of Dr. Lea, which includes most of the types from this region and a large number of valuable duplicates, as well as most of Dr. Gould's species, which were sent by their author to Dr. Lea. A few words may not be out of place concerning the distribution of the Unionidee in the United States. There are two tolerably well de. fined areas of distribution in northern North America which contain very distinct assemblages of species, and each of these has a subregion peopled to some extent with different but allied forms. First. The Mississippi drainage area, embracing a territory of 1,250,000 square miles. Within this region the Unionida attain a finer develop ment than in any other part of the world, not only in the number of speries, but in the magnificence of their forms and the perfection of individual specimens. It is here, where the streams flow over vast beds of limestone and where food is abundant, that the conditions for unio life are most favorable and nature has fairly reveled in the creation of the beantiful, the ponderous, and the grotesque. Here the genera Unio and Murgaritana assume a variety of forms that are odd and strange; here are developed species with winged hinges, strong corrugations, knobs, and sinuses. South and west of this, in the streams running mostly through Texas and the eastern slope of Mexico into the Gulf, is found a small assem- blage of forms not met with in the Mississippi Valley, though closely related to the species found in that region. They have for the most part linely developed shells, and their relationship to those of the area just mentioned and the fact that many of the species of the great AOL407 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ext, . ] . XVvalley are found in Texas and Mexico lead me to consider this merely a subregion. Second. From the mouth of the Mississippi, extending to the southern extremity of Florida, northward into the British possessions, and again westward to include all the St. Lawrence drainage, and embracing all the streams in this territory that fall into the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, there is found a set of Unionidee possessing very different characters from those of the area first mentioned. Here the species, as a rule, are moderate in size and neutral in color, and but few odd or striking forms are found; though Unio spinosus and U. collinus, the only shells known bearing true spines, belong here. The change in forms from Nova Scotia to Florida is very slight; in fact some groups, such as that of Unio complanatus, extend throughout the whole region, and if they can be said to break into good species, the variation is cer- tainly very gradual and specific lines are very difficult to determine. Quite a number of forms seem to be contined to the State of Florida, though, perhaps, when we liave a thorough knowledge of their distri- bution, we shall find their range much extended. It is probable that the State was peopled with Unionidee from the region just north and west of it; that here has been a migration as the land arose from the Appalachian chain southward and eastward. The fact that the Flor- ida species differ from those of southern Georgia, Alabama, and the lowlands of the Carolinas is due, perhaps, to a milder climate, and to some extent, no doubt, to the existence of a remarkable system of small clear lakes in the former State, in which the Unionidæ have attained a high state of development. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Mississippi and for some distance along the territory just north of the Gulf there is a uningling of forms of the two areas, and the same thing is again seen in the region of the Great Lakes, while in the middle ground the Appalachian chain has acted as a much more effective barrier between the species. There is but a very limited developinent of the Unionida throughout the Rocky Mountain region and the Pacific slope; a couple of species of unios, Margaritama margaritifera, and three or four anodontas. Ser- eral so-called species of west coast anodons of the group of A. Cali- forniensis are considered by Dr. Stearns (who perhaps has a better knowledge of the mollusk fauna of western America than any other man living) mere local races of A. cygnen, of Europe, a form which he believes to be circimboreal. (See paper on History and Distribution of the Fresh Water Mussels, and the identity of certain alleged species, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., Nov. 20, 1882.) In this opinion I am in- clined to concur. Ano, angulata, so different normally, is shown by photographs from specimens made by that indefatigable collector, Mr. Henry Hemphill, as well as by material in the National Museum, to be very closely related to the speries I have mentionell. The two unios are not strongly characterized, but show evident relationship to the species of the Atlantic drainage. I believe the Unionide of this region а 408 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. to be much more intimately connected with those of the Atlantic sys- tem than the Mississippi valley, and I consider this a subregion of the former, Perhaps in the whole United States not over one hundred valid species will be found to be extra limital. It is worthy of note that while these areas seem to confine the Unionidæ within giren bounds, they present no perceptible barriers to the Corbiculider or the fresh-water univalves which are everywhere found with them. Lea's arrangement of the Unionidæ in two great divisions-symphy- note and non-symphynote; the former including those species in which the dorsal margin is more or less produced into a wing, the latter those without it—and the subdivision of these groups into smaller ones, first on peculiarities of sculpture, and secondly according to form, is a simple, comprehensive one, but it is an arrangement which is certainly artificial and not in accordance with all the facts of nature. We often find shells which are entirely destitute of the dorsal wing, which by sculpture, form, texture, and general characters are evidently closely related to those which are symphynote, and there is even the greatest possible variation in this character in the individuals of the same species. Lea himself acknowledged that this character was of little value in classification. The same species may be either absolutely smooth or strongly pustulate, as in Unio infucatus, or U. pustulosus, which, in the variety Schoolcrafti, is often entirely destitute of nodules; it may be strongly sulcate or entirely plain, as U. negatus, a shell with well marked concentric ridges, which graduates imperceptably into t.ru biginosus, a perfectly plain form; and V. Estabrookianus, stromincus and others exhibit precisely the same variations. So far as form goes as a character by which to classify, Mr. Lea has, in order to conform to it, been obliged to widely separate members of such well-characterized groups as those of U. Buckleyi, U. complanatus, and I'. luteolus. In arranging I have attempted to place the species in natural groups, putting those together as far as possible which seem to have a more intimate relationship, and which have probably spring from a common ancestry at a recent date, and yet doing as little violence as possible to Mr. Lea's general arrangement. I am aware that these groups are not as a rule of great importance, that they often imperceptibly merge int others, and that any lineal arrangement of them must be artificial, is many of them show about equal relationship to several others. In grouping, sculpture, form, color of epidermis and nacre, the teeth, gen- eral facies, and texture, as well as locality, have all been taken into consideration. I have for the most part given a set of outlines drawn from the valves of the shells, to illustrate the form and variation and to assist in the determination of the species. In a paper like this the cost of figuring so large a number of forms would be too great, and it is believes that these outlines, often drawn from the type-shells, which I have found very useful when sent to students, will prove a great aid in comparing with specimens, giving an accurate idea of dimensions and form. I a VOL409 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVhave attempted to indicate in the text the degree of inflation, sculpture, character of epidermis, and color pattern, character of teeth, nacre, and other points of interest. I have followed Mr. Lea in the terms used in measurement and desig- nation of parts of the shell, calling that part of it which is in the ad- vance when the animal is traveling the anterior, and the opposite end, which bears the ligament, the posterior. The distance from the anterior to the posterior margins Mr. Lea calls the breadth or width; that from the base or ventral region to the beaks the length. I prefer the arrange- ment of Broderip and Sowerby, which is followed by Conrad and other American conchologists, of terming the distance from the forward to the linder part of the shell the length, and that from the unbones to the base the height or width, but have thought it perhaps best to use the terms of our great authority on the Unionida. I have only described such species as to my knowledge have been collected in the State of Florida, as it was necessary to fix some limit to the list. Many other species, however, are noticed in outlining the groups to which the Florida shells belong. There are no doubt errors in the work I have undertaken, since much of this is a matter of judgment, and human judgment is liable to error in the determination and arrangement of many of these exceedingly close and puzzling forms. My aim has been to reduce to order the chaos in which I found our southeastern Unionide, and throw some light on the limits of the species, their relationships, and distribution. GENUS UNIO. GROUP OF UNIO INFUCATUS. The species which typifies this group seems to stand alone among American unios. U. corrugatus of India resembles it somewhat in sculp- ture and general form, but is more inflated and has a less solid hinge. U. infucatus in general form is very close to U. ienticularis and U. chickasauchensis, but is characterized by peculiar chevron-shaped and inore or less nodulous corrugations, in some cases covering the entire shell. The former species varies greatly in the amount of sculpture, even to specimens which are nearly smooth, much as U. pustulosus va- ries into the smooth forms of Schoolcrafti, and it is possible that the present group should be merged with that of U.chickasauhensis.* The general form is lenticular, the color dark brown to black, the teeth and hinge plate rather solid, with nacre varying from white to lurid purplish. Unio infucatus Con. Unio infucatus Con. (Plate XLIX. Figs. 1, 2, 5.) New F. W. Shells, pl. III, fig. 2. Unio Kleinianus Lea. (Plate XLIX. Fig. 6.) Obs. V, p. 21, pl. XVII, fig. 18, Mar. 5, 18.52. Type, Suwanee R., Fla., collected by Maj. Le Conte, West Florida; coll. of Wm. A. Marsh. Since writing the above the examination of a large amount of additional material has convinced me that this species groups with U. chickasawhensis. 410 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. Lea attempts to separate his species from Conrad's on the ground that the latter is not figured as a folded shell; that his differs in having larger plications, which are more interrupted, and in the color of the epidermis, which in infucatus when old is quite black. Yet in his own collection some of the specimens of Kleinianus are nearly without sculp- ture, and others are almost jet black, while those of infucatus vary from almost absolutely smooth to strongly corrugated throughout. Among hundreds of duplicates in the Lea collection from many localities I find every gradation, from inflated forms having a well-marked posterior ridge to those which are lenticular; the sculpture varying from ab- solutely smooth to completely corrugated, and a range of color from shining black to fulvous, and even green on young specimens. So far as I know the species is confined to the waters of Georgia and northern Florida. GROUP OF UNIO CRASSIDENS. Mostly solid triangular shells, with heavy epidermis, and a promi- nent ridge running from the beaks to the posterior ventral region, the posterior slope of which is usually slightly folded, with nacre varying from white to salmon and purple. U. crassidens, an abundant species in the Mississippi drainage basin, is one of the largest and most ponderous of Unios. The other species are distributed through the southeastern States, Unio Forbesianus Lea. (Plates XLIX, Fig. 3, Plate L, Figs. 2, 3.) 9 Unio Forbesianus Lea. Obs. V, p. 20, Pl. xvi, Fig. 17, Mar. 5, 1852. Type, Savannah R. Unio Moussonianus Lea. (Plate L, Fig. 4.) Obs. V, p. 24, Pl. XVIII, Fig. 22, Mar. 5, 1852. Type, Georgia; Barrett. Unio restitus Lea. (Plate XLIX, Fig. 3; Pl. L, Fig. 1.) Obs. IX, p. 11, Pl. XXV, Fig. 259, Dec. 24, 1861. Ogeechee R., Ga.; Le ('onte and Anthony. U. Forbesianus and vestitus were described from young specimens, and in a careful examination of the types in Lea's collection, as well as that of U. Moussonianus, i can not see any difference worthy of even varietal names. These shells bear considerable resemblance to the well known and abundant U. crassidens, but are less solid and do not attain the size of that species. U. Forbesianus has been collected by F. Rugel in Lake Monroe and Black Creek, Florida; these specimens, which now belong to Mrs. George Andrews, laving been compared by the writer with Lea's types. Unio monroensis Lea, (Plate Li, Fig. 1.) Unio monroensis Lea. Obs. IV, p. 37, Pl. XLI, Fig. 8, Aug. 18, 1813. Type, Lake Monroe, Fla., collected by Dr. Budd. l'. monroensis is very close to the last species, differing from it only in being slightly less solid, in having more compressed teeth, and in 1892. ] 411 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. being rather higher colored. I think it quite probable that when large series of this are compared with U. Forbesianus they will be found to be mere variations of one species. Unio pusillus Lea. (Plate Li, Figs. 2, 6.) Unio pusillus Lea. Obs. IX, p. 19, Pl. XXVII, Fig. 36, Oct. 2, 1810. Ogeechee R., Ga.; Maj. Le Conte. Unio bureus Lea. (Plate Li, Fig. 3.; Obs. V, p. 17, Pl. XV, Fig. 13, Mar. 5, 1852. Abbeville Dist., S. C.; J. P. Barrett. Unio Anthonyi Lea. (Plate Li, Figs. t, 5.) Obs. ix, 1. 19, Pl. XXVII, fig. 266, Feb. 5, 1861, Fla.; Anthony. Dr. Lea described U. pusillus from specimens he had long thought the young of some other known species. U. bureus was described from three shells, only one of which he considered adult. I do not see how it is possible to separate these from the types of pusillus, as they agree in size, form, color of epidermis and nacre, and in the teetli, and all appear to me to be young shells. His type of U. Anthonyi, a single specimen, probably adult, had been varnished and otherwise injured. It is a tawny yellowish green, with very faint rays, and is hardly as solid a shell as some of the young of buceus and pusillus. A young specimen of U. Anthonyi which Mr. Lea afterwards obtained of Maj. Le Conte, from the Ogeechee River, is quite conspicuously rayed, and is almost precisely like some of the specimens of the above named spe- cies. Unio dorsatus Lea. (Plate Li, Fig. 7, Plate Lu, Figs. 1, 2.) Unio dorsatus Lea. Obs. XII, p. 60, Pl. XLV, Fig. 112, June 2, 1868. Type, Cataw- ba R., N. C.; C. M. Wheatley. A very variable and puzzling species. There is much difference in the solidity, width, and form of individuals. A specimen is before me from the cabinet of Wm. A. Marsh, labeled “U. Anthonyi Lea, Flor- ida,” and another from Mrs. Andrews, collected in Florida, by Rugel, without locality, which are, I believe, U. dorsatus. In all the examples I I have seen, the epidermis is dull tawny brownish and squamose, the substance of the shell rather thin, and the nacre shaded purple. The form of the shell, its dorsal ridge, and the slight plications of the pos- terior slope probably place it here, but it has affinities with the Com. planatus group. GROUP OF UNIO COMPLANATUS. Unio complanatus, which is one of the most abundant species in the United States, may be taken as the type of an extensive group which is distributed from Canada to northern Florida, and from the Appala- chian Chain to the Atlantic. Mr. Lea recognized the immense varia- 412 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. tion of this species, as is shown in his collection, where the most di- verse forms from Canada, New England and the Middle States are placed by him under the name of l. complanatus. But he seems to have fixed its southern limit with some rare exceptions somewhere about the State of Virginia, and has applied specific names to every variation found south of that. One can almost exactly duplicate in his immense series of complanatus such forms as roanoakensis, sarannah- ensis, Postellii, neusensis, Hallenbeckii, napeanenssi, hopetonensis, and a dozen others, and the conviction becomes strong with any one who at- tempts to study or name the members of this puzzling group that if the diversified forms in the more northern States are mere variations of one species, most of those in the South are nothing more. There is an immense amount of this material, numbering thousands of specimens, in Dr. Lea's collection and among his duplicates, contributed largely by Dr. Emmons, C. M. Wheatley, Girard Hallenbeck, Dr. Lewis, J. Postell, Bishop Elliott, and Dr. Barrett. The accompanying notes, the names written on the shells and erased, and the controversies among these earnest students of a past generation concerning their proper identification, show how hopeless was the task of attempting to satis- factorily determine these varying and puzzling forms. It may be said in general terms that the species of the group are wide and rhomboidal, with usually a well developed posterior ridge, are somewhat compressed, with an epidermis varying from smooth and shining to squamose, and in color range from tawny yellow through greenisli to black, either with or without rays. The nacre is not often iridescent, and varies from white or yellowish to deep purple. Unio hopetonensis Lea. (Plate Lii, Fig. 3, Plate Lini, Fig. 1.) Unio hopetonensis Lea. Obs. II, p. 29, Pl. IX., Fig. 24, Feb. 15, 1836. Hopeton, Ga.; Prof. Shepard. Dr. Lea described this species from a young individual (diameter, 9; length, 1.7; breadth, 3.4 inches), which but imperfectly showed the characters of the adult shell. I have been strongly tempted to place Unio duriensis in the synonomy, for though selected specimens of the latter differ in a markedl degree from the former, yet among the large amount of material that has passed under my hands there are examples which may as well be placed with the one as the other. The species is one of the largest found in the southeastern States, often attaining a length of 3 inches, a width of 5), and a diameter of 2 inches. As a rule it is a smoother shell than the allied species, is less inflated, and has not so decided a posterior ridge. VOL 413 1892 TV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] Unio dariensis Lea. (Plate Lili, Fig. 2, Plate Liv, Fig. 1.) Unio dariensis Lea, Obs. III, p. 81, Pl. XXvi, Fig. 61, Oct. 21, 1812. Darien, Ga.; J. H. Couper. Some of the specimens of this species are so greatly inflated and pos- sess such a strong posterior ridge that they would seem to belong to the crassidens group, and from these there is every gradation to forms which would undoubtedly be placed with U. complanatus. The nacre varies from silvery to dark purple, and the cardinals from compressed to trans- verse. A young shell which I refer to this species, labeled “Florida," and belonging to Mrs. Andrews, is before me. This and the allied spe. cies, so far as I know, have only been reported from Georgia. GROUP OF UNIO SPISSUS. In form the shells which I have placed in this small group are related to U. ochraceus and the species which belong with it, but they differ in being wider, and in having the epidermis and nacre more like that of obesus. U. splendidus has the form of Downiei, spissus, geminus, and the rest of the group, but in coloring approaches ochraceus. This assein- blage seems to naturally include a few species ranging from North Caro- lina to Florida, among which U. Douniei has been obtained at several localities in the latter State. U borealis Gray, of Canada, though per: haps a small form of luteolus, closely resembles in shape some of the species which belong here. Unio Downiei Lea, (Plate iv, Figs. 1-3, Plate Lvi, Fig. 5.) Unio Downiei Lea, Obs. VII, p. 28, Pl. XXV, Fig. 91, July 6, 1858. Buck Lake, Satilla River, Ga.; T. C. Downie and J. Postell. A fine species, of which the Lea collection contains numerous examples from various localities. The Georgia specimens are quite solid and in- Hlated, with a peculiar lurid nacre, having a tint of purple something like that of Unio Jewettii. Eight specimens of a unio from several localities in Florida are before me, which have been a veritable stumbling block to students and over which I have been greatly puzzled. Some of them have been received as U. Anthonyi, but they are not at all like that species in any respect. Others have been labeled U. Hinkleyi by collectors, and there is some resemblance in all of them to U. monroensis. One of these, belonging to Mrs. Andrews and collected by F. Rugel, in Florida, is as large as any of Lea's specimens of Downiei, but is thinner and wider and has a more purplish nacre. From this there is an unbroken series down to what seem to be adult shells not quite 1.1 inches in length and 21 in width, which are rather thin, are not greatly inflated, and have the nacre strongly violet tinted. I had thought some of these must be 414 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONID.E-SIMPSON. an undescribed species, but as the form throughout is more like l. Downici than any shell I know of, and as there is a complete series con- necting with that species, I believe them to be but a southern form of the Georgia shell. In all of them the ventral outline is considerably inflated, though sometimes slightly constricted nearly opposite the beaks; there is more or less of a posterior ridge; the dorsal region is full; the anterior cicatrices deep, and the nacre is rather dull colored. Three of these specimens, which are among the smallest and farthest removed from the type, were sent from Lake Woodruff, Florida, by Berlin H. Wright, and labeled by him U. Anthonyi, Another from the same lake, in Mrs. Andrews' collection, though of small size, ap- proaches nearer to Dr. Lea's shells from Georgia and South Carolina. GROUP OF UNIO MODIOLIFORMIS. This assemblage of unios, which contains quite a number of nominal species, ranges from North Carolina to Tennessee, west, perhaps, to Mississippi, and south to middle Florida. The group consists of oblong shells, rather thin in structure, more or less inflated, and rounded be- fore and behind; varying from tawny yellow or brown to greenish, and always more or less rayed, often beautifully so. They approach the parvus group in some characters, but are larger, rather wider, and usually thinner in structure, but often have the same brilliantly irides- cent nacre. The line is not very distinct between these species and the group of nashvillensis. The latter are usually solider shells, have often reddish or lurid and rarely iridescent nacre, and are more pointed at the posterior end, which is usually somewhat angulated in outline. Individuals are very numerous, and as a consequence the species are quite variable. Unio modioliformis Lea. (Plate LVI, Figs. 2, 3, 6.) Unio modioliformis Lea, Obs. I, p. 209, Pl. xii, Fig. 40, Fel). 7, 1834. Santee ('anal, South Carolina; Ravene). Unio criguis Lea (Plate Lvi, Fig. 1), Obs. III, p. 29, Pl. vii, Fig. 1. Dec. 1, 1838. Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Ga; Dr. Boykin. Unio nigrinus Lea (Plate LVI, Fig. 4), Obs. v, p. 40, Pl. XXIV, Fig. 44. March 5, 1852. West Florida ; Maj. Le Conte. Tnio rutilans Lea (Plate LVII, Figs. 2-5), Obs. vi, p. 59, Pl. 1x, Fig. 41. Nov. 4, 1856. - Othcalooga Creek and Columbus, Ga; Bishop Elliott. Unio subellipsis Lea (Plate LVII, Fig. 1), Obs. Vi, p. 62, Pl. x, Fig. 44. Nov, d, 1856. Creeks near ('oluwbus, Ga.; Bishop Elliott. Unio irerillii B 11. Wright (Plate Lvii, Fig 6), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1888, p. 115, Pl. vi, Fig. 2. Lake Ashby, Volusia County, Fla. A handsome, widely-clistributed, abundant, and very variable species. It ranges north to North Carolina, south to central Florida, and I found it among Lea's duplicates, with shells sent by Spillman, said to be from Columbus, Miss. Lea described U. molioliformis from a fully adult female specimen, which accounts for the spreading out of the posterior VOL415 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] ] . XVpart of the shell of which he speaks. A fine male example belonging with the type exhibits almost nothing of this expansion. Four of his specimens are rather more inflated than anything I have seen of the other species I have placed in the synonomy, though scarcely more so than some subellipsis, while other examples which Mr. Lea bas placed with this species can not be listinguished from rutilans or crigums. As a rule, eriguus, which was describerl from a young specimen, is not quite so wide as rutilans, but there is in the material I have examined every possible variation in width. l'. subellipsis is generally somewhat solider than the other forms, but there is every grade in Lea's suite, to shells of the most fragile character. In Florida the species seems to become smaller, the epidermis is often a tawny or brownish color, slightly rayed, and the shells are hardly so wide as the typical rutilans or modioliformis. One such a specimen, which is unusually dark, Dr. Lea named U. nigrinus, but on holding it up to the light it is seen to be distinctly rayed with green and yellow. U. Averilli is the same thing, but more brilliant in color. The Florida form is quite commonly sent out as U. floridensis Lea, the latter being the thin southern form of U. anodontoides, and an entirely different thing. I have examined many hundreds of specimens of these shells from various localities in the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, and Mississippi, and I feel certain that I am right in uniting all these under one species. I have before me examples from Lake Ashby, Florida, collected by B. H. Wright, and sent by him to the National Museum as V. Averillii; Lea's type of nigrinus from West Florida; shells from. St. Augustine, collected by C. W. Johnson, and from numer- ous other localities in the State, and they are certainly all forms of the more northern species. ROUP OF UNIO SUBANGULATUS. Unio subangulatus is a peculiar shell, rather wide-oval in outline, and brilliantly rayed with blackish green on a yellow or straw-colored ground. The posterior portion in adults is often much produced and quite pointed; the ventral region is very full, and the shell usually con- siderably inflated. It is placed with U. sparus and scitulus by Dr. Lea and probably groups with them; though they have the peculiarities I have noticed much less developed. They inhabit Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida, Unio subangulatus Lea. (Plate Lvi, Fig. 1.) Unio subungulatus Lea, Obs. III, p. 47, Pl. xii, Fig. 23, Oct. 2, 1810. Chattahoochee River Columbus, Ga.; Dr. Boykin. Lea's types were young shells, as the one he figures is but 1 inch in length and 1.7 inches in width, and do not show the great ventralintation nor the development of the posterior point as older specimens do. The 416 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIL-SIMPSON. cardinal teeth are rather compressed, the laterals straight, and sud- denly truncated at the posterior end; the nacre varies from silvery white to salmon red, and when colored shows through the epidermis, and is often beautifully iridescent. One of Lea's specimens measures nearly 3 inches in width by 13 in length. A magnificent specimen is before me from the cabinet of Mrs. Andrews, collected by F. Rugel, and by him labeled - U.radians, Lea, Othcalooga River, Florida," which nearly equals Lea's largest specimen in dimensions, and is elegantly and listinctly rayed. GROUP OF UNIO NASHVILLENSIS. A widespread group represented by many species, ranging from North Carolina to Iowa, and south to Texas and Florida. The species vary from oblong to wide, are usually rather thin in structure, the pos- terior end is generally pointed, and more or less angulated in outline, and the posterior ventral region is always well developed in the females, sometimes greatly so. The general outline of the shells is much like that of the luteolus group, but they are smaller, less solid, and often have dark nacre, varying from lurid reddish to deep purple. With few exceptions the epidermis is rayed. Unio concestator Lea. (Plate Lviii, Figs. 2, 3, 4.) Unio concestator Lea, Obs. vi, p. 66, Pl. xii, Fig. 48, Feb. 17, 1857. Creeks near ('ol. umbus, Ga., Bishop Elliott. I have only seen a single specimen of this species from Florida, which belongs to the Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa., and was collected in Lake Harris by Mr. Wright. It is a female, strongly developed in the pos- terior ventral region, with silvery iridescent nacre, and dark ash-colored epidermis varying to yellowish and greenish and slightly rayed. It does not ac ve in color with any specimen of concestator I have seen, but does in general form, and is probably an extreme variety. At any rate I do not care to found a species on a single specimen possessing no stronger distinctions than mere color markings. It is not very differ- ent from some of the specimens I have seen of nashvillensis, but the distribution of concestator is southeastern, while the former is found in the central Southern States. It is probable that a number of the species of this group, such as fallar, nashrillensis, licnosus, and the one under consideration, as well as some others, are merely varying forms of one and the same thing. Unio tenerus Rav. (Plate LVIII, Figs. 5, 8.) Unio tenerus Rav., Ravenel's catalogue, p. 1831. Several specimens of this species are in the collection of Mrs. George Andrews, labeled “Florida,” without locality. It is close to nash- VOL417 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVvillensis in form, but differs in being quite thin and having a yellowish ground quite strongly rayed with dark green. It is found in Georgia. GROUP OF UNIO BUCKLEYI. Unio Buckleyi may be taken as the type of a very extensive group, distributed along that part of the Atlantic slope from North Carolina to south Florida. The shells are oval to oblong in outline, generally rounded before and behind, with rarely a conspicuous posterior ridge, and usually shining epidermis, varying from yellowish to chestnut or black, often greenish and beautifully rayed, especially in young speci- mens, but sometimes becoming squamose or lamellated and dull-colored when old. The teeth vary from thin and compressed to quite solid; the nacre is generally brilliant, and varies from silvery white to coppery or deep purple. In a number of species of this group, as in that of obesus, the old shells become greatly developed at the posterior ventral point, so that the ventral outline is either straight or arcuate. There is a tend- ency in some of the more compressed forms to biangulation in the pos- terior region. Unio Buckleyi, Lea. (Plate LVIII, Figs. 6, 7; Plate Lix, Figs. 1, 2; Plate Lx, Fig. 2.) Unio Buckleyi Lea, Obs. IV, p. 34, Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 2, Aug. 18, 1813. Lakes Monroe and George; S. B. Buckley. Unio Buddianus Lea (Plate Lx, Figs. 3, 4), Obs. IV, p. 35, Pl. XL, Fig. 5, Aug. 18, 1843. Lakes Monroe and George; S. B. Buckley. Unio Dorei B. H. Wright (Plate Lxi, Fig. 3), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1888, p. 115, Pl. III, Fig. 1. Lake Monroe; B. H. Wright, Unio Simpsoni B. H. Wright (Plate Lix, Fig. 3; Plate 1x, Fig. 1), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1888, p. 117, Pl. v, Fig. 1. Lake Woodruff, Volusia County. Unio Dalli B. H. Wright (Plate Lxi, Fig. 2), Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci., Phila., 1888, p. 119, Pl. vi, Fig. 1. Lake Beresford, Volusia County. Unio Orcuttii S. Hart Wright (Plate LXI, Fig. 1), West Am. Scientist, Vol. IV, No. 36, p. 60. A protean species, very abundant throughout the greater portion of the State of Florida. Lea's figured type represents a fully adult shell, and one that may be considered a fair average of the form under con- sideration. Mr. Lea says in his description: A number of specimens are before me, and they present many different forms, differing in many respects, as the varieties of the U. complanatus do from each other. The prevailing color of the nacre, which is very brilliant, is salmon, but many are purple; two only are white. The epidermis of all the older specimens is dark-brown, some are nearly black and without rays; the younger are smooth and polished on the outside, with numerons obscure green rays, larger on the posto- rior slope. The general outline of most specimens is like that of U. batavus (Lam.), but some individuals approximate to that of Unio oralis (Flem.). There can be no doubt on examining the Lea series that he had a very good knowledge of the wonderful variation of this species. It Proc. N. M. 92-27 418 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ—SIMPSON. ranges from oval to arcuate, and there is a considerable amount of difference in the degree of inflation. Some individuals, which are ap- parently adult, are thin, and consequently have compressed teeth; others are quite ponderous with transverse cardinals. The epidermis is not always dark in adult specimens, as has been stated by Dr. Lea, for I have before me a tray containing four examples belonging to Mrs. Andrews, collected by F. Rugel in Black Creek, the largest of which is 2 inches in length by 3 in width, and is quite smooth, a tauny yel- low faintly rayed, and having a brilliant coppery violet nacre. One of these shells, fully adult, is a bright green, with yellowish rays; the others are bronzy green. These specimens passed under the inspection of Mr. S. H. Wright, and were labeled by him Unio Websteri, but I believe that species to be merely a form of U. obesus. Throughout the lake region Unio Buckleyi seems to attain its highest development, and is often highly colored externally with yellow, salmon, coppery, bronze, or green, and the nacre is sometimes dazzlingly bright. U. Simpsoni, from Mr. Wright's figure and description, appears to be one of these forms. I can tell but little about it from the specimens sent out. Four shells in Mrs. Andrews' collection from Lake Monroe, to which he has given this name, are young Jayanus, and another lot of three adults to which he has given the same name are adults of the last-named species, and are exactly typical. Three other Simpsoni (ac- cording to Mr. Wright) in this collection from the same lake are U. aheneus, and specimens he has sent to Mr. Marsh, and others to the writer, are certainly Buckleyi. U. Buddianus differs in no character from the species under consid- eration, and I can not understand why Mr. Lea should have named it, as he described the two at the same time. Part of his Buddianus are placeci in his collection with Buckleyi and occultus, the remainder near orphaensis and symmetricus, several hundred numbers farther on. Dorei seems to be only a synonym, by Mr. Wright's figure and descrip- tion, and three specimens before me belonging to Mrs. Andrews, which he has so labeled, are Simon-pure Buckleyi. U. Orcuttii, of which the writer sent Mr. Wright examples from Myakka Lakes, Manatee County, is exactly like some of Lea's typical shells. U. Dalli, from description, figure, and specimens which Mr. Wright has sent the Museum (Museum No. 91126) and others he has labeled in Mrs. Andrews' collection, ap- pears to be a depauperate Buckleyi. All the shells I have seen of the last-named species are eroded, or have very dirty black epidermis; the nacre is dull, lurid, purplish, and blotched, and they are evidently diseased. U. Whiteianus Lea, from the Savannah River, is doubtfully distinct. U. VOL] 18027, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 419 . "Unio Jayanus Lea. (Plate Lxi, Fig. 4). Unio Jayanus Lea, Obs. II., p. 28, Pl. ix. Fig. 23, Feb. 5, 1836, Florida; Dr. Jay. Unio Murshi, B. H. Wright (Plate LXII, Fig. 2), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1888, P. 118, Pl. v, Fig. 2; Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co. Unio Tryoni, B. H. Wright (Plate LXII, Fig. 1), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1888, p. 120, Pl. vi, Fig. 2, Lako Woodruff. Lea described this species from single opposed valves of two individ- uals. At the present time there are in this collection a single normal pair about half grown, and an adult right valve, neither of which is the specimen he has figured. This species is very closely related to U. Buckleyi, so much so that it is often difficult to separate it, especially the young, yet Mr. Lea has placed it with aheneus, and Emmonsi, in the Fisherianus group, a long way from the former. In general terms it may be said to be wider, thinner, more attenuated at the posterior point, and more inflated at the ventral region, than that species. The form which Mr. Wright has called Unio Marshi is no doubt a synonym. I have examined a specimen in the possession of Mr. Marsh, who re- ceived it from Mr. Wright, and by whom it was so labeled, and it is certainly Jayanus. U. Tryoni is only a rather wide, large form of the species under consideration, having usually a blackish, rough epidermis. Five specimens are in the Museum collection (Museum No. 91129), re- ceived from Mr. B. II. Wright, and collected in Lake Woodruff, labeled by him Unio woodruffensis Wright, and afterwards changed to Unio Tryoni Wright, which are typical Jayanus and are identical with two specimens he has sent the Museum (Museum No. 91144) from Lake Beresford, to which he has given the latter name. Nor do they differ materially from eight specimens he has sent the Museum (Museum No. 91141) labeled Unio leonensis Wright, Lake Woodruff, near De Leon Springs. (Plate LXII, Figs. 3, 4). Unio coruscus Gould. (Plate LXIII, Figs. 1, 7.) Unio coruscus Gould, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. vi, p. 15. Unio Fryanus. B. H. Wright. (Plate LXIII, Fig. 3.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 113, Pl. 11, Fig. 1. Lake Ashby, Volusia County, Fla. A single specimen of this species is in Mr. Lea's collection, presented to him by Dr. Gould, and collected in the St. Johns River by the donor. It is a small shell about 1 inch in height and 1.3 inches in width; oval in outline, rather solid, and apparently adult, or nearly so, and quite inflated. The epidermis is shining and varies from yellowish chestnut at the posterior end to greenish brown, and is slightly rayed. The posterior end has a manifest ridge, and shows slight traces of biangulation; the nacre is bright purplish salmon, va- rying to brilliantly iridescent posteriorly. The shell is peculiar in be- ing somewhat truncated or squarely built at the anterior end, and this 420 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. character is constant in all the specimens I have seen of this very varia. ble species. I have before me six shells sent by Mr. B. H. Wright to the Museum (Museum No. 91133) from Lake Ashby, labeled by him U. Fryanus, that agree essentially with his figure and description of that species, which I am sure are only a variety of coruscus. They are larger than Lea's specimen, somewhat less inflated, and not quite so solid. Yet in general outline, color of epidermis, nacre, and teeth there is no essential difference, and they have the remarkable trunca- tion of which I have spoken. Mr. Wright sent nine unios to the Mu- seum (Museum No. 91135) from Lake Dias, which he labeled Unio diasia, five of which are no doubt U. tetricus and the remainder a form of coruscus with a dark epidermis. He also sent five shells, which he labeled Unio Waltoni, from Lake Ashby (Museum No. 91132), which are not that species, but a form of coruscus slightly drawn out at the posterior end and having a rough epidermis. Another shell is before me collected by Dr. Stimpson, and labeled by him " Unio tetricus Lea, Tampa Bay" (Museum No. 73182), which is very much like the last, but is rather narrower across the anterior end, and is no doubt the species under consideration. Specimens in Mrs. Andrews' collection, which Mr. Wright labeled “Unio coruscus Gld.," are almost exactly like those he has called U. Waltoni, to which I have referred. I have no less than fifteen different lots of unios before me, sent under various names, collected in numerous localities from the St. Johns to Tampa, which I am satisfied are all forms of the present species, as I find no characters among them on which to base a separation. Unio occultus Lea. (Plate Lxm, Figs. 5, 6.) Unio occultus Lea. Obs. IV, p. 37, Pl. XLI, Fig. 7, August 18, 1843. Black Creek and Lake Monroe; S. B. Buckley. This species approaches very close to some specimens of tetricus, but is usually larger, not so wide, is not so much disposed to be biangulate behind, and is rather more lenticular than that shell. Some of the young are very close to young fuscatus, but are hardly so wide and, as far as I have seen, are darker and solider. It is hard to separate, when young, from half-grown specimens of denigratus, but the latter is in gen- eral more rhomboid in form. The epidermis is usually rather dark and feebly rayed, the nacre bronzy or coppery, and not very bright. Unio fuscatus Lea. (Plate LXIII, Figs. 2, 4.) Unio fuscatus Lea. Obs. IV, p. 31, Pl. XL, Fig. 4, August 18, 1813. Black Creek; S. B. Buckley. Much confusion exists concerning this species as well as the preced- ing and following. Certain forms of tetricus approach very close to the VOL 421 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] M :XVyoung or nearly adult fuscatus, and are generally sent out under the latter name, and for years I have been perplexed as to the two. This seems to be a somewhat rare shell, while the former is very abundant It is a rather wide thin species, slightly biangulate posteriorly, gener. ally light chestnut colored, slightly rayed, and having a pale chocolate non-iridescent nacre. Old specimens sometimes become produced at the posterior ventral region until the outline of the shell is arcuate. Unio tortivus Lea. > (Plate Lxii, Fig. 8; Plate LXIV, Figs. 1, 3, 4.) Unio tortivus Lea. Obs. III, p. 42, Pl. XII, Oct. 2, 1840. Chattahoochee River, Georgia; Dr. Boykin. Unio tetricus Lea. (Plate LXIV, Fig. 2.) Obs. Vii, p. 13, Pl. xxii, Fig. 78, June 23, 1857. Flint River, near Albany, Ga.; Bishop Elliott. This small species is abundant in the Atlantic drainage of Georgia, extending into eastern Alabama, and throughout the greater part of the State of Florida. I found thousands of specimens in Horse Creek, Manatee County, of the latter State, in about latitude 270. It is as variable a species as U. Buckleyi ; specimens often being found in Georgia greatly compressed, extremely wide and arcuate; or it may be oblong, oval, and considerably inflated. * The wide flat forms are exceedingly close to U. arctatus, or even U. Lazarus, and it is doubt- ful whether they are really distinct; while the more rounded specimens approach fuscatus and occultus. The adult shells of this species so far as I have seen are invariably dark; the epidermis ranging from chest- nut brown to black; sometimes feebly rayed when young; the nacre is chocolate or dark coppery, and usually dull. The species is better known as U. tetricus, but tortivus is the older name, and an examination of hundreds of specimens from Lea's collec- tion and elsewhere convinces me that there is no dividing line between them. As a rule, tortivus is more compressed in general form, and tetricus more inclined to posterior biangulation, but this does not al- ways hold good. I have before me in one tray four specimens received from Mr. B. H. Wright (Museum No. 91134), collected in Lake Beres- ford, and labeled by him U. coruscus, which I have been much puzzled over. They are considerably inflated, wide, black, rather solid shells, with a single posterior ridge, slightly inclined to biangulation, and bluish chocolate nacre. In the lot sent to the Museum under the name of U. diasia, by Mr. Wright, from Lake Dias (Museum No.91135), are five more, which are evidently the same. They seem to stand be- tween U. tortivus and the form which Mr. Marsh has named U. Fer- rissii, and are, I think, a variety of the former. Since the above was written the writer has received a very large and enormously swollen specimen of the above species, collected at Cowan Swamp, near St. Augus- tine, Fla., by Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, of the Wagner Iustitute, of Philadelphia, and of which two natural sized outlines are given. 422 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. Unio denigratus Lea. (Plate LXV, Fig. 1.) Unio denigratur, Lea. Obs. VII, p. 18, Pl. xxiii, Fig. 83, June 23, 1857. Streams near Columbus, Ga.; Bishop Elliott. This species is close to U. tortivus, and the young can hardly be sep- arated at times, but it seems to differ constantly in being more rhom. boid when adult, approaching the form of Margaritana calceola. I have it before me from Lake Monroe and St. Augustine, collected by F. Rugel, and now in the collection of Mrs. Andrews. Unio insulsus Lea. (Plate LXV, Figs. 1, 5.) Unio insulsus Lea. Obs. VIII, p. 57, Pl. i, Fig. 199. Roanoake R., N. C.; Prof. Em- mons. A small, inflated species, greenish brown, and obscurely rayed, and, as Dr. Lea remarks, very closely related to U. confertus. I am inclined to believe it but the young or a small form of the latter, as the differ- ences seem to be that U. confertus is larger, and with age becomes black, and is in some examples not greatly inflated. Lea has a speci men of the species under consideration from Savannah. In Mrs. An. drews's collection there is a shell collected by Rugel, and labeled “Florida,” which is evidently this. Unio Cunninghami B. H. Wright. (Plate Lxv, Fig. 6.) Unio Cunninghami B. H. Wright. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1883, p. 58, Pl. 1, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. Sumter County, Fla. This species is very commonly sent out as Unio Buddianus or Buck- leyi, but is really one of the most distinct in Florida. It is a solid, greatly inflated, triangular shell, wide at the anterior end, and rapidly tapering from just behind the beaks to the posterior ventral region; the dorsal line being curved, the ventral straight or even arcuate. The color varies from greenish or yellowish ash to chest- nut black, generally shining, and rery rarely faintly rayed; the teeth are strong and ragged; nacre brilliant, and varying from silvery to purple. One specimen before me labelled “Florida," and belonging to Mr. Marsh, is almost jet black, 1.25 inches in length and 1.80 inches wide, and is as ponderons as any adult crassidens. Young shells are sometimes very much like Unio micans, but are generally solider. So far as I know the species is confined to the lake region. 1892. ] 423 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Unio micans Lea. a (Plate Lxv, Fig. 3.) Unio micans Lea. Obs. VIII, p. 63, Pl. ui, Fig. 207. Catawba R., N. C.,C. M. Wheatley and Dr. Genth. It is also in Mr. Lea's collection, sent by Dr. Barrett from South Caro- lina. An elegant little species, something like a miniature Buckleyi, but wider. The epidermis in the dozen specimens before me varies from tawny yellow or greenish to fulvous brown. All are rayed, and the young are particularly bright colored. The nacre in the anterior of most of the shells is dull and sometimes lurid; that of the posterior is iridescent. One small shell and a larger right valve belonging to the Museum (Museum No. 25146), from the Kidder collection, labeled “Unio trossulus Lea, Sumter County, Florida;” though less wide than Lea's specimens, I refer to this species. It is very close to U. perlucens, Lea. 66 Unio Hinkleyi B. H. Wright. (Plate LXV, Fig. 4.) Unio Hinkleyi B. H. Wright. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei, Phila., 1888, p. 117, Pl. iv, Fig.2. Lake Monroe, Fla. A puzzling and doubtful species. Three specimens before me from Lake Monroe, sent by Mr. B. H. Wright to the Museum (Museum No. 91127) as U. Hinkleyi, are probably what he has described as that spe- cies. Two agree very well with his figure and description except that the nacre is coppery; the third approaches the form he has called Dalli, and has a lurid, blotched nacre. I have examined several other shells, some of which approached Buckleyi and others monroensis. I let the species stand because I can not refer it to any known form. It seems to reach out in several directions, and to connect more or less with Buckleyi, monroensis, and Downiei, and to strongly hint that a large number of so-called species of the southeastern waters are but variations of an unbroken chain. Unio Ferrissii Marsh. (Plate Lxvi, Figs. 1, 2.) Unio Ferrissii Marsh. Joliet Weekly News (a newspaper), May 1, 1891. The Nauti- lus, Vol. v, No. 3, p. 30. Shell oblong, inflated, smooth before, slightly plicate posteriorly, rather thick and solid; epidermis dark green or black and shining, with capillary rays, sometimes rayless; squarish before, pointed behind; umbonial slope raised, obtusely rounded. Cardinal teeth compressed, thick and solid, oblique, single in the right valve, double in the left, striate. Lateral teeth short and slightly curved; anterior cicatrices not confluent, very deep, posterior cicatrices distinct; nacre pink and iri. descent. A small creek near Palatka. The above is the original de- scription. A puzzling form allied to U. Buckleyi on the one hand and the crassidens group on the other. The specimens I have seen have 424 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. quite a strong posterior ridge, and are subplicate on the posterior-dor- sal slope. I can not connect it with any described species. > Unio obnubilus Lea. (Plate Lxvi, Fig. 3.) Unio obnubilus Lea. Obs. VI. p. 84, Pl. xvii, Fig. 64, June 23, 1857. Buckhead Creek, Burke County, Ga.; Bishop Elliott. Unio Nolani B. H. Wright. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1888, p. 116, Pl. iv, Fig. 1. Lea's figure is that of a male which is not so produced in the poste- rior ventral region as the females. Mr. Wright's figure of U. Nolani is that of a female, and excellently represents dozens of female specimens of U. obnubilus before me, most of which have been labelled by Dr. Lea. Although he described his species as uniform in color, several specimens received by him later are rayed. Three are before me be. longing to Mrs. Andrews, collected by F. Rugel in Black Creek, Florida, and labelled Unio nolani by Mr. S. H. Wright, which agree in every respect with Lea's types of obnubilus. Another shell from the same locality and collection, which is identical with this, Mr. Wright has labelled U. Tuomeyi. The color of the epidermis and nacre is much like occultus, but the form is more quadrate, and it is a larger species, yet the young are very like those of the latter. Unio lugubris Lea. (Plate Lxvi, Fig. 4; Plate LxvII, Fig. 1.) > Unio lugubris Lea. Obs. II, p. 30, Pl. ix, Fig. 25, Feb. 25, 1836. Hopeton, near Darien, Ga.; Prof. Shepard. A species allied to ocumulgeensis, Geddingsianus, Whiteanus, and to some forms of U. Buckleyi, and which does not possess any very de- cided characters. The young shells are often blackish green and rayed; the adults become brownish black; they lose their luster, and are sometimes arcuate when old. Lea's figure poorly represents the species. Several young shells from Black Creek, collected by Rugel and now in Mrs. Andrews's collection, are undoubtedly this species. Unio ocmulgeensis Lea. (Plate Lxvii, Fig. 5.) Unio oemulgeensis Lea. Obs. VIII, p. 89, Pl. XIV, Fig. 243, Feb. 5, 1861. Little Ocmulgee R., Ga.; S. M. Wilson. Lea's figure is from a badly eroded specimen, though the form is characteristic. Some of the young shells are green, or blackish green and chestnut, elegantly rayed and polished, and resemble U. Buckleyi, but many are a dull uniform blackish, and in outline are much like U. Jayanus. In most of the specimens the nacre is not brilliant save at the posterior end, where it is richly iridescent. One shell belonging to Mr. Marsh, and collected by Mr. Upson, of Rockford, 111., is before me, and another, collected by Rugel, among Mrs. Andrews's shells, both labeled Florida, are undoubtedly this species. 1892. ] 425 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. GROUP OF UNIO PARVUS. A group of small and usually well characterized shells, distributed throughout the entire Mississippi Basin, the Gulf drainage, and in that portion of the Atlantic Slope from South Florida to North Carolina. In form they are oval, or obovate to oblong, usually rounded before and behind, rather inflated, with generally dark and lusterless epidermis, though it is sometimes smooth, shining, and rayed. The beaks are undulate; the teeth usually compressed and often curved; the nacre is almost always brilliant, silvery, bluish, and iridescent, though a few of the species have dark and lurid interiors. Unio minor Lea.* (Plate LxvII, Fig 2.) Unio minor Lea, Obs. IV, p. 31, pl. XXXIX, Fig. 3. Aug. 18, 1813, Lakes Monroe and George; S. B. Buckley. An interesting species and one of the very smallest, an adult be- fore me from Lake Monroe, one of Lea's types, being 0.9 inch in width and 0.6 inch in length, while others from the same locality, in Mrs. An. drews's collection, are 1.50 inches in width by 0.80 inch in length. The species is regularly obovate in form, inflated and wedge-shaped when viewed from the base; being of greatest diameter in the neighborhood of the beaks and tapering to the posterior end. The epidermis is rough and black; the nacre bluish and iridescent behind; the teeth are rather strong, as the substance of the shell is quite solid. This shell is sometimes mistaken for U. marginis, but is darker colored, solider, more inflated, and rather wider. Dr. Lea did not know whether the beaks were undulate or not, and all the numerous speci. mens I have seen are so eroded I can not tell certainly, but it is probably like the rest of the group in this respect. Three shells before me, be- longing to Mrs. Andrews, are from the Edisto River, South Carolina, and I found it in Horse Creek, Manatee County, in latitude 270. Unio vesicularis Lea. (Plate LXVII, Fig. 4.) Unio vesicularis Lea, Obs. XIII, p. 41, pl. XII, Fig. 34. Sept. 15, 1873, Okechobee; Dr. Budd and C. M. Wheatley. Lea described this species from very poor material, two worn, badly eroded opposing valves and a smaller pair in poor condition. These vary from light to dark olive green and are slightly rayed. A worn specimen in Lea's collection from Lake George, labeled by him Unio amygdalum, scarcely differs from the opposing valves which are his type of vesicularis. It is a trifle less wide and not quite so inflated. I * There are two Unios in the Museum collection (No. 91130) from Blue Springs Landing, Fla., received from Mr. B. HI. Wright and labeled by him Unio Stearnsiana Wright, which are typical examples of Unio minor Lea. 426 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. found this species rather abundant in Horse Creek, Manatee County, and these specimens had a rough, dark epidermis, and were wedge- shaped when viewed from the base. Five shells from the St. Johns, donated to the Museum by Mr. B. H. Wright (Museum No. 91137) are much like those from Horse Creek, but show a dark-greenish ground with feeble rays when wetted or held up to the light. The species is larger, not quite so obovate, less inflated, and thinner than U. minor. A specimen in Mrs. Andrews's collection from F. Rugel, and labeled by him "Alabama," I regard as this species. Unio amygdalum Lea. (Plate LXVII, Fig. 3.) Unio amygdalum Lea, Obs. IV, p. 33, pl. XXXIX, Fig. 1. Aug. 18, 1843, Lake George; S. B. Buckley. It is quite probable that this species and the one preceding and the one following it are forms of the same thing, yet with the limited material I have I hardly feel justified in uniting them. Several of Lea's speci- mens of this are very thin, yellowish ash, quite strongly rayed, and are fringed at the posterior end by the frayed outgrowth of the epidermis. Another in his collection, from Lake George (Mus. No. 86128), is wider, darker, and solider; closely approaching vesicularis. It inhabits from Dooly County, Ga., to central Florida. Unio lepidus Gould. (Plate LxvIII, Fig. 1; Plate Lxix, Fig. 3.) Unio lepidus Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 15. Creek near Lake Monroe. From Gould's description this is very close to the last two species, as he says it is nearly allied to U. trossulus, but is larger, more fragile, and the cardinal teeth are more compressed. (Otia Conchologica, p. 222.) The species is not in Lea's collection, but there are among the Museum shells three fine examples from the St. Johns, donated by Mr. B. H. Wright (Museum No. 91140), and by him labeled lepidus, which are, no doubt, that species. They are a little wider than vesicu- laris or most of the examples of amygdalum I have seen; are more oblique; are yellowish, shading to dark green on the posterior portion, and more or less rayed throughout. The nacre is shaded salmon and bluish, and is iridescent posteriorily. I have other examples before me which are evidently the same. Unio Singleyanus Marsh. (Plate LXVIII, Figs. 4,5.) Unio Singleyanus Marsh, Joliet Weekly News (a newspaper), May 1, 1891. The Nau- tilus, vol. v, No. 3, p. 29. Shell smooth, oval, slightly depressed; inequilateral; valves rather thick, squarish before, rounded behind; beaks small and flat; epidermis VOL427 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . Xyellowish brown, shining, with or without rays; usually rayless. Car- dinal teeth crenulate, oblique, single in the right valve, double in the left. Lateral teeth short and straight; anterior cicatrices small, deer, not confluent; posterior cicatrices confluent, slightly impressed; nacre white, iridescent. A small creek near Palatka. The above is the original description. This seems to be perfectly distinct from U. mar- ginis, its nearest ally. Its smooth epidermis which, in all the speci. mens I have seen, is very light colored, even to yellowish, and the peculiar truncation of the anterior end, like U. coruscus, are its strong- est characters. It is an undoubted member of the parvus group. Unio papyraceus Gould. (Plate LXVIII, Fig. 2.) Unio papyraceur Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 53• Aug. 20, 1:45. Everglades. There are in the Museum collection two trays containing seven speci. mens of this species given to Mr. Lea by Dr. Gould, labeled “Ever- glades, Cape Florida.” Part of them have been stained a brownish tint by coloring matter in the water; the others are olive to ash, with greenish rays. They are as fragile as Anodonta imbecillis, and Gould compares them to A. Couperiana, but the form and external coloring, as well as the bluish nacre becoming richly iridescent posteriorly, are al- most exactly like U. amygdalum, from which they seem to differ only in being more fragile. Unio trossulus Lea. (Plate LXVIII, Fig. 3.) Unio trossulus Lea, Obs. IV, p. 36, pl. xi, Fig. 6. Aug. 18, 1843, Lake Monroe. This species is quite different from U. parvus, the type of the group, but is related by amygdalum and vesicularis to minor, which is near to parvus. I have seen but one specimen of the present species, Lea's type, which is a somewhat peculiar shell, resembling in some respects the smaller, brighter forms of amygdalum, but it is more oblique and is quite small, being only 1.4 inches in width by 0.7 inch in length. It has the undulate beaks common to the group, as well as the silvery and irides. cent nacre, but is remarkably solid, with rather strong, subcompressed, ragged cardinals and heavy roughened laterals. GROUP OF UNIO CAMPTODON. Wide, large, somewhat quadrate or rhomboid shells, of rather light structure; without well-defined posterior ridge; with epidermis vary. ing from smooth, shining, and yellowish, to squamose, rough, and black. The nacre in the type is white, but it is often lurid or purplish in some of the species. The members of the group range from Virginia to South Florida, and west to Kansas and Texas. 428 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. Unio obesus Lea. (Plate LXVIII, Fig. 6; Plate Lxix, Figs. 1, 2, 4; Plate Lxxi, Fig. 3.) Unio obesus Lea, Obs. I, p. 106, pl. XIII, Fig. 26. May 7, 1830. York River, Va.; Wm. Cooper. Unio Blandingianus Lea (Plate Lxx, Figs. 1, 2), Obs. I, p. 213, pl. xv. Fig. 44. Feb. 7, 1834. Unio paludicolus Gould (Plate LXXI, Fig. 2), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Aug. 15, 1815 Everglades. Unio Jewettii Lea (Plate Lxxi, Fig. 1), Obs. XII, p. 36, pl. xxxvII, Fig. 89, June 2, 180i8, Sink of Noonans Lake; Col. Jewett. Unio rivicolus Conrad., Am. Jour. Conch. IV, p. 280, 1868. Brook near Tampa, Fla. Unio Websteri B. H. Wright (Plate Lxx, Fig. 3), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1888, p. 113, pl. 11, Fig. 2. Lake Woodruff, Volusia County, This species, though varying less than many others, has unfortunately received a great number of names. The form is that described with the group; in the type it is somewhat inflated and rounded ventrally; the epidermis is never smooth, varying from ashy and greenish olive to jet black; the scaly or laminated covering of the very dark examples is often glossy. In Lea's collection of obesus some of the specimens have a reddish epidermis, and it is this variety, I think, that Mr. Wright has described as U. Websteri. A shell collected in Lake Wood- ruff, so labeled by him, and donated to the Museum (Museum No. 91128), is undoubtedly U. obesus. U. rivicolus Con., judging by his figures and description, is identical with the form Lea described as U. Blandingi- anus; the variety with rough, glossy epidermis, often becoming some. what arcuate with age. U. Jewettii, though sometimes shaded with green and partially rayed, connects these forms with the type. U. palu- dicolus, judging from Gould's description and shells that he sent Lea from the typical lot, appears to be the young or perhaps a dwarf form of the species under consideration. Such a form, somewhat widened posteriorly, was found abundantly by the writer in Manatee County, and I have the same before me from several localities. Some of these from Spring Creek, belonging to Mrs. Andrews, have reddish chestnut epidermis and salmon coppery nacre, yet they are, no doubt, a variety of the above.* It is very doubtful whether U. declivis and columbensis are anything more than forms of this species. Both generally have a couple of shallow furrows running from near the beaks down the dorsal slope, but this feature is sometimes seen in the varieties I have noticed. The former is occasionally nearly smooth, suggesting U. camptodon and manubius. The latter is generally a wider shell than the type. It may be said that the obesus form is found along the Atlantic slope, from * I have recently received from Mr. Charles W. Johnson four specimens of what are undoubtedly Unio obesus, two of them from Pemberton's Ferry, on the Withlacoo- chee River, Florida, the others from a tributary of the St. Johns, the largest of which measures 14 inches in width by seven-eighths inch in length; yet they are all quite solid shells and evidently adults. They are almost perfect representatives in min- iature of some of Lea's very largest specimens of the species. I give a figure of one of them. 1892. ] 429 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Virginia to Florida, Blandingianus and Jewettii in Florida, columbensis in the Georgia streams that drain into the Gulf, and declivis from the latter State west to Texas, though these limits do not always hold good. I found thousands of the Blandingianus form in a little drain in the piney woods near Braiden town, which was always dry except during the rainy season, and its banks of slightly damp sand were full of dormant specimens. A number of these survived after lying out in the sun for months. Unio squalidus Lea. (Plate LXXI, Fig. 4.) Unio squalidus Lea, Obs. XII, p. 26, pl. vii, Fig. 20, June 16, 1863, Neuse River, Raleigh, etc.; E. Emmons. Lea's description of this shell seems somewhat contradictory, as he says it is smooth, and in his remarks that "it bas that rough squamose epidermis which is generally found in the (obesus) group." His speci mens, though rough, are somewhat glossy. It is a stunted-looking species, less wide than most of the obesus, and rather rhomboid in out- line. In Mrs. Andrews' collection, shells labeled “ Florida," by Rugel, are, I think, of this species. One of Lea's shells is faintly rayed. GROUP OF UNIO ROTUNDATUS. A small assemblage of more or less orbicular shells, which are often inflated and sometimes triangular. Unio Beadleianus on the one hand is nearly globose, while U. lenticularis is considerably compressed. Most of the species have a slight posterior ridge, though it is not con stant; the epidermis varies from brown to chestnut; the hinge line is curved; cardinals somewhat ragged and compressed, and the nacre ranges from a silvery white to purple. The species are confined, for the most part, to the streams emptying into the Gulf, being found from the Suwanee to the Brazos, and to the Tellico River, Tennessee. Unio succissus Lea. (Plate Lxxi, Fig. 5.) Unio succissus Lea, Obs. v, p. 31, pl. xxi, Fig. 32, Mar. 55, 1852. W. Florida; Maj. Le Conte. Unio cacao Lea (Plate Lxxi, Fig. 6), Obs. VIII, p. 26, pl. Lvi, Fig. 169, Mar. 10, 1859, Chocktahatchie R., Fla.; Maj. Le Conte. Lea has singularly confused this and allied species. He described it from a single specimen, a somewhat obovate, compressed shell, with an ill-defined posterior ridge, a chestnut epidermis and chocolate pur- ple iridescent nacre. It is rather solid in structure, and has quite a heavy hinge plate, with strong irregular cardinals and nearly straight laterals, slightly curved posteriorly. Subsequently he received an- other specimen from New Orleans, presented by Mr. Wheatley, which 430 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDA-SIMPSON. is more inflated, has compressed cardinals, and a narrow hinge plate, a shell I should refer to chickasavhensis. Another, a right valve, was entered with this species in the Museum collection (Museum No. 84574), and credited to West Florida; Maj. Le Conte, in the record book; but Lea does not mention this valve in his description, and states that but a single specimen was sent by Le Conte. Sometime ago, in working over the Lea duplicates, I found a left valve that recalled succissus, and, on comparing, saw that it belonged with the one said to come from west Florida. Dr. Lea had labeled it and the shells with it “Unio rubiginosus Lea, cerinus Con., Alexandria, La., Dr. Hale.” It is not rubiginosus or succissus, in my opinion, but agrees pretty well with the description and figure of Conrad's species, which is probably a valid one. Unio cacao, described from a single shell froin west Florida seven years later, is merely a younger specimen of succissus, and agrees with the type of that species in every respect. Lea has placed the latter in his collection with chickasavhensis, rotundatus, and lenticularis, and the former with amabilis, tellicoensis, and glandaceus, more than a thou- sand numbers distant. GROUP OF UNIO ANODONTOIDES A striking assemblage of species typified in America by a common Mississippi Valley form, with a very wide and extra limital distribution, but which is quite constant in its characters throughout its entire range. The well-known U. pictorum and several European and west Asiatic species probably group with it. Unio anodontoides Lea. (Plate Lxxi, Fig. 7; Plate LxxII, Figs. 1, 2, 4.) Unio anodontoides Lea, Obs. I, p. 91, Pl. viii, Fig. 11, May 7, 1830. Unio floridensis Lea (Plate LXXII, Fig. 3), Obs. V, p. 30, Pl. xxi, Fig. 31, Mar. 5, 1852. Chácktábatchi River, west Florida; Maj. Le Conte This species is so well known that it is scarcely necessary to comment on it. It is abundant throughout the Mississippi area, and over most, if not all, that part of the United States which is drained into the Gulf, as such localities as “Colorado River, Texas;” “Withlacoochee River, Florida;” ;” “Marietta, Ohio;” and Lodge Pole Creek, Colorado, where it was collected by the writer, will show. In the Ohio River, Texas, and some of the other Southern States it attains large dimensions; in south Georgia and Florida it becomes more fragile, is of moderate size, and is often more rounded on the posterior margin, and this form is evi. dently what Dr. Lea has described as U. floridensis. Specimens col- lected by Mr. C. W. Johnson from the Withlacoochee River, now in the Museum (Museum No. 104037) agree exactly in outline with the figure and description of that shell in the fifth volume of the Observations. Lea speaks of this species as having remarkably small teeth, a char- acter always found in anodontoides, and of its resemblance to the latter VOL431 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVin color and peculiar texture. The single specimen from which he de- scribed the species was badly eroded and in poor condition, and is not in his collection, nor do I know where it is. I have specimens of U. anodontoides before me from various localities in southern Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, and the Withlacoochee River in Florida, col. lected by Johnson and Rugel, and by the latter from Simpson Creek, Florida. GROUP OF UNIO NASUTUS. Wide shells, of rather light structure; undulate beaks, and usually dark greenish, somewhat rayed, epidermis, with lurid purple, silvery, or bluish, often iridescent nacre. The posterior end is usually drawn out to a point; is sometimes more or less ridged and biangulate. U. nasu- tus, the type, is abundant on the Atlantic slope from Canada to south- ern Virginia, and is also found west to Illinois, Unio aheneus Lea. (Plate LXXIII, Fig. 6.) Unio aheneus Lea, Obs. IV, p. 38, Pl. XLI, Fig. 9, Aug. 18, 1813. Black Cr., Fla.; S. B. Buckley. Lea's type is a young specimen not over half grown. The epidermis is green and yellow, neatly rayed; the shell is compressed, very wide, rather narrow posteriorly, and somewhat widened behind, either bian- gulate or, in some specimens, ending in a single produced point. The nacre is usually lurid and coppery shaded, but specimens belonging to Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa., from Lake Ashby, are blackish almost without rays, and have dark purple nacre. Unio Waltoni B. H. Wright. (Plate LXXIII, Fig. 7.) Unio Waltoni B. H. Wright, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 144, Pl. 11, Fig. 3. Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co. This species is close to the last, as it is to several other members of the group. It is, however, a wider, larger species than U. aheneus; is , more produced in the ventral region; has a rougher, darker epidermis; is slightly less solid, and has commonly a rather sharp point just in front of the beaks. It is probable that it may be found to connect with aheneus. GROUP OF UNIO GIBBOSUS. > Wide, solid shells, with usually rough epidermis, varying from yellow- ish and green-in some species rayed or tesselated—to dark brown. Hinge plate heavy; teeth strong, the laterals well elevated and ending abruptly behind. Nacre varying from white, through salmon, to deep purple, variable in color often in the same species. There are in almost all the examples of the group one or more shallow furrows or depres- sions within, running from near the cardinals in a direction more or less a 432 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆSIMPSON. parallel with the dorsal line toward the posterior ventral region. Sey- eral of the species are strongly humped, especially in old specimens, and by the thickening of the substance of the shell and its growth at the ventral posterior point, become very ponderous and somewhat triangu- lar in outline. Unio subgibbosus Lea. (Plate LXXIII, Fig. 5.) Unio subgibbosus Lea. Obs. VI, p. 53, Pl. vi, Fig. 36, June 23, 1857. Oostanaula and Etowali rivers, Ga. Rev. G. White. A single undoubted specimen, a female of this species, is before me, belonging to Mrs. George Andrews, collected by Rugel in Lake Mon- roe. The species is close to gibbosus on the one hand and luridus on the other. It is less wide and smaller than the former and not so pointed posteriorly, and more inflated than the latter. I think it prob- able that it is only a small southern race of gibbosus, as the latter has a wide distribution and has been found at Columbus, Miss., Claiborne, Ala., and other points in the Gulf drainage. Unio subluridus, n. s. (Plate LXXIII, Figs. 3, 4.) Shell small, elliptical, somewhat narrow and rounded before, with a slight tendency to biangulation behind; valves somewhat thin, slightly inflated; epidermis striated, rather roughened and shining, yellowish chestnut, lighter at the beaks, without rays; cardinal teeth not large, subcompressed, double in the left valve, single in the right; laterals slightly curved, roughened, not heavy or greatly elevated; anterior cicatrices well impressed; nacre coppery and slightly iridescent. Di. ameter .55, length .85, breadth 1.50 inches. Locality, Orange Springs, Volusia County. C. W. Johnson. Three shells of this little form are before me, and while they do not possess any very striking characters, yet I find it absolutely impossible to refer them to any described species, and, in fact, I hardly know in what group to place them. I had considered this a rather thin form of U. luridus, but it differs from that species in having much less solid teeth and more elevated cardinals, in the color of the epidermis and nacre, and in being a less solid shell. It bears some resemblance to forms of U. tetricus, but is not so wide, and is a much more evenly elliptical shell. There are traces of the furrows in the nacre which I have mentioned in connection with this group, and these with the rather heavy isolated laterals, as well as a slight resemblance to U. luridus (Plate LXXIII, Figs. 1, 2), incline me to place it here.* * Since writing the above further study induces me to believe that this species groups with Unio camptodon. VOL433 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVGENUS ANODONTA. GROUP OF ANODONTA IMBECILLIS. Very thin, inflated, smooth, shining anodons, with undulate beaks, and having the epidermis brightly painted with shades of yellowish and green. The ventral region is well developed, the posterior end is rather pointed, the umbonal area is in most cases peculiarly flattened, and over it the delicate radiating lines of color are often beautifully undulated. The group is widely distributed, the type species being found from Rideau Canal, Canada, to Darien, Ga., and from Minne- sota to Matamoras, Mexico. * The distinctions between the North American forms of anodons are very poor and ill defined. The north- ern specimens of A. imbecillis are wider and morecompressed at the beaks; in the south they are more inflated, of greater proportional length, with the umbonal region less depressed, until they seem to almost shade into A. Henryana, A. Dunlapiana, and A. Couperiana. Anodonta Couperiana Lea. (Plate LXXIV, Fig. 1.) Anodonta Couperiana Lea. Obs. III, p. 65, Pl. xx, Fig. 46, Oct. 2, 1840. Hopeton, near Darien, Ga., J. H. Couper. Anodonta Dunlapiana Lea. (Plate Lxxiv, Figs. 2, 3.) Obs. III, p. 86, Pl. xxvii, Fig. 65, Oct. 21, 1842. S. Carolina; Mrs. Dunlap. Dr. Lea claims that A. Dunlapiana is less oblique and more cylindrical than A. Couperiana, but his series of the former shows a gradual variation from one to the other. I doubt if A. Henryana from Mexico is more than a mere variety. In the younger shells the beaks are much compressed; in old specimens they become somewhat intiated. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. NOTE.- The figures are all the natural size of the specimens. PLATE XLIX. Fig. 1. Unio infucatus Cour. (U. S. Nat. Mus. register No. 81037); Georgia; light brown; p. 409. 2. The same (84034); Georgia; nearly smooth, black; p. 409. 3. Unii Forbesianus Lea; Georgia; type (84542); p. 410. 4. Unio restitus Lea; Georgia; type (85333); p. 410. 5. Unio infucatus Cour. (84034); Georgia; smooth, black, intlated; p. 409. 6. Unio Kleinianus Lea (84081); Florida; brown; p. 409. PLATE L. Fig. 1. Unio vestitus Lea (85333); Georgia; p. 410. 2. Unio Forbesianus Lea (84542); Georgia; p. 410. 3. The same; Lake Monroe, Florida; p. 410. 4. Unio moussonianus Lea; type (85168); Georgia; p. 410. A. cygnea Lam., of Europe, is no doubt a member of this group. Proc. N, M, 92- -28 434 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDE-SIMPSON. PLATE LI. Fig. 1. Unio monroensis Lea; type (85169); Florida; p. 410. 2. Unio pusillus Lea; type (85241); Georgia; p. 411. 3. Unio buzens Lea; type (85153); Abbeville, S. C.; p. 411. 4. Unio Anthonyi Lea; type (84986); Florida; p. 411. 5. The same; young (84985); Edisto River, South Carolina; p. 411. 6. Vnio pusillus Lea; young (85241); Oguchee River; p. 411. 7. Unio dorsatus Lea (81494); Catawba River, North Carolina; p. 411. PLATE LII. Fig. 1. Unio dorsatus Lea (84496); Abbeville, S. C.; p. 411. 2. The same; Florida; p. 411. 3. Unio hopetonensis Lea (85390); Darien, Ga.; p. 412. PLATE LIII. Fig. 1. Unio hopetonensis Lea (85392); Georgia; p. 412. 2. Unio dariensis Lea (85690); Georgia; p. 413. PLATE LIV. Fig. 1. Unio dariensis Lea (85690), Georgia; compressed form, slightly folded; p. 413. PLATE LV. Fig. 1. Unio Downiei Lea (84854); Georgia; p. 413. 2. The same; Buck Lake, Georgia; solid eroded specimen; p. 413. 3. The same; Florida; p. 413. PLATE LVI. Fig. 1. Unio exiguus Lea (84974); Georgia; p. 414. 2. Unio modioliformis Lea (85029); South Carolina; p. 414. 3. The same; South Carolina; p. 414. 4. Unio nigrinus Lea; type (86132); western Florida; p. 414. 5. Unio Downiei Lea (84854); Florida; p. 413. 6. Unio modioliformis Lea (85029); male; South Carolina; p. 414. PLATE LVII. Fig. 1. Unio subellipsis Lea (85095); Georgia; p. 414. 2. Unio rutilans Lea (85090); Georgia; like fig. 3, pl. LVI, p. 414. 3. The same; Mississippi; like nigrinus and Averillii; p. 414. 4. The same; Georgia; male; somewhat solid, like subellipsis; p. 414. 5. The same; Georgia; p. 414. 6. Unio Averillii Wriget (91142); Lake Ashby; Florida; p. 414. PLATE LVIII. Fig. 1. Unio subangulatus Lea; Florida; p. 415. 2. l'nio concestator Lea (85102); Georgia; female; p. 416. 3. The same; Florida; female; p. 416. 4. The same; Columbus, Ga.; male; p. 416. 5. Unio tenerus Lea (85030); South Carolina; male; grows larger; p. 416. 6. Vnio Buckleyi Lea (85234); Lake Monroe; Florida; p. 417. 7. The same; Enterprise, Fla.; p. 417. 8. Unio tenerus Rav. (85032); Georgia; female; p. 416. 1892. ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 435 PLATE LIX. Fig. 1. Unio Buckleyi Lea (85235); Florida; like Dalliana; p. 417. 2. The same; Black Creek, Florida; very large and highly colored; p. 417. 3. Unio Simpsoni B. H. Wright. Author's collection, p. 417. PLATE LX. Fig. 1. Unio Simpsoni Wright; p. 417. 2. Unio Buckleyi Lea (85237); Florida; young Buddianus; p. 417. 3. Unio Buddianu8 Lea (85606); Florida; very large and old; p. 417. 4. The same; type (85607); St. Johns River; p. 417. PLATE LXI. Fig. 1. Unio Orcuttii S. H. Wright; Florida; p. 417. 2. Unio Dalli B. H. Wright (91126); Florida; p. 417. 3. Unio Dorei B. H. Wright; Black Creek, Florida; p. 417. 4. Unio Jayanus Lea (86031); Florida; p. 419. PLATE LXII. Fig. 1. Unio Tryoni B. H. Wright (91129); Florida; p. 419. 2. Unio Marshi B. H. Wright; Florida; p. 419. 3. Unio leonensis B. H. Wright; (91141); Florida; male; p. 419. 4. The same; Florida; p. 419. PLATE LXIII. Fig. 1. l’nio coruscus Gould, (85239); Florida; p. 419. 2. Unio fuscatus Lea (85244); Florida; old specimens; p. 420. 3. l'nio Fryanus B. H. Wright; Florida; p. 419. 4. Unio fuscatus Lea (85245); Florida; p. 420. 5. Unio occultus Lea (85249); Florida; male; p. 420. 6. The same; type (85247); Florida; p. 420. 7. Unio coruscus Gould.; Florida; p. 419. 8. Unio tortivus Lea (85674); Georgia; p. 421. PLATE LXIV. Fig. 1. Unio tortivus Lea; Georgia; extremely close to fig. 4, pl. LXIII; p. 421. 2. Unio tetricus Lea (83655); Georgia; p. 421. 3. Unio tortivus Lea; Florida; remarkably inflated; p. 421. 4. The same; dorsal view; p. 421. PLATE LXV. Fig. 1. Unio denigratus Lea; type (85568); Georgia; p. 422. 2. Unio insulsus Lea (85644); North Carolina; p. 422. 3. Unio micans Lea (85077); North Carolina; p. 423. 4. Unio Hinkleyi B. H. Wright (91127); Florida; p. 423. 5. Unio confertus Lea (85633); South Carolina; young; p. 422. 6. Unio Cunninghami B. H. Wright; Florida; p. 422. PLATE LXVI. Fig. 1. Unio Ferrissii Marsh; type; Florida; p. 423. 2. The same; dorsal view of type; p. 423. 3. Unio obnubilus Lea (85646); Georgia; female; p. 424. 4. Unio lugubris Lea; type (85638); Georgia; p. 424. 436 NOTES ON FLORIDA UNIONIDÆ-SIMPSON. PLATE LXVII. Fig. 1. Unio lugubris Lea (85631); old specimen; p. 424. 2. Unio minor Lea; type (85310); Florida; femalo; p. 425. 3. Unio amygdalum Lea; typical (86128); Florida; p. 426. 4. Unio vesicularis Lea; type (85292); Florida; p. 425. 5. Unio ocmulgeensis Lea; type (85901); Georgia; p. 424. PLATE LXVIII. Fig. 1. Unio lepidus Gould (91140); Florida; female; p. 426. 2. Unio papyraceur Gould; typical (86125); Florida; p. 427. 3. Unio tro88ulus Lea; type (84705); Florida; p. 427. 4. Unio Singleyanus Marsh; type, Florida; p. 426. 5. The same; dorsal view; p. 426. 6. Unio obesus Lea (85370); South Carolina; p. 428. PLATE LXIX. Fig. 1. Unio obesus Lea (85368); Georgia; p. 428. 2. The same; (85366); Georgia; p. 428. 3. Unio lepidus Gould (91140); Florida; male; p. 426. 4. Unio obesus Lea (85366); Georgia; p. 428. . PLATE LXX. Fig. 1. Unio Blandingianus Lea (85714); Florida; p. 428. 2. The same; Sarasota, Fla.; depauperate; p. 428. 3. Unio Websteri, B. H. Wright (91128); Florida; p. 428. PLATE LXXI. Fig. 1. Unio Jeuettii Lea; type (85374); Florida; p. 428. 2. Unio paludicolus Gould; typical (85713); Florida; p. 428. 3. Unio obesus Lea; Florida; adult; p. 428. 4. Unio squalidus Lea; type (85375); North Carolina; p. 429. 5. Unio succis8u8 Lea; type (84574); Florida; p. 429. 6. Unio cacao Lea; type (85724); Florida; p. 429. 7. C'nio anodontoides Lea (40718); Georgia; male; p. 430. PLATE LXXII. Fig. 1. Unio anodontoides Lea (104037); Florida; p. 430. 2. The same; female; p. 430. 3. Unio floridensis Lea; female drawn from Lea's type figure; p. 430. 4. Unio anodontoides Lea (25925); Georgia; female; p. 430. PLATE LXXIII. Fig. 1. Unio luridus Lea (85253); Georgia; p. 432. 2. The same; type; Georgia; female; p. 432. 3. Unio subluridus 11. 8. (101002); Florida; female; p. 432. 4. The same; type; dorsal view; p. 432. 5. Unio subgibbosus Lea (86099); Alabama; female; p. 432, 6. Unio aheneus Lea; type (86030); Florida; p. 431. 7. Unio Waltoni B. H. Wright (91145); Florida; p. 431. PLATE LXXIV. Fig. 1. Anodonta Couperiana Lea (86671); Florida; p. 433. 2. Anodonta Dunlapiana Lea; type (86561); South Carolina; female; p. 433, 3. The same; South Carolina; male; p. 433. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. XLIX 1 2 :)}}} *') 3 101 u LE 5 6 FLORIDA UNIOS. 1 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. L 1 14:30 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LI 1 3 5 4 6 7 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. LII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV Д o (۱۱۱۱ 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. LIII PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV !!! 1 9 FLORIDA UNIOS. 1 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LIV 빠 ​1 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LV 1 2 ۱۱۲ ۱۱ ۱۰:\ MY 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LVI 2 3 4 1 . 5 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LVII 3 ili 6 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LVIII ぶー ​links IEE F 빠 ​1 3 5 8 FLORIDA UNIOS. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL, LIX liri 2 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. ! U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LX. ) 3 IPE FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXI 1 2 11! 3 4 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXII ies ۱۱۱۱ D 1 2 3 의 ​4 FLORIDA UNIOS. ) U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXIII :)!') ܓܠܐ "W) 3 4 lij 5 1 1) 7 8 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXIV 35 2 co 3 C 4 FLORIDA UNIOS. 3 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXV 1 2 20 D 3 1 } 4 5 6 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXVI 1 2 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXVII 0 ۱۱۰ ۱۱۱۰۱۲ 1 2 saya OM 3 4 117:1! 5 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXVIII a 1 3 5 Vi Slllll \ !!! 6 FLORIDA UNIOS. > U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXIX IN Ils ! 1 3 4 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXX 1 //// 2 గూట్ డ 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXI ar 3 4 5 FLORIDA UNIOS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXII 1 2 9\า13) 2 3 0 ใน 0 4 FLORIDA UNIOS. / U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXIII 2 3. Hill lll ۱۱۱۱ه co 0 B De 5 6 FLORIDA UNIOS. 1 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXIV 1 ३ 3 FLORIDA UNIOS. 7 ON A NEW SUBFAMILY OF PHYLLOSTOME BATS. BY HARRISON ALLEN, M. D. I have concluded that Natalus should be removed from the Vesper- tilionidae and should constitute a subfamily of the Phyllostomidæ. The characters of the Natalinæ are as follows: The nose-leaf absent in the adult, but rudimental in the late stage of the embryo. It forins an ovate elevation placed with long axis between the nostrils and reaches from the lip-margin to a short distance above the upper edge of the muzzle. A well-marked vertical line is seen in the third and fourth in- terdigital spaces, extending nearly their entire lengths. The vomer is produced and continuous with the crest of the basisphenoid bone; the sides of the mesopterygoid fossa are deeply concave. The ectoturbinal is a mere rudiment. Three premolars are present, both above and be- low, and six incisors below and four above, a wide interval separating the centrals. The cuboid bone projects plantarly; two phalanges are present in the third manal digit. The prosternum, first pair of ribs, and intercostal cartilages are co-ossified, much the same manner as in the remote Hipposideros. There is no terminal cartilage to the third manal digit. The claim here made that the Natalina are related to the Vampyri- group of the Phyllostomidae rests on the following statements: A rudi- ment of a nose-leaf, the median ridge of which persists, is seen in the late stage of the embryo. The premaxillæ are united on the palate; the premolars are large, displayed from within outward; the upper molars possess a well developed hypocone. The interdigital spaces are sharply defined proximally, and are without skin-folds on the ventral surfaces; the tragus is thickened on the inner border, and the external basal lobe lies within the conch. The sternum is keeled throughout. The ulna is provided with a shaft. The first metacarpal bone is flexed. These characters sharply separate Natalus from the Vespertilionidae (Plecoti occasionally excepted). Some of the characters, such as the keeled sternum and fixed ulna, are found in other groups. The long bones bear a close resemblance to those of Lobostomidæ (genera Mormops and Chilonycteris), and Macrotus among the Vampyri. The femur is quite similar, as seen in the flange on the inner side of the shaft near the head (best seen in Mormops) and in the backward posi- Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 912. 437 438 NEW SUBFAMILY OF BATS-H. ALLEN. tion of the trochanters. The bones of the first row of phalanges of the foot gradually increase in length from the second to the fifth as in Lo- bostomidae. The loop of the superior semicircular canal of the auditory apparatus, as is the rule with the Phyllostomidæ, is not occupied with bone. The astragalus is slightly sigmoid, as in Chilonycteris. The characters which Natalina enjoy in common with Vespertilion. idæ are the presence of two phalanges in the third manal digit; three premolars in each jaw, and incisors in two pairs in the upper jaw. In the arrangement of the nerve lines in the fourth interdigital and in the shape of the second phalanx of the third manal digit the Natalina resemble the Emballonurida. From Noctilio and Lobostomidæ the Natalinæ differ in the absence of an internal basal ridge to the auricle. The arrangement of the nerves in the fourth interdigital space is exactly as in Chilonycteris. The pro- portions of the phalanges of the fourth and fifth fingers are almost ex. actly the same as in the genus last named. The Natalinæ resemble the genus Plecotus of the Vespertilionidæ in the flexion of the pollical metacarpal bone; in the wide second interdig. ital interspace; in the absence of a skin-fold at the proximal end of the Fig. 1. Front view of an embryo of Natalus stramineus, showing rudimentary nose-leaf. metacarpal bones, as well as in the absence of the accessory cartilage to the terminal cartilage of the fifth manal digit. Two embryos were available for examination, both obtained from ma- terial in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel. phia, collected by the late Mr. William M. Gabb in Santo Domingo. One of these specimens was oval, measured 25 millimeters in length and 15 in breadth. Length of head, 16 millimeters; foot, 9; thumb, 5. Sex ap- parently female. There was no trace of nose-leaf, the parts being quite the same as in the adult. The tragus was carried forward and laid on the cheek. It was simple and without the peculiarities of the adult. 1892. ] 439 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The second specimen was larger than the first, and measured (the limbs being displayed), from crown to rump, 24 millimeters; length of head, 17 millimeters; foot, 9; thumb, 7. The tragus was erect and the pecu- liarities of the adult structures were beginning to announce them- selves, though no hairs were present. If the results obtained from the examination of the embryos be con- firmed, Natalus presents a disposition for the integument at the muzzle to take on a different expression in the late form of the embryo or in the recently born, which is not found in an earlier stages of develop- ment or in the adult. Such a disposition is, so far as I know, unique, and it may be a temperate deduction to make that Natalus at no time bears a nose-leaf, but that the parts as seen in Fig. 1 in the late em- bryo are effects of shrinkage of the tissues under alcohol. Yet since N. micropus possesses an elevation at the top of the muzzle which is much the same in character as the form of N. stramineus, I have concluded to name the parts as they stand in the above diagnosis. I have had an opportunity of examining both Natalus stramineus and Natalus micropus. 3 1 1 1 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF PHYLLOSTOME BATS. BY HARRISON ALLEN, M. Đ. Mr. Frederick W. True, curator of the department of mammals, Na- tional Museum, has placed in my hands a skin in spirits of a small leaf- nose bat, believed to be from the vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern Honduras. The specimen had been eviscerated and the skull removed. The lower lip was badly mutilated. From the characters furnished by the nose-leaf and the peculiar coloration of the fur, I believe the form to be a new genus allied to Stenoderma, and describe it as follows: Ectophylla, new genus. Nose-leaf erect, basal part notched in middle of free margin. Nos- trils entire (but grooved continuous to outer margin of nose-leaf) sepa- rated by a small rounded nodule which apparently represents the lower part of the median leaf-crest, which otherwise is absent. Lateral gland- clumps rudimental, borne on the surface of a flat, scalloped skin-fold. Auricle as in Hemiderma, simple, erect, ovate; as measured from the crown it is shorter than the head. The single scallop begins abruptly at the middle of the moderately convex outer border. The external basal lobe convex and slightly thickened; basal ridge, or lappet, none. The internal basal lobe is rounded and free. Tragus almost one-half the height of the auricle, moderately convex on the inner margin, irregu- larly convex on outer, and furnished with two coarse serrations near the base. Lower lip mutilated. The mentum shows signs of having borne a row of eight (?) marginal rounded warts, and a small median one placed behind them. The liy apparently not cleft. Wings as in subfamily. Interfemoral membrane consists of a broad hem to the inferior extremity and pubis. Tail absent; tip of calcar projecting. The wing inembrane reaches a point nearly midway between the ankle and the base of the metatarsi. The first phalanges shorter than the second. The first phalanx of the third finger about one-third the length of the corresponding metacarpal bone. The fifth metacarpal bone as long as the forearm. The phalanx of the second digit 34 mil- limeters long, and equals about one-fourth the length of the corres- ponding metacarpal bone. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV--No. 913. 441 442 NEW GENUS OF PIIYLLOSTOME BATS-H. ALLEN. Ectophylla alba, new species. Characters of the single species that of the genus. Above, the hair is of a dull whitish hue, and unicoloreil to the level of the shoulder. Through the rest of the back the hair is of a duller shade of white, except the tip, which is fawn. Below, the coloration is much the same as above, but the sides of the trunk, from the shoulders to the rump, are unicolored dark fawn, while the median part is whiter. Owing to the humeri being broken and the wing membranes distorted, it is Fig. 1. Front view of head of Ectophylla alba; 14 times natural size. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the inferior ex. tremities and interfemoral membrane of Ectophylla alba; 1ļ times natural size. difficult to determine the exact distribution of the hair on the mem- brane. Below, unicolored dark fawn hair appears to extend outward as far as the elbow. The interfemoral membrane is naked. Measurements. Millimeters. Millimeters. Head and body (from crown of head Fourth digit: to base of tail).. 36 Length of fourth metacarpal bone 25 Length of arm 17 Length of first phalanx.. Length of forearm 25 Length of second phalanx 8 First digit: Fifth digit: Length of first metacarpal bone. 3 Length of fifth metacarpal bone. 25 Length of first phalanx.... 3 Length of first phalanx 6 Second digit: Length of second phalanx 7 Length of second metacarpal Length of head 14 bone ..... 21 Height of ear 10 Length of first phalanx 34 | Height of tragus. 5 Third digit: Length of thigh. 84 Length of third metacarpal bone. 25 Length of tibia 10 Length of first phalanx.... 9 Length of foot 8 Length of second phalanx 12 Width of interfemoral membrane Length of third phalanx 6 from middle of rump ON TEMMINCK'S BAT, SCOTOPHILUS TEMMINCKII. BY HARRISON ALLEN, M. D. I have recently examined this form with some care and find it in close alliance with the genera Atalapha and Dasypterus. The number of the teeth is the same as in the genus last named. Scotophilus pos- sesses but two upper incisors, placed at the sides of the canines. The upper molars possess a rudimentary hypocone. The shape and propor- tions of the last upper molar are almost precisely the same as in the atalaphines, viz., the tooth is composed of the anterior limb of the first V. A rudimental hypoconid characterizes the lower molars, and all cusps are blunted, i. e., nonaciculate. The bicuspidate type of the much-crowded lower incisors is obscure in the first and second while absent in the third tooth. The transverse ridge of the outer surface of the tragus, the shape of the external basal lobe of the auricle, and the proportions of the digits are similar in Scotophilus and the American genera, and the markings on the wiug membranes are of the same character, although more simple in the former. The ulna, in being con- fined to a fixed proximal rudiment without shaft, is also identical. The distal ulnar rudiment is of the quadrate-perforate type instead of being uncinate, as in the atalaphines (occasional examples in A. noveboracensis excepted). The pisiform is elongate and lies alongside of the proximal end of the fifth metacarpal bone. Among the distinctive characters of Scotophilus, as compared with the atalaphines, may be mentioned the following: The mastoid process is trenchant and bold, almost as much so as in Noctilio, where this disposi- tion attains its highest development. The temporal crest is high pos- teriorly. The nostril is circular and without disseptiment. The lower lip is provided with a triangular naked space, which is divided by a longitudinal groove. The thickened upper lip is separated from the muzzle by a faintly marked transverse groove. As compared with Nycticejus, there may be said to be a general resem- blance only. In Scotophilus the anterior palatal notch reaches a line which intersects the posterior margin of the premolar. The palate ex- tends back beyond the middle of the zygoma. In Nycticejus the anterior palatal notch reaches barely to the hinder border of the canine. The palate extends to the anterior third of the zygoma. In addition to these characters, and as contrasted to Scotophilus and the atalaphines, Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 914. 443 444 ON TEMMINCK'S BAT-H. ALLEN. Nycticejus possesses a third upper molar which is almost a complete W, lacking indeed only the outer part of the hind limb of the second V. The lower molars have large hypoconids (in the first molar subequal to the proconid) and all cusps are markedly aciculate. The scarcely crowded lower incisors are tricuspidate throughout. Now, these characters in Nycticejus are much the same as in the Vesperugo group of vesperti. lionines, with which I incline to place it. It is to the northern fauna what Rhogessa is to the southern. The coloration of S. temminckii is as follows: Above, the crown is of a dull-buff or dark-olive color. In one individual a buff spot was found back of the ears, but in these localities the buff is a pical, the base of hair being dark brown. Elsewhere on the dorsum the base of the hair is of the color of the crown but occasionally darker, while the apical half is a rich olive brown. Toward the rump the basal and apical colors are not so well defined. Beneath, the fur is everywhere white or ash (in some individuals verging to fawn) and is uncolored. It is likely that the olive-brown shades are best marked in the imma- ture individuals and the buff shades in the fully adult. Five specimens were examined in all. a AN ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS COLLECTED BY DR. W. L. ABBOTT IN THE KILIMA-NJARO REGION, EAST AFRICA. BY FREDERICK W. TRUE, Curator of the Department of Mammals. (With Plates LXXV-LXXX.) Among the many African collections which Dr. Abbott has, with a generosity and an enlightened patriotism worthy of the emulation of other American travelers, presented to the National Museum, none are of more interest than the collection of mammals. This is the first col- lection of African mammals of any magnitude with which the Museum has been enriched, and it is greatly valued on that account; but it has in addition a high scientific value. The specimens have been prepared with much care, the skins being almost invariably accom- panied by the skulls and furnished with labels giving the locality and date of capture, sex, and other data. In determining the species I have found it necessary to depend almost exclusively on the literature, on account of the lack of speci. mens for comparison, but the identifications have been made with much care and may, I think, on the whole, be relied upon. Several species apparently new are represented in the collection: Dendrohyrax validus, Mus aquilus, Dendromys nigrifrons, Sciurus undu- latus, Cephalophus spadix. On one who has studied the North American mammalian fauna in detail, the thought impresses itself that the condition of species, as re- gards variation, is different in the Ethiopian and Nearctic regions. In North America individual variation seems far less extensive than in Africa, while geographical variation appears to be more extensive and constant. In Dr. Abbott's collection great individual variation is espe- cially apparent in the genera Galago, Genetta, and Canis. It is true that the species of the last-named genus everywhere present much individual variation, but in North America its chief variations appear to be geographical in character. The known range of several species is considerably extended by Dr. Abbott's labors. Among the species whose range extends farther north than has apparently hitherto been suspected, may be mentioned the following: Mellirora capensis, Canis mesomelas, Otocyon megalotis, Eliomys murinus, Otomys irrorata, Aulacodus swinderianus, Megaderma Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 915. 415 446 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. cor. The discovery of a new species of Dendromys, D. nigrifrons, extends the range of that genus from South Africa to East Africa. The mammalian fauna of the Kilima-Njaro region, as indicated by Dr. Abbott's collection, and the lists published by Mr. Thomas and Capt. Willoughby, includes the following species, seventy-one to sev- enty-three in number: Colobus caudatus. Cercopithecus albogularis. Cercopithecus pygerythrus (T.-J.). Cercopithecus sabæns. Galago crassicaudatus. Felis leo (T.-J.; W.). Felis pardus (T.-J.; W.). Felis serval (W.). Cynalurus jubatu8 (W.). Helogale undulata. Herpestes gracilis. Herpestes caffer. Herpestes galera robustus. Crossarchus mungo. Genetta pardina. Genetta tigrina (T.-J.; W.). Viverra civetta (W.). Mellivora capensis. Ilyana crocuta (W.). Hyena striata (W.). Canis mesomelas. Canis lateralis (T.-J.; W.). Canis sp.? (W.). Otocyon megalotis. Dendrohyrax validus. Procavia brucei. Eliomys murinus. Mus arborarius. Mus barbarus. Mus aquilus. Mus ? minimus. Mus sp. ? Dendromys nigrifrons. Otomys irroratus. Rhizomys splendens, Sciurus undulatus. Sciurus poensis. Xerus rutilus. Aulacodus swinderianus. Lepus capensis. Megaderma frons. Megaderma cor. L'esperugo nanus (T.-J.). Nycteris thebaica. Erinaceus albiventris. Crocidura sp. ? Connochætes taurinus albojubatus. Oryx callotis. Alcelaphus cokii. Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Strepsiceros kudu (T.-J.; W). Strepsiceros imberbis (W.). Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii. Æpyceros melampus. Eleotragus ? arundinaceus. Gazella grantii. Gazella thomsonii. Gazella wallerii (W.). Cephalophus spadix. Cephalophus mergens (W.). Cephalophus nigrifrons. Damalis hunterii (W.). Neotragus damarensis.' Neotragus kirkii (W.).' Nanotragus moschatus. 2 Nanotragus tragulus (W.). ? Oreas canna (W.). Giraffa camelopardalis (W.). Bubalis cafter. Potamochærus africanus. Phacocherus alianii. Equus burchellii (T.-J.). Hippopotamus amphibius (W.). Rhinoceros bicornis. Elephas african us (T.-J.; W.). Mr. Thomas's list of the mammals obtained or observed by Mr. H. H. Johnston is in the Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, 1885, pp. 219–222. Capt. Willoughby's list is in his work on East Africa and its Big Game. The species mentioned in these lists, but not included in Dr. Abbott's collection, are in italics. "Perhaps only one species is really found here. 2 As in the preceding genus, I suspect that only one of these species belongs to the fauna. VOL447 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVCATALOGUE OF SPECIES COLLECTED BY DR. ABBOTT. Colobus caudatus Thomas. This remarkably handsome monkey is regarded by Mr. Thomas as a subspecies of Colobus guereza. So far as I know, however, no specimens showing external characters intermediate between those of the two forms have been found, and the skulls which Dr. Abbott brought home are different from that of C. guereza. On present evidence it may be affirmed that Colobus caudatus is a distinct species, peculiar to the re- gion of Mount Kilima-Njaro. The species would appear to be somewhat larger than C. guereza. The chief distinguishing character externally is the hairiness of the tail. The tail is clothed with long white hair from base to extremity, and resem- bles that of a horse, as is well shown in Mr. Thomas's figure.* The differences between the skulls of the two species are many. The most striking relates to the form of the nasal bones, which are flat or even concave transversely in C. caudatus, so that they appear to lie in the same plane with the margin of the anterior nares when the skull is viewed in profile. In C. guereza, on the contrary, the nasals project strongly in the distal half. The interocular portion of the frontal is much narrower in C. caudatus than in C. guereza, the superior margin of the orbits is more arched and the forehead above them much more de- pressed. The facial portion of the skull in front of the eyes is broader and more convex in C. caudatus than in the allied species, and the ex- ternal rim of the orbits narrower. The tympanic bones are much the largest in C. caudatus, and their form as well as the relative positions of the various foramina are different. The mandible is less deep and more shelving at the symphysis in C. caudatus. Many of these differences are indicated in the accompanying table of measurements. They are sufficient, I am satisfied, to warrant the sep- aration of C. caudatus from C. guereza as a distinct species, though the two forms are closely related.t The largest skull of C. caudatus in the collection (No. 31680), which has a basilar length of 91.4 millimeters, has the suture between the occipital and sphenoid still open and the teeth very little worn. * Proc. Zoöl. Soc., London, 1885, pl. 12. + I may say, in confirmation of this opinion, that when a skull of C. guereza was placed in the midst of five or six skulls of C. caudatus it was immediately selected from the others by three persons to whom the question at issue was unknown, 448 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Dimensions of four skulls of Colobus caudatus compared with those of me skull of Colobus guereza. Measurements. C. caudatus. C.gue- reza, 34789* 34788* 347911 21729 34790 34680 34679 34676 34678 34677 o quite o cad. d ad. ad. ? jr. adult. young young Kahé. Kahe. Kahe. Kahé. Kahé. Kabé. Kahé. Kahé. young Kahé. ? ad. mm. 86.4 mm. 78.4 mm. 78.0 55. 2 mm. 91.4 mm. 87.0 mm. 81.5 74.5 48. 2 45. 2 42.8 30.0 49.0 48.0 43.5 39.5 39.9 mm. Basilar length (Hensel) 82.0 Length from posterior edge of pal- ate to posterior edge of incisive alveolæ 47.5 Greatest breadth across zygomatic arches.. 80,0 Least width between the orbits 14.4 Longest axis of orbits... 26.2 Length of nasals in the median line. 15.6 Vertical diameter of anterior nares 21.2 Transverse diameter of anterior nares 13.6 Length of upper molars and premo. lars taken together... 33.0 Length of lower molars and premolars 39. 6 Length of crown of superior canine. 21. 4 Length from posterior edge of lower incisive alveolæ to posterior mar. gin of condyle of jaw.. 77.8 Depth of jaw below the coronoid process 46.8 78.9 74.2 10.0 9.8 27.4 27.6 12.8 11.0 25. 0 | 23.2 15. 8 13.4 74.6 9.6 27.8 12.4 22.8 14.2 58. 2 7.4 22.6 11.7 15.6 9.4 83.0 11.0 26.5 12.5 25. 0 16.5 78.0 10.0 26.5 14.0 24.0 14.7 73. 3 9.0 20.5 12.0 22.0 12.6 70.0 8.0 25. 0 10,5 22.7 11.3 71.0 8.0 26.0 11.0 20.3 12.0 35.6 40.0 33.8 39.4 12.6 32. 4 37.6 18. 6 19.4 34.5 42.0 21.5 34.0 41.0 23.3 33.8 39. 5 12,5 31.5 35.0 13.01 33. @ 3 1.. 79.4 70.8 73. 6 53.0 85,5 8) 76.0 69.3 69.5 48.0 43.0 45, 8 31. 0 52.3 50.0 49.0 44,5 46.5 * Suture between basi.occipital and basi-sphenoid open; permanent dentition. 1 Milk dentition. Cercopithecus albogularis Sykes. The three specimens collected by Dr. Abbott correspond to Sykes's and Fraser's description of C. albogularis, between which and the C. monoides of Is. St, Hilaire there seems to be no essential difference. St. Hilaire states that according to the English zoologists the breast of C. albogularis is white. I do not find it so stated, however; the words in the original description are: “Chin and throat pure white.". Further, the quotation of the original description of the color of the species is not strictly accurate, and although St. Hilaire intimates that the thumb is longer in his C. monoides, his figure does not indicate that such is the case. The largest specimen collected by Dr. Abbott is almost exactly of the same size as the type, if Sykes's measurements may be relied upon. The only discrepancy in color which I find relates to the hind legs (ex. cluding the feet). Sykes states that they are “black, with a little of the dorsal color." In Dr. Abbott's specimens they are clear gray throughout, except at the knee, where there is a black area. This gray color arises from the fact that the hairs are black in the upper half, with two rings of white. The young specimen (No. 18929, differs somewhat in coloration from the adults, which difference is doubtless due to immaturity. The white area on the throat is prolonged into a silvery gray area on the breast, and the general color of the belly is dusky gray rather than blackish, and the hairs are but little annulated with white. There is much whitish * Sykes, Proc. Comm. Sci.. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 106. VOL449 1802PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVcolor and brownish silvery gray between the hind legs. The exterior of the hind legs is blackish, but the annulations of white, though not prominent, are perceptible. In a small area on the under side of the base of the tail and about the anus the hair is cinnamon red. There is a tinge of this color in the same region in the adults, but it is not conspicuous. The skull of the largest specimen, compared with a skull of C. mona, shows many differences. The nasal region is much higher and more prominent. The anterior nares are much larger. The nasal bones themselves are longer and broader. The orbits are higher than broad, , which is not the case in C. mona. The palate is longer and narrower, and the posterior palatine foramina, in this specimen at least, are situ- ated opposite the posterior margin of the last molar, and not that of the penultumate molar, as in C. mona. The dimensions of this skull are as follows: Dimensions of skull No. :984, male. mni. Basi-cranial length (Hensel).. Greatest length..... Zygomatic breadth.. Length of nasal bones... Breadth of nasal bones taken together anteriorly.. Height of anterior nares. Breadth of anterior nares. Length of palate from alveolus of incisor to posterior emargination... Height of orbit.. Breadth of orbit... Length of upper molar and premolar series... Length of lower molar and premolar series.. Length of mandible, from right condylo to posterior margin of alveolus of in- cisor .. Depth at the angle.. 71,5 104.0 68.0 20.0 10.0 19.5 10.5 36.5 22.0 20.0 24.0 30.0 69.0 37.0 This skull indicates that the individual to which it belongs is not young. The occipito-sphenoidal suture is closed and that between the squamosal and parietal bones is partially obliterated. The teeth are worn nearly to the roots in an irregular manner. 14831. Male, adult. Taveta, March, 1888. 1989. Female, nearly adult. Taveta. 18929. Male, young. Taveta. IN Cercopithecus sabæus (Linn.). The collection contains one young specimen from Taveta. It is apparently a male. It presents no peculiarities of coloration, except that the tail is dusky at the end rather than whitish, but it appears to have been injured during life, and has not its full length. The ears are clothed within with long whitish hairs, which extend beyond the margin of the ear. The skull shows the milk dentition. All the sutures are open, except Proc. N. M. 92- -29 450 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. the left half of the fronto-parietal, which, unlike its fellow, is nearly obliterated. The dimensions of the skull are as follows: Dimensions of skull No. 11953, jr. ) mm. 44 80 49 13 Basi-cranial length (Honsel). Greatest length.... Zygomatic breadth.. Length of nasal bones.... Breadth of nasal bones taken together, anteriorly.. Height of anterior nares. Breadth of anterior nares. Length of palate.... Height of orbit.. Breadth of orbit... Length of mandible. 38833. Male (?), young. Taveta, March 8, 1888. 11 6 22.5 19 18 43.5 Galago crassicaudatus (Blainville). The three specimens collected are nearly of equal size. The dimen- sions of two of them are as follows: Measurements. 18931. o 18932. MIR. Head anıl body Tail, with the hairs mm. 286 305 345 The skins differ considerably in color. In No. 18931 the upper sur- face of the head and body, the tail, and the limbs are strongly tinged with rusty brown, while in No. 18932 these parts are gray, only lightly tinged with pale yellowish brown. The extremity of the tail of the former specimen is chocolate brown, and of the latter yellowish white. As these two individuals were taken in the same locality at the same date, and are both of one sex, it would appear that the difference in color is merely an individual character. The third skin, No. 18933, represents the gray phase. Dimensions of three skulls of Galago crassicaudatus. Measurements. 35091 18931* Male. 35092 18932 Male. 33093 1x9:33 Female, mm. mm. 53,5 68 44,5 51.5 67 : 22 Basi-cranial length (Hensel). Greatest length Zygomatic breadth. Length of pasal bones. Length of palate Height of orbit. Breadth of orbit... Length of upper molar and premolar series. Length of lower molar and premolar series Length of mandible. 25 19 17.5 21 21.5 42,5 19.5 25 18.5 18 20,5 21 42 * Skull broken, VOL451 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, , . . XVDr. Abbott remarks on one of the labels that the species is common in the forest, and that the natives state that there are three other kinds in the same region, one larger and two smaller. 35337. Male. Taveta, July, 1888. 1983;. Male. Taveta, July 20, 1888. $833. Female. Arusha Wa-cini, October 22, 1888. 35092 Helogale undulata (Peters). The two skins collected agree perfectly with Peters's description and figure, though the latter is too highly colored. The dimensions of the younger skin (No. 18934), which is the only complete one, are as follows: nim. 215 125 Length of head and body. Length of tail, with hairs.. The hairs of the under surface of the tail in the older skin are nearly uniform red throughout, but in the younger skin they are annulated throughout with black, except at the base of the tail. The dimensions of the skulls are as follows: Measurements. 18934, 18935, 8 4, jr. adult. Length*. Breadth Palate length Palate breadth .. Incisors to cross line || . Basi-cranial axis | mm. 46.5 26 23 16.5 16 mm. 47 31 24 16.5 15.5 * For convenience of comparison I use here and in Herpestes the measurements given by Mr. Old- field Thomas in his paper on the African Mongooses. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1882, p. 65.) “Length "=Distance from front of premaxillæ to most posterior point of either occipital condyle. Greatest breadth across zygomata. From front of premaxillæ to end of bony palate. Between the points at which the last premolar and first molar touch each other at the outer edges. # From front of premaxillæ to a point midway between those mentioned under last heading. | From central point of post. edge of basi-occipital to anterior edge of lower surface of præsphenoid. The ratio between the breadth of the last premolar and last molar teeth, measured according to Mr. Thomas's system, is 72 per cent. for the adult skull (No. 35095), and 66 per cent. for the young skull (No. 35094). The difference is due to the wearing away of the last premolar in the older skull, which is here absolutely smaller than in the younger skull. Dr. Abbott remarks that this species is common, living in holes in ant-hills. 38:31. Female, young. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro, July, 1889. 635. Female, adult. Taveta. 35 1843 35093 Herpestes gracilis Rüppell. The single specimen collected by Dr. Abbott appears unquestionably to belong to this species, although it agrees exactly with neither the descriptions nor the figures of the typical and other varieties. This is due probably to the indefiniteness of the terms used in the several 452 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. descriptions. The skin before me can scarcely be called gray, because the two colors apparent in the hairs do not mingle to form a tint. It is rather to be called grizzled. The grizzling is produced by the annu- lations of the longer hairs, which are alternately black and cream. colored, or pale buff. The hairs of the back have two or three light- colored rings, but about the base of the tail they have as many as five or six light rings. Besides these long hairs there is an underfur which is buff-colored in the upper half and dusky at the base. The tail is col. ored on both sides like the back, except in the terminal 3 inches, where it is black. The under surfaces of the body are buff-colored, with in- conspicuous dusky annulations. The feet are like the back, but with more buff and less black. The dimensions of the skull are as follows: Dimensions of skull No.11986 & ad. Length Breadth Palate, length. Palate, breadth Incisors to cross-line. Basi-cranial axis... ni. 64.5 31.5 34.5 19.0 23.0 25.0 The ratio of the breadth of the last premolar to that of the last molar is 47.2 per cent. 38824. Female, adult. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro, June, 1889. (The mam- mæ contained milk.) Herpestes caffer (Gmelin), One adult specimen was obtained on Mount Kilima-Njaro, at an ele- vation of 5,000 feet. It agrees with normal specimens, except that the subterminal light rings of the hairs are yellowish rather than pure white, which gives the general color a yellowish tinge. 3:16. Adult female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889; 5,000 feet. Herpestes galera (Erxl.); var. robustus. Two specimens were collected by Dr. Abbott on Mount Kilima-Njaro, an adult and a young individual. They are almost identical in color, except that the younger specimen has rather lighter underfur. The hairs are annulated throughout. There is no white to be seen on any part of the body, the annulations being light brown, of the same shade as the underfur, or paler, and the mark at the mouth also light brown. The younger individual, which has the milk premolars in position, and the first true inolar just appearing in the lower jaw, has a total length of 30 inches (752 millimeters), of which the tail is 10 inches (254 millimeters). * These measurements are defined on p. 451, footnote to table. VOL453 1092 . XV, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dimensions of the skulls, Measurements. 35251. dad. 35252. jr. mm. Length.. Breadth. Palate-length Palate-breadth. Incisors to cross-line. mm. 104.9 56.2 00.8 34.41 37.8 48.0 26.8 26.2 38771. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro; November 8, 1889; 4,000 feet. $2754. Female, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro; October, 1839; 5,000 feet. Crossarchus mungo (Gmelin). Dr. Abbott obtained a very large specimen of this striped mongoose. It is larger than any specimen thus far recorded, so far as I am aware. The head and body measure 18.5 inches (470 millimeters) along the curves, and the tail, with the hairs, 11.1 inches (282 millimeters.) These measurements are in the same proportion as those of the smaller speci. mens recorded by Mr. Thomas,* and probably, therefore, the greater size of the individual under consideration does not indicate specific distinctness. It is true that the relative size of superior premolar 4 and of molar 2 is not the same as in the specimens cited by Mr. Thomas, but the great range of variation in other species of Cross- archus in this particular, as shown by Mr. Thomas's measurements, t renders the character unreliable. The teeth are very considerably worn in our specimen, which would appear to be past maturity. The coloration agrees with Mr. Thomas's description, except that the under surfaces of the body are tinged with yellow. The dimensions of the skull is as follows: Dimensions of skull No. 14955. Qad. Length 1. Breadth. Palate, length. Palate, breadth Incisors to cross-line.. Basi-cranial axis... Length of premolar 4 Length of molar 2 1933. Female, adult. Taveta. mm. 74.5 40.0 41.0 23.0 24.5 27.5 7.7 5.9 * Proc. Zoöl. Soc., London, 1882, p. 90. + L. C., p. 91. * These measurements are defined on p. 451, footnote to table. > 454 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALSTRUE. Genetta pardina I. Geoff. Dr. Abbott collected the skins of six genets, which appear to belong to this species. Taken together they agree in nearly every particular with St. Hilaire's original description of this species and with F. Cuvier's figure.* They present, however, certain extraordinary differences in color- ation among themselves. No. 18939, from Taveta, and No. 19736, fe- male, from Mount Kilima-Njaro (September, 1889, 5,000 feet), represent the two extremes. In the former the markings of the body and the dark rings of the tail are chestnut colored, and there is a tinge of this color over all the upper surfaces. The under surfaces of tbe body and of the light rings of the tail are nearly pure white. The lower legs and feet are isabelline, or pale buff, fading to white on the toes and the in- side of the hind feet. Ten white rings can be counted on the lower side of the tail, the last being within half an inch of the tip. In No. 19736 only the larger spots have chestnut centers, the rest being entirely black. The dark rings of the tail are also entirely black, and are joined together by narrow black lines, which extend across the light rings. The general color of the body is pale tawny, of about the same shade above and below. The outside of the lower legs and the feet, except the toes, are dusky brown, approaching black. Only seven light rings can be counted on the lower side of the tail and its terminal third is entirely black. The remaining four skins present different intermediate conditions. Although the light-colored specimen described above is younger than the dark one, there is another light one quite as old as the latter, so that the difference does not appear to depend upon age. It is apparently a matter of individual variation. The length of the six skins in their present dry condition is as fol. lows: Measurements. 18938, jr 2 18939.1 Taveta. Taveta. 18940.' Taveta. 19737 19736 197359 Mt. Mt. Mt. Kilima Kilima- Kilima Njaro. Njaro. $ Njaro. Length of head and body Length of tail mm. 475 405 mm. 505 435 mm. 580 450 mm. 535 465 mm. 580 430 Min. 350 453 "Light colored. * Third upper premolar and last molar not completely cut. *St. Hilaire et F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères. Plate: “Genette panthérine.” This great work is extremely defective from a bibliographical point of view. The plates are unnumbered and the pagination begins anew with every article. Vol455 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVThe dimensions of three skulls, all from Taveta, are as follows: 35096 Measurements. 35097 우 ​18939 18939 r. 35098 18940 mm. Total length from front of premaxilla to occipital condyle .. Basi cranial length (Hensel). Zygomatic breadth Length of the palate from its post. margin to post, margin of incisors. Length of nasal bones in median line.. Least breadth bebind post-orbital processes Length of superior molar and prenolar series. Length of inferior molar and premolar series.. Length of mandible from condylar extremity of ramus. Depth of mandible at coronoid processs. in m. 82. 5 75.5 42.0 38.0 17.0 13.0 28.0 310 56.0 21.0 mm. 88.0 82.0 44.0 38: 0 17.0 11.5 28.0 30.5 57,5 22.0 88.0 81.0 45.5 39.0 17.0 12.0 28.0 30.5 59.5 22.3 18939 097 38838. Male, young. Taveta. $8837. Female. Taveta. 38849. Male. Taveta. 19735. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889, 6,000 feet. 19736. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889, 6,000 feet. 19737. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889, 6,000 feet. Mellivora capensis (Schreber). Dr. Abbott collected a single specimen of this species, on Mount Kilima-Njaro, and remarks that "it is rare upon the mountain.” 19000. Male: Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889, 5,000 feet. Canis mesomelas Schreber. The two specimens of this species agree well with Schreber's original description and Wagner's additions to the same, except in the following particulars as regards No. 18941: The black-tipped hairs of the dorsal mantle are continued down in front of the shoulders and across the under surface of the neck, giving this region a somewhat grizzled appearance which, however, is not so strong as on the shoul- ders. All the hairs of the tail are conspicuously black tipped, except those of a small area at the base of the tail underneath. The tawny color of the legs and flanks, which is very bright, is partially due to earth-staining 18941. Male (!). Taveta. 19723. Mt. Kilima-Njaro. Otocyon megalotis (Desmarest). Dr. Abbott obtained three specimens of this animal–one from Taveta, and two from Arusha Wa-cini, south of the mountain. They differ from each other in color to a marked degree. The principal dif- ferences are as follows: Female: Arusha Wa-cini, October, 1889, 2,500 feet. Underfur of the middle of the back dusky at the base, cream-colored above. Outer side of the legs and the feet chestnut brown. Backs of ears (except at the tip), extremity and dorsum of tail light brown. The pelage appears worn and faded. 456 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. > Male: Arusha Wa-cini, December 2, 1889, 2,500 feet. General color pale. Backs of ears dusky, with white hairs intermingled. Outer side of legs and feet, dusky brown. Dorsuin of tail black, which color extends to the extremity, but does not surround it, leaving the under side of the tail uniform creamy white. Pelage fresh and glossy. 18942. Taveta. Extremities of the underfur in the middle of the back with a strong, rusty tinge; tail similar. Backs of ears and out- side of limbs, dusky brown. Dorsum of tail black, which color com- pletely surrounds the extremity. Pelage rather harsh. These differences appear to be partly seasonal and partly individual. In all the specimens the forehead and cheeks are nearly pure white and the muzzle dusky brown, making a much stronger contrast than is rep- resented in the figure recently published by Mr. Mivart.* The following measurements of the skull are the same as those em- ployed by Prof. Huxley in his essay upon the cranial and dental char- acters of the Canida: t Dimensions of a skull of Otocyon megalotis, No. 3483%. Total length.... Length of palate.. Breadth of palate.. Length of pin, 1 Breadth of pm. 4 in front.. Length of m. 1 Breadth of m. 1 Length of m. 2 Breadth of m. 2 Length of m. 3 Breadth of m. 3 Length of Length of Length of Length of mů Basi-cranial length (Hensel). Zygomatic breadth ..... Length of nasal bones in the median line.... Length of superior molar and premolar series Length of lower molar and premolar series... Depth of mandible at coronoid process (at right angles with axis of ramus).. n. 112.0 56.0 27.5 5.4 5.4 6.0 7.0 5.2 7.2 4.6 6.6 6.8 ວ້, 8 5.0 3.0 101.0 63.0 40.0 35.0 40.0 38.0 m, 1 m. 2 I. 3 The fourth superior molar is absent in this skull. In the proportions, shape, and position of the coronoid process, angle, and lobule of the mandible it differs from that figured by Prof. Huxley, and resembles more closely the skull figured by DeBlainville. These differences may be due to disparity in age. The occurrence of this species in the Kilima-Njaro region is a matter * Monogr. of the Canidar, Pl. 45. + Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1880, p. 259. VOL457 1092PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XV35094 of considerable interest, since, so far as I am aware, it has hitherto been found only in South Africa. Dr. Abbott states that the native Kichaga name is Kipara. 19725. Female. Arusha Wa-cini, October, 1889, 2,500 feet. 19724. Male. Arusha Wa-cini, December, 1889, 2,500 fect. Taveta. Dendrohyrax validus True. PLATE LXXV. Fight specimens appear to represent a distinct species of Dendro- hyrax, which I have described for the first time in the place cited above. Dr. Abbott states that the native name of this animal is Mha. The following is a repetition of the description: Size large, form robust, muzzle hairy as far as the upper angle of the nostrils. The space between the nostrils, a narrow border external to them, and a line from them to the margin of the lip, are naked. The ears are of moderate size, rounded, and nearly concealed by the fur in the dry skins. Fır dense, soft, and crenulate. Color of the upper surfaces cinnamon-brown, strongly shaded with dusky brown or black, especially on the head. Feet dusky brown. Uuder surfaces pale, clear cinnamon. Dorsal spot russet-brown. The majority of the hairs of the back are grayish chocolate-brown at the base, with a subterminal ring of bright cinnamon color, and tips dusky brown or black. Mingled with these are numerous longer, straight, shining hairs of a dusky brown or black color throughout. The subterminal rings of the hairs of the forehead and cheeks are paler than on the back, and these parts have therefore a grayish tint. Around the nostrils and eye and on the feet the hairs are dusky brown. The ears are dusky brown externally, and have a tuft of yellowish white hairs on the upper part of the conch internally. Hairs of the under surfaces grayish chocolate-brown in the basal half; terminal portion clear cinnamon-brown, varying to yellowish- white iu some specimens, especially between the hind legs. Skull depressed, muzzle elongate, nasal boues rectangular, slightly expanded posteriorly. Orbit completed behind by the union of the pro- cesses of the malar and frontal bones. Coronoid process of the mandible rectangular, inclined forward, form- ing an angle of 45 degrees with the molars; its upper margin nearly in a line with the margin of the ramus posterior to the condyle. Its nearest ally is Denirohyrar arboreus, from which it differs in the color of the dorsal spot and of the under surfaces of the body. The skull appears to differ in many respects. Compared with the skull of D. arborcus figured by Gray,t that of * Proc. U. S. Nat. Muis., XIII, 1890, pp. 227–229. Gray. Hand-list of Edentate, Thick-skinned and Ruminant Mammals, 1873, Pl. 13, Fig. 2. 458 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. D. validus has the orbit more elongate. The postorbital processes, completing the orbit, are inclined forward rather than backward. The postero-external projection of the nasal nearly or quite separates the frontal from the maxillary, and thus usually touches the lachrymal. The portion of the malar forming the anterior rim of the orbit does not reach the lachrymal. The exoccipital process projects vertically down ward and is hollowed out externally. In the younger skulls a large irregularly pentagonal interparietal bone is apparent. The skins present almost no differences of color among themselves, except that some are a little paler throughout. The young individual has very soft wavy fur, of the appearance of underfur, pale yellowish brown except at the ends. A small number of long black hairs are intermingled. The dorsal spot is very pale yellow-brown, not very different from the general color of the fur. Dimensions of the body. * * Cat. No. Locality. Sex. Head and body. Fore foot. Hind foot. Ear from the occiput. mm. mm. 513 189861 18987 18989 18988 18990 Mount Kilima-Njaro. Taveta. Taveta. Taveta. Taveta. mm. 45 46 42 48 42 588 470 520 500 59 38 mm. 14.5 12.5 15. 3 13.5 13,0 6+ 1 59 *Taken from the dry skins, and therefore only approximately correct. t Collected June 17, 1888. Dimensions of skulls. 34972 Measurenents. 34721 18986 Mt. K. 18987 Taveta. 34969. 18988 Taveta. 34971 18990 Taveta. Greatest length from premaxilla to occipital crest Basilar length, from premaxilla to occipital condyle Premaxilla to posterior end of palate. Greatest breadth of skull... Greatest length of nasals Breadth of nasals (taken together) at distal end. Breath of nasals at proximal end.. Distance between extremities of postorbital processes of frontal... Length of molars. mm. 95. 0 89.5 49.0 51.0 25.0 12.0 19.0 mm. 95.0 87.0 47.5 48. O 25, 5 10.6 20.5 mm. 95, 5 90.0 50.0 52.0 26.5 13.0 20.0 min. 98. 0 93, 5 50.5 52. 3 28.0 12.5 19.5 42.0 34.0 39. 2 33.0 44.7 34.0 42.0 34.0 3472T IR * Last molar just in position. Last molar below the gum. Last molar in position and considerably worn. 38921. Male adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 17, 1888. (Type.) 38877. Adult. Taveta. 1888. Adult. Taveta. 18989. Adult. Taveta. $78%. Adult. Taveta. 19726. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 7, 1889. 6,000 feet. 19722. Female, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 7, 1889. 6,000 feet. 19727. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 23, 1889. 5,000 feet. 3497 VOL459 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVProcavia brucei Gray. (?) 2 A single skin of a true Procavia, collected by Dr. Abbott, appears to belong to this species. In the skull the elements of the occipital bone have not coalesced, but Dr. Abbott notes on the label that the uterus contains one nearly mature fætus. The upper surfaces of the body are rather pale yellowish gray, and the under surfaces white. The hairs of the back are black at tip, be- low which is pale yellow ring, succeeded in turn by a second black ring. The remaining portion of the hairs is pale brownish gray. The bairs of the under surfaces are pure white to the roots. The feet are pale silvery brown. The ears are similar, but grayer, and have a tuft of yellowish white hairs near the upper margin within. There is a similar light area over the eye. The skull, as already stated, indicates that the individual is young. The last molar, both above and below, has not pierced the gum. “ The uterus contained one fetus nearly at term. Placenta zonary. Stomach contained chewed leaves and bark, and had thick, muscular walls. “ The specimen was shot among the lava blocks of an ancient lava stream. Several others were seen.”—Abbott. 39735. Female. Foot of Kyalu Mountains, near Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 24, 1889. Eliomys murinus (Desmarest). Of this species three skins and four specimens in alcohol (Nos. 19761- 64) were obtained. Dr. Abbott remarks on one of the labels: 6 Male and female taken from a nest containing four young ones. Nest globu- lar, about 5 inches in diameter, with a hole in the inside. It was situ- ated in a bush five feet from the ground. The nest was made of grass and strips of banana fronds, and lined with fine grass.” The following measurements are given by Dr. Abbott: Inches. .חומר 33 4 37 Length of body* Length of tail to end of hairs* Length of bodyt Length of tail to end of hairst.. Length of body ...... Length of tail to end of hairst. 98.40 101.60 98.40 104.80 95.25 95.25 38 38 Mus arborarius Peters. Three skins and a number of alcoholics from Kilima-Njaro appear to represent this species. The under surfaces are entirely white, the upper surfaces tawny, and the ears rust-colored. The tawny-tipped hairs of the back are of two kinds, the one soft and fine, the other coarse and pre- * 19730. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, Nov. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. + }3274. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, No. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. | 19731. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, Nov. 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. 460 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. a senting the appearance of grooved bristles when examined with a lens. Mingled with these hairs are numerous longer on of a black color. The extremity of the tail is sufficiently covered with hairs to hide the scales. The skins agree in every respect with Peters's description,* except that the feet appear to be somewhat shorter, measuring about 21 milli- meters. 19718. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 26, 1889, 5,000 feet. 38749. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 14, 1889, 4,000 feet. 19717. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 feet. 19756. Female Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19757. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19758. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19759. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Mus barbarus Linné. These specimens present a singular general resemblance to those of M. arborarius. The tail, feet, and ears are of the same color as in that species, and the fur is partly made up of fine channeled bristles. They are conspicuously different in the color of the back, which has the rows of light spots characteristic of M. barbarus. The median dark line is nearly or quite without the rusty-tipped hairs by which the color of the lateral dark bands is varied. The thumb and fifth tinger are rudimentary. Dr. Abbott notes on one of the labels that the species is common. Dimensions of a specimen preserred in alcohol. No. 18996. 오 ​inm. 82.0 94.5 27.0 12.0 Length of lead and body Length of tail..... Length of hind foot (with claw) Height of ear from crown of head 1871. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 feet. 19712. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 14, 1889, 5,000 feet. 18996. Female. Taveta. (Alcoholic). 19738. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19739. Male. Momt Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19740. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro. (Alcoholic.) Mus aquilus sp. nov. The collection contains a single apparently adult specimen of a medium-sized mouse, with the dentition of the typica subgenus Mus, but of rather peculiar general appearance. According to the label, the mouse was procured on Mount Kilima-Njaro at an elevation of 8,000 feet. It had been killed by a bawk. I have been unable to associate it with any recognized species, and will therefore describe it under the name of Mus aquilus, * Reise nach Mossambique, 1852, p. 152, I'l. 36, Fig. 2; Pl. 35, Fig. 7. VOL461 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVDescription. Size intermediate between Mus musculus and Mus decumanus. Ears moderate, broad; toes 5-5. Fore feet with long, slender, little-curved claws. The thumb is armed with a short, stout claw-not with a nail, as is usual in this genus, Palms with five large tubercles. Hind feet moderate, with rather large, stout claws. Soles naked. Second, third, and fourth toes subequal and longest; first and fifth much shorter. Tail shorter than the body,* not sufficiently well clothed with hairs to conceal the scales. Naked portion of the muzzle confined to a small area between the nostrils; the two halves of the same divided by a line of hairs. Fur of the throat and chin directed forward; in all other parts, back- ward. The fur is inoderately harsh. When examined with a lens it is seen to be composed almost exclusively of coarse, flat hairs, with a few fine ones interiringled. General color above dusky brown and below cinnamon. Feet and tail dusky. All the hairs are pale sepia brown at the base. Those of the upper surfaces are dusky at the tip, with a single sub- terminal ring of cinnamon, except on the rump and muzzle, where the sub- terminal ring is wanting, FIG. 1.-Mus aquilus True. Skull, enlargeil; Feet, ears, and tail dusky brown. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 31723. Type. Hairs of the under surfaces through out tipped with clear, pale cinnamon. There is a tinge of this color on the inner side of the hind feet proximally. Skull slender (Fig. 1); muzzle depressed, elongate; zygomatic arch straight, not curved downward in the center. Infraorbital foramen large; the anterior margin of the root of the malar inclined outward. Incisive foramina long, expanded in the center. Palate ending in a projection, or tubercle, below the general level. Coronoid process of mandible moderate. Angle short and directed obliquely downward. Dimensions of the dry skin. + mm. Length of head and body.. 102.0 Length of tail ...... 55.0 Length of hind foot and claw 23. 0 Length of ear from the occiput.. 13.0 Length of longest fore claw .. 4.6 Length of longest hairs of the back 13.5 * From the uneven appearance of the extremity of the tail it is possible that a small portion is missing. + These dimensions must, of course, be considered only approximately correct. 462 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. # Dimensions of the skull, No. 34723 %. Zygomatic breadth . Length from post. margin of alveolus of incisor to end of palate..... Length of incisive foramina ... Greatest breadth of incisive foramina taken together Length of nasals..... Breadth of nasals distally. Length of upper molars . Length of lower molars . Depth of mandible at coronoid process 39993. Young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, April 11, 1888, 8,000 feet. (Type.) mm. 15.0 12.6 6.6 2.6 11.9 2.6 4.8 4.4 7.8 18997 34723 ? Mus minimus Peters. A single alcoholic specimen belonging to the subgenus Nannomys is in the collection. It appears to represent this species, although the dimen- sions of the body are not exactly the same. It is not in a good state of preservation. I have made the following measurements: mm. Length of head and body 55.6 Length of tail vertebræ . 45.4 Length of hind foot (with claw) 12.6 Length of ear from the occiput.... 7.0 19750. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Mus sp. There are specimens of two additional species of true rats in the col- lection which I have been unable to identity. One species resembles an overgrown house mouse, M. musculus. The other is smaller and is of a clear-gray color, with a pale yellow lateral line, and the tips of the hairs below pure white. The feet are also white and the tail dark and almost without hairs. The dimensions of an alcoholic specimen of his latter species are as follows: Measurements, Š, No. 19760. mm. Length of head and body 82.8 Length of tail (with hairs). 103.S. Length of hind foot (with claw) 24.0 Length of ear from the occiput..... 16. 1 38714. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 24, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19714. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 24, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19715. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 10, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19760. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro. (Alcoholic.) Dendromys nigrifrons sp. nov. The collection contains several specimens of a very small Dendromys, which does not appear to have been described hitherto. The most striking difference between this ánimal and the species described by Smith and Heuglin consists in the presence of a large black spot on the forehead, and I have therefore chosen for it the name of Dendromys nigrifrons. * The skull is defective below and the total length cannot, therefore, be given. VOL463 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . ] . XVDescription. Form stout. Muzzle broad. Ears broad and rounded; more than half as long as the head. Tail longer than the head and body,* slender, scaly; sparsely clothed with short hairs, which are not sufficiently numerous to conceal the scales. Legs slender. Fore feet moderate; second, third, and fourth toes subequal, the third being the longest. Thumb and fifth finger rudimentary, reduced to mere tubercles and furnished with nails; the other toes furnished with moderate claws. Hind feet long and slender. Third and fourth toes equal and longest; second slightly shorter; first very short, reaching only to the base of the second; fifth reaching to the proximal end of the terminal phalange of the fourth; first and fifth toes furnished with nails, the others with moderate claws. Soles naked and smooth, except at the base of the toes, where they are granular. The under surface of the toes is also granular, especially that of the hallux. Mamma: Two pairs inguinal; one pair pectoral. Color above rusty brown, strongly shaded with black. A broad black spinal band from the nape to the root of the tail. A large black area on the forehead, not continuous with the spinal band. Under surfaces white, tinged with yellowish brown. Hairs of the back dark plumbeous at the base, with a broad subterminal ring of yellowish brown, and black tips. Those of the spinal band and dark area of the forehead without the sub- terminal brown ring. Hairs of the under surfaces light plumbeous at the base, with long yellow- Fig. 2. Dendromys nigrifrons ish-white tips. Those of the throat and chin True. Skull, enlarged. Typ- ical specimen. entirely white. A white spot is situated at the base of the ears. A dusky ring encircles the eyes, and from thence a broad dusky band extends to the nose on each side. Ears black, with a narrow fringe of white. Feet white. Tail dusky brown, unicolor, sparsely clothed with dusky brown hairs. Dimensions of two alcoholic specimens. Measure ats. 19783.4 19782. Length of head and body. Length of tail. Length of hind foot and claw Length of ear from the occiput. mm. 63. 2 69. 0 16.8 10.7 mm. 58.4 v9.0 17.1 11.6 * It is a little shorter in one specimen. See measurements, p. 464. 464 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Dr. Abbott gives measurements of two of the skins on the labels, as follows: Measurements. 19778. o Mt. Kilima Хјаго. 19779.9 Mt. Kilima Njaru. Length of boily. Length of tail. in. im. 23 70 67 in. mm. 21 3 76 3 5 2 6 3 19783 The dimensions of the skull of one of the alcoholic specimens, No. are as follows: Am. Basi-cranial length (Hensel). 14.6 Greatest zygomatic breadth 10.3 Length of nasals... 7.4 Length of superior molars.... 3.2 19777. Male. Mt. Kilima-Njaro, November 15, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19778. Male. Mt. Kilima-Njaro, November 15, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19779. Female. Mt. Kilima-Njaro, November 16, 1889, 5,000 feet. (Skin.) 19782. Male. Mt. Kilima-Njaro, 1889 (?). (Alcoholic.) 3:383. Female. Mt. Kilima-Njaro, 1889 (?). (Alcoholic.) Otomys irroratus (Brants). A young specimen of this species, which has the teeth but very little worn, differs from the adults only in being a little browner and having more numerous long hairs. The posterior upper molar has 7 lamine, including the posterior small triangular one. Dimensions of two skulls. 263 Measurements. adult. young mm. 29. 2 23. 6 Greatest length. Basi-cranial length (Hensel). Zygomatic breadth Length of nasals Greatest breadth of nasals.. Length of upper molars (alveoli) Length of lower molars mm. 40.0 32. 2 20. 2 18.0 8. 4 9. 4 8. 2 10.0 5.4 8. 6 8.0 382430 38971. Young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 8, 1888, 5,000 feet. 19773. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 feet. 19774. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 14, 1889, 4,000 feet. 33335. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889, 5,000 fiet. Rhizomys splendens Rippell. Six specimens, taken at the same time in one locality, exhibit great differences in color due to age. The young male, No. 19001, in the skull of which the last molar is barely in position and all the sutures are open, is black throughout, except for a slight tinge of pale cinnamon on the hinder part of the back. In the females, Nos. 19002 and 19003, which are adult but apparently not old, the head is entirely black, and there is a broad black band on the back reaching nearly to the tail. The adult males, Nos. 18999 and 19000, lave dark heads, but not strongly 1892. 465 ] PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM pronounced spinal stripe; while in No. 19004, which is the largest and apparently the oldest of the series, the head is dusky only between the eyes and nose, the rest of the head and the back and sides being bright cinnamon color. Dimensions of six skulls. Measurements. 34730 34729 34728 male. female. female. 34725 male. 34726 male. 34729 dji. mm. Basi-cranial length (Hensel) Length of palate. Breadth across zygomata Length of nasals Length of upper molars (alveoli) Length of lower molars (alveoli) Distance from end of coronoid process to posterior point of angle mm. 41.4 25. 6 33. 4 18. 2 9. 1 10.6 24.8 31.7 16.4 9.0 11.0 mm. 39.4 24.8 32.4 15.8 9.0 10.0 mm. 39. 1 24. 2 31.1 17.0 9. 2 10.6 mem. 38. 0 2.1 30.0 15.2 8.8 10.0 mm. 32.0 19,3 25. 9 13. 2 8.6 9.9 16.6 16.0 16.4 15.5 13.4 1990+ 34730 19000 34726 19002 472 19003 19001 34 Roma The face of each of the upper and lower incisors in this species is divided in the median line by a thread-like longitudinal ridge. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 3, 1888. 38:25. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 1, 1888. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 1, 1888. 39933. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 3, 1888. 34933. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 3, 1888. 14994. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 1, 1888. 19720. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, September, 1889, 5,000 feet. Sciurus undulatus, sp. nov. Size moderate. Tail longer than the head and body. Feet large. Thumb with narrow, convex, pointed nail. Posterior third of soles of hind feet hairy; otherwise naked. Ears small, rounded; with- out tufts. General color rusty gray above; bright rust color below and on the feet. Tail with alter- nate bars of black and pale rusty yellow, and broadly edged with pure white. Color of male taken June 12: Fur of the back of two kinds, a fine, wavy underfur, and a long fur of straight hairs. The underfur has five rings. The basal ring is black, the next tawny, the third black, the fourth tawny, and the fifth or terminal ring black. The long fur has usually six rings, three narrow pale tawny rings, the first of which is at base of the hair, alternat- ing with three wide black ones, the last of which is at the tip of the hair. On the head, FIG.3.-Sciurus undulatus True. sides of the neck, flanks, and upper portion Skull, natural size; U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 34731 d type. of the legs the subterminal light ring is much paler yellow, approaching white, so that these parts are considerably lighter in color than the back. Proc. N. M. 92-30 alho 466 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. The feet are rust-colored, the hairs being black at the base. All the under surfaces, including the inside of the legs, are bright rust-color. The hairs are gray at the extreme base, and many of them have a subterminal ring of black. Between the hind legs, however, the majority of the hairs are pale rust-color throughout. About the anus they are tipped with white. The tail is alike on both sides and presents the appearance of alter- nate bars of pale yellow and black, and is bordered with pure white. The hairs have nine rings, of which four narrow ones, beginning at the base, are pale yellow. These alternate with four broader rings of black. The ninth, or terminal ring, is pure white. The hairs at the extremity of the tail are black nearly throughout, but have two narrow rings of light yellow at the base and a terminal white ring. The latter is wanting in many instances. The whiskers are black. The ears are clothed with short hairs of the same color as the surrounding parts. A tawny ring encircles the eye. The female taken in September scarcely differs in any respect from the male, except that the fur is less dense. Measurements. * Measurements. 0, 19005. 9. 1906. 171 . 253 0 248 0 315. 6. 3 Length of head and body Length of tail vertebrae Length of tail with terminal hairs Height of ear from the occiput Length of fore foot and claw from the posterior tubercle Length of hind foot and claw Length of hairs of the tail Length of longest hairs of the back. mm. 203. 0 248.0 292.0 6.5 27.5 52.0 50.0 28.0 : 47.0 Dimensions of skull No. 117318. Greatest length... Basilar length (Hensel). Length from posterior margin of alveolus of incisor to end of palate.. Greatest zygomatic breadth.... Length of upper molar series. Length of lower molar series Depth of mandible at coronoid process Length of nasals... Breadth of nasals at the distal extremity taken together. mm. 53. 4. 40.6 21.5 30.8 10.8 10.8 18.9 15,4 7.8 This skull has only the second superior premolar on one side, but on the other side there is a very slender, rudimentary first premolar. This tooth is not present in the skull of the female, and it may be considered that the species has normally but one premolar. *As these are taken from the dry skins they are, of course, only approximately correct. The body has been somewhat elongated in No. 19006, and is crushed together in the type, so that the proper length is probably between the two measurements given. VOL467 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. X, . ] . XV来 ​This species appears to resemble S. annulatus and S. punctatus, as described in Dr. Jentinck's monograph of the African squirrels,* but I am unable to associate it with either. 31:31. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, June 12, 1888. 6,000 feet. (Type.) 19006. Female. Kahé, south of Mount Kilima-Njaro, September 6, 1888. (Type.) Sciurus poensis A. Smith. There are five specimens of a small squirrel in the collection which appear to represent this species. The greenish color of the back is not strongly marked, however, and all the under surfaces are clear fawn color, the hairs here being uniform from base to extremity. The feet are ocher-yellow. One specimen (No. 19008) is much clearer gray than the others, the ocher-yellow rings of the hairs being replaced by dull white. The long hairs at the extremity of the tail in this specimen are for the most part white, not blaik and ocher, as in the others. A young specimen (No. 19009) is intermediate in color between this gray individual and the normal adults. The dimensions of four dry skins of adults are as follows: Measurements. 19008. | 19719. 19772. o 19007. Length of head and body. Length of tail with bairs. 165 182 167 191 169 185 141 187 The skulls are of the following dimensions: Measurements. 34733 190087 34732 19007 35244 19719 35232 35234 197720 | 19009 jr. mm. 40. 7 39.0 30. 2 mm. 37.2 28.8 mm. 39.3 29. 2 22.8 11.0 5.5 14. 6 Greatest length Basilar length (Hensel) Zygomatic breadth. Length of nasals Breadth of nasals distally Length from post. margin of alveolus of incisor to end of palate. Length of upper molar series Length of lower molar series. Depth of mandible at coronoid process. 22.0 11.6 5.0 mm. 39.9 30.6 22. 4 11.4 5. 0 15.6 11.2 5. 2 15. 6 10.2 5. 2 14.7 7.2 7.2 13. 6 7. 2 7. 2 13.8 7. 2 7.2 14. 4 7.0 7.0 13. 2 14.8 19008 34733 3 Female. Taveta. 18997. Taveta. March, 1888. 33991. Young. Taveta. 19010. Taveta. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, November 7, 1889. Male. Taveta. 19719 5,000 feet. 1977 3 5 252 Xerus rutilus Cretzschmar. The collection contains a single female specimen of this species, from Taveta. 38946. Female. Taveta. * Notes from the Leydeu Museum, iv, 1882, pp. 21 and 23. 468 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Aulacodus swinderianus Temminck. A single specimen (No. 17:13) from Taveta is included in the collec- tion.* ? Lepus capensis Linn. The collection contains two rabbits which I assign to this species with some hesitation. . They agree very closely with Wagner's descrip- tion of Lepus ochropus,t but this species is considered synonymous with L. capensis by Waterhouse, Trouessart, and other authors. They agree also with Waterhouse'st description of L. capensis, except in the follow- ing particulars: The sides of the body and the lower portions of the legs and the feet are bright ocher-yellow. The light area on the nape is of exactly the same color. It appears probable that these specimens represent a geographical race of L. capensis, but as I have not material with which to compare them I am unable to decide this point. 19014. Female. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro. September 20, 1888. }{9}}. Male. Usari River, Kilima-Njaro plains. August 27, 1888 34735 ta Baby SARA Fig. 4.--Megaderma cor. Head; natural size. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 18994, $. Fig.5.--Megaderma cor. Skull; 11 times natural size. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 35276. Megaderma cor Peters. The collection contains two male specimens of this rare species. They agree in every particular with Peters's description. The dimen- sions of the body of one of these specimens are as follows: This skin, after being immersed in water, shows extremely brilliant iridescent colors in reflected light. + Wagner. Schreber's Säugethiere, Supplementband, 4te Abth., 1844, p. 96. Waterhouse. Natural History of Mammalia; Vol. 11, 1848, p. 95. VOL469 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVMegaderma cor, , 18994. Length of head and body.. Length of head Length of ear from occiput. Length of ear from base of outer margin.. Length of tragus. Length of thumb and claw. Length of second finger. Length of third finger Length of fourth finger. Length of fifth finger Length of tibia Length of hind foot and claw 3824. Male. Taveta. (Alcoholic.) 19755. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) inm. 71.5 28.4 30.0 39.4 18.4 15.6 48.0 94.0 73.6 75.8 32.6 21.0 18994 Megaderma frons Geoffroy St.Hilaire. The color of the fur in the dry skin is plumbeous, washed with dull yellow. The latter color is especially strong on the breast, head, and ears, giving the fur a soiled appearance. The minor division of the tragus is not shaped as represented in Dr. Dobson's monograph of the Chiroptera,* but is broadest opposite the point of its attachment to the major division, and has an irregularly but conspicuously serrated an- terior margin. This form of the tragus is represented Geoffroy St. Hilaire's figure of the species. A specimen from Sierra Leone, pre- sented to the Museum by Dr. Dobson, has the linear form of minor division without conspicuous serrations. The differences in this par- ticular may be due to age. 18992. Taveta. (Skin.) 18993. Male. Taveta. (Alcoholic.) Nycteris thebaica Geoffroy St. Hilaire. The collection contains four specimens of this species, as follows: 19751. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19752. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19753. Young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) 19754. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Alcoholic.) Erinaceus albiventris Wagner. The Hedgehogs are represented by a single immature individual, 75 millimeters long, from Taveta. It appears to belong to this species. The hallux is absent. The face and feet are brown. A broad frontal band, all the under surfaces, the legs, and the tail are pure white. 14:44. Yomg. Taveta. IR995 34772 * Plate x, Fig. 3 Ann. du Museum, xx, Pl. I. 470 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. 376 Crocidura sp. ? The collection contains several specimens of a small Crocidura, which I am unable to identify. In the present state of the literature, the determination of any but the commonest species in this genus is impos. sible without actual comparison with the types. Connochætes taurinus albojubatus Thomas. Brindled Gnu. Dr. Abbott collected one young individual. It is of a dull gray color, with a narrow black mane reaching to the middle of the back, where it stops abruptly and is succeeded by a dark line which reaches to the base of the tail. The mane of the neck is whitish and the tufts at the angles of the jaw entirely white. The long hairs of the tail are entirely black; the legs dirty brownish gray. No transverse dorsal stripes are visible. The backs of the ears are black. The horns are 94 inches long, measured in a straight line; 123 inches around the longest curve. They are lyrate and straight at the points. The superior milk premolars and the first molar are in position. 348-3. Young. Taveta. Oryx callotis Thomas. Pencil-eared Oryx. PLATE LXXVI. Two skins which I believe to belong to this species are in the collec- tion—that of an adult female and that of a very young individual. These I regarded at first as representing 0. beisa, though my attention was attracted to the long pencils at the tips of the ears, which I could not find mentioned in any description of that species. I have recently received, through the kindness of Dr. Sclater, an imperfect skin of Oryx beisa from Berbera, Somali, collected by Capt. Swayne. Compared with this the adult female of 0. callotis is less tawny. The color is almost uniform, being only somewhat lighter (not white) on the belly and inside of the legs. The muzzle and the base and internal fringe of the ears, however, are soiled white. The mane begins a little behind the middle of the back (not near the tail as in 0. beisa) and is of the same gray color as the back, though the hairs are black at the roots. There is no dark marking below the knee, but the false hoofs are surrounded by a narrow ring of black. The dark mark- ings of the head and chest are well shown in the accompanying plate. The tip of the ear, the pencil, and the external margins half way to the base, are black. The young specimen resembles the figure of a young 0. beisa pub- lished by Dr. Selater,* but is a little paler in color. The horns of the adult are 293 inches long, and 84 inches apart at the tips. Those of the young individual are but 31 inches long. The skull of this specimen has only the three milk premolars in position in the upper jaw. 14894. Adult female. Taveta. 1934. Young. Taveta. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, pl. 54. 346XX * VOL471 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVAlcelaphus cokii Gunther. Coke's Hartebeest. Four skins of this singular antelope were preserved. They are en- tirely of a dull tawny brown color. The tail is crested; pale brown in the proximal third and black distally, with some brown hairs inter- mingled. The ears are brown without, white within. The horns of the female are smaller than those of the male, and differ in having the points directed backward exactly in the plane of the forehead, and slightly approximated. In the male the extremities of the horns are directed downward as well as backward and are parallel or slightly divergent. The horns of four individuals are of the following dimensions: Measurements. 34689 d'ad. 34690 dad. 34691 djv. 34692 Pad. Length in a straight line Length around the curves in front Distance between the extremities Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 103 103 91 143 133 12 14 121 17 103 161 18946 All have the permanent dentition, except the young male (34691), which has the superior milk premolars and the three molars. 4339. Taveta. (Skin and skull.) 34690. Taveta. (Skull.) 34691. Taveta. (Skull.) 34692. Taveta. (Skull.) 18947. Taveta. (Skin.) 18948. Taveta. (Skin.) 19706. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. - Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby). Water buck. Three males—an adult, a half-grown and a young individual-make up the series of this species. The largest male has horns 194 inches long in a straight line, 224 inches around the posterior curve, and the tips are 8 inches apart. This individual has the entire permanent dentition, with the last molar unworn. The second male has horns 10 inches long, measured in a straight line; 11 inches, if measured around the posterior curve. The tips are 8} inches apart. In this case the last true molar has not appeared, and the premolars are those of the milk- dentition. The third specimen has only the milk premolars in position. The youngish male is more dusky throughout than the adult. 33. Male, adult. Taveta. 38894. Male, young. Taveta. 1883. Male, very young. Taveta. Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii (Gordon-Cumming). Bosch-bok. Skins of a male and a female of this subspecies, according to Mr. Thomas's revision of the genus, were preserved. The male is much darker than the female. No transverse white lateral bands are visible 18951 34695 472 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. and the spots are about 25 in number on each side, irregularly placed. The horns of the male are 114 inches long, measured in a straight line, and have the tips 43 inches apart. 19852. Male, adult. Taveta. 39834. Female, adult. Taveta 370 Æpyceros melampus (Lichtenstein). Pallah Antelope. Five skins and five skulls of this graceful antelope, together with skins of two heads, are included in the collection. The upper third of the backs of the ears is black in all these specimens, a disposition of color which I have not noted in the figures that I have examined. The mammæ are four in number—not two, as stated by Harris and Gray. In the largest male the horns are 18 inches (457 millimeters) long in a straight line, and the tips are 104 inches (260 millimeters) apart; in a smaller male they are 154 inches (394 millimeters) long, with tips 7 inches (178 millimeters) apart. Both are thoroughly adult animals. 1875). Male. Taveta. (Skin and skull.) 18841. Female. Taveta. (Skin and skull.) 18957. Male. Taveta. (Skin.) 18956. (?) Taveta. (Skin.) 19707. (?) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (?) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) 18718. (8) Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) 34777. Male. Taveta. (Skull.; 3 46 98 19709 3 5 239 ? Eleotragus arundinaceus Gray. Reedbuck. Dr. Abbott collected two young male antelopes belonging to this genus, but whether they represent this or some other species I am unable to determine. An examination and comparison of the various nominal species would be necessary before a decision could be reached. The general color of the back (in No. 18958) is ocher-yellow. The hairs are pale chocolate-brown at the base, with a subterminal ring of ocher-yellow and short, black tip. On the sides, the base of the hairs is paler and the black tips are less conspicuous. The upper surface of the tail and the legs externally are like the back. The front of the fore legs is dusky, owing to an increased amount of black at the extremity of the hairs. The face is like the back, but somewhat darker in the median line and paler on the cheeks. There is a white spot in front of the eye, and the hair between the eye and ear is short and of a yellowish-white color. There is a naked spot beneath the ear. The ears are white within, ocher-yellow without. The chin and throat, the inside of the legs, and the belly are white. The naked muffle scarcely extends backward to a line joining the posterior angle of the nostrils. The greatest length of the skull in this individual is 9 inches. The horns measured around the curve, posteriorly, 7.25 incbes. The ears VOL473 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ex, . ] . XV"are 5.4 inches long, and the tail, with the hairs, 8.5 inches. The first and second permanent premolars and the third milk premolar are in position in the upper jaw. 38968. Male, young. Taveta 34951. Male, young. Taveta. 1825 Gazella grantii. Grant's Gazelle. This fine antelope is represented by the skins of three adult females and two adult males, together with the skin of the head of a male. The horns are as follows: 18960 34702 o 18961 34703 Measurements. 18962 34704 9 18963 34705 오 ​Length of horns in straight line.. Length of horns around the curves Distance between tips Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 194 19, 12 137 211 14 103 81 5 57 203 121 38993. Male, adult. Taveta. 34463. Male, adult. Taveta. 38983. Female, adult. Taveta. 31793. Female, adult. Taveta. 33333. Female. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (?) 8798. Male. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889. (Skin of head.) 34 1970 197OR 362 38 Gazella thomsonii Günther. Thomsou's Gazelle. Plate LXXVII. A single adult male of this small but handsome species is in the col- lection. As the species is imperfectly known, a description of the skin may not be without value. Back bright tawny brown. Sides abruptly paler. A broad black lateral band. Belly pure white. Face brown, with a broad white band on each side of the median line, which extends back to and en- circles the eye. Front of upper lip and all the under parts pure white. Legs brown externally, white within. The tail is hairy and is dusky throughout, with some brown hairs intermingled. The ears are pale brown without and white within. The knees are conspicuously tufted. The horns are 12 inches long, measured in a straight line, and the tips are 4 inches apart. Male, adult. Taveta. 34706 Cephalophus spadix True. Abbott's Antelope. Plates LXXVIII and LXXIX. This singular antelope is the central figure in Dr. Abbott's extensive collection. He obtained the unique type specimen high up in Mount Kilima-Njaro. No other specimens have been obtained before or since, unless the species described by Gray under the name of Cephalophus 474 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. 1 niger is to be regarded as identical. To this question I shall refer again presently. I have already described Abbott's antelope in an earlier part of this journal,* but, for convenience of reference, will repeat the description in this place: (Adult male, No. 18965.)—Size large. Naked rhinarium broadly tri- angular, rugose, completely encircling the nostrils. The portion exter- nal to the nostrils is broadest at their inferior external angle. A narrow band bordering the lip is sparsely covered with hairs, which are not sufficiently numerous to conceal the rugose integument. Ears moderate, broad, obtuse; naked within, except on the margin and along two or three narrow lines. Hoofs of the fore and hind feet equal. Each moiety less than twice as long as broad at the base. False hoofs moderate, slightly less than one-third as long as the true hoofs. Tail short, well haired on both sides, except a small triangular area at the base, which is naked. Hair short, dense, appressed, and shining. Color throughout dusky chestnut-brown, without spots or bands, and not lighter on the belly. Face, chin, and throat pale grayish brown. Hairs of the frontal crest bright chestnut at the base and tipped with black. Mingled with them are some hairs which are dusky throughout and others pure white. Anterior surfaces of the legs somewhat lighter than the posterior surfaces. A few white hairs above the hoofs and also on the rump. Tail dusky, except at the tip, where the hairs are nearly pure white throughout. Skull elongate. Muzzle slender. Muzzle slender. Premaxillæ directed backward, touching the nasals by their superior rather than their posterior mar: gin. Nasals very long, much produced anteriorly. Frontal region strongly convex. Suborbital pit nearly circular, as large as the orbit. Horns 44 inches (114.3 millimeters) long; slender, straight, not thick- ened at the base in front. They are directed backward and lie below the plane of the upper surface of the skull. Lower incisors separated by a wide space in the median line. Crowns long, inclined outward. Outer incisor more than half as broad as the middle incisor. HABITAT: High altitudes on Mount Kilima-Njaro, frequenting the highest points.-- Abbott.) DIMENSIONS. Head and body Tail, with hairs. Fore leg, hoof to knee Hind leg, hoof to hock Height of ear from occiput. Inches. 38 41 61 91 41 mm. 965. 2 114.3 158.7 241.3 107.9 * Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 227. † From the dry skin. VOL475 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. m, . ] . XV.Skull mm. Greatest length 235.0 Basilar length, from occipital condyle to end of intermaxillæ.. 216.0 Length of nasals. 95.0 Length of molar teeth 67.0 Greatest breadth of skull 104.0 Length of orbit.... 40.0 Greatest length of mandible... 181.0 Breadth of left lower incisors and canine. 13.0 Length of horns ..... 114.3 Circumference of horn at base. 75.0 The specimen has been mounted since this description was first pub- lished, and is in a much better condition for study than it then was. I find no necessity, however, to materially alter the description. The hairs of the frontal crest should be described as chestnut red, rather than bright chestnut. The forehead is dusky brown, like the body, rather than pale grey brown, like the face. The mounted skin was examined by Dr. Abbott while it was in the taxidermist's shop, and several corrections of the shape were made at his suggestion. He pronounced it when finished as conveying a good idea of the species in life. The only species to which Abbott's antelope appears to be closely re- lated is, as already stated, the Cephalophus niger of Gray. This was originally described in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (18, 1846, pp. 165, 166). The description is as follows: Black Bush Buck, Cephalophus niger. Antelope niger, Mus. Leyden. Sooty black, grayer in the front half of the body; chin, throat, abdomen, and inside of thighs, gray; forehead, crown dark bay and black mixed; cheeks pale brown and black varied; tail end whitish. Inhab. Guinea. In the British Museum there is a male from the Leyden Museum nearly as large as the former. There is at Knowsley, a bush buck which is now shiny black with a reddish brown crest; when young it was red on the sides; it is perhaps the same as the above. * In a general way this description is applicable to our specimen, but the latter cannot be called black: it is a dark brown. The abdomen and inside of thighs are also dark brown, not gray, as stated in Gray's description. There is a spirited drawing of Gray's C. niger in the “Gleanings from the Knowsley Menagerie.” It probably represents the individual mentioned in the second paragraph of the description quoted above. There is much more light color on the posterior part of the fore leg *In the proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1871 (p. 598), the description is varied, as follows: “Hair of cheeks and neck very short, sooty black.” 476 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS – TRUE. than in Abbott's antelope. The tail is represented as slender, with a large white tuft at the end, and apparently as being white underneath. In Abbott's antelope the tail is equally broad throughout and is dark brown on both sides, with only a few white hairs at the tip. Considering the common inaccuracy of descriptions, it is possible, I presume, that the two species may be identical, but until a detailed description of C. niger, with measurements of the exterior and skulls, has been published, the question must remain open. 38383. Male, adult. Mount Kilima-Njaro. Type. 18965 34707 Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray. Black-fronted antelope. The collection contains a single male from Taveta. Gray's figure* of the species is in some respects inadequate, and in others does not agree exactly with the specimen under consideration. The size is not indicated. Compared with the figure, our specimen has shorter and thicker compressed horns. The horns are stout at the base and dimin- ish abruptly from about the middle toward the tip. The muzzle is entirely dusky brown, not rufous, with a median dark band, as repre- sented in the figure. The broad black frontal band continues with undiminished breadth to the base of the horns, and the slight crest between the horns, as well as the median line of the nape, are black. The fore legs, within and without, are entirely dusky, not rufous above the knee, as represented in the figure. The specimen, as mounted, gives the following dimensions: Dimensions of body. mm. Length from tip of nose to base of tail (along the curves). Length of head Length of tail, with hairs Height at shoulder.... Length of ears (from behind) Length of horns Girth of horns at base. 856.0 197.0 127.0 442.0 65. 0 85.0 70.0 Skull. mm. Greatest length..... Basi-cranial length, from tip of premaxillæ to front of foramen magnum. Length of palate.... Length of nasals... Breadth between orbits. Depth (vertical) of orbits Length of orbits ... Length of superior molars.. Length of horn-cores (from behind). 18789. Male adult. Taveta. 182.0 160.0 95.0 57.0 50,0 31. 0 32. O 50.0 56. 0 * Proc. Zoöl. Soc., London, 1871, pl. 46. VOL477 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. , . . XVNeotragus damarensis Günther. Damara-land Pygmy Antelope. Plate LXXX. This beautiful little antelope is represented by four specimens, two males and two females. Dr. Günther's description of the species is very brief, but the most important statement is that it is almost iden- tical in external appearance with N. saltiana, which is the case with these specimens*. The older male and female have a strong tinge of rusty yellow on the back, which is less apparent in the younger speci- mens. In one of the adult females the rust-red hairs of the crest are tipped with black, but in the others this does not occur. The rump is clear gray. The tail is extremely short and is of the same color as the adjacent parts. An examination of the skulls of the two males indicates that N. Kirkii, described by Dr. Gunther with N. damarensis, may be the young of the latter. The comparisons of cranial characters are unfortunately made between N. Kirkii and N. saltianus, which are much less closely allied than N. Kirkii and N. damarensis, Of the five characters brought forward the first, second, and fifth are common to N. Kirkii and N. damarensis. The third relates to the shape and size of the pasal bones. In N. Kirkii, “their posterior margins form an almost straight transverse line," while in N. damarensis they form an acute angle as in N. saltianus. I find that in our younger skull the posterior angle is very obtuse, approximating, therefore, to the condition of N. Kirkii, while in the older skull the angle is very acute, as much so as represented in Dr. Günther's figure of N. saltianus. In this older skull the nasals extend backward to the line of the anterior margin of the orbits, while the younger skull represents an intermediate condition between this and that of N. Kirkii. It would appear that the size and shape of the nasals are not to be relied upon, since they are so largely affected by age. One character only remains. The angle of the mandible is repre- sented as very prominent in N. Kirkii. It is much more so than in either of our skulls, which should not be the case if the skull figured by Dr. Günther were merely a younger individual of the same species as our specimens. It is possible that this character is of some value in distinguishing N. Kirkii from N. damarensis. An examination of the subjoined measurements of the skulls will bring out the differences in the size and position of nasal bones and other characters dependent upon age: * A skin of N. saltiana from Somali, which Dr. Sclater has recently sent to the Museum, confirms this fact. The only differences which I can detect are that in N. saltiana the cheeks and back of the neck are clear gray instead of tawny, while the tawny color of the flanks is darker and stronger than in N. damarensis. 478 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS—TRUE. Dimensions. Measurements. 34709 8. 34780. Greatest length.. Basicranial length from end of premaxilla to front of foramen magnum. Extremity of premaxillæ to first premolar. Extremity to end of palate in median line. Length of nasals in median line. Greatest breadth of nasals. Posterior extremity of nasals to fronto-parietal suture.. Breadth of premaxillæ at the extremity Length of orbit.. Depth of orbit (vertical). Length of molar series. Length of coronoid process of mandible from base of posterior margin. Length of horn cores. Length of horns Greatest diameter of horns at base. mm. 105.0 91.0 22. 6 51.0 20.3 19.0 32. 2 7.5 25.5 22.0 36,5 18.5 46.0 64.5 14.6 110.6 97.0 25. 7 57.0 24. 2 20.0 33.0 7.7 23.6 23.0 37.5 17.6 60.5 15.0 1897 34709 Male. Taveta. 18968. Male. Taveta. 18969. Female. Taveta. 18970. Female. Taveta. Nanotragus moschatus (Sundevall). Zanzibar Pygmy Antelope, The collection includes the skin of a young male antelope of very small size, which may be this species. It agrees well with Sundevall's description. The length of the flat skin (head and body) is 20 inches. . The individual is quite young, as is indicated by the entire absence of horns and by the condition of the teeth. Only four molars and pre- molars are in position in each side the mouth, above and below; the premolars belong to the milk dentition, Dr. Abbott remarks on the label: “Brought alive by natives, who say that the adult male is a little larger and has small horns." The native Kichaga name of the species is Suni. 33233. Male, young. Mount Kilima-Njaro, December 9, 1889, about 6,000 feet. Bubalis caffer (Sparrm.). Cape Buffalo. The heads of two males and two females of this species were brought home by Dr. Abbott. The larger male is a remarkably fine specimen, with very large horns. The dimensions of the skulls and horns are as follows: Measurements. 34710, – 34711, 0,34712, 9.34713, 9. cm. cm. CM. cm. Basilar length of skull, from surface of occipital condyle to end of premaxilla Length of horn around the outer curve Greatest breadth of born at the base Least distance between bases of horns Distance between tips of borps. * 48,0 63.5 23.0 3.5 62.5 50.0 61.5 21.0 3.5 63. 0 45. 2 63,5 11.5 16,0 33.5 49.5 62.3 10.5 18.0 47.0 * The condyles are wanting; about 3 centimeters should be added to the length. 34:16. Male, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 14711. Male, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 14773. Female, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) 1897}. Female, adult. Taveta. (Skull and skin of head.) VOL479 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. X , . ] . XV:Potamocherus africanus (Schreber). A single river-hog is included among the skins. It is from Mount Kilima-Njaro. 19704. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 1889 (1). Phacochorus ælianii (Riippell). Dr. Abbott collected three wart-hogs at Taveta, one of which is a fine male with very large tusks. 18975. Taveta. 18979. Taveta. 18980. Taveta. Rhinoceros bicornis (Linné). The two-horned rhinoceros is represented by four heads from Taveta in different stages of growth. 18981. Fatal. Taveta. 18982. Young. Taveta. 18985. Female, young. Tavetit. 18983. Female. Taveta. 18984. Female. Taveta. The following list comprises all the species included in Dr. Abbott's collection: Colobus caudatus. Kahé. Cercopithecus albogularis. Taveta. Cercopithecus sabæu8. Taveta. Galago crassicaudat18. Taveta; Arusha Wacini. Helogale undulata. Plaius east of Mount Kilima-Njaro; Taveta. Herpestes gracilis. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro. Herpestes caffer. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Herpestes galera robustus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000 and 5,000 feet. Crossarchus mungo. Taveta. Genetta pardina. Taveta; Mount Kilima-Njaro, 6,000 feet. Mellivora capensis. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Canis mesomelas. Taveta. Otocyon megalotis. Arusha Wacini, 2,500 feet; Taveta. Dendrohyrax ralidu8. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000-6,000 feet; Taveta. Procavia brucei. Foot of Kyalu mountains, near Mount Kilima-Njaro. Eliomyo murinus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Mu8 arborarius. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000-5,000 feet. Mus barbarus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Mus aquilus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 8,000 feet (killed by a hawk). Mus? minimu8. Mount Kilima-Njaro. M118 sp.! Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Dendromys nigrifrons. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Otomys irroratur. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 4,000–5,000 feet. Rhizomys splendens. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet. Sciurus undulatur. Mount Kiliina-Njaro, 6,000 feet; Kahé. Sciurus poensis. Mount Kilima-Njaro, 5,000 feet; Taveta. Xerus rutilu8. Taveta. dulacodus suinderianus. Taveta. 480 ABBOTT'S KILIMA-NJARO MAMMALS.—TRUE. Lepus? capensis. Plains east of Mount Kilima-Njaro; Usari River. Megaderma fron8. Taveta. Megaderma cor. Taveta. Nycteris thebaica. Mount Kilima-Njaro. Erinaceus albiventris. Taveta. Crocidura sp. Connochætes taurinus albojubatur. Taveta. Oryx callotis. Taveta. Alcelaphus cokii. Taveta. Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Taveta. Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii. Taveta. pycero8 melampus. Taveta. Eleotragus? arundinaceus. Taveta. Gazella grantii. Taveta. Gazella thomsonii. Taveta. Cephalophus spadix. Mount Kilima-Njaro; high altitudes, 8,000 feet. Cephalophus nigrifron8. Taveta. Neotragus damarcnsis. Taveta. Nanotragus moschatus. Mount Kilima-Njaro, about 6,000 feet. Bubalus caffer. Taveta. Potamochærus africanus. Mount Kilima-Njars. Phacocharus ælianii. Taveta. Rhinoceros bicornis. Taveta. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXV TREE DAMAN, Dendrohyrax validus True. Skull; a little larger than life. U. S. National Museum, No. 34972. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVI f Butclic PENCIL-EARED ORYX, Oryx callotis Thomas. U. S. National Museum, No. 18944. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVII THOMSON'S GAZO U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXVII ABBOTT'S ANTELOPE, Cephalophus spadix True. U. S. National Museum, No. 18965. Male. Type. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXI> ABBOTT'S ANTELOPE, Cephalophus spadix True. Skull; a little less than one-half natural size. U. S. National Museum, No. 34707. Type. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. LXXX PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV DAMARA-LAND PYGMY ANTELOPE, Neotragus damarensis Günther. Skull ; slightly smaller than natural size. U. S. National Museum, No. 34709. Male. A DESCRIPTION OF THE GOLDEN TROUT OF KERN RIVER, CALI- FORNIA, SALMO MYKISS AGUA-BONITA. By DAVID STARR JORDAN. I have lately received from Mr. W. H. Shockley, of San Francisco, *hree specimens, each about 7 inches in length, of the Golden Trout of hern River. These specimens were taken by Mr. Harvey, of Lone Pine, Cal., in a stream called by him Whitney Creek (more correctly Volcano Creek), on the west side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mount Whitney. The specimens were sent in ice to Mr. George T. Mills, fish commissioner of the State of Nevada, who forwarded them to Mr. Shock- ley. The following is a detailed description : Salmo mykiss agua-bonita, new subspecies. Head, 3 in length; depth, 44. D.2, 12. A. 1, 10. Scales, 180 to 200 rows; 121 to 124 pores. Length, 7 inches. Body formed about the same as usual in Salmo mykiss and its varie- ties. Head rather long, bluntish at tip; mouth moderate, the max- illary extending a little beyond the eye, 14 in head; hyoid teeth not evident; opercle moderate, its greatest length 44 in head, its posterior margin moderately convex; eye, 43 in head; snout, 4}; gill rakers not very short, X + 11 or 12 in number. Scales extremely small, smaller than in any other species of Salmo. Fins moderate; the anal high; the caudal moderately emarginate. Pectoral, 14 in head; ventral, 2; caudal, 13. Olive above; sides and belly light golden. About twelve dark cross- bars on middle of sides; these the usual parr-marks. Middle of sides along lateral line with a deep scarlet lateral stripe, broadest under the dorsal, where it is about as wide as the eye; thence narrowing to either end and not reaching either head or caudal. Middle line of belly with a broad scarlet band, extending from chin to anal fin, equally bright all the way; a fainter shade along lower side from anal fin to tip of caudal. No crimson dash at throat between branches of lower jaw; the whole region uniform bright orange. Opercle largely orange. Dark spots chiefly posterior as in S.spilurus and pleuriticus; large and well marked, some on tail and posterior part of body as large as pupil; smaller and well marked on dorsal; a few small ones scattered along forward to the head in two specimens; none on body before adipose fin in the other. Upper anterior angle of dorsal abruptly yellowish white; this color edged by a dark oblique streak, made by coalescent spots; the rest of Proceedings of the National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 916. 481 Proc. N. M. 92- -31 482 GOLDEN TROUT OF CALIFORNIA-JORDAN. the fin light olive with four or five rows of small black spots; pectorals light orange; ventrals deep orange, with a faint blackish tip; the an- terior edge of the fin conspicuously and abruptly whitish, as in Sal- relinus fontinalis. Anal dusky orange, the tips of the last rays black ish, the outer anterior corner abruptly white, the white stripe wider than the pupil and separated from the color of the fin by a dusky shade. Caudal olive, tinged with orange on its lower edge, and profusely spotted with black. Inside of mouth pink; of gill cavity, light orange. Of the three typical specimens two have been sent to the U.S. Na- tional Museum and one remains in the museum of the Leland Stanford Junior University. This trout is evidently an off-shoot or descendant of the widely dis- tributed Cut-Throat Trout, Salmo mykiss, which is found in all the rivers suitable for trout between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. It differs, however, from any known specimens of any of the many varieties of Salmo mykiss in its pattern of coloration and the absence of the deep red patch between the branches of the lower jaw, from which Salmo mykiss receives its common name—the Cut-Throat Trout—and in the small size of its scales, which are more numerous than in any of the forms of Salmo mykiss. Matters of less importance, which are, however, comparatively distinct, are the presence of white and black edges to the fins, and in the absence of teeth on the hyoid bone. The name agua-bonita, suggested for the species, is that of Agua Bonita Falls, the cataract in Volcano Creek, near which these specimens were found. The earliest record of this trout is that of Jordan and Henshaw in Appendix NN of the Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1878, p. 199. The specimen collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, in 1875, from the south fork of the Kern River, and No. 17107 in the National Mu. seum collection, are referred to Salmo pleuriticus Cope. With this reference is the remark that “the extension of its range west of the Sierra Nevada is rather unexpected. The prevalent theory that most of the species of trout have a narrow local range is hardly supported by a study of our western forms." This trout, Mr. Henshaw says, was 6abundant in the South Fork of the Kern River, beyond which state- ment nothing can be said of its distribution on the western coast, or of its abundance as compared witn S. irideus, the distinctness of the forms not having been recognized at the time of the collection.” On page 195 of the same paper is a reference by Mr. Henshaw to the * Golden Trout” which apparently belongs to the species here described, although Mr. Henshaw identifies his specimens taken from near Mount Whitney with the Salmo irideus. Mr. Henshaw says: This is the common “Brook Trout” of the small mountain streams of the Pacific slope, and up to an altitude of 9,000 feet it is the rare exception to find a suitable stream that is not well stocked with it. Upon many of them, as the tributaries of the South Fork of the Kern River, these trout are found in very great abundance, each pool and rapid numbering its finny denizens by the score. They may be taken in any sort of weather, at any hour of the day, by alınost any kind of bait. During »2 VOL483 1992PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVthe heat of the day they frequent almost entirely the deeper pools, lying under overshadowing rocks or in the shade of some convenient log. In early morning or late afternoon they come out and run more into the shallows and rapiils, under which circumstances they bite best and furnish the finest sport. Like the average brook tront, the species rarely attains any considerable size, ranging from 1 to 8 or more inches in length. Their colors are usually very bright, and for beauty this species takes rank among the for nost of its kind, and has been well called the “Golden Trout.” In this respect, however, it is subject to the usual variations obtaining in the family, the change of color not only accompanying a difference in locality, but being plainly discernible in individuals taken in ditterent parts of the same stream not far distant. In fact, as a specific character, color in this family seems to be at its lowest value. The character of the bottom and water itself has much to do with this, and I remember to have fished in a small rivulet on one of the subalpine meadows not far from Mount Whitney, whose sluggish waters flowed over a bottom of dark mud, in which the color of the trout simulated very closely its hue; they had lost nearly all the flashing iridescent tints characterizing the same species caught but a few hours before in another stream, and had become dull and somber hued. Accompanying this change of color was a corr orrespondingly noticeable difference in habits and motions, and the several dozen trout caught that evening for supper were taken out with the hook with the display of very little more gameness than would be noticed in so many Horned Pout. On the contrary, in the clear rapid current of the mountain stream, a flash of sunlight is scarcely quicker than the gleam of gold and silver seen for a single instant as the whirling waters are cut by one of these trout as he makes a rush from his lurking place for some chance morsel which is being borne past him. The western trout are rarely as shy as their relatives of east- ern waters, and because of their numbers and the consequent scarcity of food are apt to be less fastidious; yet, even when most abundant, due caution must be used if one would be successful, and not every one can catch trout, even in the West. With the proper care in concealing one's self, a pool may be almost decimated ere the alarm will be taken, and I have seen fifteen fair-sized trout taken from a single small pool in quick succession. During the present year other specimens have been sent to the museum of the Leland Stanford Junior University, but in such very bad condi- tion that nothing could be made of them, except that they were evidently small-scaled trout of the mykiss type, nearest to the subspecies pleuriticus of the Colorado River, and not in any way related to the Rainbow trout, which inhabits most of the streams of the basin of Cali- fornia. The question of the relation of this trout to others in Kern River must be settled by further investigations, as also the question whether the Salmo agua-bonita itself is confined, as has been asserted, to the space in Volcano Creek between the two waterfalls, or whether in that part of the stream is found a variety different from the ordinary form, i 1 4 . L ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SPINY BOXFISH (GENUS CHILO- MYCTERUS) ON THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. BY Carl H. EIGENMANN, Professor of Zoology, Indiana University. 1, (With Plate Lxxxi.) During the summer of 1891 a fisherman captured a specimen of a Chilomycterus near San Pedro, Cal. He preserved it in alcohol and offered it for sale. The price asked was so unreasonably high that I merely took some notes of it. Since then it has been procured by the National Museum, and I am able to redescribe it. This is apparently the first notice of a Chilomycterus on the Pacific coast of North America. The specimen is in good condition, and is but slightly shorter than when first seen. Chilomycterus californiensis Eigenmann. American Naturalist, 1891, p. 1133. Type, No. 43860, one specimen 260mm long, San Pedro, Cal., July, 1891. Much inflatable. Face narrow, distance between eyes in front 35mm; mouth narrow, 23mm (33mm in C. schoepfi of same size), protruding; margins of upper jaw making a decided angle in front; eye small, 12mm in diameter (17mm in schoepfi), superciliary edge not raised, but pro- jecting out over the eye; interorbital very little concave. Spines of back all low, highest between pectoral and dorsal; their anterior roots strong and raised; the spines forming the termination of these roots, giving the spines the appearance of being depressed. Spines of the belly much larger than those of back, the roots differing but little in size. Spines lowest on head, one above the upper anterior angle of the eye, another above the posterior angle. Two spines on head between those above the posterior margins of the eyes. A small spine midway between dorsal and caudal. Pectoral small, its base 22mm high (30mm in schoepfi of same size). Pectorals, dorsal and caudal, with numerous dark spots except at their margins; anal with a few spots at its base. Back steel-blue merging into the white of the belly; front and sides of head with many small black spots, caudal peduncle with somewhat larger spots. Back densely covered with short streaks or bars. Sides with round spots, some as large as the eye. A black spot in center of belly, a series of three spots along the sides of the belly and a few about the anus; breast white. BLOOMINGTON, IND., April 25, 1892. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 917. 485 1 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PL. LXXXI. PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV ay CHILOMYCTERUS CALIFORNIENSIS. DESCRIPTION OF SOME FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE GREAT FALLS COAL FIELD OF MONTANA. BY WILLIAM M. FONTAINE. (With Plates LXXXII—LXXXIV.) In July, 1890, Mr. F.H. Knowlton and Dr. A. C. Peale made a small collection of fossil plants from the Kootanie group of Great Falls, Mont. In July, 1891, Mr. W. H. Weed maile an additional small collection from the same locality. These plants have been placed in my hands for determination and description. The object of this paper is to give an account of them. Both collections can be contained in a box of moderate size, so that they can not pretend to be exhaustive. The specimens show nothing but ferns, conifers, and one Equisetum. The conifers have but few species, and the specimens illustrating each species are few and poorly preserved. They indicate considerable maceration, as if they had been floated in water a long while before they were covered with sediment. The ferns predominate in the number of species, while the specimens illustrating the species are in several cases very numerous. They are usually well preserved and appear to have been speedily entombed in sediment. Both Mr. Knowlton and Mr. Weed seem to have failed to find cycads, the other constituent of a typical Mesozoic flora. They, however, exist at the Great Falls locality, for Dr. Newberry, in his excellent paper on the flora of this group, * has mentioned and described several. Besides these a beautiful impression of a cycad, obtained by Mr. R. S. Williams from this field, is figured and described in this paper. The cycads, however, so far as I can learn, are rare in this flora. Perhaps this is accounted for by the localities in which they grow and by the accidents of preservation. The condition of the fossil conifers found in this field, and their small proportion in the sum total of the Great Falls plants, indicate that the inhabitants of the higher and drier regions were not favored in preservation so much as the ferns, which presumably lived in the marshes and near to the water receiving sediment. Then, too, it is quite possible that additional discoveries may add largely to both the conifers and cycads. Negative conclusions, 类 ​*“Flora of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana.” Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLI, March, 1891, p. 191. Proceedings National Museum, Vol. XV-No. 918. 487 488 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA-FONTAINE. based on the presumed absence of groups of plants, can not be fairly drawn until it is made certain that no further discoveries can be looked for. With regard to the age and affinities of this flora, my investigations add nothing to the conclusions arrived at by Dr. Newberry in the paper before cited. These conclusions, which I fully indorse, are that the Potomac group, the Great Falls group, the Kootanie group of Can- ada, and the Kome group of Greenland are all of the same general age. Dr. Newberry expresses the opinion that the Great Falls strata are somewhat older than those of the Potomac, this being indicated by the absence of angiosperms in the former. This opinion is justified if we take into consideration only the plants found in the Great Falls strata up to this time. But it is possible that, if these beds have not been exhaustively explored, angiosperms may yet be found in them. The strata seem to some extent to show an isolation of forms, and a confinement of them to particular horizons. This would seem to be the case with the cycads. As stated before they do exist in the strata at a particular horizon, or at a particular locality, while in the two col- lections before me not a single imprint is found. In my collecting from the Potomac bed , I did not discover the angiosperms of modern type that they yield until towards the close of my explorations, long after large collections of plants of older types had been made. The more modern angiosperms of the Potomac are found in the upper beds of the formation, which have been in most places carried away by erosion There are localities in the Potomac of Virginia which show good expo sures of thick beds, that abound in impressions of ferns and conifers, but contain no angiosperms. The two near Potomac Run described in Monograph xv of the U. S. Geological Survey, as “Roadside” and “Hillside," have this character. It is noteworthy that Osmunda dick- sonioides, a plant that seems to be abundant at a certain horizon in the Great Falls field, is found at one of these localities and nowhere else in the Potomac beds. If the age of the Potomac strata had been deter- mined from the fossils of these localities, it would, from the absence of angiosperms, appear older than it is. With regard to the age of the Potomac itself perhaps a word may be allowed here. It is to be understood that by Potomac is meant the lower member of that formation, as shown chiefly in Virginia. I do not regard this member as all of Wealden age. The period of its depo- sition seems, if we are to judge by the progress made by the plants, to have extended through the Wealden into the Urgonian, and perhaps to a somewhat later time. It was probably extended throughout the Neocomian. Th:e very remarkable isolation and grouping of the plants of the Virginia Potomac, which seems in a measure to exist in the Great Falls field, and the great (lifferences in the relative abundance of the different types, appear to indicate unstable conditions in the different elements of the flora, and also rapid changes. It is quite possible, then, 6 VOL489 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. . , ] :. XVa that higher types of plants were reached in these strata than in any synchronous with them in Europe. Returning to the consideration of the constituent groups of plants in the Great Falls flora, we find the ferns decidedly dominant, but differ- ent species are by no means equally represented. At the head of the list in number of specimens stands Aspidium montanense, a new species. Next to this, and in about the order of naming, come Aspidium mono- carpum, also a new species, Thyrsopteris rarinervis Font., and Osmunda dicksonioides Font. These were all apparently abundant. To judge from the character of the rock which bears the imprints, these did not all occur on the same horizon. Osmunda dicksonioides, for example, occurs in a material very different from that which shows the imprints of Aspidium montanense. In this connection I will repeat an opinion expressed before. In determining the age of an unknown group of fossil plants, greater weight as evidence of age ought to be assigned to some plants than to others. These are the plants whose fossils have marked and salient features that permit them to be identified without danger of error. An example of this kind of plant is Frenelopsis, especially F. parceramosa, of the Potomac flora. When these are fully established and at home in a formation, as would be shown by their general distribution and the abundance of the fossil specimens that they afford, they ought not to be counted simply as units in a sum total to establish a percentage. Their evidence would thus be neutralized by that of other units which are newcomers or belated survivors. This is especially true of floras in a critical stage of evolution, and which contain considerable numbers of newcomers and survivors. The Potomac flora was one of this char- acter, in which Jurassic types were being cast out and Cretaceous ones introduced. If the era of deposition of the Great Falls beds was nearly that of the Potomac, as is most probable, then the flora of the time must have been likewise in an unstable condition. So far as yet made out, the ferns seem to be the most common plants in the Great Falls flora. The above remarks, owing to the character of this type of vegetation, and to its long persistence with but little change, do not apply to them so well as to many of the forms found in the Potomac flora. Thyrsopteris rarinervis, however, is a fern that has a well-marked facies, which is not possessed by many ferns. Its abun- dance in the Great Falls strata gives it great weight in establishing a resemblance between the Potomac and Great Falls floras. Equiseta appear to have been very rare in the flora now in question. The few imprints that are found are very poorly preserved, and seem to have been made by fragments that had floated a long time in water. The two collections yield the following species: Equisetum Lyelli? Mantell. Only one imprint was seen that was clearly that of an Equisetum. It occurs in a ferruginous, sandy shale. It is too poorly preserved to 490 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA-FONTAINE. permit positive determination. In size and general character it is so close to Equisetum Lyelli that the identification with that species is quite probable. Two or three other imprints of stems occur that may be those of Equisetum, but they are too obscure to be determined even generically. Aspidium montanense, nov, sp. Pl. LxxxIi, Figs. 1-3; Pl. LXXXIII, Figs. 2, 33, 3a. Plano probably arborescent. Fronds large, probably attaining the dimensions of several feet, tripinnatifid or tripinnate. Pinnæ alternate, sometimes nearly opposite. Rachises of all orders strong and rigid. Leaf substance thick and durable. Normal pinnules, or those of the middle portion of the fronds and pinna, oblong, slightly falcate, obtuse to subacute, attached by a somewhat widened base, united at the base, inserted under an angle of 450 to 500. Mid nerves of the pinnules dis- tinct, continued to near their tip, and forking at the summit. Lateral nerves slender, single, arching towards the summit of the pinnales with the basal ones sometimes once forked. The pinnules of the lower part of the frond are lobed or toothed, with lobes and teeth similar in shape to the normal pinnules. Towards the upper or terminal portion of the frond the ultimate pinnæ pass, by continued diminution, through lobed and toothed pinnules into entire ones. Sori in two rows, one on each side of the midrib of the pinnules, obovate in form, attached to the summit of lateral nerve and placed midway in the lamina of the pinnule. This fern is represented in the collections by numerous well-preserved specimens, which show all parts of the frond. Pl. LXXXIII, Fig. 2, repre- sents the normal pinnules. Pl. LXXXII, Fig. 1, gives the pinnules from the lower part of the frond. Fig. 3 shows dentate pinnæ, passing into pin- nules, from the upper part of the frond. Pl. LXXXIII, Fig. 3, shows lobed pinnæ from the upper part of the frond, and Pl. LXXXII, Fig. 2, gives fragments of a fructified compound pinna. This plant shows considerable variation in the ultimate pinna and pinnules taken from different parts of the frond. In the general char- acter of its pinnules it stands midway between two ferns from the Po- tomac of Virginia. These are Aspidium fredericksburgense Font., and Pecopteris strictinervis Font. Some of the specimens, taken by them- selves, might easily be mistaken for the one or the other of these species. I think that the fern that I reported to Dr. Newberry as Aspidium fre- dericksburgense (see p. 193 of his paper) is a form of the species now de. scribed. The fructification is much like that of Aspidium pinnatifi- dum.* Aspidium monocarpum, sp. nov. Pl. LXXXIII, Figs. 4-6, 6a; Pl. LXXXIV, Fig. 3, 3a. Frond tripinnate. Pinnæ alternate. Pinnules of the lower part of the frond attached by a much widened base, inclined strongly forward, > *U. S. Geol. Survey, Monograph xv, Pl. xxi, Fig. 15a. VOL 491 1892XV PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. ] . very slightly falcate, united to a considerable distance from the base, acute to subacute. Mid nerve slender but distinct, splitting into branches at the summit. Lateral nerves single. The ultimate pinna, in ascending toward the summit of the frond, pass through pinnæ with ovate acute lobes into those with serrate toothing, and finally into en- tire pinnules. Sori, seen only on serrately toothed pinnæ, are very large, single in each segment or tooth, globose or subreniform in shape, attached to a club-shaped receptacle that is borne on the summit of a basal lateral nerve, which is directed obliquely upwards. They occupy the greater portion of the upper half of each segment or tooth. Nerves of the fer- tile pinnäe in a bundle in each segment or tooth, and splitting up flabel- lately into branches. This fern, as shown in the fructification, is a new species. There are numerous good imprints of it, so that its character can be made out pretty well. It occurs in the same yellowish gray sandy shale that car- ries Aspidium montanense. Some of the sterile forms approach so near to some of Aspidium montanense that they can with difficulty be dis- tinguished. The fructification, however, is entirely different. The pinnules and segments of this fern have more of the aspect of Clado- phlebis than any form of A. montanense. They are more acute, more inclined forward, and have a broader base than those of the last-named fossil. Pl. LXXXIII, Fig. 6, shows a fragment of a compound pinna from the lower part of the frond, and Fig. 6* a portion of the same enlarged. Fig. 4 gives the ovately and serrately toothed pinnæ or pinnules from the upper part of the frond. Fig. 5 gives the termination of a compound pinna. Pl. LXXXIV, Fig. 3, gives a portion of a fertile compound pinna, and Fig. 34 a fertile fragment enlarged to show sori and nerves. Different portions of this fern, if taken alone, could be with difficulty distinguished from several Potomac plants. Some of the serrate toothed forms are exactly like some of the forms of Pecopteris virginiensis; some of the ovately lobed pinnæ much resemble some of the forms of Aspidium heterophyllum. In size and structure the sori are like those of Polypodium fadyenioides of the Potomac strata. The mode of at- tachment of the sori and the nervation of the fructified forms of Poly- podium dentatum of the Potomac resemble those features in this fern, but the sori of the Potomac plant are smaller and of different shape. a Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., var. montanense, var. nov. Pl. LXXXIV, Figs. 1, la. This fern is represented by six imprints, some of which are well pre- served and well characterized. Although somewhat different, it agrees in all essentials so well with Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., of the Virginia formation, that I do not think that they should be considered 492 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA-FONTAINE. a as distinct species. Fig. 1 shows the normal forms of the specimens. These differ from the Virginia plant perhaps enough to make the Great Falls forms a variety. They do not, however, show any fructification. Most of the specimens are in a ferruginous rock, which is the material carrying the imprints of Osmunda dicksonioides. This appears to come from a different horizon from that yielding Axpidium montanense. Some of the forms approach pretty closely to some of those of the last-named plant, but the toothing of the pinnules is different. The normal pin- nules are long and slender, rather remote, somewhat constricted at base, with the lower side decurrent by a narrow wing, which, in most of the pinnules, unites with the base of the next lower one. The margins show a shallow crenate toothing. The nerves are in the main like those of the Potomac plant. They are single in each crenate lobe, forking about midway their length, and diverging widely in the lobes. Pecopteris montanensis, sp. nov. Pl. LXXXIII, Fig. 1, la. Frond bipinnate to bipinnatifid. Leaf substance thick, ultimate pin- næ alternate and subopposite. Rachises of different orders strong. Lower pinnules small, united at base for some distance up, spatulate to broadly elliptical in form, subacute, strongly convex in outline on the upper outer margin, Pinnules of the upper part of the frond and terminal portions of the ultimate pinnæ still more united, narrowly elliptical in form, Nerves single in each pinnule and lobe, strong, once forking, with branches widely diverging, the anterior branch ending in the tip of the pinnule or lobe and the posterior one in the upper outer margin. This small fern is well characterized and seems to be new. As it shows only two specimens its full character can not be made out. this reason I place the plant provisionally in the genus Pecopteris, as in foliage it is most nearly connected with it. In the form of its pin- nules it is much like Pachypteris ovata Brongn., but the leaf substance is much thinner and the nerves are different. Fig. 1 gives pinnæ from the lower part of the frond and la gives several pinnules enlarged to show nervation. Pecopteris Browniana ? Dunker. Five imprints of small fragments of a fern very near to Pecopteris Browniana, and most probably identical with it, occur in the collections. Most of them are in a ferruginous sandy shale of reddish color, which is the material that carries the impressions of Osmunda dicksonioides. These differ slightly from those that occur in grayish shale, which are nearer the typical forms. They are, however, imprints of the terminal portions of compound pinnæ, a part of the frond that usually shows much variation in the shape of the pinnules. The pinnules of these are VOL493 1892PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 92.. , " ] . Xbroader and proportionally somewhat shorter than the normal ones of this fern. All the forms, however, are near enough to Pecopteris Browniana to permit their assignment to that species with a high de- gree of probability. Cladophlebis heterophylla sp. nov. Pl. LXXXIV, Fig. 2. a Fronds bipinnate. Rachises stout and rigid. Pinnæ alternate, the basal ones much reduced in size, forming pinnules with a few broad, rounded and shallow lobes. Pinnules united at base, the lower ones of the pinnæ orbicular in shape, the others subquadrilateral, attached by a much broadened base, united at base, falcate, usually very obtuse and remote. Basal inferior pinnule of each pinna larger than the rest, showing three shallow rounded lobes, the lobation becoming less distinct in the upper part of the frond. Nerves not seen distinctly, but apparently forming a bundle that splits up flabellately into branches. Fig. 2 gives the largest specimen of this fern. The basal inferior pinnules of the pinnæ are quite different from the rest. They are much larger and approximate in form the basal pinnæ, although much smaller than these. The general plan of the nervation, so far as it could be made out, is similar to that of the Acrostichides of the older Mesozoic of Virginia. The shape and size of the pinnules are like those of Acrostichides microphyllum of that formation. In the general character of the pinnules it may be compared also with Cladophlebis parva of the Potomac formation. I think that this is the plant reported by me to Dr. Newberry as Cladophlebis parva, but the additional specimens show differences enough to separate them. In the absence of fructification, it would go more naturally into the genus Cladophlebis. In size and the form of its pinnules, it resembles some of the small Gleichenias given by Heer from the Kome beds, and it is quite possible that fructification may be found that will show it to belong to that genus. Only two specimens were found, and its full character, even for the sterile forms, can not be regarded as made out. Osmunda dicksonioides Font. Numerous specimens of this fern occur. The imprints are in a ferru- ginous, indurated shale. They coincide exactly with the Potomac plant. This fossil, to judge from the character of the rock which con- tains it, occurs at a different horizon from Aspidium montanense. It must have been abundant in the Great Falls flora. The fructified form was not seen. Thyrsopteris microloba? var. alata Font. Two small specimens of a fern closely resembling the Potomac plant, Thyrsopteris microloba, var, alata, were seen in the collections. The 494 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MONTANA-FONTAINE. amount of material is not sufficient to permit positive identification, but in any case this fern is very near the Potomac plant and is of the same type. Thyrsopteris rarinervis Font. This fern shows numerous imprints. Some of them are very fine, being much better than any from the Potomac beds. Some of the forms approach more nearly Heer's Asplenium dicksonianum than do those of the Potomac fossils. The resemblance was seen in the latter fossils but, as stated, it was not so marked as in some of the Great Falls im- prints. Sequoia ambigua? Heer. The collections contain three small and poorly preserved fragments of a conifer which is most probably Sequoia ambigua. Some of the leaves are preserved and are identical with those of that species. The amount of material does not permit a positive determination. Sequoia rigida Heer. There are in the collections four pretty well preserved impressions of a conifer that can not be distinguished from Sequoia rigida. Sphenolepidium virginicum, Font. Eight impressions of a conifer identical with Sphenolepidium virgin- icum of the Potomac formation were obtained. Most of them are poorly preserved and show a good deal of maceration, as if they had been floated long in water. To judge from the number of impressions of this plant that were found it must have been somewhat common in the Great Falls flora, standing next to Taxodium ramosum. Taxodium (Glyptostrobus) ramosum Font. This conifer shows twelve specimens. They are the best preserved of the coniferous fossils, giving in most cases the character of the plant quite distinctly. The specimens of it are more numerous than those of any other conifer of the Great Falls flora. It occurs along with the two preceding conifers and with Thyrsopteris rarinervis and Aspid. ium montanense, in a sandy shale. Zamites montanensis sp. nov. Pl. Lxxxiv, Fig. 4. Mr. R. S. Williams, of Great Falls, loaned Mr. Knowlton a beautiful imprint of a cycad which seems to be new. A drawing of it was made and is given in Pl. Lxxxiv, Fig. 4, of this paper. I have not seen the original, but the drawing gives the character so distinctly that a description can be given from it. The description is as follows: The leaf (compound) is narrowly elliptical in outline and small. It is abruptly pinnate, with a stout rigid midrib. The lower leatlets are lancet-shaped, short, remote, and stand at right angles with 1892. ] 495 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. the midrib. In ascending towards the tip of the compound leaf, the leaflets become linear in shape and are more closely approximate, until they touch. They are also nonfalcate, and toward the end of the leaf are obliquely attached to the midrib. The leaflets of the central part of the leaf are longest, giving the elliptical outline. Nerves, three in number, strong, parallel with each other and the margins of the leaf- lets. The imprint shows the under side of the leaf uppermost, so that the midrib conceals the insertions of the leaflets. Taking as correct Heer's distinction between Zamites and Pterophyllum,* this imprint does not show positively which of the two it is. It seems, however, to agree best with Zamites and may provisionally be put in that genus. In the form of its leaflets it is quite near Zamites speciosus Heer,t agreeing pretty well with some of the features of the smaller forms of that species, but the leaflets are proportionately broader. The basal leaflets also are quite different, and the gradation from these into those higher up is not seen in Heer's plant. As stated before, it is somewhat singular that neither Mr. Knowlton nor Mr. Weed seems to have discovered cycads. This certainly indi.. cates that they are not generally distributed in the Great Falls strata, but are limited to particular horizons. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, February 10, 1892. PLATE LXXXII. Fig. 1. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Pinnules from the lower part of the frond. Fig. 2. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Fragments of a fructified compound pinna. Fig. 3. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Detached pinnæ from the upper part of the frond. PLATE LXXXIII. Fig. 1. Pecopteris montanensis, n. sp. Fig. la. Magnified portion of Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Normal pinnules. Fig. 3. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Lobed pinnäe from the upper part of the frond. Fig. 3a. Aspidium montanense, n. sp. Enlarged portion of Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Serrate toothed pinnæ or pinnules from the upper part of the frond. Fig. 5. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. The termination of a compound pinna. Fig. 6. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Pinnules from lower part of the frond. Fig. 6a. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Enlarged portion of Fig. 6. PLATE LXXXIV. Fig. 1. Aspidium angustipinnatum Font., var. montanense, n. var. Fig. la. Enlarged portion of Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Cladophlebis heterophylla, 1. sp. Fig. 3. Aspidium monocarpum, n. sp. Showing fertile portion of frond. Fig. 3a. Enlarged portion of Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Zamites montanensis, n. sp. * Flor. foss, arct., vol. II, p. 62. + Flor. foss. arct., vol. 111 Die Kreideflora de arctischen Zone, Pl. xiv, Fig. 11. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXII 2002 } co 717) Historie 2 Aspidium montanense, new species. 3 $ ! U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXIU mm NOV with IM 0 10 man WHILE 2 3 за. ce 1 STA NA 62 6 5 1. Pecopteris montanense, new species. 2, 3. Aspidium montanense, new species. 4, 5, 6. Aspidium monocarpum, new species. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. XV PL. LXXXIV my 2 1 1a $3 3 За 4 1. Aspidium angustipinnatum, var. montanense, new variety. 2. Cladophlebis heterophylla, new species. 3. Aspidium monocarpum, new species. 4. Zamites montanensis, new species. 1 1 ! 1 1 2 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 433 A. Page. Anisotremus daridsoni... 152 Anodonta Couporiana 433 imbecillis Anomia lampe 194 Anomiida, California species of 194 Antelope, Abbott's 473 black-fronted 476 Damara-land pygmy. 477 new species of... 473 Pallah... 472 Zanzibar Pygmy 477 Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holm on. 399 figure of. 402 Anthus maculatns.... 314 Arca, California species of. 192 Arcida, California species of.. 192 Ardea herod ias, parasites of. 87 Argonauta pacifica 217 Argonautida, California species of. 217 Arizona, Wolpai maiden of 29 Ascaria spiculigera... 89 Ascaris serrata, figure of 110 Ashmead, W. H., on Encyrtinæ........ 361 Aspidium angustipinnatum montanense, new variety 491 montanense, new species 490 monocarpum, new species 490 Assiminea californica.... 205 Atherinidæ, California species of. 145 Atherinops aflinis... 146 Atherinopsis californiensis. 145 Anchenopterus integripinnis . 173 Auckland Island, crabs from.. 243 Aulacodus swinderianus.... 468 Auriculidæ, California species of 196 Avian entozoa, Linton on... 87 Avicula peruviana. 193 Aviculida, California species of 193 Axinæa intermedia 192 B. Page, Abalone shells...... 198 Abbott, Dr. C. C., on eggs of garter snake. 388 cited. 392 Abbott, Dr. W. L., African mammals col. lected by. 415 Abbott's antelope from East Africa. 473 Abeona minima.. 155 Acanthis linaria holbællii.. 354 Acanthopleuridæ, California species of .... 196 Acanthopnenste ijimæ, new species of..... 372 Acara bartoni, new species 286 figure of.... 287 Acmeidæ, California species of 197 Acm@a, California species of. 197 Acila, subgenus 192 Acridotheres cineraceus ...... 352 Actaeonidæ, California species 195 Actaeon (Rictaxis) punctocælatus. 195 Adula, subgenus.... 192 Ægithalos caudatus 345 Æpyceros melampus. 472 Africa, collection of mammals from.... 445 Agassiz, Louis, cited. 380 Agkistrodon piscivorus, breeding habits of 386 A gonidæ, California species of 171 Alaska, Chinese relics from... 221 corystoid crabs from.. 223 hermit crabs from.... 1 Alauda blakistoni, measurements of....... 304 japonica, measurements of.... 302 Albatross, steamer, explorations by..8, 23, 121, 223 Albula vulpes..... 135 Albulidæ, California species of 135 Alcelaphus cokii... 471 Aleutian Islands, hermit crabs from.. 3 Algangea dugèni, new species..... 283, 287 Allen, Dr. Harrison, on ner genus of bats... new subfamily of bats 437 Temminck's bat..... 443 Allen, J. A., cited... 386 Alopias vulpes... 134 Alopidae, California species of..... 134 Amalthea, California species of. 204 Amaltheidæ, California species of 204 Amphissa, California species of 213 Amphissa bicolor, new species 213 Amphistichus argenteus... 156 Anatinidæ, California species of.. 184 Andrews, Mrs. George, unios collected by.406, 410 Bahama Islands, crabs from Baldwin, A. H., drawings by. Bandfish in California Barlow, J. G., insects collected by Barracuda in California.. Barrett, J.P. Bascanion constrictor, breeding habits of.. 231 232 173 367 147 411 396 Proc. N. M. 92-32 497 498 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 133 Page. Basileuterus rufifrons new species.... 119 dugėsi, new sub- species.. 119 jouyi, new sub- species. 119 Bass, black.sea, in California 151 kelp, in California... 150 rock, in California.. 150 Bat, Temminck's 443 Batrachida, California species of. 171 Batrachians and reptiles, new species of... 115 Bats, now genus of....... new subfamily of phyllostome 437 Baur, Dr. G., turtles described by. 379 Bean, Tarleton H., on new species of star- gazer 121 on new species of fishes from Mexico.. 283 Beauvois, M. Palisot, cited 387 Belonidae, California species of ... 143 Benedict, James E., on new species of her- mit crabs 1 corystoid crabs... 223-230 Bering Sea, crabs from.. 18 Bermuda Islands, crabs from.. 249 Birds, collection of, from Japan........... 289 new Japanese species of ...........342, 371 species of. .27, 119 subspecies of. 347 parasites of ...... 87 Bittium, California species of.. 205 Bivonia compacta.. 204 Blasius, Dr. Wilh., quoted 349 Blatchley, Prof. W. S.... 395 Blenniida, California species of. 171 Blind fishes of California .. 160 Blood ejected from eyes of toad. 375 Bok, bosch, of East Africa 471 Bolles, Lieut. T. Dix, on Chinese relics in Alaska... 221 Boreal America, noctuidæ of.. 33 Boreotrophon, subgenus.. 216 Boulenger, Dr. G. A., cited. 379 Bourke, Capt., quoted . 29 Brachiopoda, California species of. 182 Brachyistius frenatus 155 Bragg, L. C..... 161 Branchiostoma elongatum... 132 Branchiostomida, California species of. 132 Brazil, crabs from.. 205 Bristol Bay, hermit crabs from 16 British Columbia, crabs from 18 Museum 37 Brook tront of California 482 Bruce, Mr., Colorado insects from 38 Bubalis caffir. 478 Buccinida, California species of.. 216 Buckley, S. B., vnios collected by. 417 Buffalo, cape.. 478 Bulla nebulosa. 195 Bullidæ, California species of.. 195 Bumpus, Dr. H. C., cited. .389, 392 C. Page. California, fishes of 123 golden trout of 481 gulf of, crabs from. 5 Lower, crabs from. 238 marine shells of.. 179 new herniit crabs from 22 spiny boxfish of. 485 Cacidæ, California species of.. 204 Call, R. E., unio collection of.. 406 Calliostoma, California species of. 201 Callista, California species of.. 187 Calocerinus floridanus. 368 new insect genus. 368 Calyptraeidæ, California species of 203 Cancellaria cooperi ...... 211 Cancellariidae, California species of.. 211 Canis mesomelas.. 455 Cantharidus pupoideas 202 Caprimulgus jotaka, measurements of. 293 Caranx chrysus caballus. 149 Carcharhinus glaucus... lamiella 133 Cardiida, California species of.. 189 Carditidæ, California species of. 190 Cardium, California species of.. 189 Catablemella brachychir.... 142 Cathetostoma albigutta, new species.. 121 Caulolatilus princeps 158 Cavolinia tridentata 194 Cavoiiniidæ, California species of 194 Central America, birds from 27 Cephalophus niger...... 475 nigrifrons, dimensions of ... 476 spadix, new species.... 473 Cephalopoda, California species of 217 Cercopithecus albogulabris 448 sabaus Cerithidea californica... 205 Cerithiidæ, California species of 205 Cerithiopsidæ, California species of... 210 Cerithiopsis, California species of... 210 Ceryle guttulata, measurements of.. 295 lugubris, measurements of.. 294 Cestoda from Yellowstono Park. 99 Chætodipterus faber zonatus ....... 158 Chætopleura, California species of 196 Challenger expolition, crabs collected by... 248 Chama, California species of. 189 Chamida, California species of. 189 Characodon variatus... 286 Cherrie, George K., on new species of fly. catchers.. 27 Chilomycterus californiensis. .175, 485 Chinese relics from Alaska 221 Chione, California species of 188 Chirida, California species of 162 Chloris kawarahiba minor 355 Chlorostoma, California species of.. 200 Chorus Belcheri.. 216 Chromis punctipinnis... 158 Chrysodomus (Kellettia) Kelletti 216 Cichloselyg sibiricus, 317 Cinclus pallasii ..... 347 Circus cyaneus hudsonius, parasito of.. 88 Citharichthye sordidus. 174 Cacum crebricinctum... Casiosoma californiense. 204 152 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 499 33 . Page. Page. Clailophlebis heterophylla, new species .... 193 Cucullia montana. 40 Clangula albeola, parasites of 87 obscurior, new species. 41 Clevelandia longipinnis.. 159 postera 43 Clidiophora punctata 183 rovision of the genus. Clinus evides 173 serraticornis. 50 Clupea mirabilis. 135 similaris, new species. 41 sagax 136 solidaginis.. 52 Cupeida, California species of 135 speyeri 46 Coccothraustes japonica, measurements of. 358 Cuculus kelungensis 293 Cod, rock, of California... 165 Cumingia californica 186 Colobus caudatus...... 447 Cyanoptila bella 328 guereza, measurements of skuli of 418 Cyclostrematida, California species of 202 Coluber, breeding habits of..... 395 Cynoscion parvipinne...! 154 Columbella, California species of 213 Cypræa spadica.... 207 Columbellidæ, California species of. 213 Cypræida, California species of 207 Colymbus holbellii. 289 Cyprinidæ, California species of. 135 Conida, California species of. 208 Cymatogaster aggregatus.... 155 Connecticut, crabs from 236-275 Cymbuliidae, California species of. 194 Connochætes taurinus albojubatus.. 470 Cynoscion nobile 154 Conus, California species of.. 208 Cyprinodontidæ, California species of 142 Cooper, Dr. J. G.. .179, 217 Cythara, subgenus.... 208 Cooperella, subgenus.. 186 D. Cope, E. D., cited. 380 Copipanolis, characteristics of.. 61 Dall, Williau, H., Alaskan crabs collected Copperhead snakes, breeding habits of.. 386 by 223 Copipanolis borealis, now species.... 62 on new species of shells cubilis 63 from San Pedro Bay.. 179 fasciata, new species.. 62 Damalichthys argyrosomus.. 157 stigma 63 Dasy batidæ, California species of. 134 Corbula luteola 183 Dasy batis dipterura 135 Corbnlidæ, California species of. 183 Dead Man's Island, shells at. 180 Corolla spectabilis..... 194 Dean, Rev. A., unios collected by .406, 416 Coronado Islands, fishes of... 123 Delphinulidæ, California species of. 199 Cortes Banks, fishes of... 123 Dendrohyrax validus, dimensions of. .457, 458 Corystoid crabs, Benedict on... 223 figure of shell of 480 Costa Rica, new species of birds from. 37 Dendromys nigrifrons, new species.. 462 Cottidæ, California species of. 168 Dentalium, California species of 194 Coues, Dr., cited... 389 Denton, S. F., on horned toads. 377 Couper, J. H., unios collected by.. Desmognathidæ, new genus of.. 115 Cox, Prof. U.O., cited..... 395 Diaphng theta 140 Crabs collected by North Pacific Exploring Dibothrium cordiceps.. .99, 112 Expellition 232 exile, new species. 100 Corystoid, Benedict on.. 223 Dicopinæ, revision of . 53 new species of 1, 231 Dicopis, characteristics of 54 of the family Periceridæ, Miss Rath- Dicopis electilis... 57 bun on 231 grotei.. 55 Cragin, Prof. F. W., cited.. 392 thaxterianus. 58 Crepidula, California species of. 203 viridescens 56 Crocidura from East Africa..... 470 Diodon hystrix 175 Crossarchus mungo, dimensions of skull of. 453 Diodontidæ, California species of 175 Crotalidæ, breeding habits of.. 386 Diplodonta orbella . 190 Crotalophorus miliarius, eggs of.. 388 Diplodontidæ, California species of........ 190 Crucibulum, California species of.. 203 Distomum flexum, new species..... 98, 112 Cryptomya californica. 183 verrucosum, new species.. 96, 111 asteroides... 42 Dobson, Dr., megaderma collected by 413 469 bistriga, new species.. 48 Dolichotoma, section..... 207 characteristics of 33 Donax, California species 180 cinderella, new species . 49 Doubleday, E., insect from 56 convexipennis 38 Dow, Capt. John, crabs collected by 272 dorsalis, new species. 47 Downie, T. C., unios collected by 413 florea Drillia, California species of 208 geographical distribution of 33 Dryobates japonicus 299 illustrations of genitalia of 52 subcirris. 299 intermedia.. 48 Dryocopus inartius 301 lætifica 45 Duges, Prof. Alfredo, tishes collected by... 283 ..... 500 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Page 19 22 14 19 17 26 3 15 19 4 Eupagarus, kennerlyi, new species mexicanus, new species.. minutus, new species. munitns, new species. newcombei, new species.. parvus, new species .... patagoniensis, new species.. purpuratus, new species rathbuni, new species roseus, new species..... setosus, new species.. smithi, new species.. splendescens tanneri, new species. tenuimanus..... townsendi, new species.. trigonocheirus.. unidosus, new species.. varians, new species Eurynorhynchus pygmæus.. Eutaivia, breeding habits of. Eutolype, characteristics of .. bombyciformis, new species.. damalis depilis rolandi Exocætus californicus.. 2 10 1 13 1 18 24 292 385 58 61 60 GO 143 F. E. Page. East Africa, mammals from... 445 Echeneididæ, California specios of. 148 Echinorhynchus rectus, new species.. .91, 110 striatus.. .92, 111 Ectophylla, new genus of bats 441 alba, new species of bats 442 Eggs of California fishes. 127 snakes, Hay qu.. 385 Egg-tooth of snakes. 386 Eichler, A. W., cited. 400 Eigenmann, Carl H., on fishes of San Diego, Cal .123-178 spiny boxfish 485 Elassochirus, sabgenug.. 1, 19 Eleotragus arundinaceus 472 Eliomys murinus, measurements of . 459 Elliott, Bishop, unio collection of... 412 Embryology of California fishes 123 fishes, illustrations of. 178 Embiotoca jacksoni.. 156 Embiotocidæ, California species of 155 Emmons, E., unios collected by. 429 Emys geographica 381 pseudo-geographica 380 Encyrtinæ with branched antenna, L. 0. Howard on. 361 Entozoa, avian, Linton on.. 187 Eopsetta jordani........ 174 Ephippidæ, California species of 158 Epision, new genus...... 100 plicatus, new species. 101, 112 Equisetum Lyelli.. 489 Erato, California species of 207 Erimacrus, Benedict on. 223 now genus of crabs 229 isenbockii .. 229 Erinaceus albiventris. 469 Ethalia in California. 199 Eulima micans.... 209 Eulimide, California species of. 209 Eupagurus, new species of. 1 alaskensis, new species. 2 albus, new species 6 aleuticus, new species... 2 beringanus, new species 17 bernhardus.... 1 brandti, new species.... 9 californiensis, new species 21 capillatus, new species. 8 cervicornis, new species.... 25 confragosus, new species... 11 corallinus, new species.. 23 cornutus, new species. 12 coronatus, new species 24 curacaoensis, new species... 21 dalli, new species 9 defensus, new species. 7 exilis, new specios 6 thoridanus, new species. 5 gilli, now species.... 20 gladius, new species 7 hemphilli, new species.. 16 hispidus, new species... 26 impressus, new species........ 6 Falco rusticolus..... 292 False Bay, California, fishes of.. 124 Fasciolariidæ, California species of 217 Fernald, Prof., insect collection of . 72 Fierasfer dubius 173 Fierasferidze, California species of .. 173 Filaria serrata, new species ... .8., 110 Fish Commission, crabs collocted by ......223, 231 expeditions by..8, 23, 87, 121, 223 Fishes, blind, in California and Indiana 160 embryology of 178 of San Diego, Cal., Eigenmann on.. 123 new species of .12, 283 Fissurella volcano... 197 Fissurellida, California species of 197 Fissuridea, California species of 197 Flora of Great Falls coal field. 489 Florida, crabs from. 236-275 new species of crabs from 5 Simpson on Unionidæ of .. 405 Flycatchers, new species of 27 Fontaine, William M., on fossil plants from Montana... 487 Food of Wolpai Indians.. 30 Fossaridæ, California species of.. 206 Fossil shells in California.. 180 Fuligula vallisneria, parasites of.. .87, 108 Fundulus parvipinnis . 142 robustus, new species... 205 Fusus, California species of... 217 G. Gabb, William M., collected bats.... Gadidæ, California species of...... 438 174 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 501 Page Gadinia reticulata...... 196 Gadiniidæ, California species of.. 196 Galago crassicaudatus 450 Galapagos Islands, new crabs from... 16 crabs from. 273 Galeus californians.. 133 Galerus mammillaris. 203 Galeorhinidæ, California species of. 133 Galeorhinus zyopterus... 133 Gorman, Prof. Harry, on Malaclemys. 382 Garrulus brandtii. 353 Garter snake, eggs of....... 388 Gasterosteidæ, California species of... 144 Gastropoda, California species of... 195 Gasterosteus microcephalus. 144 Gätke, Dr. H., cited.. 308 Gazella grantii 473 Thomsonii. 473 Gazelle, Grant's, of East Africa... 473 Thomson's, of East Africa.. 473 Thomson's figure of.. 480 Genetta pardina, measurements of. 454 Genota, subgenus... 207 Genyonemus lineatus.. 153 Geographical distribution of cucullia.. 33 unionidae 406 Georgia, crabs from.... 244 unionida of... 406 Gerres cinereus..... 154 Gerridæ, California species of. 154 Gibbula canfieldii. 201 Gillichthys mirabilis 159 Girella nigricans... 152 Glottidia albida. 182 Glycimeris generosa 183 Gobiidæ, California species of. 159 Gobius nicholsi 159 Gobiesocida, California species of. 171 Gobiesox eigenmanni 171 rhessodon.... 171 Goode, Dr. G. Brown, cited....387, 388, 390, 392, 395 Grampus, schooner, crabs collected by 236 Graptemys lesnererii 380 Grass flower, morphology of . 399 Gray, Dr., antelope described by. 475 Gray, Dr. J. E., cited .. 379 Grayson, A., Mexican birds from 119 Great Falls coal field, fossils from 488 Green, Miss Eleanor 183 Grote, Mr., on Dicopinæ.... 53 Guaymas, Mexico, parasites from 89, 90 Gulf of Mexico, hermit crabs from. 8 new species of fish from... 121 Gunther, Dr., cited .378, 477 Gymnosarda pelamys 149 Paga Harris, George E., salamanders collected by 115 Hartt Explorations, collection of. 273 Harvey, Mr., collects golden trout.. 481 Hay, 0. P., on breeding habits of snakes... 385 ejection of blood from eyes of toad...... 375 turtles of genus Malaclemys. 379 Hay, W. P., cited.. 395 Hedgehogs from East Africa.. 469 Heilprin, Dr., cited 390 Helogale undulata, measurements of.. 151 IIemichelidon griseisticta. 337 Hemicardium, subgenus 190 Hemirhamphus rosa... 143 Hemphill, Henry, crabs collected by 259 Henshaw, Mr., quoted...... 482 Henson, Harry V., Japanese birds collected by 289 Hermit crabs, new species of.. 1 Herpestes caffer 452 galera, dimensions of skulls of .. 453 gracilis, dimensions of skull of.. 452 Heterodon platirhinos.... 392 Heterodonax, California species of. 187 Heterodontus francisci. 132 Heterodontidæ, California species of 132 Heterostichu8 rostratus ... 173 Hexacladia Smithii, figure of 369 description of. 365 Hinnites giganteus 193 Hippoglossina stomata. 174 Hippocampus ingens 144 Hirundo dasypus 338 Holbrook, Dr., cited 379 Holconotus rhodoterus. 156 Holm, Theo., on morphology of grass-flower. 399 Holostomum variabilo 93 Holostomum variabilo, figure of. 111 Hopley, Miss C.C., cited 391 Houses of Navajo Indians, Dr. Shufeldt on. 279 Howard, L. O., on Encyrtin. 361 Hudson, Mr., insects from 72 Hudsonius altus. 284 Hume, A., quoted 349 Hyperprosopon argenteum... 156 Hypsipetes amaurotis hensoni, new sub- species..... 347 Hyspopsetta guttulata.. 175 Hypsurus caryi... 156 I. H. Hackel, E., cited. Haldea striatula, breeding babits of Haliotida, California species of Haliotis, California species of.. Hallenbeck, Girard Hall, Rev. A, M., snakes collected by Haminea, California species.... Hargitt, Edward, cited 400 397 198 198 412 ..386, 387 195 299 Ianthia cyanura 321 Icelinus australis 170 Ijima, Dr. I., Japanese birds from 371 Indiana, map tortoise from 379 Indian maiden of Arizona... 30 Inilians, marriage customs of 31 Navajo, house-building by 279 Insects, new species of... 33 genera anıl species of ...366, 367, 368 Invertebrates, marine, new species of. 1 Isapis fenestratus 206 Ischinochitonida, California species of..... 196 Igesthes gilberti .. 171 gentilis 171 502 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 346 J. Page. Page. Lima orientalis ... 19.3 Jameson, Dr. Alexander 389 Limidæ, California species of. 193 Janira, section of...... 193 Lingulidæ, California species of 182 Janthinida, California species of 210 Lintner, Dr. J. S.... 37 Janthina exigua 210 Linton, Edwin, on avian entozoa 87 Japan, collection of birds from 289 Liocardium, subgenus, 190 corystoid crabs from.. 228 Liotia, California species of. 19 Jeffreysia, California species of. 206 Little grebe from Japan Jeffreysiida, California species of. 208 Littorina, California species of Johnson, C. W., unios collected by. ......415, 421 Littorinida, California species of. 203 Johnston, H. H., on East African mammals 446 Lithophagus plumula.... 192 Jones, Dr. W. H., crabs collected by.. 273 Long Island, crabs from. .236-275 Jordan and Gilbert on California fishes.... 125 Lottia gigantea .... 197 Jordan, David Starr, on golden trout of Lucapinella callomarginate.. 198 Kern river 481 Lucapina crenulata.. 193 cited... 392 Lucina, California species of. 190 Jouy, P. L., birds collected by... 326 Lucinidæ, California species of. 190 Mexican birds collected by.... 119 Lutricola alta.... 186 parasites collected by ......89, 91, 102 Lyonsia californica . 184 Jynx torquilla, measurements of. 296 M. K. Macoma, California species of 185 Kilima-njaro, mammals from.... 415 McConnell, A. E.. 223 King, Miss Emma. 184, 198 McDonald, Hon. Marshall. 87 Kinglet, Japanese new species in Kellia, California species of.. 191 honor of. 210 Kellida, California species of 191 Macrocoeloma camptocera 249, 277 Kelpfish in California.... 173 diplacantha 250 Kendall, W.C., crabs collected by.. 261 entheca 251 Knowlton, F. H., fossil plants collected by.. 487 septemspinosa 25) Kobus elli siprymnus.. 471 subparallela.. 250 L. tenuirostra, new species....252, 277 trispinosa. 219 Labiosa undulata 187 Macron lividus 216 Labridæ, California species of.... 157 Mactra, California species of 187 Lacuna, California species of.. 205 Mactridæ, California species of.. 187 Lako Maxinkuckee, turtles from. 383 | Malaclemys, (). P. Hay on genus 379 Lamellaria Stearnsii.. 211 Malacoclemys lesuerii. 380 Lamellariida, California species of. 211 Mammals, True on African. 445 Lampetra spadicea..... 283 Mangilia, California species of.. 208 Lanius superciliosus.... 348 Manta birostris.... 135 Larus californicus, parasites of. .87, 97 Mantidæ, California species of. 135 Larvivora cyane, measurements of. 321 Map tortoise.... 379 Lasea rubra 191 Margarita, California species of. 201 Latilidæ, California species of 158 Marginella, California species of. 212 Lazaria subquadrata... 190 Marginellida, California species of. 212 Le Conte, Major 409 Marine invertebrates, new species of. 1 Le Conte, cited. 383 Marron, Thomas, cited 396 Leda cælata.... 192 Maryland, crabs from.. 238 Ledida, California species of 192 Marsh Tits, Japanese.. 343 Leiocottus hiruudo... 168 Marsh, William A., unio collection of 46 Leland Stanford Junior University. 183 Mask, Alaskan 221 Lopidogobius gilberti.. 159 Massachusetts, crabs from... 236-275 y cauda 159 Medal, Chinese, found in Alaska. 221 Leptocottus armatus.. 168 Megatebennus bimaculatus. 198 Leptothyra, California species of 199 Megaderma cor, figure of. 468 Lepus capensis 468 frons. 469 Le Seur, on map tortoise 379 Melampus olivaceus 196 Leucosticte brunneonucha. 354 Mellivora capensis. 455 Libidochirus, subgenus.. 26 Melodes calliope. 321 Libinia dubia.... 237, 277 Menidia tenuis 145 omarginata 235, 277 Menticirrhus undulatus. 151 Macdonaldi, new species. 238, 277 Merlucius productus.. 174 mexicana, new species .242, 277 Meske, 0... 45 setosa, figure of.... 277 Mexico, new species of crabs from 242 spinimana, new species... .240, 2771 new species of birds from 119 ..... ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 503 Murænidæ, California species of... Mus aquilus, new species of monse... arborarius. barbarus minimus. Myacidæ, California specics of Myctophum townsendi californiense Myliobatis californicus Myliobatida, California species of... Mytilidæ, California species of. Mytilus, California species of. Page. 143 460 459 160 102 183 142 142 135 135 191 191 212 477 Page. Mexico, notes on fishes from 283 parasites from 89 Microphrys bicornutus 252 Miers, E.J., classification of crabs by. 231 Mionectes senischistaceus, new species.. 27 Mills, Georgo T ...... 481 Mississippi, drainage area of river.. 406 snakes from..... 390 Missouri, blind care salamander from... 115 new species of insects from. 367 Mithrax aculeatus 264 (Nemausa) acuticornis, 260 bahamensis, new species 267 braziliensis, new species 268 cinctimanus 268 coronatus 272 cristulipes 273 denticulatus 272 forceps..... 269 figures of species of 277 hemphilli, new species 262 hispidus 265 nodosus..... 273 pilosus, new species.. 262 sinensis, new species. 266 sculptus 271 (Nemausa) spinipes.. 259 spinosissimus 261 Verrucosus. 265 Mithracinæ, subfamily. 259 Mitra maura 211 Mitridæ, California species of. 211 Mitromorpha, California species of. 208 Modiola, California species of 191 Mola mola 175 Molidae, California species of. 175 Mollusca of San Pedro Bay 182 Mollusks of Florida... 405 Monkeys, East African 448 Monks, Miss S. P 179 Monoceros, California species of. 214 Montana, fossil plants from. 487 Monticola manilla.... 318 Mopalia, California species of.. 196 Mopaliidæ, California species of.. 196 Morphology of grass-tower, Holmon 399 Moqui, Indian maidens in.. 30 Morrisonia, characteristics of. 78 bisulca. 82 confusa 85 evicta.. 83 mucens 80 revision of genus.. 65 rileyana..... 81 illustrations of genitalia of.... 86 infidelis. 84 peracuta 84 Morrison, H. K., insects collected by 7:3 Motacilla grandis... 312 lugens.. .305, 358 Motacilla melanope 313 Mugil cephalus . 144 Mugilidæ, California species of Muricida, California species of. 214 Muricidea, California specios of 216 N. Nanotragus moschatus... 478 Nassa, California species of.. 212 Nasside, California species of Natalina, new subfamily of bats 437 Natalus stramineus... 438 Natica (Lunatia)!Lewisii 211 Naticidae, California species of 211 Navajo Indians, costumes of. 280 house-building by 279 Nematoda in Yellowstone Park 88 Neoclinus blanchardi 173 Neotragus damarensis Nettastomella Darwinii 182 Nettion formosa 292 Nenmoegen, Mr., insects from. 46 New genera of bats 441 insects ..41, 53, 65, 366, 367, 368 species of antelope. 473 bats. 442 birds. 119, 312, 371 crabs. 1, 231 Dedromys.. 462 fishes from Mexico. 283 fossil plants. .490, 492, 493, 194 mouse. 460 Sciurus 465 subfamily of bats. 437 subspecies of birds. 347 Newberry, Dr., cited.. 487 New Jersey, crabs from... 238 New Mexico, new species of birds from.... 119 Navajo Indian houses in.. 279 New Zealand, crabs from 243 Noctuidæ, John B. Smith on 33-86 genus Xyloiniges of. 05 Norman, Rev. A. M., crabs collected by.. 243 Norrisia Norrisii.. 200 North Carolina, crabs from.. 236-275 North Pacific exploring expedition. 232 Nueula (Acila) castrensis.... 192 Nuculidae, California species of. 192 Nuttallina scabra.. 196 Nycteris thebaica.. 469 0. Oates, Mr., on birds of India, quoted... Ocinebra, California species of.. Octopodidae, California species of.. Octopus punctatus ... Odostomia, California species of. (Edalina, California species of 346 216 217 217 209 186 504 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Page. 87,92 Page. Oedemia americana, parasites of.. Oligocottus analis....... 168 Olivella, California species of... 212 Olividæ, California species of. 212 Omphalus, section 200 Opalia, subgenus 210 Ophidiida, California species of 173 Ophiodon elongatus.... 162 Oreynus alalonga. 149 Ornithion pusillum subflavum, new sub- species.. 28 Oryx callotis from East Africa 470 pencil-eareil. 470 Osmunda dichsenioides... 493 Ostrea, California species of 193 Ostreida, California, species of 193 Otago l'niversity Musenm. 213 Othonia aculeata.... 255 carolinensis, new species. 256 figures of species of. 277 Therminieri....... 255 nicholsi, new species...... 257 rotunda, new species.. 258 Othoniine, subfamily.... 255 Otocyon megalotis, dimensions of skull of. 456 Otocoris alpestris 301 Otomys irroratus 464 Otopbidium taylori 173 Ova of California fishes... 125 Ovula (Simnia) deflexa.... 206 Ovulidae, California species of 206 Pericerina, subfamily. 235 Periploma discus 184 planiscula.. 184 Perkinsia othonops 137 Perkins, Hon. George C 137 Petricola, California species of. 189 Petricolidæ, California species of. 18) Phacochorus alianii 479 Phanerodon atripes. 137 furcatum. 157 laterale 136 orthonotus 157 Phasianella compta 199 Phasianellida, California species of. 199 Phænicurus auroreus..... 321 Pholadida, California species of.. 182 Pholadidea, California species of.. 182 Pholas pacifica.. 183 Phoxinus orcuttii. 135 Phyllostomo bats, new subfamily of.. 437 Phyllopseustes borealis xanthodryas 338 tenellipos.. 341 Picroceroides tubularis. 218 Picus canus jossoensis 300 Pilsbry, Mr. H. A..... 198 Placunanomia (Monia) macroschisma. 191 Platyglossus semicinctus.. 157 Platyodon cancellatus. 183 Pleuronichthys coenosus 174 Pleuronectida, California species of... 174 Pleurotoma, California species of.. 207 Pleurotomidæ, California species of.. 207 Pneumodermatidæ, California species of... 194 Pneumodermon pacificum.. 191 Podiceps nigricans .... 290 Poliomyias ferruginea ....... 331 Pomacentride, California species of 158 Pomacentrus rubicundus 158 Pomaulax undosnis 199 Pompano in California. 150 Porichthys margaritatus 171 Postell, J., unio collection of 412 Potamocharus africanus 479 Pratincola maura ..... Prionorhynchus edwardsii 243 Procavia brucei.... 459 Psammobia rubroradiata. 185 Psephis tantilla.... 188 Pseudojulis modestus.. 158 Pteronotus festivus... 216 Pteroplatea marmorata 134 Pteropoda, California species of 194 Pterorhytis, California species of. 215 Purpura lima. 214 Putnam, Prof., cited 387, 388 Pyramidella, California species of... 208 Pyramidellidæ, California species of. 208 Pyrrhula griseiventris... 353 P. 323 199 150 150 151 174 182 87 170 344 342 183 Pachypoma inæquale. Paralabrax clathratus. maculofasciatus. nebulifer... Paralichthys californicus Parapholas californica Parasites of birds.... Paricelinus hopliticus Parus ater.. hensoni, new species... Pandorida, California species of Patagonia, hermit crabs from Pavoncella pugnax Peale, Dr. A.C., fossil plants collected by . Pecopteris montanensis, new species.. Browniana.... Pecten, California species of Pectinida, California species of. Pedipes unisuleatus. Pelecanus erythorhynchus, parasites of.. Pentacnemus bucculatricis, new species... new insect genus Perch, California species of Pericera, species of, in National Museum.. atlantica, new species . contigua, new species cornuta... calata. triangulata, new species. tumida Periceridar, catalogue of, by Miss Rathbun. key to families and genera of.. list of, in National Museum.... 4 292 487 492 492 193 193 196 88 366 366 156 243 247 247 244 244 246 277 231 232 274 R. Ranella californica 211 Rathbun, Miss Mary, on crabs of family Periceridac 231 Rathgun, R., crabs collected by. .264, 269, 273 Rattlesnako Island, shells on.... 180 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 505 Page. Rattlesnake, breeding habits of.. 386 Raymond, W.J., collected shells, 183 Reedbuck of East Africa.... 472 Regulus japonensis. 316 Remora remora 148 Reptiles, shield... 380 Rhacochilus toxotes 157 Rhinobatidæ, California species of. 134 Rhinobatus exasperatus.. 134 productus 134 triseriatus 134 Rhinoceros bicornis... 479 Rhinotriacis henlei... 133 Rhizomys splendens, dimensions of skulls of 465 Rhode Island, crabs from ... .236-275 Ribbon-snake, breeding habits of. 390 Rictaxis, section ... 195 Ridgway, Robert, on new forms of Basil- euterus rufifrons 119 Riley, Dr. C. V 37 Ringer, Mr., birds collected by. 311 Rissoa (Alvania) reticulato.. 206 Rissoidæ, California species of. 206 Rock House Cave, salamander from. 116 Roeper, Joh., cited........ 400 Roncador stearnsi. 152 Rugel, F., unio collection of .406, 413 Rupellaria lamellifera.... 189 s. Salmo iridens 142 mykiss agua-bonita, Dr. Jordan on.. 481 Salamander, new genus and species of blind 115 Salmonidæ, California species of........... 142 Sampson, F. A., new blind salamander dis- covered by.... 115 San Diego, Cal., fishes of. 123-178 San Pedro Bay, shells of. 179 Sanguinolaria Nuttallii 185 Sarda chilensis.... 149 Saxicava, California species of.. 183 Saxicavidæ, California species of 183 Saxidomus, California species of. 189 Scala, California species of.. 209 Scalidæ, California species of 209 Scaphopoda, California species of 194 Schizothærus Nuttallii.. 183 Schneck, Dr. J., cited .389, 392 Schumann, Karl, cited. 400 Sciaena saturna. 153 Scianida, California species of 152 Sciurus poensis, measurements of 467 undulatus, new specios.. 465 Sclater, Dr., antelope collected by. 477 cited. 470 Scomber colias..... 148 Scomberesox brevirostris 143 Scombridæ, California species of 148 Scopelidae, California species of 141 Scorpæna guttata . 168 Scorpænichthys marmoratus. 171 Scorpaenidæ, California species of.. 162 Scotophilus temminckii .... 413 Scyllidæ, California species of 132 Page. Scylliorhinus ventriosus 132 Sebastodes æreus 165 atrovirens. 164 auriculatus. 167 carnatus 168 chlorostictus 105 chrysomelas. 167 constellatus 105 eos 165 llavidus 163 gilli 165 goodei... 163 levis ... 165 melanostomus. 164 miniatus 164 mystinus. 163 elongatus 165 ovalis 163 pancispinis. 103 proriger. 164 pinniger. 164 rosaceus 164 ruber 161 rufus 163 rubrovinctus. 166 rastrelliger 167 serranoides 163 serriceps.. 168 vexillaris 167 Seebohm, Mr., cited 301 Seiss, C. Few, cited... 389 Somele, California species of 186 Seriola dorsalis 149 Septifer bifurcatus. 191 Seriphus politus. 154 Serpulorbis, California species of. 204 Sequoia ambigua. 494 rigida.. 494 Serranidæ, California species of. 150 Shells, illustrations of California. 219 of San Pedro Bay .... 179 species used for plaques 187 Shepard, Miss I. M.... .179, 185 Shepard, Prof., unios collected by 412 Shockley, W. H., collects trout... 481 Shufeldt, Dr.R.W., .,on Navajo Indian houses 279 Wolpai maiden...... 29 Sidera mordax 143 Sigaretus debilis. 211 Siliqua patula.. 185 Simpson, Charles T., on Unionidæ of Flor- ida.. 405-436 Simpson, Charles Torrey. 181 Siphonaria (Williamia) peltoides... 196 Siphonariidæ, California species of.. 196 Siphostoma auliscus 144 leptorhynchum. 144 punctipinde 144 Sitta amurensis... 345 Slosson, Mrs., insects from. 72 Smelt, top.. 146 Smith, Herbert H., insects collected by.. 366 Smith, John B., revision of Dicopinæ... 53 genus Cucullia. 33-52 on Xylomiges and Morrisonia 65 506 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 1 Page. Page. Smith, Rosa, on California fishes 125 Telmessus, Alaskan species of 223 Smith, Prof. S. I., cited... 390 cheiragonus, figure of Snakes, Hay on breeding habits of. 385 and Erimacrus, Benedict on.. 23 Solariella, California species of. 202 Tellina, California species of. Solen, species of, in San Pedro Bay 18+ Tellimya tumida...... 121 Solenidæ, California species of .. 184 Tellinidæ, California species of IR South Carolina, crabs from.. 236-275 Temminck's bat, Allen on. Sparidæ, California species of. 152 Terebra, California species of Sphæroides politus 175 Terebratella transversa 192 Spinacidæ, California species of 132 Terebridæ, California species of 2017 Spiny boxfish of California. 485 Terekia cinerea 292 Spiroglyphus lituella ... 204 Terrapin, called map tortoise 379 Sphenolepidium virginicum. 494 food habits of. 382 Sphyræna argentea 147 Tetracnemus, insect genus.. 302 Sphyrna zygæna... 134 Tetracnemus diversicornis, figure of. Sphyrænidæ, California species of 147 Tetracladia, new insect genus... 307 Sphyrnidæ, California species of.. 134 1 gracilis, new species.... 368 Squalus acanthias.. 132 texana, new species. 307 Squatina squatina 134 Tetracnemini, insect tribe 361 Squatinidæ, California species of 134 Tetraodontidæ, California species of 175 Star-gazer, new species of. 121 Thalotia caffea. 201 Stearns, Dr. Robert E. C. 181 Thaxter, Dr. cited. 407 Thoe puella. 274 Stearns, Frederick, crabs collected by .231, 268 Thomas, M., on East African mammals Stejneger, Leonhard .378, 393 Thracia curta...... 181 on new blind cave sala. Thrush, blue and red rock. 318 mander.... 115 Thyrsopteris microloba. 493 on birds from Yezo, rarinervis. 401 Japan 239 Tjarinia cornigera 243, 276 on new species of Japa- depressa. 276 nese birds 371 spinigera 277 Stenobrachius leucopsarum 142 Tivela, California species of ... 187 Stimpson, Dr. William.... 232 Toads, ejection of blood from eyes of 373 on crustacea. 276 sacred 377 Stolophoridae, California species of. 137 Tokio, Science College Museum in . 371 Stolephorus, development of eggs of. 138 Tooth, egg, of snakes 391 compressus. 140 Tornatina, California species of.. 193 delicatissimus. 138 Tornatinidæ, California species of.. 195 rigens. 137 Tortoise, map. 379 Stonechat, eastern .. 323 Tortoises, Gray's catalogue of, cited. 381 Strecker, Herman, cited 390 Trachurus picturatus 149 Streets, Dr. T. H., crabs collected by 225 Tragelaphus scriptus roualeynii.... 471 Stereolepis gigas... 151 Tree daman, figure of skull of. 480) Stromateidæ, California species of 150 Trematoda froin Yellowstone Park 93 Stromateus simillimus.. 150 Triacis semifasciatus.. 133 Stultz, W. H., insects from 57 Tringa canutus.. 292 Sturnia violacea... 349 temminckii 371 Swordfish in California 143 Triogonochirus, subgenus. 8 Symphurus atricanda... 175 Tritoniidae, California species of.. 211 Syngnathidae, California species of. 144 Trivia, California species of 207 Synodontidæ, California species of. 140 Trochidæ, California species of.. 199 Synodus lucioceps 140 Trochocopus pulcher ..... 157 Trophon (Boreotrophon) triangulatus... 216 T. Tropidonotus, breeding habits of.. 390 Taenia compressa, new species.. 108, 113 Trout, cut-throat.. 482 filum .... 106, 113 golden, of Kern River 481 fusus, figure of.. 112 Trowbridge, Mrs. L. H ... 179 macrocantha, new species. 107, 113 True, Frederick W 441 porosa........ 103, 112 on mammals from East Tagelus, California species of.. 184 Africa. 443 Tanaostigma coursetie, description of... 364 Truncatella, California species of... 206 figure of 369 Truncatellida, California species of, 206 Tapes, California species of 188 Turbinida, California species of... 199 Tarleton beania tenua ..... 141 Turbonilla, California species of.... 209 Taxodium (Glyptostrobus) ramuosm 494 Turdus cardis, measurements of... 314 ALPIIABETICAL INDEX. 507 Page. Unio vesicularis 425 Waltoni. 431 Umbraculidæ, California species of.. 195 Umbrina roncador 154 Underwood, C. F 27 Underwood, Prof. L. M., on horned toads.. 377 Unionidæ, classification of.. 408 of Florida, Simpson on 403 geographical distribution of.. 406 Union College Museum, crabs in 231 Uragus sanguinolentus. 354 Urinator pacificus . 231 Urolophus halleri Urophlexis ussuriana. 341 134 158 Page. Turdus, chrysolaus 316 eunomus 315 naumanni, measurements of.. 315 bscurus 317 pallidus 316 Turritella, California species of. 205 Turritellida, California species of 205 Turtles of genus Malaclemy's, 0. P. Hay on 379 Tylodina fungina 195 Tylosurus exilis 143 Typhlogobius californiensis 159 Typhlotriton, new genus of salamander 115 spelæus, new species..... 116 U. Unio aheneus. amygdalum anodontoides Buckleyi.. camptodon. complanatus concestator coruscus crassidens Cunninghami dariensis. denigratus dorsatus Downiei Ferrissii fuscatus Forbesianus gibbosus. Hinkleyi. hopetonensis. infucatus illustrations of species of... insulsus Jayanus lepidus... lugubris micans minor modioliformis monroensis nasutus.. nashvillensis. obesus obnubilus. occultus ocmulgeensis papyraceus parvis. pusillus. rotundatus.. Singleyanus spissus squalidus... subangulatus succissus subgibbosus subluridus, new species.. tenerus tortivus. troggulus v. 431 426 Į Venericardia ventricosa 190 430 Venerida, California species of. 187 417 Venus toreuma 188 .427, 432 Vermetidæ, California species of 204 411 Viper, breeding habits of 392 416 Virginia, crabs from.. 236-275 419 Vitrinella Williamsoni 202 410 Volvula, California species of. 195 422 413 W. 422 411 Wallace, A. R., cited 378 413 Wallace, John, on blood ejection by toads. 378 423 Wallace, W.0., snakes collected by. 391 420 Water back of East Africa .. 471 410 Water-moccasin, breeding habits of. 386 431 Water-snakes, breeding habits of. 390 423 Weinland, Dr., cited.... 386 412 Wheatley, C. M. 411 409 White pelican, parasites of 89 433 White, Rev. G., unios collected by 432 4:2 Whitefish of San Diego Bay.. 419 Williamia, subgenus of mollusks. 196 426 Williams, R. S., fossils from.... 494 424 Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton, on shells of 423 San Pedro Bay. 179 425 Williamson, Miss Virgie Burton. 185 414 Williston, Prof. S. W., cited. 387 410 Willoughby, Capt., on East African mam- 431 mals .... 446 416 Woodpeckers, Japanese.. 300 428 Wolpai, a maid of, Dr. Shufeldt on.. 29 421 Wright, B. H., collected Unionida. 405, 414 420 Wryneck, Jap:rese.. 296 424 Wyoming, avian entozoa in.. 107 427 X. 425 Xenistius californiensis 152 411 Xerus rutilus 467 429 Xiphias gladius.. 148 426 Xiphiida, California species of. 148 413 Xylomiges characteristics of 65 429 crucialis 69 415 curialis 71 429 dolosa... 71 432 genus, revision of. 65 432 hiemalis 68 416 illustrations of genitalia of 421 patalis ... 76 427 ocbracea, new species..... 75 86 508 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Page. 72 69 73 74 77 174 Xylomiges perlubens... peritalis, new species. rubrica... suba picalis.. tabulata. Xystreurys liolepis Page. Yucatan, crabs from 237 Yungipicus kizuki, measurements of...... 200 seebohmi.... 297 2. Y Yarrow, Dr., cited Yellowstone Park, parasitism of trout at... Yellow tail... Yezo, collection of birds from. Yoldia cooperi ... 389 87 149 289 192 Zamites montanensis, now species..... Zaniolepis frenatus ... Zanthopygia narcissina. Zanzibar pygmy antelope.. Zırphæa crispata.... Zosterops japonica..... Zuni Indians, marriage custonis of......... 4994 162 334 478 182 342 31 یل Py: !!! 1 1. Soy 1 { 1 1 TO RENEW CALL Date Due 422-3900 HANGET2471 CANCELLED DOAN NCANCELLE24 NOV 4 1974 LIBRARY 10/8/91 DEMCO NO. 38-298 DOES HOT GIRCULATI The Ohio State University 3 2435 029579141 PROCEEDINGS Q11062 001 V15 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY BOOK DEPOSITORY D AISLE SECT SHLF SIDE POS ITEM C 8 08 08 28 09 7 15 010 3